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TEAM MEMBERS
MATHEMATICS
(ii) Algebra 50 13
(iii) Calculus 80 44
(vi) Probability 30 10
Unit II : ALGEBRA
1. Matrices (25 Periods)
Concept, notation, order, equality, types of matrices, zero and identity
matrix, transpose of a matrix, symmetric and skew symmetric matrices.
px q px q dx , a 2 x 2 dx , x 2 a 2 dx ,
ax 2 bx c dx , 2
ax bx c
ax 2 bx c dx and px q ax 2 bx c dx
dy
py q , where p and q are functions of x or constants
dx
dx
px q , where p and q are functions of y or constants
dy
Direction cosines and direction ratios of a line joining two points. Cartesian
and vector equation of a line, coplanar and skew lines, shortest distance
between two lines. Cartesian and vector equation of a plane. Angle between
(i) two lines, (ii) two planes, (iii) a line and a plane. Distance of a point from
a plane.
Unit VI : PROBABILITY
1. Probability (30 Periods)
QUESTION-WISE BREAK UP
VSA 1 6 06
LA - I 4 13 52
LA - II 6 7 42
Tot al 26 100
4. Hi g h Ord er Th i n k i n g Sk i l l s 1 2 1 15 15%
(Analysis & Synthes is-class ify,
compare, contrast, or differentiate
between different pieces of
information; O rganise and/or
integrate unique pieces of
information from a variety of
sources)
6. Applications of Derivatives 47
7. Integrals 61
8. Applications of Integrals 84
9. Differential Equations 89
A B = {(a, b) : a A, b B}.
* (a, b) is denoted by a * b.
R = {(a, b) : b = a + 1} reflexive?
f = {(1, 2), (3, 5)}, g = {(1, 3), (2, 3), (5, 1)},
write gof.
5. Let g, f : R R be defined by
x 2
g x , f x 3x 2. write fog x
3
6. If f : R R defined by
2x 1
f x
5
be an invertible function, write f 1(x).
x
7. If f x x 1, write fo f x .
x 1
a b 2
(ii) a*b , write 2 * 3 * 4.
3
x 1
14. If f : R R defined by f x , find (fof) (x)
2
15. R = {(a, b) : a, b N, a b and a divides b}. Is R reflexive? Give reason
16. Is f : R R, given by f(x) = |x 1| one-one? Give reason
17. f : R B given by f(x) = sin x is onto function, then write set B.
1 x 2x
18. If f x log , show that f 2f x .
1 x 1 x 2
ab
19. If *is a binary operation on set Q of rational numbers given by a * b
5
then write the identity element in Q.
2x 3
(a) f : R R, f (x )
7
(b) f : R R, f(x) = |x + 1|
3x 1
(c) f : R {2} R, f x
x 2
(d) f : R [1, 1], f(x) = sin2x
3x 4
25. Show that function f : A B defined as f x where
5x 7
7 3
A R , B R is invertible and hence find f 1.
5 5
26. Let * be a binary operation on Q such that a * b = a + b ab.
(i) Prove that * is commutative and associative.
(ii) Find identify element of * in Q (if it exists).
2a
27. If * is a binary operation defined on R {0} defined by a * b ,
b2
then check * for commutativity and associativity.
28. If A = N N and binary operation * is defined on A as
(a, b) * (c, d) = (ac, bd).
(i) Check * for commutativity and associativity.
(ii) Find the identity element for * in A (If it exists).
29. Show that the relation R defined by (a, b) R(c, d) a + d = b + c on
the set N N is an equivalence relation.
2 2
fog and gof .
3 3
37. Let N denote the set of all natural numbers and R be the relation on
N N defined by (a, b) R (c, d) if ad (b + c) = bc (a + d). Show that
R is an equivalence relation.
38. Let f : N R be a function defined as f(x) = 4x2 + 12x + 15.
Show that f : N S, where S is the range of f, is invertible. Also find
the inverse of f.
ANSWERS
1. R1 : is universal relation.
R2 : is empty relation.
R3 : is neither universal nor empty.
