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REVIEW TEAM : 2015-16

FOR CLASS XII

Sl. No. Name Designation

GROUP LEADER

Dr. Vandita Kalra SKV, Moti Nagar


Vice Principal

TEAM MEMBERS

1. Sh. Devender Kumar RPVV Hari Nagar, New Delhi


(PGT Maths)

2. Dr. Arun Kumar SBM SSS Shivaji Marg, New Delhi


(PGT Maths)

3. Sh. Ashok Kumar Gupta GBSSS, SU Block, Pitam Pura, Delhi


(PGT Maths)
CLASS XII (2015 - 2016)

MATHEMATICS

Units No. of Weightage


Periods (Marks)

(i) Relations and Functions 30 10

(ii) Algebra 50 13

(iii) Calculus 80 44

(iv) Vector and Three Dimensional Geometry 30 17

(v) Linear Programming 20 06

(vi) Probability 30 10

Total : 240 100

Unit I : RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS


1. Relations and Functions (15 Periods)
Types of Relations : Reflexive, symmetric, transitive and equivalence
relations. Functions. One to one and onto functions, composite functions,
inverse of a function. Binary operations.
2. Inverse Trigonometric Functions (15Periods)
Definition, range, domain, principal value branches. Graphs of inverse
trigonometric functions. Elementary properties of inverse trigonometric
functions.

Unit II : ALGEBRA
1. Matrices (25 Periods)
Concept, notation, order, equality, types of matrices, zero and identity
matrix, transpose of a matrix, symmetric and skew symmetric matrices.

[Class XII : Maths] [2]


Operation on Matrices : Addition and multiplication and multiplication
with a scalar. Simple properties of addition, multiplication and scalar
multiplication. Non-commutativity of multiplication of matrices and existence
of non-zero matrices whose product is the zero matrix (restrict to square
matrices of order 2). Concept of elementary row and column operations.
Invertible matrices and proof of the uniqueness of inverse, if it exists;
(Here all matrices will have real entries).

2. Determinants (25 Periods)

Determinant of a square matrix (up to 3 3 matrices), properties of


determinants, minors, cofactors and applications of determinants in finding
the area of a triangle. adjoint and inverse of a square matrix. Consistency,
inconsistency and number of solutions of system of linear equations by
examples, solving system of linear equations in two or three variables
(having unique solution) using inverse of a matrix.

Unit III : CALCULUS


1. Continuity and Differentiability (20 Periods)

Continuity and differentiability, derivative of composite functions, chain rule,


derivatives of inverse trigonometric functions, derivative of implicit function.
Concept of exponential and logarithmic functions and their derivatives.
Logarithmic differentiation. Derivative of functions expressed in parametric
forms. Second order derivatives. Rolles and Lagranges mean Value
Theorems (without proof) and their geometric interpretations.

2. Applications of Derivatives (10 Periods)

Applications of Derivatives : Rate of change of bodies, increasing/


decreasing functions, tangents and normals, use of derivatives in
approximation, maxima and minima (first derivative test motivated
geometrically and second derivative test given as a provable tool). Simple
problems (that illustrate basic principles and understanding of the subject
as well as real-life situations).

3. Integrals (20 Periods)

Integration as inverse process of differentiation. Integration of a variety of


functions by substitution, by partial fractions and by parts. Evaluation of
simple integrals of the following types and problems based on them.

[3] [Class XII : Maths]


dx dx dx dx dx
x 2 a2 , x 2 a2
,
a2 x 2
, 2
ax bx c
,
ax 2 bx c

px q px q dx , a 2 x 2 dx , x 2 a 2 dx ,
ax 2 bx c dx , 2
ax bx c

ax 2 bx c dx and px q ax 2 bx c dx

Definite integrals as a limit of a sum, Fundamental Theorem of Calculus


(without proof). Basic properties of definite integrals and evaluation of
definite integrals.

4. Applications of the Integrals (15 Periods)

Applications in finding the area under simple curves, especially lines,


circles/parabolas/ellipses (in standard form only), area between any of
the two above said curves (the region should be clearly identifiable).

5. Differential Equations (15 Periods)

Definition, order and degree, general and particular solutions of a differential


equation. Formation of differential equation whose general solution is given.
Solution of differential equations by method of separation of variables,
Solution of homogeneous differential equations of first order and first
degree. Solutions of linear differential equation of the type:

dy
py q , where p and q are functions of x or constants
dx
dx
px q , where p and q are functions of y or constants
dy

Unit IV : VECTORS AND THREE-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY


1. Vectors (15 Periods)

Vectors and scalars, magnitude and direction of a vector. Direction cosines


and direction ratios of a vector. Types of vectors (equal, unit, zero, parallel
and collinear vectors), position vector of a point, negative of a vector,
components of a vector, addition of vectors, multiplication of a vector by
a scalar, position vector of a point dividing a line segment in a given ratio.
Definition, Geometrical Interpretation, properties and applications of scalar
(dot) product of vectors, vector (cross) product of vectors, scalar triple
product of vectors.

[Class XII : Maths] [4]


2. Three-Dimensional Geometry (15 Periods)

Direction cosines and direction ratios of a line joining two points. Cartesian
and vector equation of a line, coplanar and skew lines, shortest distance
between two lines. Cartesian and vector equation of a plane. Angle between
(i) two lines, (ii) two planes, (iii) a line and a plane. Distance of a point from
a plane.

Unit V : LINEAR PROGRAMMING


(20 Periods)

1. Linear Programming : Introduction, related terminology such as constraints,


objective function, optimization. Different types of linear programming (L.P.)
problems, mathematical formulation of L.P. problems, graphical method of
solution for problems in two variables, feasible and infeasible regions
(bounded and unbounded) feasible and infeasible solutions, optimal
feasible solutions (up to three non-trivial constraints).

Unit VI : PROBABILITY
1. Probability (30 Periods)

Conditional probability, Multiplication theorem on probability, independent


events, total probability, Bayes theorem, Random variable and its
probability distribution, mean and variance of a random variable. Repeated
independent (Bernoulli) trials and Binomial distribution.

QUESTION-WISE BREAK UP

Type of Marks per Total Number Total


Questions Question of Questions Marks

VSA 1 6 06

LA - I 4 13 52

LA - II 6 7 42

Tot al 26 100

[5] [Class XII : Maths]


MATHEMATICS (CODE NO. 041)

QUESTION PAPER DESIGN


CLASS - XII (2015-16)
Time : 3 hours Max. Marks 100

Sl.No. Typology of Questions Very Long Long Marks %


Short AnswerAnswer Weigh-
Answer I II tage
(1 M) (4 M) (6 M)

1. Remembering (Knowledge based 2 3 1 20 20%


Simple recall questions, to know
specific facts, terms, concepts,
principles, or theories; Identify,
define, or recite, information)

2. Understanding (Comprehension- 2 2 2 22 22%


to be familiar with meaning and to
understand conceptually, interpret,
compare, c ontrast, ex plain,
paraphrase information)

3. A p p l i c at i o n (Use abstract 1 4 2 29 29%


information in concrete situation, to
apply knowledge to new situations;
Use given content to interpret a
situation, provide an example, or
solve a problem)

4. Hi g h Ord er Th i n k i n g Sk i l l s 1 2 1 15 15%
(Analysis & Synthes is-class ify,
compare, contrast, or differentiate
between different pieces of
information; O rganise and/or
integrate unique pieces of
information from a variety of
sources)

5. Evaluation (Appraise, judge, and/ 1+1 1 14 14%


or justify the value or worth of a (values
decision or outcome, or to predict based)
outcomes based on values)
61= 134= 76=
TOTA L 6 52 42 100 100%

[Class XII : Maths] [6]


CONTENTS

S.No. Chapter Page

1. Relations and Functions 9

2. Inverse Trigonometric Functions 17

3 & 4. Matrices and Determinants 23

5. Continuity and Differentiation 39

6. Applications of Derivatives 47

7. Integrals 61

8. Applications of Integrals 84

9. Differential Equations 89

10. Vectors 100

11. Three-Dimensional Geometry 110

12. Linear Programming 121

13. Probability 126

Model Papers 135

[7] [Class XII : Maths]


[Class XII : Maths] [8]
CHAPTER 1

RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

IMPORTANT POINTS TO REMEMBER


Relation R from a set A to a set B is subset of A B.

A B = {(a, b) : a A, b B}.

If n(A) = r, n (B) = s from set A to set B then n (A B) = rs.

and number of relations = 2rs

is also a relation defined on set A, called the void (empty) relation.

R = A A is called universal relation.

Reflexive Relation : Relation R defined on set A is said to be reflexive


iff (a, a) R a A

Symmetric Relation : Relation R defined on set A is said to be symmetric


iff (a, b) R (b, a) R a, b, A

Transitive Relation : Relation R defined on set A is said to be transitive


if (a, b) R, (b, c) R (a, c) R a, b, c A

Equivalence Relation : A relation defined on set A is said to be


equivalence relation iff it is reflexive, symmetric and transitive.

One-One Function : f : A B is said to be one-one if distinct elements


in A have distinct images in B. i.e. x1, x2 A such that x1 x2 f(x1)
f(x2).
OR
x1, x2 A such that f(x1) = f(x2)
x1 = x2
One-one function is also called injective function.

[9] [Class XII : Maths]


Onto function (surjective) : A function f : A B is said to be onto iff
Rf = B i.e. b B, there exists a A such that f(a) = b

A function which is not one-one is called many-one function.

A function which is not onto is called into function.

Bijective Function : A function which is both injective and surjective is


called bijective function.

Composition of Two Functions : If f : A B, g : B C are two


functions, then composition of f and g denoted by gof is a function from
A to C given by, (gof) (x) = g (f (x)) x A

Clearly gof is defined if Range of f domain of g. Similarly fog can be


defined.

Invertible Function : A function f : X Y is invertible iff it is bijective.


If f : X Y is bijective function, then function g : Y X is said to be
inverse of f iff fog = I y and gof = I x
when I x, I y are identity functions.

g is inverse of f and is denoted by f 1.

Binary Operation : A binary operation *defined on set A is a function


from A A A.

* (a, b) is denoted by a * b.

Binary operation * defined on set A is said to be commutative iff


a * b = b * a a, b A.

Binary operation * defined on set A is called associative iff a * (b * c)


= (a * b) * c a, b, c A

If * is Binary operation on A, then an element e A is said to be the


identity element iff a * e = e * a = a a A

Identity element is unique.

If * is Binary operation on set A, then an element b A is said to be


inverse of a A iff a * b = b * a = e
Inverse of an element, if it exists, is unique.

[Class XII : Maths] [10]


VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (1 MARK)

1. If A is the set of students of a school then write, which of following


relations are Universal, Empty or neither of the two.

R1 = {(a, b) : a, b are ages of students and |a b| 0}

R2 = {(a, b) : a, b are weights of students, and |a b| < 0}

R3 = {(a, b) : a, b are students studying in same class}

2. Is the relation R in the set A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} defined as

R = {(a, b) : b = a + 1} reflexive?

3. If R, is a relation in set N given by

R = {(a, b) : a = b 3, b > 5},

then does element (5, 7) R?

4. If f : {1, 3} {1, 2, 5} and g : {1, 2, 5} {1, 2, 3, 4} be given by

f = {(1, 2), (3, 5)}, g = {(1, 3), (2, 3), (5, 1)},

write gof.

5. Let g, f : R R be defined by

x 2
g x , f x 3x 2. write fog x
3
6. If f : R R defined by

2x 1
f x
5
be an invertible function, write f 1(x).

x
7. If f x x 1, write fo f x .
x 1

8. Let * be a Binary operation defined on R, then if

(i) a * b = a + b + ab, write 3 * 2

a b 2
(ii) a*b , write 2 * 3 * 4.
3

[11] [Class XII : Maths]


9. If n(A) = n(B) = 3, then how many bijective functions from A to B can
be formed?
10. If f (x) = x + 1, g(x) = x 1, then (gof) (3) = ?
11. Is f : N N given by f(x) = x2 one-one? Give reason.
12. If f : R A, given by
f(x) = x2 2x + 2 is onto function, find set A.
13. If f : A B is bijective function such that n (A) = 10, then n (B) = ?

x 1
14. If f : R R defined by f x , find (fof) (x)
2
15. R = {(a, b) : a, b N, a b and a divides b}. Is R reflexive? Give reason
16. Is f : R R, given by f(x) = |x 1| one-one? Give reason
17. f : R B given by f(x) = sin x is onto function, then write set B.

1 x 2x
18. If f x log , show that f 2f x .
1 x 1 x 2

ab
19. If *is a binary operation on set Q of rational numbers given by a * b
5
then write the identity element in Q.

