Short Answer Questions:

1. Explain the term Computer Graphics.

2. Discuss the types of computer graphics.
3. Write the important applications of computer graphics.
4. Differentiate between Raster and Vector Graphics.
5. Explain the components of CRT in brief.
6. Compare the merits and demerits of raster scan and flat panel displays.
7. Briefly explain plasma panel display.
8. Explain the working of LCD.
9. List the advantages of interactive graphics.
10. Explain the working of direct view storage tubes(DVST), give advantages and
disadvantages also.
11. Define pixel and pixel value.
12. How DDA differs from Bresenhams Line drawing algo.
13. Discuss and explain Bresenhams algo for circle generation.
14. What is meant by anti aliasing?
15. Write a procedure for rotation and translation transformation. Derive reflection
metrics for reflection about X axis. (2009-2010, 10 marks)
16. Why are homogenous coordinates used for transformation computation in
computer graphics?
17. How do you perform shear in two dimensions.
18. What is window to view point coordinate transformation.
19. Explain with a suitable sketch the difference between a window and view port.
20. Distinguish between window port and viewport. In 2D clipping how are lines
grouped in visible, invisible and partially visible categories.
21. Define: diffuse illumination, diffuse reflection and coefficient of reflection.
22. Explain the Lamberts cosine law.
23. What is diffused reflection? Give the illumination model that incorporate this
reflection.
24. What is specular reflection? Give the illumination model that incorporate this
reflection.
25. Describe the Phongs illumination model.
26. what is computer graphic ? write 3 application of it
27. what is computer vision?
28. Write basic component of an interactive graphics system
29. Compare between raster and vector graphic
30. --------------- is represented by a set of floating-point numbers called a vertex
31. What is rasterization?
32. What is Computer Vision? What is it related to? Provide two applications which
could be taken by using Computer Vision.
33. --------------- combination of rasterization and generating the picture in scan line
order
34. What is general requirements of line drawing ?
35. What is convex?
36. What is concave?
37. What is a primary difference between Sampling and Quantization in digital image
processing?
38. -------------- is a polygon in which the line segment joining any two points within the
polygon lies completely inside the polygon.
39. How the line clipping are performed using 3D clipping algorithm?
40. ------------- is a polygon in which the line segment joining any two points within the
polygon may not lie completely inside the polygon
41. What are the Fog density equations? How these equations are enabled using
OpenGL commands?
42. ------------ in Opengl Specifies a vertex for use in describing a geometric object
43. There are several algorithms that can be used to draw Lines ------------, ------------ and
------------.
44. What is Bresenhams Line algorithms and how it work?
45. What is a primary difference between Bresenhams Line and DDA line algorithms?
46. ------------ in Opengl use to control the size of a point
47. What is blending ?
48. Describe image acquisition.
49. What is aliasing? How to reduce it?
50. What is anti aliasing?
51. The jaggedness is called -------------, and the techniques for reducing it are called -----
----------.
52. We have 3 methods of antialiasing which are --------------, -------------------- and ---------
------.
53. What is Fog?
54. What is transformation?
55. What are the types of reflection? How each reflection affects the lit surfaces?
56. What is the Blending phenomenon? Then show the Blending parameters are used
to calculate the source and destination colors.
57. What is Motion detection? Describe two approaches of it.
58. What are the primary differences between concave and convex polygon.
59. Give the block diagram of an Image Processing in a Frequency Filtering.
60. Give the block diagram of an Image Processing in a Spatial Filtering.
61. Why are blending and translucency important in computer graphics? Why is
blending required for most anti-aliasing techniques?
62. What are the steps needed to perform 3D-rotation about an arbitrary axis that is not
parallel to any of x-, y- or z-axis. Write homogeneous transformation matrix for each
step.
63. The transformation in which an object is moved in a minimum distance path from
one position to another is called.....................
a. Rotation b.Replacement

c. Translation d.Scaling

64. The process of mapping a world window in world coordinate system to viewport
are called......................
a. Screen coordinate system b.Viewport
 c. Clipping window d.Transformation viewing