2. No, R is not reflexive.
3. (5, 7) R
4. gof = {(1, 3), (3, 1)}
5. (fog)(x) = x x R
1369
(ii)
27
9. 6
10. 3
13. n(B) = 10
14. fof x x 3
4
f(3) = f (1) = 2
17. B = [1, 1]
19. e = 5
7x 4
25. f 1 x
5x 3
26. 0 is the identity element.
32. 3, 4 3, 4 , 6, 8 , 9, 12
(gof) (x) = x2 x + 1
x x2 4
35. f 1 x
2
2
36. fog 0
3
2
gof 1
3
y 6 3
38. f 1 y
2
IMPORTANT POINTS
sin1 x, cos1 x, ... etc. are angles.
If sin x and , then = sin1x etc.
2 2
sin1x [1, 1] 2 , 2
tan1x R ,
2 2
cot1x R (0, )
sec1x R (1, 1) 0,
2
cosec1x R (1, 1) 2 , 2 0
sin1 (sin x) = x x ,
2 2
tan1(x) = tan1x x R
cot1(x) = cot1x x R
sin 1 x cos 1 x , x 1, 1
2
tan1 x cot 1 x x R
2
sec 1 x cosec 1x x 1
2
xy
tan1 if xy 1
1 xy
xy if xy 1 ; x 0
tan1 x tan1 y tan1
1 xy y0
xy if xy 1 ; x 0
tan1
1 xy y0
xy
tan1 if xy 1
1 xy
xy if xy 1 ; x 0
tan1 x tan1 y tan1
1 xy y0
xy if xy 1 ; x 0
tan1
1 xy y0
1 1
(i) sin 3 2 (ii) cos 3 2 .
1 1
(iii) tan (iv) cosec1 ( 2).
3
1 1
(v) cot . (vi) sec1 ( 2).
3
1 3 1 1 1
(vii) sin cos tan 1 3
2 2
2. What is the value of the following functions (using principal value).
1 1 1 2 1 1 1 3
(i) tan sec . (ii) sin cos .
3 3 2 2
1 1
(iii) tan1 (1) cot1 (1). (iv) cosec 2 sec 2.
1 4 1 5
(vi) sin sin . (vii) tan tan .
5 6
1 3
(viii) cosec cosec .
4
1 1 cos x 1 cos x x
3. Show that tan . x [0, ]
1 cos x 1 cos x 4 2
4. Prove that
1 cos x 1 1 cos x
tan cot x 0, 2 .
1 sin x 1 cos x 4
2 2
1 x 1 x 1 a x
5. Prove that tan sin cos .
a2 x 2 a a
6. Prove that
1 1 8 1 1 8 1 300
cot 2 tan cos tan 2 tan sin tan .
17 17 161
2 2
1 1 x 1 x 1 1 2
7. Prove that tan cos x .
2 2 4 2
1 x 1 x
1 1
8. Solve : cot 2x cot 3x .
4
m m n
9. Prove that tan1 tan1 , m, n 0
n m n 4
1 2
2x 1 1 1 y xy
10. Prove that tan sin1 2 cos 2
2 1 x 2 1 y 1 xy
x 2 1 1 2x 2
11. Solve for x, cos1 2 tan 2
x 1 1 x 3
1 1 1 1
12. Prove that tan1 tan1 tan1 tan1
3 5 7 8 4
1 3
15. Evaluate tan cos 1
2 11
a cos x b sin x a
16. Prove that tan1 tan1 x
b cos x a sin x b
a b b c c a
18. Prove that tan1 tan1 tan1 0 where a, b,,
1 ab 1 bc 1 ca
c > 0
20. Express
sin 1 x 1 x x 1 x 2 in simplest form.
or A + B = c
1 1 1 1 1
23. If tan1 tan ... tan
1
tan then
1 1.2 1 2.3 1 n (n 1)
find the value of .
5 2
24. If (tan1x)2 + (cot1x)2 = then find x.
8
8. 1 11. tan 2 3
12
5 11 3
13. 15.
3 2
19. x . 20 sin1 x sin1 x.
4
n
23. 24. x = 1
n2
1
25. x =
2
POINTS TO REMEMBER
Matrix : A matrix is an ordered rectangular array of numbers or functions.