20. If * is Binary operation on N defined by a * b = a + ab a, b N, write


the identity element in N if it exists.

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (4 Marks)

21. Check the following functions for one-one and onto.

2x 3
(a) f : R R, f (x )
7
(b) f : R R, f(x) = |x + 1|
3x 1
(c) f : R {2} R, f x
x 2
(d) f : R [1, 1], f(x) = sin2x

22. Consider the binary operation * on the set {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} defined by


a * b = H.C.F. of a and b. Write the operation table for the operation *.

[Class XII : Maths] [12]


23. Let f : R
4
3
R
4
3 be a function given by f x
4x
3x 4
. Show
1 4x
that f is invertible with f x .
4 3x
24. Let R be the relation on set A = {x : x Z, 0 x 10} given by
R = {(a, b) : (a b) is divisible by 4}. Show that R is an equivalence
relation. Also, write all elements related to 4.

3x 4
25. Show that function f : A B defined as f x where
5x 7
7 3
A R , B R is invertible and hence find f 1.
5 5
26. Let * be a binary operation on Q such that a * b = a + b ab.
(i) Prove that * is commutative and associative.
(ii) Find identify element of * in Q (if it exists).

2a
27. If * is a binary operation defined on R {0} defined by a * b ,
b2
then check * for commutativity and associativity.
28. If A = N N and binary operation * is defined on A as
(a, b) * (c, d) = (ac, bd).
(i) Check * for commutativity and associativity.
(ii) Find the identity element for * in A (If it exists).
29. Show that the relation R defined by (a, b) R(c, d) a + d = b + c on
the set N N is an equivalence relation.

30. Let * be a binary operation on set Q defined by a * b ab , show that


4
(i) 4 is the identity element in Q.
(ii) Every non zero element of Q is invertible with
16
a 1 , a Q 0 .
a
1
31. Show that f : R+ R+ defined by f x is bijective where R+ is the
2x
set of all non-zero positive real numbers.

[13] [Class XII : Maths]


32. Let A = {1, 2, 3, ...., 12} and R be a relation in A A defined by (a, b)
R (c, d) if ad = bc (a, b), (c, d) A A. Prove that R is an
equivalence relation. Also obtain the equivalence class [(3, 4)].
33. If *is a binary operation on R defined by a * b = a + b + ab. Prove that
* is commutative and associative. Find the identify element. Also show
that every element of R is invertible except 1.
34. If f, g : R R defined by f(x) = x2 x and g(x) = x + 1 find (fog) (x)
and (gof) (x). Are they equal?
1
35. f : [1, ) [2, ) is given by f x x , find f 1 x .
x
36. f : R R, g : R R given by f(x) = [x], g(x) = |x| then find

2 2
fog and gof .
3 3

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (6 Marks)

37. Let N denote the set of all natural numbers and R be the relation on
N N defined by (a, b) R (c, d) if ad (b + c) = bc (a + d). Show that
R is an equivalence relation.
38. Let f : N R be a function defined as f(x) = 4x2 + 12x + 15.
Show that f : N S, where S is the range of f, is invertible. Also find
the inverse of f.

ANSWERS
1. R1 : is universal relation.
R2 : is empty relation.
R3 : is neither universal nor empty.
2. No, R is not reflexive.
3. (5, 7) R
4. gof = {(1, 3), (3, 1)}

5. (fog)(x) = x x R

[Class XII : Maths] [14]


5x 1
6. f 1 x
2
x 1
7. fof x ,x
2x 1 2
8. (i) 3 * 2 = 11

1369
(ii)
27

9. 6

10. 3

11. Yes, f is one-one x 1, x 2 N x12 x 22 .

12. A = [1, ) because Rf = [1, )

13. n(B) = 10

14. fof x x 3
4

15. No, R is not reflexive a, a R a N

16. f is not one-one function

f(3) = f (1) = 2

3 1 i.e. distinct elements have same images.

17. B = [1, 1]

19. e = 5

20. Identity element does not exists.

21. (a) Bijective


(b) Neither one-one nor onto.
(c) One-one, but not onto.
(d) Neither one-one nor onto.

[15] [Class XII : Maths]


22. * 1 2 3 4 5
1 1 1 1 1 1
2 1 2 1 2 1
3 1 1 3 1 1
4 1 2 1 4 1
5 1 1 1 1 5

24. Elements related to 4 are 0, 4, 8.

7x 4
25. f 1 x
5x 3
26. 0 is the identity element.

27. Neither commutative nor associative.

28. (i) Commutative and associative.

(ii) (1, 1) is identity in N N

32. 3, 4 3, 4 , 6, 8 , 9, 12

33. 0 is the identity element.

34. (fog) (x) = x2 + x

(gof) (x) = x2 x + 1

Clearly, they are unequal.

x x2 4
35. f 1 x
2

2
36. fog 0
3

2
gof 1
3

y 6 3
38. f 1 y
2

[Class XII : Maths] [16]


CHAPTER 2

INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

IMPORTANT POINTS
sin1 x, cos1 x, ... etc. are angles.


If sin x and , then = sin1x etc.
2 2

Function Domain Range


(Principal Value Branch)


sin1x [1, 1] 2 , 2

cos1x [1, 1] [0, ]


tan1x R ,
2 2
cot1x R (0, )

sec1x R (1, 1) 0,
2


cosec1x R (1, 1) 2 , 2 0


sin1 (sin x) = x x ,
2 2

cos1 (cos x) = x x [0, ] etc.

sin (sin1x) = x x [1, 1]

cos (cos1x) = x x [1, 1] etc.

[17] [Class XII : Maths]


1
sin 1x cosec 1 x 1, 1
x

tan1x = cot1 (1/x) x > 0

sec1x = cos1 (1/x), |x| 1

sin1(x) = sin1x x [1, 1]

tan1(x) = tan1x x R

cosec1(x) = cosec1x |x| 1

cos1(x) = cos1x [1, 1]

cot1(x) = cot1x x R

sec1(x) = sec1x |x| 1


sin 1 x cos 1 x , x 1, 1
2


tan1 x cot 1 x x R
2


sec 1 x cosec 1x x 1
2

xy
tan1 if xy 1
1 xy
xy if xy 1 ; x 0
tan1 x tan1 y tan1
1 xy y0
xy if xy 1 ; x 0
tan1
1 xy y0

xy
tan1 if xy 1
1 xy
xy if xy 1 ; x 0
tan1 x tan1 y tan1
1 xy y0
xy if xy 1 ; x 0
tan1
1 xy y0

[Class XII : Maths] [18]


2x
2 tan 1 x tan1 , x 1
1 x 2
2x
2 tan1 x sin1 , x 1,
1 x 2
1 x 2
2 tan1 x cos1 , x 0.
1 x 2

sin1x sin1y = sin1(x 1 y2 y 1 x 2 )

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (1 MARK)

1. Write the principal value of

1 1
(i) sin 3 2 (ii) cos 3 2 .

1 1
(iii) tan (iv) cosec1 ( 2).
3

1 1
(v) cot . (vi) sec1 ( 2).
3

1 3 1 1 1
(vii) sin cos tan 1 3
2 2
2. What is the value of the following functions (using principal value).

1 1 1 2 1 1 1 3
(i) tan sec . (ii) sin cos .
3 3 2 2

1 1
(iii) tan1 (1) cot1 (1). (iv) cosec 2 sec 2.

(v) tan1 (1) + cot1 (1) + sin1 (1).

1 4 1 5
(vi) sin sin . (vii) tan tan .
5 6

1 3
(viii) cosec cosec .
4

[19] [Class XII : Maths]


SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (4 MARKS)

1 1 cos x 1 cos x x
3. Show that tan . x [0, ]
1 cos x 1 cos x 4 2

4. Prove that

1 cos x 1 1 cos x
tan cot x 0, 2 .
1 sin x 1 cos x 4

2 2
1 x 1 x 1 a x
5. Prove that tan sin cos .

a2 x 2 a a
6. Prove that

1 1 8 1 1 8 1 300
cot 2 tan cos tan 2 tan sin tan .
17 17 161

2 2
1 1 x 1 x 1 1 2
7. Prove that tan cos x .
2 2 4 2
1 x 1 x

1 1
8. Solve : cot 2x cot 3x .
4

m m n
9. Prove that tan1 tan1 , m, n 0
n m n 4

1 2
2x 1 1 1 y xy
10. Prove that tan sin1 2 cos 2
2 1 x 2 1 y 1 xy

x 2 1 1 2x 2
11. Solve for x, cos1 2 tan 2

x 1 1 x 3

1 1 1 1
12. Prove that tan1 tan1 tan1 tan1
3 5 7 8 4

13. Solve for x , tan cos 1 x sin tan1 2 ; x 0

[Class XII : Maths] [20]


1 1 32
14. Prove that 2 tan1 tan1 tan 1
5 4 43

1 3
15. Evaluate tan cos 1
2 11

a cos x b sin x a
16. Prove that tan1 tan1 x
b cos x a sin x b

17. Prove that


1
cot tan1 x tan1 cos 1 1 2x 2 cos 1 2 x 2 1 , x 0
x

a b b c c a
18. Prove that tan1 tan1 tan1 0 where a, b,,
1 ab 1 bc 1 ca
c > 0

19. Solve for x, 2 tan1(cos x) = tan1 (2 cosec x)

20. Express
sin 1 x 1 x x 1 x 2 in simplest form.

21. If tan1a + tan1b + tan1c = then

prove that a + b + c = abc

22. If cos1x + cos1y + cos1z = , prove that x2 + y2 + z2 + 2xyz = 1

[Hint : Let cos1 x = A, cos1 y = B, cos1 z = c then A + B + C =

or A + B = c

Take cos on both the sides].

1 1 1 1 1
23. If tan1 tan ... tan
1
tan then
1 1.2 1 2.3 1 n (n 1)
find the value of .

5 2
24. If (tan1x)2 + (cot1x)2 = then find x.
8

25. If sin [cot1 (x + 1)] = cos (tan1 x), then find x.

[21] [Class XII : Maths]


ANSWERS

1. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
3 6 6 6
2
(v) (vi) (vii) .
3 3 6

2. (i) 0 (ii) (iii) (iv)
3 2 2

(v) (vi) (vii) (viii) .
5 6 4


8. 1 11. tan 2 3
12

5 11 3
13. 15.
3 2


19. x . 20 sin1 x sin1 x.
4

21. Hint: Let tan1 a =


tan1 b =
tan1 c =
then given,

take tangent on both sides,
tan ( ) = tan

n
23. 24. x = 1
n2

1
25. x =
2

[Class XII : Maths] [22]


CHAPTER 3 & 4

MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

POINTS TO REMEMBER
Matrix : A matrix is an ordered rectangular array of numbers or functions.
The numbers or functions are called the elements of the matrix.

Numbers written in the horizontal line form a row of the matrix. Number
written in the vertical line form a column of the matrix.
Order of Matrix : A matrix having mrows and ncolumns is called the
matrix of order mxn.

Square Matrix : An mxn matrix is said to be a square matrix if m = n.


Column Matrix : A matrix having only one column is called a column
matrix i.e. A = [aij]mx1 is a column matrix of order mx1.

Row Matrix : A matrix having only one row is called a row matrix
i.e. B bij 1xn is a row matrix of order 1xn.

Zero Matrix : A matrix having all the elements zero is called zero matrix
or null matrix.

Diagonal Matrix : A square matrix is called a diagonal matrix if all its non
diagonal elements are zero.
Scalar Matrix : A diagonal matrix in which all diagonal elements are
equal is called a scalar matrix.

Identity Matrix : A scalar matrix in which each diagonal element is 1, is


called an identity matrix or a unit matrix. It is denoted by I.
I = [eij]n n

1 if i j
where, eij
0 if i j

[23] [Class XII : Maths]


Transpose of a Matrix : If A = [ai j ]m n be an m n matrix then the
matrix obtained by interchanging the rows and columns of A is
called the transpose of the matrix. Transpose of A is denoted by A or
AT = [aji]n m.
Properties of the transpose of a matrix.
(i) (A) = A (ii) (A + B) = A + B
(iii) (kA) = kA, k is a scalar (iv) (AB) = BA
Symmetric Matrix : A square matrix A = [aij ] is symmetric if aij = aji
i, j. Also a square matrix A is symmetric if A = A.
Skew Symmetric Matrix : A square matrix A = [aij] is skew-symmetric,
if aij = aji i, j. Also a square matrix A is skew - symmetric, if
A = A.
Determinant : To every square matrix A = [aij] of order n n, we can
associate a number (real or complex) called determinant of A. It is denoted
by det A or |A|.
Properties
(i) |AB| = |A| |B|, where A & B are square matrics.
(ii) |kA|n n = kn |A|n n where k is a scalar.
(iii) Area of triangle with vertices (x1, y1), (x2, y2) and (x3, y3) is given
by

x1 y1 1
1
x2 y2 1
2
x3 y3 1

x1 y1 1
The points (x1, y1), (x2, y2), (x3, y3) are collinear x 2 y2 1 0
x3 y3 1
Adjoint of a Square Matrix A is the transpose of the matrix whose
elements have been replaced by their cofactors and is denoted as
adj A.
Let A = [aij]n n

adj A = [Aji]n n

where Aij is cofactor of aij.