65. Smallest size object that can be displayed on a monitor is called.....................

a. Picture element b.Point

c. Dot Pitch d.aspect ratio

66. . is a type of Histogram Modification which can be used to move the location of the
frequencies:

a.Histogram Equalization b. Histogram Sliding

c. Histogram Stretching d. Both a and c

67. The distance from one pixel to the next pixel is called...........
a. Resolution b.Dot Pitch

c. Pixmap d.ppi

68. A method used to test lines for total clipping is equivalent to the.............

a. logical XOR b. logical OR

c. logical AND d. Both a and b

69. Random scan systems are designed for.............
a. Line drawing application b. Pixel drawing application

c. Color drawing application d. None of these

70. If an object is rotated through an angle A in clockwise direction, the rotation matrix
R=...............

a. cos A sin A b. cos A -sin A

-sin A cos A sin A cos A

c. sin A cos A d. None

 cos A sin A

71. The below matrix can be used to reflect 2D object about the origin point
a. b.
-1 0 0 -1 0 1
0 -1 0 0 0 -1
0 0 1 0 0 1

c. d.
1 0 0 0 0 -1
0 -1 0 0 0 -1
0 0 0 0 0 0

72. A transformation that slants the shape of an object is called....................

a. Reflection b.Shear

c. Distortion d.Scaling

73. OpenGL uses the following Buffer to apply Blending technique.

a. Refresh and Depth buffer b. Refresh and Color buffer

d. None of them
c. Color and Depth buffer

74. .................... involves one-to-many matches that compares a query face image against
all the template images in the database to determine the identity of the query face.

a. Face verification b. Refresh and Color buffer

d. All of them
c. Face identification

Numerical:
 1. Suppose that we have been given the 3-bit 4x4 image shown in the figure
below:

3 2 4 5

7 7 8 2

3 1 2 3

5 4 6 7

The intensity of the pixels vary between 18, perform histogram equalization on this
image and scale the intensity to 120

2. Implement the DDA algo and show how it draws a line whose end
points is (4,4) and (-3,0).

3. Consider the line from 0,0 to 4,6. Use the simple DDA algo to rasterize the
line.
4. Consider the line from 0, 0 to -6,-6. Use the simple DDA algo to rasterize the
line.
5. Consider the line from 20, 10 to 30,18. Use the simple DDA algo to rasterize
the line.
6. Consider the line from 5, 5 to 13,9. Use the Bresenhams algo to rasterize the
line.
7. Consider the line from 10, 20 to 18,30. Use the Bresenhams algo to rasterize
the line.
8. Use the following videos information to find:
Total size of Digital Video
Data Rate of digital video

24 frame per second

 180 x 140 pixels
True color depth
9. Consider the line from 0,0 to 6,6. Use the simple DDA algo to rasterize the
line.
10. Translate a square ABCD with coordinates A(0,0), B(5,0), C(5,5), D(0,5) by 2
units in x direction and 3 units in y direction.
11. Scale the square ABCD with coordinates A(0,0), B(3,0), C(3,3), D(0,3) 3 units
in x and y direction.
12. Rotate an object defined by coordinates A (0, 0), B (1, 0), C (1, 1), D (0, 1) by
45 about origin.
13. Obtain a matrix for an object by 45 about origin.
14. Calculate the coordinates after shearing transformation on the square A(0,0),
B(2,0), C(2,2) and D(0,2) when shearing factors are 2 and 4.
15. Prove that two scaling transformations are commute i.e. S1S2=S2S1.
16. Prove that two 2D rotations about the origin are commute i.e. R1R2=R2R1.
17. Perform a 45 rotation of triangle A(0,0), B(1,1), C(5,2)
a. About the origin.
b. About the point (-1,-1).
c. Scaling sx=4 sy=5, fix point (2,2)
18. The triangle ABC is A (0, 0) B (5, 0) and C (0, 5). The shearing transformation
with x=3 and y=4.
19. Find an uncompressed image size for a 2048*1536 pixels if the color image
is coded with 24 bits per pixel,
20. A triangle ABC is A (2, 2) B (4, 2) and C (4, 4). Find the transformed
coordinates when
d. 90 rotation about origin.
e. Reflection about line y=-x.
21. Translate the square ABCD whose coordinates are A(0,0), B(3,0), C(3,3),
D(0,3) by 2 units in both direction and then scale it by 1.5 units in x direction
and 0.5 units in y direction.
22. Write a 2x2 transformation matrix for each of the following rotations about
the origin:
a. Counter clockwise by
b. Counter clockwise by /2
c. Clockwise by /2
d. Counter clockwise by 5/4