The numbers or functions are called the elements of the matrix.
Numbers written in the horizontal line form a row of the matrix. Number
written in the vertical line form a column of the matrix.
Order of Matrix : A matrix having mrows and ncolumns is called the
matrix of order mxn.
Row Matrix : A matrix having only one row is called a row matrix
i.e. B bij 1xn is a row matrix of order 1xn.
Zero Matrix : A matrix having all the elements zero is called zero matrix
or null matrix.
Diagonal Matrix : A square matrix is called a diagonal matrix if all its non
diagonal elements are zero.
Scalar Matrix : A diagonal matrix in which all diagonal elements are
equal is called a scalar matrix.
1 if i j
where, eij
0 if i j
x1 y1 1
1
x2 y2 1
2
x3 y3 1
x1 y1 1
The points (x1, y1), (x2, y2), (x3, y3) are collinear x 2 y2 1 0
x3 y3 1
Adjoint of a Square Matrix A is the transpose of the matrix whose
elements have been replaced by their cofactors and is denoted as
adj A.
Let A = [aij]n n
adj A = [Aji]n n
1 1
A . adj A
A
Properties
(ii) (A1)1 = A
(v) 1 1
A , A 0
A
Solution of system of equations using matrices :
x 3 4 5 4
1. If , find x and y.
y 4 x y 3 9
i 0 0 i
2. If A and B , find AB .
0 i i 0
2i j if i j
where aij .
i 2 j 3 if i j
5 2 3 6
5. If A and B find 3A 2B.
0 9 0 1
2 3 1 0
6. If A and B find A B .
7 5 2 6
2
7. If A = [1 0 4] and B 5 find AB .
6
4 x 2
8. If A is symmetric matrix, then find x.
2x 3 x 1
0 2 3
2 0 4 is skew symmetric matrix.
9. For what value of x the matrix
3 4 x 5
2 3
10. If A P Q where P is symmetric and Q is skew-symmetric
1 0
matrix, then find the matrix Q.
a ib c id
11. Find the value of c id a ib
k 2
13. For what value of k, the matrix has no inverse.
3 4
sin 30 cos 30
14. If A , what is |A|.
sin 60 cos 60
2 3 5
15. Find the cofactor of a12 in 6 0 4 .
1 5 7
1 3 2
16. Find the minor of a23 in 4 5 6 .
3 5 2
1 2
17. Find the value of P, such that the matrix is singular..
4 P
18. Find the value of x such that the points (0, 2), (1, x) and (3, 1) are
collinear.
19. Area of a triangle with vertices (k, 0), (1, 1) and (0, 3) is 5 unit. Find the
value (s) of k.
20. If A is a square matrix of order 3 and |A| = 2, find the value of |3A|.
21. If A = 2B where A and B are square matrices of order 3 3 and |B| =
5, what is |A|?
22. (i) What is the number of all possible matrices of order 2 3 with each
entry 0, 1 or 2.
(ii) What is the number of all possible non zero matrices of order 2
3 with each entry 0, 1 or 2.
23. Find the area of the triangle with vertices (0, 0), (6, 0) and (4, 3).
2x 4 6 3
24. If , find x .
1 x 2 1
x y y z z x
y , write the value of det A.
25. If A z x
1 1 1
5 3
28. If A find adj A
6 8
29. Given a square matrix A of order 3 3 such that |A| = 12 find the value
of |A adj A|.
30. If A is a square matrix of order 3 such that |adj A| = 81 find |A|.
31. Let A be a non-singular square matrix of order 3 3 find |adj A| if
|A| = 10.
2 1
32. If A find A 1 1 .
3 4
3
33. If A 1 2 3 and B 4 find |AB|.
0
x y 2x z 1 5
34. Find x, y, z and w if .
2x y 3x w 0 13
35. Construct a 3 3 matrix A = [aij] whose elements are given by
1 i j if i j
aij = i 2 j if i j
2
1 2 3 3 0 1
36. Find A and B if 2A + 3B = and A 2B .
2 0 1 1 6 2
1
37. If A 2 and B 2 1 4 , verify that (AB) = BA.
3
2 1 5 2 2 5
40. Let A , B , C , find a matrix D such that
3 4 7 4 3 8
CD AB = O.