[Class XII : Maths] [24]


Properties

(i) A(adj A) = (adj A) A = |A| I

(ii) If A is a square matrix of order n then |adj A| = |A|n1

(iii) adj (AB) = (adj B) (adj A).

(iv) |k adj A| = kn |A|n 1.

Note : Correctness of adj A can be checked by using


A.(adj A) = (adj A) . A = |A| I

Singular Matrix : A square matrix is called singular if |A| = 0, otherwise


it will be called a non-singular matrix.

Inverse of a Matrix : A square matrix whose inverse exists, is called


invertible matrix. Inverse of only a non-singular matrix exists. Inverse of
a matrix A is denoted by A1 and is given by

1 1
A . adj A
A
Properties

(i) AA1 = A1A = I

(ii) (A1)1 = A

(iii) (AB)1 = B1A1

(iv) (AT)1 = (A1)T

(v) 1 1
A , A 0
A
Solution of system of equations using matrices :

If AX = B is a matrix equation then its solution is X = A1B.

(i) If |A| 0, system is consistent and has a unique solution.

(ii) If |A| = 0 and (adj A) B 0 then system is inconsistent and has


no solution.

(iii) If |A| = 0 and (adj A) B = 0 then system is either consistent and


has infinitely many solutions or system is inconsistent and has
no solution.

[25] [Class XII : Maths]


VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (1 Mark)

x 3 4 5 4
1. If , find x and y.
y 4 x y 3 9

i 0 0 i
2. If A and B , find AB .
0 i i 0

3. Find the value of a23 + a32 in the matrix A = [aij]3 3

2i j if i j
where aij .
i 2 j 3 if i j

4. If B be a 4 5 type matrix, then what is the number of elements in the


third column.

5 2 3 6
5. If A and B find 3A 2B.
0 9 0 1

2 3 1 0
6. If A and B find A B .
7 5 2 6

2
7. If A = [1 0 4] and B 5 find AB .
6

4 x 2
8. If A is symmetric matrix, then find x.
2x 3 x 1

0 2 3
2 0 4 is skew symmetric matrix.
9. For what value of x the matrix
3 4 x 5

2 3
10. If A P Q where P is symmetric and Q is skew-symmetric
1 0
matrix, then find the matrix Q.
a ib c id
11. Find the value of c id a ib

[Class XII : Maths] [26]


2x 5 3
12. If 0, find x .
5x 2 9

k 2
13. For what value of k, the matrix has no inverse.
3 4

sin 30 cos 30
14. If A , what is |A|.
sin 60 cos 60
2 3 5
15. Find the cofactor of a12 in 6 0 4 .
1 5 7

1 3 2
16. Find the minor of a23 in 4 5 6 .
3 5 2
1 2
17. Find the value of P, such that the matrix is singular..
4 P

18. Find the value of x such that the points (0, 2), (1, x) and (3, 1) are
collinear.
19. Area of a triangle with vertices (k, 0), (1, 1) and (0, 3) is 5 unit. Find the
value (s) of k.
20. If A is a square matrix of order 3 and |A| = 2, find the value of |3A|.
21. If A = 2B where A and B are square matrices of order 3 3 and |B| =
5, what is |A|?
22. (i) What is the number of all possible matrices of order 2 3 with each
entry 0, 1 or 2.
(ii) What is the number of all possible non zero matrices of order 2
3 with each entry 0, 1 or 2.
23. Find the area of the triangle with vertices (0, 0), (6, 0) and (4, 3).

2x 4 6 3
24. If , find x .
1 x 2 1

x y y z z x
y , write the value of det A.
25. If A z x
1 1 1

[27] [Class XII : Maths]


26. Write the value of the following determinant
2 3 4
5 6 8
6x 9x 12x
27. If A is a non-singular matrix of order 3 and |A| = 3 find |adj A|.

5 3
28. If A find adj A
6 8
29. Given a square matrix A of order 3 3 such that |A| = 12 find the value
of |A adj A|.
30. If A is a square matrix of order 3 such that |adj A| = 81 find |A|.
31. Let A be a non-singular square matrix of order 3 3 find |adj A| if
|A| = 10.

2 1
32. If A find A 1 1 .
3 4

3
33. If A 1 2 3 and B 4 find |AB|.
0

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (4 MARKS)

x y 2x z 1 5
34. Find x, y, z and w if .
2x y 3x w 0 13
35. Construct a 3 3 matrix A = [aij] whose elements are given by
1 i j if i j

aij = i 2 j if i j
2

1 2 3 3 0 1
36. Find A and B if 2A + 3B = and A 2B .
2 0 1 1 6 2

1
37. If A 2 and B 2 1 4 , verify that (AB) = BA.
3

[Class XII : Maths] [28]


3 3 1
38. Express the matrix 2 2 1 P Q where P is a symmetric and


4 5 2
Q a skew-symmetric matrix.

cos sin cos n sin n


39. If A = , then prove that An
sin cos sin n cos n
where n is a natural number.

2 1 5 2 2 5
40. Let A , B , C , find a matrix D such that
3 4 7 4 3 8
CD AB = O.

1 3 2 1
2 0
41. Find the value of x such that 1 x 1 2 5 1
15 3 2 x

42. Prove that the product of the matrices

cos 2 cos sin cos 2 cos sin


and 2

2
cos sin sin cos sin sin

is the null matrix, when and differ by an odd multiple of .
2

5 3 2 1
43. If A , show that A 12A I = 0. Hence find A .
12 7
2 3
44. Show that A 3 2
4 satisfies the equation x 6x + 17 = 0. Hence

find A1.

4 3
45. If A , find x and y such that A2 xA + yI = 0.
2 5

1 2 3 7 8 9
46. Find the matrix X so that X .
4 5 6 2 4 6

[29] [Class XII : Maths]


2 3 1 2
47. If A and B then show that (AB)1 = B1A1.
1 4 1 3
48. Test the consistency of the following system of equations by matrix
method :
3x y = 5; 6x 2y = 3
49. Using elementary row transformations, find the inverse of the matrix
6 3
A , if possible.
2 1
50. By using elementary column transformations, find the inverse of

3 1 2 1
(i) A (ii) A
5 2 4 7

2 3
(iii) A
3 4

cos sin
51. If A and A + A = I, then find the general value of .
sin cos
Using properties of determinants, prove the following : Q 52 to Q 59.

a b c 2a 2a
3
52. 2b b c a 2b a b c
2c 2c c a b

x 2 x 3 x 2a
53. x 3 x 4 x 2b 0 if a, b, c are in A.P .
x 4 x 5 x 2c

sin cos sin


54. sin cos sin 0
sin cos sin
2 2 2 2
b c a a
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
55. b c a b 4a b c .
2 2 2 2
c c a b

[Class XII : Maths] [30]


b c c a a b a b c
56. q r r p p q 2 p q r .
y z z x x y x y z
2 2
a bc ac c
2 2 2 2 2
57. a ab b ac 4a b c .
2 2
ab b bc c
x a b c
2
58. a x b c x x a b c .
a b x c
59. Show that :
x y z
2 2 2
x y z y z z x x y yz zx xy .
yz zx xy
60. (i) If the points (a, b) (a, b) and (a a, b b) are collinear, show
that ab = ab.

2 5 4 3
(ii) If A and B verify that AB A B .
2 1 2 5

0 1
0 1 2
61. Given A and B 1 0 . Find the product AB and
2 2 0
1 1
also find (AB)1.
62. Solve the following equation for x.
a x a x a x
a x a x a x 0.
a x a x a x

0 tan 2
63. If A and I is the identity matrix of order 2, show
tan 0
2
that,

cos sin
I A I A
sin cos

[31] [Class XII : Maths]


64. Use matrix method to solve the following system of equations :
5x 7y = 2, 7x 5y = 3.

2 1
65. If A and I is the identity matrix of order 2, then show that
1 2
A2 = 4A 3I and hence find A1.

1 1 a 1
66. If A and B and (A + B)2 = A2 + B2, then find the
2 1 b 1
values of a and b.
67. Using properties of determinants, prove that

1 a a2
a2 1 a (1 a 3 )2
a a2 1

68. In a parliament election, a political party hired a public relations firm to


promote its candidates in three waystelephone, house calls and letters.
The cost per contact (in paise) is given in matrix A as

140 telephone
A 200 house calls
150 letters

The number of contacts of each type made in two cities X and Y is given
in the matrix B as

Telephone House calls Letters


1000 500 5000 City X
B
3000 1000 10000 City Y

Find the total amount spent by the party in the two cities. What should
one consider before casting his/her vote Partys promotional activity or
their social activities?

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (6 MARKS)


69 . Obtain the inverse of the following matrix using elementary operations

2 1 4 1 2 3
(i) 4 0 2 . (ii) 2 5 7

3 2 7 2 4 5

[Class XII : Maths] [32]


1 1 0 2 2 4

70. If A 2 3 4 and B 4 2 4 are two square matrices, find
0 1 2 2 1 5

AB and hence solve the system of linear equations :


x y = 3, 2x + 3y + 4z = 17, y + 2z = 7.

71 . Solve the following system of equations by matrix method, where x 0,


y 0, z 0
2 3 3 1 1 1 3 1 2
10, 10, 13.
x y z x y z x y z

1 2 3
2 , hence solve the system of linear
72. Find A1,where A 2 3
3 3 4
equations :
x + 2y 3z = 4
2x + 3y + 2z = 2
3x 3y 4z = 11
73. The sum of three numbers is 2. If we subtract the second number from
twice the first number, we get 3. By adding double the second number
and the third number we get 0. Represent it algebraically and find the
numbers using matrix method.
74. Compute the inverse of the matrix.

3 1 1
A 15 6 5 and verify that A1 A = I3.
5 2 5

1 1 2 1 2 0
If the matrix A 0 3 and B 0
1 , then
1
75. 2 3
3 2 4 1 0 2
compute (AB)1.
76. Using matrix method, solve the following system of linear equations :
2x y = 4, 2y + z = 5, z + 2x = 7.

[33] [Class XII : Maths]


0 1 1
A2 3 I
77. Find A 1
if A 1 0 1 . Also show that A 1 .
2
1 1 0

2 2
b c ab ac
2 2 2 2 2
78. Show that ba c a bc 4a b c
2 2
ca cb a b

a b c c b

79. Show that


a c b
2 2
c a a b c a b c
2

a b b a c

cos sin 0
80. If A sin cos 0 , verify that A . (adj A) = (adj A) . A = |A| I3.
0 0 1

2 1 1
81. For the matrix A 1 2 1 , verify that A3 6A2 + 9A 4I = 0,
1 1 2
hence find A1.
82. Find the matrix X for which

3 2 1 1 2 1
7 5 . X . 2 1 0 4

83. By using properties of determinants prove the following :

1 a2 b 2 2ab 2b
3
2ab 1 a2 b 2 2a 1 a 2 b 2 .
2b 2a 1 a2 b 2

y z 2 xy zx
2 3
84. xy x z yz 2xyz x y z .
xz yz x y 2

[Class XII : Maths] [34]


a ab a b c
85. 2a 3a 2b 4a 3b 2c a 3 .
3a 6a 3b 10a 6b 3c

x x2 1 x 3
86. If x, y, z are different and y y2 1 y 3 0, show that xyz = 1.
z z2 1 z 3

87. If x, y, z are the 10th, 13th and 15th terms of a G.P. find the value of

log x 10 1
log y 13 1 .
log z 15 1

88. Using the properties of determinants, show that :

1 a 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 b 1 abc 1 abc bc ca ab
a b c
1 1 1 c
89. Using properties of determinants prove that

bc b 2 bc c 2 bc
3
a 2 ac ac c 2 ac ab bc ca
a 2 ab b 2 ab ab

3 2 1
90. If A 4 1 2 , find A1 and hence solve the system of equations
7 3 3
3x + 4y + 7z = 14, 2x y + 3z = 4, x + 2y 3z = 0.

ANSWERS

0 1
1. x = 2, y = 7 2. 1 0

3. 11. 4. 4

[35] [Class XII : Maths]


9 6 3 5
5. 0 29 . 6. 3 1 .