23. Find the transformation matrix that transforms the square ABCD
whose center is at (2, 2) is reduced to half of its size, with center still
remaining at (2, 2). The coordinates are A (0, 0), B (0, 4), C (4, 4), D (4, 0).
24. Consider a square A (1, 0), B (0, 0), C (0, 1), D (1, 1). Rotate the square
ABCD by 45 clockwise about A (1, 0).
25. Magnify the triangle with vertices A (0, 0), B (1, 1), C (5, 2) to twice its
size while keeping C (5,2) fixed.
26. Prove that 2D rotation and scaling is commutative if Sx=Sy or =
n(hint R.S=S.R if Sx=Sy)
27. The reflection along the line y=x is equivalent to the reflection along
the x axis followed by counter clockwise rotation by degrees. Find the value
of .
28. Show that reflection through x axis followed by reflection through the
line y=-x is equivalent to rotation about the origin.
29. Show that reflection through the line y=-x is equivalent to reflection
relative to y axis followed by counter clockwise rotation by 90.
30. A mirror is placed vertically such that it passes through the points
(10,0) and (0,10). Find the reflected view of triangle ABC with coordinates
A(5,5) B(20,40) and C(10,70).
31. What are the steps needed to perform 3D-rotation about an arbitrary
axis that is not parallel to any of x-, y- or z-axis. Write homogeneous
transformation matrix for each step.
32. Prove that simultaneous shearing in both direction(x & y direction) is
not equal to composition of shear along x axis followed by shear in y axis.
33. Write a 2x2 transformation matrix for each of the following rotations
about the origin:
f. Counter clockwise by
g. Counter clockwise by /2
h. Clockwise by /2
i. Counter clockwise by 5/4
34. Find out the final coordinates of a figure bounded by the coordinates
(1,1) , (3,4), (5,7) and (10,3) when rotated about a point (8,8) by 30 in
clockwise direction and scaled by two units in x direction and 3 units in y
direction.
35. Find the reflection of a point A (5,9) about the line y=x+5.
36. Let R be the rectangular window whose lower left-hand corner is at
L(-3,1) and upper right-hand corner is at R (2,6). If the line segment is
defined with two points with A(-4,2) and B(-1,7).
37. Use cohen Sutherland algorthim to find the visible portion of the line
P(40,80) Q(120,30) inside the window, the window is defined as ABCD:
A(20,20) B(60,20) C(60,40) and D(20,40).
38. Use Cohen Sutherland algorithm to clip line P1(70,20) and P2(100,10)
against a window lower left corner (50,10) and upper right hand
corner(80,40).
39. Given a clipping window A (20, 20) B(60,20) C(60,40) D(20,40). Using
Cohen Sutherland Algorithm find the visible portion of line segment joining
the points P (40,80) Q(120,30).
40. A clipping window ABCD is specified as A(0,0) B(40,0) C(40,40)
D(0,40). Using midpoint subdivision algorithm, find the visible portion. If any
of the line segment joining the points P(-10,20) and Q(50,10).
 41. Suppose that we have been given the 3-bit 6x6 image shown in the figure
below:

230 240 228 245 240 238

238 250 245 230 250 230
238 238 245 238 245 245
245 228 230 228 240 245
238 240 245 250 245 238
245 230 238 240 240 228
Show the output image as a result of Histogram equalization, and then explain your result.

42. Given a clipping window P (0, 0) Q (30,0) R(30,20) S(0,20). Using

Cohen Sutherland Algorithm find the visible portion of line segment joining
the points A (10,30) B(40,0).

43. Find the output of applying Smoothing filter on the pixel (3, 5) shown in
block of image:

2 2 0 3 4 5 7
1/9 1/9 1/9
1 6 7 2 3 9 9
1/9 6/9 1/9
2 3 6 6 7 2 3
1/9 1/9 1/9
2 0 7 3 2 6 0
Filter
1 2 1 7 4 3 0
1 2 9 8 1 0 1
Block of Image
44. Suppose that a window has its lowest left corner at (-2,-1) and its
upper right corner at (3,2). Using Sutherland Cohen Line Clipping algo find
the visible portion if any of the line segment joining the points (-3,1) and (1,-
2).
45. A window is defined as (0,0) (1023,0) (1023,1023) and (0,1023). Using
Cohen Sutherland algorithm clip the line P1(-307,631) P2(820,-136).
46. The pyramid defined by coordinates A(0,0,0) B(1,0,0) C(0,1,0) and
D(0,0,1) is rotated 45 with respect to Z axis. Find the coordinates of rotated
object.
47. Translate the unit cube 2 units in x, y and z axis.
48. Translate the pyramid A(1,0,0) B(0,1,0) C(0,0,1) and D(0,0,2) 2 units in
x, y and z axis.
49. Rotate a unit cube in x direction with an angle of 45(anticlockwise).
Vertices are A(1,0,0) B(0,1,0) C(0,0,1) D(1,1,0) E(0,1,1) F(1,0,1) G(1,1,1)
H(0,0,0).
50. Reflect the pyramid A(1,0,0) B(0,1,0) C(0,0,1) and D(0,0,0) about yz
plane.
51. Suppose (Sx, Sy) is any point (but not the origin). What are the steps
needed to perform 2D Scaling transformation using (Sx, Sy) as a fixed point.
52. Find the color image size for a 6x4 inch image at 300 ppi, if the header
file equal to 100 bytes?