1 3 2 1
2 0
41. Find the value of x such that 1 x 1 2 5 1
15 3 2 x
5 3 2 1
43. If A , show that A 12A I = 0. Hence find A .
12 7
2 3
44. Show that A 3 2
4 satisfies the equation x 6x + 17 = 0. Hence
find A1.
4 3
45. If A , find x and y such that A2 xA + yI = 0.
2 5
1 2 3 7 8 9
46. Find the matrix X so that X .
4 5 6 2 4 6
3 1 2 1
(i) A (ii) A
5 2 4 7
2 3
(iii) A
3 4
cos sin
51. If A and A + A = I, then find the general value of .
sin cos
Using properties of determinants, prove the following : Q 52 to Q 59.
a b c 2a 2a
3
52. 2b b c a 2b a b c
2c 2c c a b
x 2 x 3 x 2a
53. x 3 x 4 x 2b 0 if a, b, c are in A.P .
x 4 x 5 x 2c
2 5 4 3
(ii) If A and B verify that AB A B .
2 1 2 5
0 1
0 1 2
61. Given A and B 1 0 . Find the product AB and
2 2 0
1 1
also find (AB)1.
62. Solve the following equation for x.
a x a x a x
a x a x a x 0.
a x a x a x
0 tan 2
63. If A and I is the identity matrix of order 2, show
tan 0
2
that,
cos sin
I A I A
sin cos
2 1
65. If A and I is the identity matrix of order 2, then show that
1 2
A2 = 4A 3I and hence find A1.
1 1 a 1
66. If A and B and (A + B)2 = A2 + B2, then find the
2 1 b 1
values of a and b.
67. Using properties of determinants, prove that
1 a a2
a2 1 a (1 a 3 )2
a a2 1
140 telephone
A 200 house calls
150 letters
The number of contacts of each type made in two cities X and Y is given
in the matrix B as
Find the total amount spent by the party in the two cities. What should
one consider before casting his/her vote Partys promotional activity or
their social activities?
2 1 4 1 2 3
(i) 4 0 2 . (ii) 2 5 7
3 2 7 2 4 5
1 2 3
2 , hence solve the system of linear
72. Find A1,where A 2 3
3 3 4
equations :
x + 2y 3z = 4
2x + 3y + 2z = 2
3x 3y 4z = 11
73. The sum of three numbers is 2. If we subtract the second number from
twice the first number, we get 3. By adding double the second number
and the third number we get 0. Represent it algebraically and find the
numbers using matrix method.
74. Compute the inverse of the matrix.
3 1 1
A 15 6 5 and verify that A1 A = I3.
5 2 5
1 1 2 1 2 0
If the matrix A 0 3 and B 0
1 , then
1
75. 2 3
3 2 4 1 0 2
compute (AB)1.
76. Using matrix method, solve the following system of linear equations :
2x y = 4, 2y + z = 5, z + 2x = 7.
2 2
b c ab ac
2 2 2 2 2
78. Show that ba c a bc 4a b c
2 2
ca cb a b
a b c c b
cos sin 0
80. If A sin cos 0 , verify that A . (adj A) = (adj A) . A = |A| I3.
0 0 1
2 1 1
81. For the matrix A 1 2 1 , verify that A3 6A2 + 9A 4I = 0,
1 1 2
hence find A1.
82. Find the matrix X for which
3 2 1 1 2 1
7 5 . X . 2 1 0 4
1 a2 b 2 2ab 2b
3
2ab 1 a2 b 2 2a 1 a 2 b 2 .