7. AB = [26]. 8. x = 5

0 1
9. x = 5 10. 1 .
0

11. a2 + b2 + c2 + d2. 12. x = 13

3
13. k 14. |A| = 1.
2

15. 46 16. 4

5
17. P = 8 18. x .
3

7 13
19. k , . 20. 54.
2 2

21. 40. 22. (i) 729 (ii) 728

23. 9 sq. units 24. x = 2

25. 0 26. 0

8 3
27. 9 28. 6 5 .

29. 1728 30. |A| = 9

31. 100 32. 11

33. |AB| = 11 34. x = 1, y = 2, z = 3, w = 10

3 3 2 5 2
4 5 2 .
35.
5 6 7

[Class XII : Maths] [36]


11 4 9 5 2 1
7 7 7 7
7 7
36. A , B
1 18 4 4
12

5
7 7 7 7 7 7

1 5 5 3
3 2

2 0 2 2

38. 1 2 2
5
0 3
2 2

5 2 2 3 3 0
2 2

191 110
40. D . 41. x = 2 or 14
77 44

7 3 1 4 3
43. A 1 . 44. A 1 .
12 5 17 3 2

1 2
45. x = 9, y = 14 46. x .
2 0
48. Inconsistent 49. Inverse does not exist.

7 1
10
2 1 10 1 4 3
50. (i) A 1 (ii) A 1 (iii) A 1
5 3 2 1 17 3 2
5 5


51. 2n , n z
3

1 2 1 1 2 2
61. AB , AB .
2 2 6
2
1

11 1
62 0, 3a 64. x , y .
24 24

[37] [Class XII : Maths]


1 2 1
65. A 1 66. a = 1, b = 4
3 1 2

68. ` 990000, ` 2120000

1
2 1
3 2 1
2
4 1
1 1
69. (i) A 11 1 6 (ii) A 1
2 0 1
4 1
2
2
70. AB = 6I

1 1 1
71. x , y , z
2 3 5

6 17 13
1
72. A 1
14 5 8 , x 3, y 2, z 1
67
15 9 1
2 0 1
73. x = 1, y = 2, z = 2 74. A 1
5 1 0
0 1 3

16 12 1
75. AB 1 1 21 11 7 . 76. x = 3, y = 2, z = 1.
19
10 2 3

1 1 1 3 1 1
1 1
1 1 1 . 1 .
1 1
77. A 81. A 1 3
2
1 1 1 4
1 1 3

16 3
82. X . 87. 0
24 5

3 9 5
1
26 16 2
90. A1 = 62 ; x = 1, y = 1, z = 1.
19 5 11

[Class XII : Maths] [38]


CHAPTER 5

CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIATION

POINTS TO REMEMBER

A function f(x) is said to be continuous at x = c iff lim f x f c


x c

i.e., lim f x lim f x f c


x c x c

f(x) is continuous in (a, b) iff it is continuous at x c c a, b .

f(x) is continuous in [a, b] iff

(i) f(x) is continuous in (a, b)

(ii) lim f x f a ,
x a

(iii) lim f x f b
x b

Trigonometric functions are continuous in their respective domains.

Every polynomial function is continuous on R.

If f (x) and g (x) are two continuous functions at x = a and c R then

(i) f (x) g (x) are also continuous functions at x = a.

(ii) g (x) . f (x), f (x) + c, cf (x), | f (x)| are also continuous at x = a.

f x
(iii) is continuous at x = a provided g(a) 0.
g x

f (x) is derivable at x = c in its domain iff

[39] [Class XII : Maths]


f x f c f x f c
lim lim , and is finite
x c x c x c x c
The value of above limit is denoted by f (c) and is called the derivative
of f(x) at x = c.

d dv du
u v u v
dx dx dx

du dv
v u

d u dx dx

dx v v2

dy dy du
If y = f(u) and u = g(t) then f u .g t (Chain Rule)
dt du dt

If y = f(u), x = g(u) then,

dy dy du f u
.
dx du dx g u

d 1 1 d 1

sin x , cos1 x
dx 1 x2 dx 1 x2

d 1 d 1 1
tan1 x , cot x
dx 1 x2 dx 1 x2

d 1 d 1
sec 1 x , cosec 1x
dx x x2 1 dx x x2 1

d x d 1
e ex , log x
dx dx x
f (x) = [x] is discontinuous at all integral points and continuous for all
x R Z.
Rolles theorem : If f (x) is continuous in [ a, b ], derivable in (a, b) and
f (a) = f (b) then there exists atleast one real number c (a, b) such that
f (c) = 0.

[Class XII : Maths] [40]


Mean Value Theorem : If f (x) is continuous in [a, b] and derivable in
(a, b) then there exists atleast one real number c (a, b) such that
f b f a
f c .
b a
f (x) = logex, (x > 0) is continuous function.

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (1 MARK)

1. For what value of x, f(x) = |2x 7| is not derivable.

2. Write the set of points of continuity of g(x) = |x 1| + |x + 1|.

3. What is derivative of |x 3| at x = 1.

x 1 x 1
4. What are the points of discontinuity of f x .
x 7 x 6

5. Write the number of points of discontinuity of f(x) = [x] in [3, 7].

x 3 if x 2

6. The function, f x 4 if x 2 is a continuous function for all
2x if x 2

x R, find .

tan 3x
, x 0
7. For what value of K, f x sin2x is continuous x R.
2K , x 0

8. Write derivative of sin x w.r.t. cos x.

9. If f(x) = x2g(x) and g(1) = 6, g(x) = 3 find value of f (1).

10. Write the derivative of the following functions :


log 2 x
(i) log3 (3x + 5) (ii) e

x 1
(iii) e 6 loge ,x 1

[41] [Class XII : Maths]


(iv) sec 1 x cosec 1 x , x 1.

(v) sin1 x 7 2 (vi) logx 5, x > 0.

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (4 MARKS)

11. Discuss the continuity of following functions at the indicated points.

x x
, x 0
(i) f x x at x 0.
2, x 0

sin 2x
3x , x 0
(ii)
g x at x 0.
3 x 0
2

x 2 cos 1 x x 0
(iii) f x at x 0.
0 x 0

(iv) f(x) = |x| + |x 1| at x = 1.

x x , x 1
(v) f x at x 1.
0 x 1

3x 2 kx 5, 0 x 2
12. For what value of k, f x is continuous
1 3x 2 x 3

x 0, 3 .

13. For what values of a and b

x 2
a if x 2
x 2
f x a b if x 2
is continuous at x = 2.
x 2
2b if x 2
x 2

[Class XII : Maths] [42]


14. Prove that f(x) = |x + 1| is continuous at x = 1, but not derivable at
x = 1.

15. For what value of p,

x p sin 1 x x 0
f x is derivable at x = 0.
0 x0

1 1 2 x 1 dy
16. If y tan 2
2 tan1 , 0 x 1, find .
2 1 x
x dx

1 x dy
17. If y sin 2 tan1 then ?
1 x dx

dy
18. If 5x + 5y = 5x+y then prove that 5y x 0 .
dx

dy 1 y 2
19. If x 1 y 2 y 1 x 2 a then show that .
dx 1 x 2

2 2
dy 1 y 2
20. If 1 x 1 y a x y then show that .
dx 1 x 2

dy y
21. If (x + y)m + n = xm . yn then prove that .
dx x

1 2x 2x
22. Find the derivative of tan w.r.t. sin1 .
2
1 x 1 x 2

23. Find the derivative of loge(sin x) w.r.t. loga(cos x).

dy
24. If xy + yx + xx = mn, then find the value of .
dx

d 2y
25. If x = a cos3, y = a sin3 then find .
dx 2

[43] [Class XII : Maths]


26. If x = aet (sint cos t)

dy
y = aet (sint + cost) then show that at t is 1 .
dx 4

dy
If y sin x 1 x x 1 x then find
1 2
27. .
dx

x dy
28. If y x loge x loge x then find .
dx
x
x
29. Differentiate x w.r.t. x.
dy y x
30. Find , if cos x cos y
dx

1 sin x 1 sin x dy
31. If y tan1 where 2 x find dx .
1 sin x 1 sin x

x x
Hint : sin cos for x , .
2 2 2

1
32. If x sin loge y then show that (1 x2) y xy a2y = 0.
a

33. Differentiate log x log x , x 1 w .r .t . x

2
dy sin a y
34. If sin y = x sin (a + y) then show that .
dx sin a
d 2y
35. If y = sin1x, find in terms of y.
dx 2

x2 y2 d 2y b 4
36. If 1, then show that .
a2 b 2 dx 2 a 2 y 3
1 d 2y dy
37. If y e
a cos x
, 1 x 1, show that 1 x 2 2
x a2 y 0
dx dx

d 2y 2a 2 x 2
38. If y3 = 3ax2 x3 then prove that .
dx 2 y5

[Class XII : Maths] [44]


39. Verify Rolle's theorem for the function, y = x2 + 2 in the interval [a, b]
where a = 2, b = 2.

40. Verify Mean Value Theorem for the function, f(x) = x2 in [2, 4]

ANSWERS

7
1. x . 2. R
2

3. 1 4. x = 6, 7

5. Points of discontinuity of f(x) are 4, 5, 6, 7 i.e. four points.


Note : At x = 3, f(x) = [x] is continuous. because lim f x 3 f 3 .
x 3

7 3
6. . 7. k .
2 4
8. cot x 9. 15

3 x 1
10. (i) log3 e (ii) e log2 .log2 e.
3x 5 x

(iii) 6 (x 1)5 (iv) 0

7 x2 x loge 5
(v) . (vi) 2
.
2 1 x 7 x loge x
11. (i) Discontinuous (ii) Discontinuous

(iii) Continuous (iv) continuous

(v) Discontinuous

12. k = 11 13. a = 0, b = 1.

15. p > 1. 16. 0

x
17. . 22. 1
1 x 2

23. cot2x logea

[45] [Class XII : Maths]


x y 1
dy x 1 log x yx y x log y
24. .
dx x y log x xy x 1

d 2y 1
25. 2
cosec sec 4 .
dx 3a

dy 1 1
27. .
dx 1 x 2 2 x 1 x

2log x x 1
28. x log x log x log log x .
x log x

dy x 1
29. x x . x x log x 1 log x .
dx x log x

dy y tan x logcos y
30.
dx x tan y log cos x

dy 1
31. .
dx 2

1 log log x
33. log x log x , x 1
x x

35. sec2y tany.

[Class XII : Maths] [46]


CHAPTER 6

APPLICATIONS OF DERIVATIVES

POINTS TO REMEMBER
Rate of Change : Let y = f (x) be a function then the rate of change
dy
of y with respect to x is given by f x where a quantity y varies
dx
with another quantity x.

dy
or f x 0 represents the rate of change of y w.r.t. x at x = x0.
dx x x 0
If x = f (t) and y = g (t)

By chain rule

dy dy dx dx
if 0.
dx dt dt dt

(i) A function f (x) is said to be increasing (non-decreasing) on an


interval (a, b) if x1 x2 in (a, b) f (x1) f (x2) x1, x2 (a, b).
Alternatively if f x 0 x a, b , then f (x) is increasing function
in (a, b).

(ii) A function f(x) is said to be decreasing (non-increasing) on an


interval (a, b). If x1 x2 in (a, b) f (x1) f (x2) x1, x2
(a, b). Alternatively if f (x) 0 x (a, b), then f (x) is decreasing
function in (a, b).

The equation of tangent at the point (x0, y0) to a curve y = f(x) is given
by
dy
y y0 x x0 .
dx x 0 , y 0

[47] [Class XII : Maths]


dy
where slope of the tangent at the point x 0 , y 0 .
dx x 0 ,y 0

dy
(i) If does not exist then tangent at (x0, y0) is parallel to
dx x 0 , y 0
y-axis and its equation is x = x0.

(ii) If tangent at x = x0 is parallel to x-axis then dy 0 and


dx ( x 0 ,y 0 )
its equation is y = y0.
Slope of the normal to the curve at the point (x0, y0) is given by
1
.
dy

dx ( x 0 ,y 0 )
Equation of the normal to the curve y = f (x) at a point (x0, y0) is given by
1
y y0
dy
x x 0 .
dx x 0 ,y 0

dy
If 0.
dx x 0 ,y 0
then equation of the normal is x=x0 and equation of the tangent is y=y0

dy
If dx does not exist, then the normal is parallel to x-axis and the
x 0 ,y 0
equation of the normal is y = y0.
Let y = f (x)
x = the small increment in x and
y be the increment in y corresponding to the increment in x
Then approximate change in y is given by

dy
dy x or dy = f (x) x
dx
The approximate change in the value of f is given by
f x x f x f x x

[Class XII : Maths] [48]


Let f be a function. Let point c be in the domain of the function f at which
either f(x) = 0 or f is not derivable is called a critical point of f.

First Derivative Test : Let f be a function defined on an open interval


I. Let f be continuous at a critical point c I. Then if,

(i) f (x) changes sign from positive to negative as x increases through


c, then c is called the point of the local maxima.

(ii) f (x) changes sign from negative to positive as x increases through


c, then c is a point of local minima.

(iii) f (x) does not change sign as x increases through c, then c is


neither a point of local maxima nor a point of local minima. Such
a point is called a point of inflexion.

Second Derivative Test : Let f be a function defined on an interval I and


let c I. Then

(i) x = c is a point of local maxima if f (c) = 0 and f (c) < 0.

f (c) is local maximum value of f.

(ii) x = c is a point of local minima if f (c) = 0 and f "(c) > 0. f (c) is


local minimum value of f.

(iii) The test fails if f(c) = 0 and f(c) = 0.

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (1 MARK)

1. The side of a square is increasing at the rate of 0.2 cm/sec. Find the rate
of increase of perimeter of the square.

2. The radius of the circle is increasing at the rate of 0.7 cm/sec. What is the
rate of increase of its circumference?

1
3. If the radius of a soap bubble is increasing at the rate of cm sec. At
2
what rate its volume is increasing when the radius is 1 cm.

4. A stone is dropped into a quiet lake and waves move in circles at a speed
of 4 cm/sec. At the instant when the radius of the circular wave is 10 cm,
how fast is the enclosed area increasing?

[49] [Class XII : Maths]


5. The total revenue in rupees received from the sale of x units of a
product is given by

R(x) = 13x2 + 26x + 15. Find the marginal revenue when x = 7.

6. Find the maximum and minimum values of the function f (x) = sin 2x + 5.

7. Find the maximum and minimum values (if any) of the function

f (x) = |x 1| + 7 x R .

8. Find the value of a for which the function f (x) = x2 2ax + 6, x > 0 is
strictly increasing.
9. Write the interval for which the function f (x) = cos x, 0 x 2 is
decreasing.

log x
10. What is the interval for which the function f x , x 0, is
x
increasing?

4 3
11. For which values of x, the function y x 4 x is increasing?
3

1
12. Write the interval for which the function f x is strictly decreasing.
x

13. Find the sub-interval of the interval (0, /2) in which the function
f (x) = sin 3x is increasing.

14. Without using derivatives, find the maximum and minimum value of
y = |3 sin x + 1|.

15. If f (x) = ax + cos x is strictly increasing on R, find a.

16. Write the interval in which the function f (x) = x9 + 3x7 + 64 is increasing.

17. What is the slope of the tangent to the curve f = x3 5x + 3 at the point
whose x co-ordinate is 2?

18. At what point on the curve y = x2 does the tangent make an angle of 45
with positive direction of the x-axis?

19. Find the point on the curve y = 3x2 12x + 9 at which the tangent is
parallel to x-axis.

[Class XII : Maths] [50]


20. What is the slope of the normal to the curve y = 5x2 4 sin x at x = 0.

21. Find the point on the curve y = 3x 2 + 4 at which the tangent is


1
perpendicular to the line with slope .
6
22. Find the point on the curve y = x2 where the slope of the tangent is
equal to the y co-ordinate.

23. If the curves y = 2ex and y = aex intersect orthogonally (cut at right
angles), what is the value of a?

1
24. Find the slope of the normal to the curve y = 8x2 3 at x .
4
25. Find the rate of change of the total surface area of a cylinder of radius r
and height h with respect to radius when height is equal to the radius of
the base of cylinder.

26. Find the rate of change of the area of a circle with respect to its radius.
How fast is the area changing w.r.t. its radius when its radius is 3 cm?

27. For the curve y = (2x + 1)3 find the rate of change of slope of the tangent
at x = 1.

28. Find the slope of the normal to the curve


x = 1 a sin ; y = b cos2 at
2
29. If a manufacturers total cost function is C(x) = 1000 + 40x + x2, where x
is the output, find the marginal cost for producing 20 units.

30. Find a for which f (x) = a (x + sin x) is strictly increasing on R.

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (4 MARKS)

31. A particle moves along the curve 6y = x3 + 2. Find the points on the
curve at which the y co-ordinate is changing 8 times as fast as the x co-
ordinate.

32. A ladder 5 metres long is leaning against a wall. The bottom of the
ladder is pulled along the ground away from the wall at the rate of 2 cm/
sec. How fast is its height on the wall decreasing when the foot of the
ladder is 4 metres away from the wall?

[51] [Class XII : Maths]


33. A balloon which always remain spherical is being inflated by pumping in
900 cubic cm of a gas per second. Find the rate at which the radius of
the balloon increases when the radius is 15 cm.

34. A man 2 metres high walks at a uniform speed of 6 metres per minute
away from a lamp post 5 metres high. Find the rate at which the length of
his shadow increases.

35. Water is running out of a conical funnel at the rate of 5 cm3/sec. If the
radius of the base of the funnel is 10 cm and altitude is 20 cm, find the
rate at which the water level is dropping when it is 5 cm from the top.

36. The length x of a rectangle is decreasing at the rate of 2 cm/sec and


the width y is increasing as the rate of 2 cm/sec when x = 12 cm and
y = 5 cm. Find the rate of change of

(a) Perimeter (b) Area of the rectangle.

37. Sand is pouring from a pipe at the rate of 12c.c/sec. The falling sand
forms a cone on the ground in such a way that the height of the cone
is always one-sixth of the radius of the base. How fast is the height of
the sand cone increasing when height is 4 cm?

38. The area of an expanding rectangle is increasing at the rate of 48 cm2/


sec. The length of the rectangle is always equal to the square of the
breadth. At what rate is the length increasing at the instant when the
breadth is 4.5 cm?

39. Find a point on the curve y = (x 3)2 where the tangent is parallel to
the line joining the points (4, 1) and (3, 0).

40. Find the equation of all lines having slope zero which are tangents to
1
the curve y 2
.
x 2x 3
41. Prove that the curves x = y2 and xy = k cut at right angles if 8k2 = 1.

42. Find the equation of the normal at the point (am2, am3) for the curve
ay2 = x3.

43. Show that the curves 4x = y2 and 4xy = k cut as right angles if k2 = 512.

44. Find the equation of the tangent to the curve y 3 x 2 which is parallel
to the line 4x y + 5 = 0.

[Class XII : Maths] [52]


45. Find the equation of the tangent to the curve x y a at the point
a2 a 2
, .
4 4
16
46. Find the points on the curve 4y = x3 where slope of the tangent is .
3

x y
47. Show that 1 touches the curve y = bex/a at the point where the
a b
curve crosses the y-axis.

48. Find the equation of the tangent to the curve given by x = 1 cos ,

y = sin at a point where .
4

x
49. Find the intervals in which the function f (x) = log (1 + x) , x 1
1 x
is increasing or decreasing.

50. Find the intervals in which the function f (x) = x3 12x2 + 36x + 17 is

(a) Increasing (b) Decreasing.

51. Prove that the function f (x) = x2 x + 1 is neither increasing nor decreasing
in [0, 1].

x
52. Find the intervals on which the function f x is decreasing.
x2 1

x3
53. x 2 9x , x 1, 2 is strictly increasing. Hence find
Prove that f x
3
the minimum value of f (x).


54. Find the intervals in which the function f (x) = sin4x + cos4x, 0 x is
2
increasing or decreasing.

55. Find the least value of 'a' such that the function f (x) = x2 + ax + 1 is strictly
increasing on (1, 2).

[53] [Class XII : Maths]


3 5
56. Find the interval in which the function f x 5x 2 3x 2 , x 0 is strictly
decreasing.

57. Show that the function f (x) = tan1 (sin x + cos x), is strictly increasing on

the interval 0, .
4


58. Show that the function f x cos 2x is strictly increasing on
4
3 7
, .
8 8
sin x
59. Show that the function f x is strictly decreasing on 0, .
x 2

Using differentials, find the approximate value of (Q. No. 60 to 64).

1 1
60. 0.009 3 . 61. 80 4 .

1
62. 0.0037 2 . 63. 0.037.

64. 25.02 .

65. Find the approximate value of f (5.001) where f(x) = x3 7x2 + 15.

66. Find the approximate value of f (3.02) where f (x) = 3x2 + 5x + 3.

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (6 MARKS)

67. Show that of all rectangles inscribed in a given fixed circle, the square has
the maximum area.

68. Find two positive numbers x and y such that their sum is 35 and the
product x2y5 is maximum.

69. Show that of all the rectangles of given area, the square has the smallest
perimeter.

70. Show that the right circular cone of least curved surface area and given
volume has an altitude equal to 2 times the radius of the base.

[Class XII : Maths] [54]


71. Show that the semi vertical angle of right circular cone of given surface
1
area and maximum volume is sin1 .
3

72. A point on the hypotenuse of a triangle is at distance aand bfrom the


sides of the triangle. Show that the minimum length of the hypotenuse
3

is 2
a3 b3
2 2
.

73. Prove that the volume of the largest cone that can be inscribed in a
8
sphere of radius R is of the volume of the sphere.
27
74. Find the interval in which the function f given by f (x) = sin x + cos x,
0 x 2 is strictly increasing or strictly decreasing.

75. Find the intervals in which the function f (x) = (x + 1)3 (x 3)3 is strictly
increasing or strictly decreasing.


76. Find the local maximum and local minimum of f (x) = sin 2x x, x .
2 2
77. Find the intervals in which the function f (x) = 2x3 15x2 + 36x + 1 is
strictly increasing or decreasing. Also find the points on which the tangents
are parallel to x-axis.

78. A solid is formed by a cylinder of radius r and height h together with two
hemisphere of radius r attached at each end. It the volume of the solid is
1
metre min. How fast
constant but radius r is increasing at the rate of
2
must h (height) be changing when r and h are 10 metres.

79. Find the equation of the normal to the curve

x = a (cos + sin ) ; y = a (sin cos ) at the point and show


that its distance from the origin is a.

80. For the curve y = 4x3 2x5, find all the points at which the tangent passes
through the origin.

81. Find the equation of the normal to the curve x2 = 4y which passes through
the point (1, 2).

[55] [Class XII : Maths]


82. Find the equation of the tangents at the points where the curve 2y = 3x2
2x 8 cuts the x-axis and show that they make supplementary angles
with the x-axis.
x2 y2
83. Find the equations of the tangent and normal to the hyperbola 1
a2 b 2
at the point (x0, y0).

84. A window is in the form of a rectangle surmounted by an equilateral


triangle. Given that the perimeter is 16 metres. Find the width of the
window in order that the maximum amount of light may be admitted.

85. A jet of an enemy is flying along the curve y = x2 + 2. A soldier is placed


at the point (3, 2). What is the nearest distance between the soldier and
the jet?

86. Find a point on the parabola y2 = 4x which is nearest to the point


(2, 8).

87. A square piece of tin of side 24 cm is to be made into a box without top
by cutting a square from each corner and folding up the flaps to form the
box. What should be the side of the square to be cut off so that the volume
of the box is the maximum.

88. A window in the form of a rectangle is surmounted by a semi circular


opening. The total perimeter of the window is 30 metres. Find the dimensions
of the rectangular part of the window to admit maximum light through the
whole opening.

89. An open box with square base is to be made out of a given iron sheet of area
27 sq. meter, show that the maximum value of the box is 13.5 cubic metres.

90. A wire of length 36 m is to be cut into two pieces. One of the two pieces
is to be made into a square and other into a circle. What should be the
length of two pieces so that the combined area of the square and the circle
is minimum?

91. Show that the height of the cylinder of maximum volume which can be
2R
inscribed in a sphere of radius R is . Also find the maximum volume..
3
92. Show that the altitude of the right circular cone of maximum volume that
4r
can be inscribed is a sphere of radius r is .
3

[Class XII : Maths] [56]


93. Prove that the surface area of solid cuboid of a square base and given
volume is minimum, when it is a cube.

94. Show that the volume of the greatest cylinder which can be inscribed in
4
a right circular cone of height h and semi-vertical angle is h 3 tan2 .
27

95. Show that the right triangle of maximum area that can be inscribed in a
circle is an isosceles triangle.

96. A given quantity of metal is to be cast half cylinder with a rectangular box
and semicircular ends. Show that the total surface area is minimum when
the ratio of the length of cylinder to the diameter of its semicircular ends
is : ( + 2).

ANSWERS
1. 0.8 cm/sec. 2. 4.4 cm/sec.

3. 2 cm3/sec. 4. 80 cm2/sec.