2b 2a 1 a2 b 2
y z 2 xy zx
2 3
84. xy x z yz 2xyz x y z .
xz yz x y 2
x x2 1 x 3
86. If x, y, z are different and y y2 1 y 3 0, show that xyz = 1.
z z2 1 z 3
87. If x, y, z are the 10th, 13th and 15th terms of a G.P. find the value of
log x 10 1
log y 13 1 .
log z 15 1
1 a 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 b 1 abc 1 abc bc ca ab
a b c
1 1 1 c
89. Using properties of determinants prove that
bc b 2 bc c 2 bc
3
a 2 ac ac c 2 ac ab bc ca
a 2 ab b 2 ab ab
3 2 1
90. If A 4 1 2 , find A1 and hence solve the system of equations
7 3 3
3x + 4y + 7z = 14, 2x y + 3z = 4, x + 2y 3z = 0.
ANSWERS
0 1
1. x = 2, y = 7 2. 1 0
3. 11. 4. 4
7. AB = [26]. 8. x = 5
0 1
9. x = 5 10. 1 .
0
3
13. k 14. |A| = 1.
2
15. 46 16. 4
5
17. P = 8 18. x .
3
7 13
19. k , . 20. 54.
2 2
25. 0 26. 0
8 3
27. 9 28. 6 5 .
3 3 2 5 2
4 5 2 .
35.
5 6 7
1 5 5 3
3 2
2 0 2 2
38. 1 2 2
5
0 3
2 2
5 2 2 3 3 0
2 2
191 110
40. D . 41. x = 2 or 14
77 44
7 3 1 4 3
43. A 1 . 44. A 1 .
12 5 17 3 2
1 2
45. x = 9, y = 14 46. x .
2 0
48. Inconsistent 49. Inverse does not exist.
7 1
10
2 1 10 1 4 3
50. (i) A 1 (ii) A 1 (iii) A 1
5 3 2 1 17 3 2
5 5
51. 2n , n z
3
1 2 1 1 2 2
61. AB , AB .
2 2 6
2
1
11 1
62 0, 3a 64. x , y .
24 24
1
2 1
3 2 1
2
4 1
1 1
69. (i) A 11 1 6 (ii) A 1
2 0 1
4 1
2
2
70. AB = 6I
1 1 1
71. x , y , z
2 3 5
6 17 13
1
72. A 1
14 5 8 , x 3, y 2, z 1
67
15 9 1
2 0 1
73. x = 1, y = 2, z = 2 74. A 1
5 1 0
0 1 3
16 12 1
75. AB 1 1 21 11 7 . 76. x = 3, y = 2, z = 1.
19
10 2 3
1 1 1 3 1 1
1 1
1 1 1 . 1 .
1 1
77. A 81. A 1 3
2
1 1 1 4
1 1 3
16 3
82. X . 87. 0
24 5
3 9 5
1
26 16 2
90. A1 = 62 ; x = 1, y = 1, z = 1.
19 5 11
POINTS TO REMEMBER
(ii) lim f x f a ,
x a
(iii) lim f x f b
x b
f x
(iii) is continuous at x = a provided g(a) 0.
g x
d dv du
u v u v
dx dx dx
du dv
v u
d u dx dx
dx v v2
dy dy du
If y = f(u) and u = g(t) then f u .g t (Chain Rule)
dt du dt
dy dy du f u
.
dx du dx g u
d 1 1 d 1
sin x , cos1 x
dx 1 x2 dx 1 x2
d 1 d 1 1
tan1 x , cot x
dx 1 x2 dx 1 x2
d 1 d 1
sec 1 x , cosec 1x
dx x x2 1 dx x x2 1
d x d 1
e ex , log x
dx dx x
f (x) = [x] is discontinuous at all integral points and continuous for all
x R Z.
Rolles theorem : If f (x) is continuous in [ a, b ], derivable in (a, b) and
f (a) = f (b) then there exists atleast one real number c (a, b) such that
f (c) = 0.
3. What is derivative of |x 3| at x = 1.
x 1 x 1
4. What are the points of discontinuity of f x .
x 7 x 6
x 3 if x 2
6. The function, f x 4 if x 2 is a continuous function for all
2x if x 2
x R, find .
tan 3x
, x 0
7. For what value of K, f x sin2x is continuous x R.
2K , x 0
x 1
(iii) e 6 loge ,x 1
x x
, x 0
(i) f x x at x 0.
2, x 0
sin 2x
3x , x 0
(ii)
g x at x 0.