5. Rs. 208.

6. Minimum value = 4, maximum value = 6.

7. Maximum value = 7, minimum value does not exist.

8. a 0. 9. [0, ]

10. (0, e] 11. x 1


12. ( , 0) U (0, ) 13. 0, .
6

14. Maximum value = 4, minimum valve = 0. 15. a > 1.

16. R 17. 7

1 1
18. , . 19. (2, 3)
2 4

1
20. 21. (1, 7)
4

[57] [Class XII : Maths]


1
22. (0, 0), (2, 4) 23. .
2

1
24. . 25. 6h
4

26. 2r cm2/cm, 6 cm2/cm 27. 72

a
28. . 29. Rs. 80.
2b
30. a > 0.

31 8
31. 4, 11 and 4, .

32. cm sec.
3 3

1
33. cm sec. 34. 4 metres/minute

4
35. cm sec. 36. (a) 0 cm/sec., (b) 14 cm2/sec.
45

1
37. cm sec. 38. 7.11 cm/sec.
48

7 1 1
39. , . 40. y .
2 4 2

42. 2x + 3my = am2 (2 + 3m2) 44. 48x 24y = 23

8 128 8 128
45. 2x + 2y = a2 46. , , , .
3 27 3 27


48. 2 1 x y 2 2 1 .
4

49. Increasing in (0, ), decreasing in (1, 0).

50. Increasing in ( , 2) (6, ), Decreasing in (2, 6).

[Class XII : Maths] [58]


25
52. ( , 1) and (1, ). 53. .
3


54. Increasing in , Decreasing in 0, .
4 2 4

55. a = 2. 56. Strictly decreasing in (1, ).

60. 0.2083 61. 2.9907

62. 0.06083 63. 0.1923

64. 5.002 65. 34.995

66. 45.46

68. 25, 10

5
74. Strictly increasing in 0, , 2
4 4

5
Strictly decreasing in , .
4 4

75. Strictly increasing in (1, 3) (3, )

Strictly decreasing in (, 1) (1, 1).


76. Local maxima at x
6

3
Local max. value
2 6


Local minima at x
6

3
Local minimum value
2 6
77. Strictly increasing in (, 2) (3, )

Strictly decreasing in (2, 3).

[59] [Class XII : Maths]


Points are (2, 29) and (3, 28).

3
78. metres min.

79. x + y tan a sec = 0.

80. (0, 0), (1, 2) and (1, 2).

81. x + y = 3

82. 5x y 10 = 0 and 15x + 3y + 20 = 0

xx 0 yy 0 y y0 x x0
83. 1, 2
0.
a2 b2 a y0 b 2x 0

16
84. 85. 5
6 3

86. (4, 4) 87. 4cm

60 30 144 36
88. , . 90. m, m.
4 4 4 4

4R 3
91.
3 3

[Class XII : Maths] [60]


CHAPTER 7

INTEGRALS

POINTS TO REMEMBER
Integration is the reverse process of Differentiation.

d
Let
dx
F x f x then we write f x dx F x c .
These integrals are called indefinite integrals and c is called constant of
integration.

From geometrical point of view an indefinite integral is collection of family


of curves each of which is obtained by translating one of the curves
parallel to itself upwards or downwards along y-axis.

STANDARD FORMULAE

x n 1
n c n 1
1.
x dx n 1

log x c n 1

ax b n 1
c n 1
ax b n dx n 1 a
2.
1
log ax b c n 1
a

3.
sin x dx cos x c . 4.
cos x dx sin x c .

5.
tan x . dx log cos x c log sec x c .

[61] [Class XII : Maths]


2
6.
cot x dx log sin x c . 7.
sec x . dx tan x c.

2
8.
cosec x . dx cot x c . 9.
sec x . tan x . dx sec x c .

10.
cosec x cot x dx cosec x c .

11.
sec x dx log sec x tan x c.

12. cosec x dx log cosec x cot x c.

x x x ax
13. e dx e c . 14. a dx
log a
c

1 1
15.
1 x
2
dx sin x c , x 1.

1 1
16. 1 x 2
dx tan x c.

1 1
17.
x x
2
1
dx sec x c , x 1.

1 1 a x
18.
a 2
x
2
dx
2a
log
a x
c.

1 1 x a
19.
x 2
a
2
dx
2a
log
x a
c.

1 1 1 x
20.
a 2
x
2
dx
a
tan
a
c.

[Class XII : Maths] [62]


1 1 x
21.
a
2
x
2
dx sin
a
c.

1 2 2
22.
2
a x
2
dx log x a x c.

1 2 2
23.
x
2
a
2
dx log x x a c.

2
2 2 x 2 2 a 1 x
24.
a x dx
2
a x
2
sin
a
c.

2
2 2 x 2 2 a 2 2
25.
a x dx
2
a x
2
log x a x c.

2
2 2 x 2 2 a 2 2
26.
x a dx
2
x a
2
log x x a c.

RULES OF INTEGRATION

1. k .f x dx k f x dx .

2. k f x g x dx k f x dx k g x dx .

e f x f ' x dx e f x c .
x x
2.

INTEGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION

f x
1.
f x dx log f x c .

n f x n 1
2.
f x f x dx
c.
n 1

[63] [Class XII : Maths]


f x f x n 1
3.
f x n
dx
n 1
c.

INTEGRATION BY PARTS

f x . g x dx
f x . g x dx f x . g x dx dx .
DEFINITE INTEGRALS
b
F b F a , where F x
f x dx f x dx .
a

DEFINITE INTEGRAL AS A LIMIT OF SUMS.

b
f a f a h f a 2h
f x dx lim h
h 0

..... f a n 1 h
a

b
b a n
where h
h
. or
f x dx lim h
h0

f a rh

a r 1

PROPERTIES OF DEFINITE INTEGRAL

b a b b
1.
f x dx f x dx .
2.
f x dx
f t dt .
a b a a

b c b
3. f x dx
f x dx
f x dx .
a a c

b b a a
f a b x dx .
4. (i)
f x dx
(ii)
f x dx
f a x dx .
a a 0 0

[Class XII : Maths] [64]


a
5.
f x dx 0; if f x is odd function.
a

a
a
6. f x dx 20 f x dx , if f(x) is even function.
a

2a a
2 f x dx , if f 2a x f x

f x dx 0
7. 0, if f 2a x f x
0

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (1 MARK)

Evaluate the following integrals

sin x cos 1 x dx .
1 x
1. 2. e dx .
1

1 x 8 x
3. 1 sin2 x dx . 4. 8 x8 dx .
x 8

1
99 1
5. x cos4 x dx . 6. x log x log log x dx .
1

2 4 3 sin x
e e x log a dx .
a log x
7. 0 log
4 3 cos x
dx . 8.

2
cos 2x 2sin2 x 7
9. dx . 10. sin x dx .
cos2 x

2

d
10 4x x 2 dx . f x dx .
dx
11. 12.

[65] [Class XII : Maths]


1 1
13. sin2 x cos2 x dx . 14. x x 1
dx .

log x
ex
15. e dx . 16. a x dx .

x x
17. 2 e x dx . 18. dx .
x 1

x
x e
19. x 12 dx . 20. x
dx .

2 1
21. cos dx . 22. x cos 1 dx .

1
23. sec x .log sec x tan x dx . 24. cos x sin dx .

3
1
25. cot x .log sin x dx . 26. x x dx .

1 1 sin x
27. x 2 3 log x dx . 28. x cos x dx .

1 cos x x e 1 e x 1
29. sin x dx . 30. x e e x dx .

2
x 1 1
31. x log x dx . 32. ax ax dx .
x


33. 0 cos x dx .

2
34. 0 x dx where [x] is greatest integer function.

[Class XII : Maths] [66]


1
35. 9 4x 2
dx

b f x 1 x
36. a f x f a b x dx . 37. 2 x dx .

1
38. 1x x dx .
a 1
39. If 0 1 x 2
4
, then what is value of a.

b a log x 1 log x
40. a f x dx b f x dx . 41. e dx .

sin x
42. sin2x dx . 43. sin x sin 2x dx .

4 b a

44. sin x dx . 45. f x dx f a b x dx .


a b

4

1 sin2 x
46. sec x tan x dx . 47. 1 cos x dx .

1 tan x ax b x
48. 1 tan x dx . 49. cx
dx .

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (4 MARKS)

x cosec tan1x 2 x 1 x 1
50. (i) 1 x
4
dx . (ii)
x 1 x 1
dx .

1 cos x a
(iii)
sin x a sin x b dx . (iv)
cos x a dx .

[67] [Class XII : Maths]


5
(v)
cos x cos 2x cos 3x dx . (vi)
cos x dx .

2 4 3 4
(vii)
sin x cos x dx . (viii)
cot x cosec x dx .

sin x cos x
(ix)
2 2
a sin x b cos x
2 2
dx .

[Hint : put a2 sin2 x + b2 cos2 x = t or t2]

1
dx . [Hint : Take sec2 x as numerator]
(x)
3
cos x cos x a

6 6
sin x cos x sin x cos x
(xi)
2
sin x cos x
2
dx . (xii)
sin 2x
dx .

51. Evaluate :
x
[Hint : put x2 = t]
(i)
x 4
x
2
1
dx .

1
(ii)
x 6 log x 2
7 log x 2
dx . [Hint : put log x = t]

dx 1
(iii)
1 x x 2
. (iv)
9 8x x
2
dx .

1
(v)
x a x b
dx .

2
5x 2 x
(vi)
3x 2
2x 1
dx . (vii)
x 2
6 x 12
dx .

x 2 2
(viii)
4x x
2
dx . (ix)
x 1 x x dx .

[Class XII : Maths] [68]


2
(x)
3x 2 x x 1 dx . (xi)
sec x 1 dx .

[Hint : Multiply and divide by sec x 1 ]

52. Evaluate :

dx
(i)
x x 7
1
.

sin x
(ii)
1 cos x 2 3 cos x dx .
sin cos
(iii)
cos 2
cos 2
d .

x 1
(iv)
x 1 x 2 x 3 dx .
2
x x 2
(v)
x 2 x 1 dx .
x 2 1 x 2 2
(vi)
x 3 3 x 2 4 dx . [Hint : x2 = t ]

dx
(vii)
2x 1 x 2
4
.

2
x 1
(viii)
x 4
x
2
1
dx .

(ix)
tan x dx .

[69] [Class XII : Maths]


53. Evaluate :
5 3
(i) x sin x dx .

3
(ii)
sec x dx .

[Hint : Write sec3x = sec x . sec2 x and take sec x as first function]

ax 1 6x
cos bx c dx .
(iii)
e (iv)
sin 1 9x
2
dx .

[Hint : put 3x = tan ]

3 1
(v)
cos x dx . (vi)
x tan x dx .

2x 1 sin 2x x x 1
(vii)
e dx .
1 cos 2x
(viii)
e 2
2x
dx .

2 x x2 1
(ix) 2ax x dx . (x)
e
x 12
dx .

x 2 sin 2x
(xi)
e 1 cos 2x
dx .

1 dx .
(xii)
log log x log x 2

[Hint : put log x = t x = et ]

2
(xiii) 6x 5 6 x x dx .

1
(xiv) x 3
1
dx .

2
(xv) 2x 5 x 4x 3 dx .

2
(xvi) x 4 x 8 dx .

[Class XII : Maths] [70]


54. Evaluate the following definite integrals :

4 2
sin x cos x
(i) 9 16 sin 2x dx . (ii)
cos 2x log sin x dx .
0 0

1 2 1 2 1
1 x sin x
(iii)
x 1 x
2
dx . (iv) 1 x 2 3 2
dx .
0 0
[Hint : put x2 = t ]

2 2 2
sin 2x 5x
(v) sin 4
x cos x
4
dx . (vi)
x 2
4x 3
dx .
0 1


2
x sin x
(vii)
1 cos x dx .
0

x sin x x sin x
Hin t : Write as
1 cos x 1 cos x 1 cos x
55. Evaluate :
3
x
x 1 x 2 x 3 dx . (ii)
(i)
1 sin x dx .
1 0
1 1 1 x x 2
tan x
(iii) e
1 x
2
dx .

(iv)
x sin x
1 cos 2
dx .
1 x
0

2x x 3 when 2 x 1
2
3
f x dx where f x x 3x 2
(v)

3x 2
when 1 x 1
when 1 x 2.
2
2 1 1 2
f x dx f x dx f x dx f x dx
Hint :

2 2 1 1

[71] [Class XII : Maths]



2
x sin x cos x
(vi)
sin 4
x cos x
4
dx .
0


x
(vii)
a 2 2
cos x b sin x
2 2
dx .
0
a a
f x dx f a x dx
Hint : Use

0 0

56. Evaluate the following integrals

1
3 dx 1 2x
(i)
6 1 tan x
(ii)
sin 2
1 x
dx .
0

cos x
e
(iii) e cos x
e
cos x
dx .
0

a
x tan x a x
(iv) sec x cosec x dx . (v) a x
dx .
0 a

6
57. x 2 x 4 x 5 dx
1

log x log sin x


58. e dx .

59. Evaluate

sin1 x cos 1 x
(i) sin 1
dx , x 0, 1
x cos 1 x

[Class XII : Maths] [72]


1 x
(ii) 1 x
dx

x 2 1 log x 2 1 2 log x
(iii) x4
dx

x2
(iv) x sin x cos x
2
dx

1 x
(v) sin a x
dx


3 2
sin x cos x
(vi) dx (vii) sin x cos x dx

sin 2x

6 2

3
2
sin( x a )
(viii)
1
x sin x dx . (ix) sin( x a)
dx


2
x2 cos x
(x)
(x 2
4) ( x 2 9)
dx (x)
1 ex
dx

2

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (6 MARKS)

60. Evaluate the following integrals :

5
x 4 dx
(i) x 5
x
dx . (ii) x 1 x 2
4
dx

3 4
2x x
(iii)
x 1 x 3 2
dx (iv)
x 4
16
dx

[73] [Class XII : Maths]



2
1
(v)
tan x cot x dx . (vi)
x 4
1
dx .
0

1
x tan x
(vii)
1 x 2 2

dx .
0

61. Evaluate the following integrals as limit of sums :

4 2

x 3 dx .
2
(i)
2x 1 dx . (ii)
2 0

3 4

3x 2x 4 dx .
3x dx .
2 2 2x
(iii) (iv) e
1 0

x 3x dx .
2
(v)
2
62. Evaluate

(i) cot 1 1 x x 2 dx
0

dx
(ii) sin x 2 cos x 2 sin x cos x

1
log 1 x 2
(iii)
0
1 x2
dx (iv) 2 log sin x log sin 2 x dx .
0

1 3 sin 2 cos
63. sin x sin2x dx . 64. 5 cos2 4 sin d .

[Class XII : Maths] [74]


1 2
0 x tan x dx
1 2x
65. 66. e cos 3 x dx .

/2
67. 0 log sin x dx

ANSWERS


1. x c. 2. 2e 2
2
8x x9 x2
3. tan x + c. 4. 8log x c.
log8 9 16

5. 0 6. log log log x c

x a 1 ax
7. 0 8. c
a 1 log a

9. tan x + c 10. 0

x 2 x 2 4x 10
11. 3log x 2 x 2 4x 10 c
2
12. f (x) + c

2 32 2 32
13. tan x cot x + c 14. x x 1 c
3 3
x
e
15. log |x| + c 16. log e a c
a

2x e x 2
17. c 18. x 13 2 2 x 11 2 c.
log 2e 3

1
19. log x 1 c. 20. 2e x
c
x 1

log x cos 1
21. x cos2 + c 22. c.
cos

[75] [Class XII : Maths]


23.
log sec x tan x 2 c 24.
log cos x sin
c
2 sin

25.
log sin x 2 c 26.
x4 1
2
3x 2
3 log x c.
2 4 2x 2

1
27. log 2 3log x c . 28. log |x + cos x | + c
3

1
29. 2 log |sec x/2| + c. 30. log x e e x c .
e

31.
x log x 2 c 32. a
x 2 log x
2x c .
2 2 a

33. 0 34. 1

1 1 2x b a
35. sin c 36.
2 3 2

37. 1 38. 0

39. 1 40. 0

1
41. x + log x + c. 42. log sec x tan x c .
2

1 sin3x 2
43. sin x c or sin3 x c
2 3 3

44. 2 2 45. 0

46. log |1 + sin x| + c 47. x sin x + c

48. log |cos x + sin x| + c

a c x
b c x c1.
49.
log a c log b c

[Class XII : Maths] [76]


1 1
50. (i) log cosec tan1 x 2 2 c .
2 x

1 2
1
(ii) x x x 2 1 log x x 2 1 c .
2 2

1 sin x a
(iii) log c
sin a b sin x b

(iv) x cos 2a sin 2a log |sec (x a)| + c.

1
(v) 12x 6 sin 2x 3 sin 4x 2 sin 6 x c .
48

2 3 1 5
(vi) sin x sin x sin x c .
3 5

1 1 1 1
(vii) 2x sin 2x sin 4x sin 6x c .
32 2 2 6
cot6 x 4
cot x
(viii) c.
6 4

1 2 2 2 2
(ix) a sin x b cos x c
2 2
a b

(x) 2 cosec a cos a tan x . sin a c .

(xi) tan x cot x 3x + c.

(xii) sin1 (sin x cos x) + c.

1 1
2x 2 1
51. (i) tan c.
3 3

2 log x 1
(ii) log C
3 log x 2

[77] [Class XII : Maths]


1 5 1 2x
(iii) log c
5 5 1 2x

x 4
(iv) sin1 c.
5

(v) 2 log x a x b c

5 2 11 1 3 x 1
(vi) log 3 x 2x 1 tan c
6 3 2 2

2 1 x 3
(vii) x 3 log x 6 x 12 2 3 tan c
3

2 1 x 2
(viii) 4x x 4 sin c
2

3
1
2 2 1
(ix) 1 x x 2x 1 1 x x 2
3 8

5 1 2x 1
sin c
16 5

2x 1 2
3 x x 1
x2 7 4
x 1
2
(x) c
2 3 1 2
log x x x 1
8 2

1 2
(xi) log cos x cos x cos x c
2
7
1 x
52. (i) log 7
c
7 x 1

[Class XII : Maths] [78]


1 cos x
(ii) log c
2 3 cos x

2 1
(iii) log cos 2 log 1 cos c .
3 3

1 1 2
(iv) log x 1 log x 2 log x 3 c
3 15 5

x 2 2
(v) x 4 log c
x 1

2 1 x 1 x
(vi) x tan 3 tan c
3 3 2

2 1 2 1 1 x
(vii) log 2x 1 log x 4 tan c
17 17 34 2

2
1 x x 1
(viii) log c
2
2 x x 1

1 1 tan x 1 1 tan x 2 tan x 1


(ix) tan log c
2 2 tan x 2 2 tan x 2 tan x 1

1 3 3 3
53. (i) x cos x sin x c
3

1
(ii) sec x tan x log sec x tan x c
2
ax
e
(iii)
2 2
a cos bx c b sin bx c c1
a b

1 1 2
(iv) 2x tan 3x log 1 9 x c
3

[79] [Class XII : Maths]


(v) 2 x sin x cos x c

x4 1 1 x
3
x
(vi) tan x c.
4 12 4

x
1 2x e
(vii) e tan x c . (viii) c.
2 2x
2
x a 2 a 1 x a
(ix) 2ax x sin c
2 2 a

x x 1
(x) e c.
x 1

(xi) ex tan x + c.

x
(xii) x log log x c.
log x

2 32
(xiii) 2 6 x x
2x 1 2 25 1 2x 1
8 6 x x sin c
4 8 5

1 1 2 1 1 2 x 1
(xiv) log x 1 log x x 1 tan c
3 6 3 3

3
2 x2 x 2
3
2 2
(xv) 4x x 4x 3
3 2
1 2
log x 2 x 4x 3 c
2

x 2 2 2
(xvi) x 4x 8 2 log x 2 x 4x 8 c
2

[Class XII : Maths] [80]


1
54. (i) log 3. (ii)
20 4

1 1
(iii) . (iv) log 2.
4 2 4 2


(v) .
2

15 25 6
(vi) 5 10 log log .
8 2 5

(vii) /2.

55. (i) 5. (ii)



1 2
(iii) e 4
e 4
. (iv) .
4

2
29
(v) (vi) .
4 16
2

(vii) .
2ab

56. (i) . (ii) log 2.
12 2
2

(iii) /2. (iv)
4

(v) a.

13
57.
2
58. x cos x + sin x + c.

[81] [Class XII : Maths]


2 2x 1 2 x x2
59. (i) sin1 x x c

(ii) 2 1 x cos 1 x x x2 c

3 2
1 1 1 2
(iii) 1 2 log 1 2 3 c
3 x x
sin x x cos x
(iv) c
x sin x cos x

(v) x a tan1 x ax c (vi) 2 sin1


3 1
a 2

3 1
(vii) 0 (viii) 2.

(ix) (cos 2a) (x + a) (sin 2a) log |sin (x + a)| + c

4 log |x2 + 4| + 9 log |x2 + 9| + c


(x) I
5 5

(xi) 1

5 3
60. (i) x 4 log x log x 1 log x 1
4 4
2 1 1
log x 1 tan x c.
2

1 1 2 1 1 x
(ii) log x 1 log x 4 tan c .
5 10 10 2

1 81 27
(iii) 2x log x 1 log x 3 c.
8 8 2 x 3

1 x 2 1 x
(iv) x log tan c .
2 x 2 2

[Class XII : Maths] [82]


(v) 2.

1 1 x2 1 1 x
2
2x 1
(vi) tan log 2
c
2 2 2x 4 2 x 2x 1

(vii) /8.

26
61. (i) 14. (ii) .
3

1 8
.
(iii) 26. (iv) 127 e
2

141
(v) .
2

1 tan x 2
62. (i) log 2 (ii) log c
2 5 2 tan x 1

1
(iii) log 2. (iv) log .
8 2 2

1 1 2
63. log 1 cos x log 1 cos x log 1 2 cos x c .
6 2 3

4
64. 3log 2 sin c.
2 sin

2 1
65. log 2
16 4 2

e 2x
66. 2cos 3x 3 sin 3x c .
13


67. log 2
2

[83] [Class XII : Maths]


CHAPTER 8

APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRALS

POINTS TO REMEMBER

AREA OF BOUNDED REGION

Area bounded by the curve y = f(x), the x axis and between the ordinates,
x = a and x = b is given by
b
Area =
f x dx
a

y y
y = f(x )

a b
x x
O a b O

y = f(x )
Area bounded by the curve x = f(y) the y-axis and between abscissas,
y = c and y = d is given by
d
Area =
f y dy
c
y y
d d
x = f(y ) x = f(y )
c c
x x
O O

[Class XII : Maths] [84]


Area bounded by two curves y = f(x) and y = g(x) such that 0 g(x)
f(x) for all x [a, b] and between the ordinates x = a and x = b is given
by

Y
y = f( x )
A B

y = g (x )
X
O a b

b
Area =
f x g x dx
a

Required Area

k b
f x dx f x dx .
a k

y = f(x )
A2
X
O A A1 B ( k , 0) x = b

1 x=a
y

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (6 MARKS)

1. Find the area enclosed by circle x2 + y2 = a2.

2
2. Find the area of region bounded by x , y : x 1 y 25 x .

2 2
x y
3. Find the area enclosed by the ellipse 2
2
1
a b

[85] [Class XII : Maths]


4. Find the area of region in the first quadrant enclosed by xaxis, the line
y = x and the circle x2 + y2 = 32.

5. Find the area of region {(x, y) : y2 4x, 4x2 + 4y 2 9}

6. Prove that the curve y = x2 and, x = y2 divide the square bounded by


x = 0, y = 0, x = 1, y = 1 into three equal parts.
2 2
x y
7. Find smaller of the two areas enclosed between the ellipse 2
2
1
a b
and the line
bx + ay = ab.

8. Find the common area bounded by the circles x 2 + y 2 = 4 and


(x 2)2 + y2 = 4.

9. Using integration, find the area of the region bounded by the triangle
whose vertices are
(a) (1, 0), (1, 3) and (3, 2) (b) (2, 2) (0, 5) and (3, 2)

10. Using integration, find the area bounded by the lines.

(i) x + 2y = 2, y x = 1 and 2x + y 7 = 0

(ii) y = 4x + 5, y = 5 x and 4y x = 5.

11. Find the area of the region {(x, y) : x2 + y2 1 x + y}.

12. Find the area of the region bounded by

y = |x 1| and y = 1.

3
13. Find the area enclosed by the curve y = sin x between x = 0 and x
2
and x-axis.
2
14. Find the area bounded by semi circle y 25 x and x-axis..

15. Find area of region given by {(x, y) : x2 y |x|}.


2 2
x y
16. Find area of smaller region bounded by ellipse 1 and straight
9 4
line 2x + 3y = 6.

[Class XII : Maths] [86]


17. Find the area of region bounded by the curve x2 = 4y and line
x = 4y 2.
18. Using integration find the area of region in first quadrant enclosed by
x-axis, the line x 3 y and the circle x2 + y2 = 4.

19. Find smaller of two areas bounded by y = |x| and x2 + y2 = 8.


20. Find the area lying above x-axis and included between the circle
x2 + y2 = 8x and inside the parabola y2 = 4x.
21. Using integration, find the area enclosed by the curve y = cos x,

y = sin x and x-axis in the interval 0, .
2

6
22. Sketch the graph y = |x 5|. Evaluate 0
x 5 dx .