3 x 0
2
x 2 cos 1 x x 0
(iii) f x at x 0.
0 x 0
x x , x 1
(v) f x at x 1.
0 x 1
3x 2 kx 5, 0 x 2
12. For what value of k, f x is continuous
1 3x 2 x 3
x 0, 3 .
x 2
a if x 2
x 2
f x a b if x 2
is continuous at x = 2.
x 2
2b if x 2
x 2
x p sin 1 x x 0
f x is derivable at x = 0.
0 x0
1 1 2 x 1 dy
16. If y tan 2
2 tan1 , 0 x 1, find .
2 1 x
x dx
1 x dy
17. If y sin 2 tan1 then ?
1 x dx
dy
18. If 5x + 5y = 5x+y then prove that 5y x 0 .
dx
dy 1 y 2
19. If x 1 y 2 y 1 x 2 a then show that .
dx 1 x 2
2 2
dy 1 y 2
20. If 1 x 1 y a x y then show that .
dx 1 x 2
dy y
21. If (x + y)m + n = xm . yn then prove that .
dx x
1 2x 2x
22. Find the derivative of tan w.r.t. sin1 .
2
1 x 1 x 2
dy
24. If xy + yx + xx = mn, then find the value of .
dx
d 2y
25. If x = a cos3, y = a sin3 then find .
dx 2
dy
y = aet (sint + cost) then show that at t is 1 .
dx 4
dy
If y sin x 1 x x 1 x then find
1 2
27. .
dx
x dy
28. If y x loge x loge x then find .
dx
x
x
29. Differentiate x w.r.t. x.
dy y x
30. Find , if cos x cos y
dx
1 sin x 1 sin x dy
31. If y tan1 where 2 x find dx .
1 sin x 1 sin x
x x
Hint : sin cos for x , .
2 2 2
1
32. If x sin loge y then show that (1 x2) y xy a2y = 0.
a
2
dy sin a y
34. If sin y = x sin (a + y) then show that .
dx sin a
d 2y
35. If y = sin1x, find in terms of y.
dx 2
x2 y2 d 2y b 4
36. If 1, then show that .
a2 b 2 dx 2 a 2 y 3
1 d 2y dy
37. If y e
a cos x
, 1 x 1, show that 1 x 2 2
x a2 y 0
dx dx
d 2y 2a 2 x 2
38. If y3 = 3ax2 x3 then prove that .
dx 2 y5
40. Verify Mean Value Theorem for the function, f(x) = x2 in [2, 4]
ANSWERS
7
1. x . 2. R
2
3. 1 4. x = 6, 7
7 3
6. . 7. k .
2 4
8. cot x 9. 15
3 x 1
10. (i) log3 e (ii) e log2 .log2 e.
3x 5 x
7 x2 x loge 5
(v) . (vi) 2
.
2 1 x 7 x loge x
11. (i) Discontinuous (ii) Discontinuous
(v) Discontinuous
12. k = 11 13. a = 0, b = 1.
x
17. . 22. 1
1 x 2
d 2y 1
25. 2
cosec sec 4 .
dx 3a
dy 1 1
27. .
dx 1 x 2 2 x 1 x
2log x x 1
28. x log x log x log log x .
x log x
dy x 1
29. x x . x x log x 1 log x .
dx x log x
dy y tan x logcos y
30.
dx x tan y log cos x
dy 1
31. .
dx 2
1 log log x
33. log x log x , x 1
x x
APPLICATIONS OF DERIVATIVES
POINTS TO REMEMBER
Rate of Change : Let y = f (x) be a function then the rate of change
dy
of y with respect to x is given by f x where a quantity y varies
dx
with another quantity x.
dy
or f x 0 represents the rate of change of y w.r.t. x at x = x0.
dx x x 0
If x = f (t) and y = g (t)
By chain rule
dy dy dx dx
if 0.
dx dt dt dt
The equation of tangent at the point (x0, y0) to a curve y = f(x) is given
by
dy
y y0 x x0 .
dx x 0 , y 0
dy
(i) If does not exist then tangent at (x0, y0) is parallel to
dx x 0 , y 0
y-axis and its equation is x = x0.
dy
If 0.
dx x 0 ,y 0
then equation of the normal is x=x0 and equation of the tangent is y=y0
dy
If dx does not exist, then the normal is parallel to x-axis and the
x 0 ,y 0
equation of the normal is y = y0.
Let y = f (x)
x = the small increment in x and
y be the increment in y corresponding to the increment in x
Then approximate change in y is given by
dy
dy x or dy = f (x) x
dx
The approximate change in the value of f is given by
f x x f x f x x
1. The side of a square is increasing at the rate of 0.2 cm/sec. Find the rate
of increase of perimeter of the square.
2. The radius of the circle is increasing at the rate of 0.7 cm/sec. What is the
rate of increase of its circumference?
1
3. If the radius of a soap bubble is increasing at the rate of cm sec. At
2
what rate its volume is increasing when the radius is 1 cm.
4. A stone is dropped into a quiet lake and waves move in circles at a speed
of 4 cm/sec. At the instant when the radius of the circular wave is 10 cm,
how fast is the enclosed area increasing?
6. Find the maximum and minimum values of the function f (x) = sin 2x + 5.
7. Find the maximum and minimum values (if any) of the function
f (x) = |x 1| + 7 x R .
8. Find the value of a for which the function f (x) = x2 2ax + 6, x > 0 is
strictly increasing.
9. Write the interval for which the function f (x) = cos x, 0 x 2 is
decreasing.
log x
10. What is the interval for which the function f x , x 0, is
x
increasing?
4 3
11. For which values of x, the function y x 4 x is increasing?
3
1
12. Write the interval for which the function f x is strictly decreasing.
x
13. Find the sub-interval of the interval (0, /2) in which the function
f (x) = sin 3x is increasing.
14. Without using derivatives, find the maximum and minimum value of
y = |3 sin x + 1|.
16. Write the interval in which the function f (x) = x9 + 3x7 + 64 is increasing.
17. What is the slope of the tangent to the curve f = x3 5x + 3 at the point
whose x co-ordinate is 2?
18. At what point on the curve y = x2 does the tangent make an angle of 45
with positive direction of the x-axis?
19. Find the point on the curve y = 3x2 12x + 9 at which the tangent is
parallel to x-axis.
23. If the curves y = 2ex and y = aex intersect orthogonally (cut at right
angles), what is the value of a?
1
24. Find the slope of the normal to the curve y = 8x2 3 at x .
4
25. Find the rate of change of the total surface area of a cylinder of radius r
and height h with respect to radius when height is equal to the radius of
the base of cylinder.
26. Find the rate of change of the area of a circle with respect to its radius.
How fast is the area changing w.r.t. its radius when its radius is 3 cm?
27. For the curve y = (2x + 1)3 find the rate of change of slope of the tangent
at x = 1.
x = 1 a sin ; y = b cos2 at
2
29. If a manufacturers total cost function is C(x) = 1000 + 40x + x2, where x
is the output, find the marginal cost for producing 20 units.
31. A particle moves along the curve 6y = x3 + 2. Find the points on the
curve at which the y co-ordinate is changing 8 times as fast as the x co-
ordinate.
32. A ladder 5 metres long is leaning against a wall. The bottom of the
ladder is pulled along the ground away from the wall at the rate of 2 cm/
sec. How fast is its height on the wall decreasing when the foot of the
ladder is 4 metres away from the wall?
34. A man 2 metres high walks at a uniform speed of 6 metres per minute
away from a lamp post 5 metres high. Find the rate at which the length of
his shadow increases.
35. Water is running out of a conical funnel at the rate of 5 cm3/sec. If the
radius of the base of the funnel is 10 cm and altitude is 20 cm, find the
rate at which the water level is dropping when it is 5 cm from the top.
37. Sand is pouring from a pipe at the rate of 12c.c/sec. The falling sand
forms a cone on the ground in such a way that the height of the cone
is always one-sixth of the radius of the base. How fast is the height of
the sand cone increasing when height is 4 cm?
39. Find a point on the curve y = (x 3)2 where the tangent is parallel to
the line joining the points (4, 1) and (3, 0).