23. Find the area enclosed between y = 4x and x2 = 6y.


24. Using integration, find the area of the following region :

x, y : x 1 y 5 x2
25. Using integration, find the area of the triangle formed by positive x-axis

and tangent and normal to the circle x2 + y2 = 4 at (1, 3 ).

26. Using integration, find the area of the region bounded by the line
x y + 2 = 0, the curve x y and y-axis.

ANSWERS
1. a2 sq. units.

1
2. 25 sq . units.
4 2
3. ab sq. units 4. 4 sq. units

2 9 9 1 1 2 ab
5. sin sq. units 7. sq. units
6 8 4 3 4

[87] [Class XII : Maths]


8 15
8. 2 3 sq. units 9. (a) 4 sq. units (b) sq. units
3 2

10. (a) 6 sq. units [Hint. Coordinate of vertices are (0, 1) (2, 3) (4, 1)]

15
(b) sq. units
2
[Hint : Coordinate of vertices are ( 1, 1) (0, 5) (3, 2)]

1
11. sq. units 12. 1 sq. units
4 2

25
13. 3 sq. units 14. sq. units
2

1 3
15. sq. units 16. 2 sq. units
3 2

9
17. sq. units 18. sq. units
8 3

4
19. 2 sq. units. 20. 8 3 sq. units
3

21. 2 2 sq. units. 22. 13 sq. units.

5 1
23. 384 sq. units. 24. sq. units
4 2

10
25. 2 3 sq. units 26. sq. units
3

[Class XII : Maths] [88]


CHAPTER 9

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

POINTS TO REMEMBER
Differential Equation : Equation containing derivatives of a dependant
variable with respect to an independent variable is called differential
equation.

Order of a Differential Equation : The order of a differential equation is


defined to be the order of the highest order derivative occurring in the
differential equation.

Degree of a Differential Equation : Highest power of highest order


derivative involved in the equation is called degree of differential equation
where equation is a polynomial equation in differential coefficients.

Formation of a Differential Equation : We differentiate the family of


curves as many times as the number of arbitrary constant in the given
family of curves. Now eliminate the arbitrary constants from these equations.
After elimination the equation obtained is differential equation.

Solution of Differential Equation

(i) Variable Separable Method


dy
f x, y
dx
We separate the variables and get
f(x)dx = g(y)dy

Then f x dx g y dy c is the required solutions..

(ii) Homogenous Differential Equation : A differential equation of

dy f x, y
the form where f(x, y) and g(x, y) are both
dx g x, y

[89] [Class XII : Maths]


homogeneous functions of the same degree in x and y i.e., of
dy y
the form F is called a homogeneous differential
dx x
equation.
For solving this type of equations we substitute y = vx and then
dy dv
v x
. The equation can be solved by variable
dx dx
separable method.
(iii) L i n ear Dif f eren t ial Eq u at io n : An equation of the from
dy
Py Q where P and Q are constant or functions of x only
dx
is called a linear differential equation. For finding solution of this
type of equations, we find integrating factor (I .F .) e
P dx .

Solution is y I .F . Q. I.F . dx c

dx
Similarly, differential equations of the type dy Px Q where
P and Q are constants or functions of y only can be solved.

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (1 MARK)

1. Write the order and degree of the following differential equations.

2 2
dy dy d y
(i) cos y 0. (ii) 3 2
4.
dx dx dx

4 5
d y d 2y d y
5
sin x 2 . dy
(iii) (iv) log 0.
dx
4
dx dx
5 dx

13 32
d 2y
dy 2
dy
2
d y
(v) 1 2 . (vi) 1 k 2
.
dx dx dx dx

2 3
d 3y d 2y dy dy
(vii) 3 2 sin x . (viii) tan 0
dx dx dx dx

[Class XII : Maths] [90]


2. Write the general solution of following differential equations.

dy 5 2 2
(i) x x . (ii) (ex + ex) dy = (ex ex)dx
dx x

dy 3 x e dy x y
(iii) x e x . (iv) 5 .
dx dx

dy 1 cos 2x dy 1 2y
(v) . (vi) .
dx 1 cos 2y dx 3x 1

3. Write integrating factor of the following differential equations

dy
(i) y cos x sin x
dx

dy 2
(ii) y sec x sec x tan x
dx

2 dy 4 dy
(iii) x y x . (iv) x y log x x y
dx dx

dy 3 dy
(v) x 3y x (vi) y tan x sec x
dx dx

dy 1
(vii) 2
y sin x
dx 1 x

4. Write order of the differential equation of the family of following curves

(i) y = Aex + Bex + c (ii) Ay = Bx2

(iii) (x a)2 + (y b)2 = 9 (iv) Ax + By2 = Bx2 Ay

2 2
x y
(v) 2
2
0. (vi) y = a cos (x + b)
a b

(vii) y = a + bex+c

[91] [Class XII : Maths]


SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (4 MARKS)
1
m sin x
5. (i) Show that y e is a solution of

2
d y dy 2
1 x
2
2
x
dx
m y 0.
dx

(ii) Show that y = sin(sin x) is a solution of differential equation

2
d y dy 2
2
tan x y cos x 0.
dx dx

2 2
B x d y dy
(iii) Show that y Ax is a solution of 2
x y 0.
x dx dx

(iv) Show that y = a cos (log x) + b sin (log x) is a solution of

2
2 d y dy
x 2
x y 0.
dx dx

(v) Verify that y log x x 2 a2 satisfies the differential


equation :

a2 d 2y dy
x2 2
x 0.
dx dx

(vi) Find the differential equation of the family of curves

y = ex (A cos x + B sin x), where A and B are arbitrary constants.

(vii) Find the differential equation of an ellipse with major and minor
axes 2a and 2b respectively.

(viii) Form the differential equation representing the family of curves


(y b)2 = 4(x a).

6. Solve the following differential equations.

dy dy 2
(i) y cot x sin 2x . (ii) x 2y x log x .
dx dx

[Class XII : Maths] [92]


dy 1 sin x
(iii) . y cos x , x 0.
dx x x

3 dy
(iv) cos x cos x sin x .
dx

(v) ydx x y 3
dy 0

(vi) y
ye dx y 3
2xe
y
dy
7. Solve each of the following differential equations :

dy 2 dy
(i) y x 2y .
dx dx
(ii) cos y dx + (1 + 2ex) sin y dy = 0.

(iii) 2 2
x 1 y dx y 1 x dy 0.

(iv) 1 x 2 1 y
2
dy xy dx 0.

(v) (xy2 + x) dx + (yx2 + y) dy = 0; y(0) = 1.

dy 3 3 x
(vi) y sin x cos x xy e .
dx
(vii) tan x tan y dx + sec2 x sec2 y dy = 0

8. Solve the following differential equations :


(i) x2 y dx (x3 + y3) dy = 0.

2 dy 2 2
(ii) x x xy y .
dx

(iii) x2 y
2
dx 2xy dy 0, y 1 1.

[93] [Class XII : Maths]


x x dy y y
(iv) y sin dx x sin y dy . (v) tan .

y
y dx x x

x
Hint : Put y v

dy 2xy dy x y 2 y
(vi) 2 2
(vii) e x e .
dx x y dx
2
dy 1 y
(viii) 2
.
dx 1 x

(ix) 3xy y
2
dx x 2
xy dy 0

9. (i) Form the differential equation of the family of circles touching


y-axis at (0, 0).

(ii) Form the differential equation of family of parabolas having vertex


at (0, 0) and axis along the (i) positive y-axis (ii) positive x-axis.

(iii) Form differential equation of family of circles passing through origin


and whose centre lie on x-axis.

(iv) Form the differential equation of the family of circles in the first
quadrant and touching the coordinate axes.

dy x 2y
10. Show that the differential equation is homogeneous and
dx x y
solve it.

11. Show that the differential equation :

(x2 + 2xy y2) dx + (y2 + 2xy x2) dy = 0 is homogeneous and solve it.

12. Solve the following differential equations :

dy
(i) 2y cos 3x .
dx

dy 2
(ii) sin x y cos x 2 sin x cos x if y 1
dx 2

[Class XII : Maths] [94]


3e tan y dx 1 e sec 2 y dy
x x
(iii) 0

13. Solve the following differential equations :

(i) (x3 + y3) dx = (x2y + xy2)dy.

2 2
(ii) x dy y dx x y dx .

y y
(iii) y x cos y sin dx
x x

y y
x y sin x cos dy 0.
x x

(iv) x2dy + y(x + y) dx = 0 given that y = 1 when x = 1.

y
x dy
(v) xe y x 0 if y(e) = 0
dx

(vi) (x3 3xy2) dx = (y3 3x2y)dy.

dy y y
(vii) cosec 0 given that y 0 when x 1
dx x x

14. Solve the following differential equations :

2 dy
(i) cos x tanx y .
dx

dy
(ii) x cos x y x sin x cos x 1.
dx

(iii)
x x

1 e y dx e y 1 x dy 0.
y

(iv) (y sin x) dx + tan x dy = 0, y(0) = 0.

[95] [Class XII : Maths]


LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (6 MARKS EACH)

15. Solve the following differential equations :

y y
(i) x dy y dx y sin y dx x dy x cos
x x


(ii) 3ex tan y dx + (1 ex) sec2 y dy = 0 given that y , when
4
x = 1.

dy
(iii) y cot x 2x x 2 cot x given that y(0) = 0.
dx

ANSWERS
1.(i) order = 1, degree = 1 (ii) order = 2, degree = 1

(iii) order = 4, degree = 1 (iv) order = 5, degree is not defined.

(v) order = 2, degree = 2 (vi) order = 2, degree = 2

(vii) order = 3, degree = 2 (viii) order = 1, degree is not defined

6 3
x x y loge e
x
e
x
c
2.(i) y 2 log x c (ii)
6 3
4 e 1
x x x
(iii) y e c. (iv) 5x + 5 y = c
4 e 1
(v) 2(y x) + sin 2y + sin 2x = c. (vi) 2 log |3x + 1| + 3log |1 2y| = c.

3.(i) esin x (ii) etan x

log x 2
(iii) e1/x (iv) 2
e

1
(v) 3 (vi) sec x
x

[Class XII : Maths] [96]


1
tan x
(vii) e

4.(i) 2 (ii) 1

(iii) 2 (iv) 1

(v) 1 (vi) 2

(vii) 2

2 2 2
d y dy dy d y dy
5.(vi) 2 2y 0 (vii) x xy = y
dx
2
dx dx dx
2
dx

2 3
d y dy
(viii) 2 0
dx
2 dx

3 2
6.(i) y sin x
2 sin x
c (ii) y
x 4 loge x 1

c
2
3 16 x

c
(iii) y sin x , x 0 (iv) y = tan x 1 + cetan x
x

4
y
(v) xy c (vi) x = y2ey + cy2
4

7.(i) cy x 2 1 2y (ii) ex 2 sec y c

2 2
(iii) 1 x 1 y c

2
1 1 y 1 2 2
(iv) log 1 x 1 y c
2 2
1 y 1

(v) x2 1 y 2
1 2

[97] [Class XII : Maths]


1 4 1 6 x x
(vi) log y cos x cos x xe e c
4 6
3
1 cos 2x x
cos 2x x 1 e c
16 3

cos 2x
(vii) log tan y c
4

3
x 1 y
8.(i) log y c (ii) tan log x c
3
3y x

(iii) x2 + y2 = 2x
cos x y
(iv) y ce

(v)
y
sin cx
x
(vi) c x 2
y
2
y

3
y x x 1 1
(vii) e e c (viii) sin y sin x c
3
2 c
(ix) y 2xy 2
x

2 2 dy dy dy
9.(i) x y 2xy 0 (ii) 2y x , y 2x
dx dx dx

2 2 dy
(iii) x y 2xy 0
dx
2 2 2
(iv) x y 1 y ' x yy '

2 2 1 x 2y
10. log x xy y 2 3 tan c
3x

3
x c
11. 2 2
x y
x y x

[Class XII : Maths] [98]


3 sin 3 x 2 cos 3x 2x
2 2 1
12.(i) y ce (ii) y sin x cosec x
13 13 3 3

x 3
(iii) tan y k 1 e

13.(i) y x log c x y (ii) cx


2
y x
2
y
2

y 2
3x y y 2x
(iii) xy cos c (iv)
x

(v) y x log log x , x 0 (vi)


c x y
2 2
2
x y .
2

y
(vii) cos log x 1
x

sin x cos x
14. (i) y = tan x 1 + ce tan x (ii) y c
x x
x
(iii) y (iv) 2y = sin x
x ye c

y
15. (i) c xy sec
x

(ii) (1 e)3 tan y = (1 ex)3

(iii) y = x2.

[99] [Class XII : Maths]

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