40. Find the equation of all lines having slope zero which are tangents to
1
the curve y 2
.
x 2x 3
41. Prove that the curves x = y2 and xy = k cut at right angles if 8k2 = 1.
42. Find the equation of the normal at the point (am2, am3) for the curve
ay2 = x3.
43. Show that the curves 4x = y2 and 4xy = k cut as right angles if k2 = 512.
44. Find the equation of the tangent to the curve y 3 x 2 which is parallel
to the line 4x y + 5 = 0.
x y
47. Show that 1 touches the curve y = bex/a at the point where the
a b
curve crosses the y-axis.
48. Find the equation of the tangent to the curve given by x = 1 cos ,
y = sin at a point where .
4
x
49. Find the intervals in which the function f (x) = log (1 + x) , x 1
1 x
is increasing or decreasing.
50. Find the intervals in which the function f (x) = x3 12x2 + 36x + 17 is
51. Prove that the function f (x) = x2 x + 1 is neither increasing nor decreasing
in [0, 1].
x
52. Find the intervals on which the function f x is decreasing.
x2 1
x3
53. x 2 9x , x 1, 2 is strictly increasing. Hence find
Prove that f x
3
the minimum value of f (x).
54. Find the intervals in which the function f (x) = sin4x + cos4x, 0 x is
2
increasing or decreasing.
55. Find the least value of 'a' such that the function f (x) = x2 + ax + 1 is strictly
increasing on (1, 2).
57. Show that the function f (x) = tan1 (sin x + cos x), is strictly increasing on
the interval 0, .
4
58. Show that the function f x cos 2x is strictly increasing on
4
3 7
, .
8 8
sin x
59. Show that the function f x is strictly decreasing on 0, .
x 2
1 1
60. 0.009 3 . 61. 80 4 .
1
62. 0.0037 2 . 63. 0.037.
64. 25.02 .
65. Find the approximate value of f (5.001) where f(x) = x3 7x2 + 15.
67. Show that of all rectangles inscribed in a given fixed circle, the square has
the maximum area.
68. Find two positive numbers x and y such that their sum is 35 and the
product x2y5 is maximum.
69. Show that of all the rectangles of given area, the square has the smallest
perimeter.
70. Show that the right circular cone of least curved surface area and given
volume has an altitude equal to 2 times the radius of the base.
is 2
a3 b3
2 2
.
73. Prove that the volume of the largest cone that can be inscribed in a
8
sphere of radius R is of the volume of the sphere.
27
74. Find the interval in which the function f given by f (x) = sin x + cos x,
0 x 2 is strictly increasing or strictly decreasing.
75. Find the intervals in which the function f (x) = (x + 1)3 (x 3)3 is strictly
increasing or strictly decreasing.
76. Find the local maximum and local minimum of f (x) = sin 2x x, x .
2 2
77. Find the intervals in which the function f (x) = 2x3 15x2 + 36x + 1 is
strictly increasing or decreasing. Also find the points on which the tangents
are parallel to x-axis.
78. A solid is formed by a cylinder of radius r and height h together with two
hemisphere of radius r attached at each end. It the volume of the solid is
1
metre min. How fast
constant but radius r is increasing at the rate of
2
must h (height) be changing when r and h are 10 metres.
80. For the curve y = 4x3 2x5, find all the points at which the tangent passes
through the origin.
81. Find the equation of the normal to the curve x2 = 4y which passes through
the point (1, 2).
87. A square piece of tin of side 24 cm is to be made into a box without top
by cutting a square from each corner and folding up the flaps to form the
box. What should be the side of the square to be cut off so that the volume
of the box is the maximum.
89. An open box with square base is to be made out of a given iron sheet of area
27 sq. meter, show that the maximum value of the box is 13.5 cubic metres.
90. A wire of length 36 m is to be cut into two pieces. One of the two pieces
is to be made into a square and other into a circle. What should be the
length of two pieces so that the combined area of the square and the circle
is minimum?
91. Show that the height of the cylinder of maximum volume which can be
2R
inscribed in a sphere of radius R is . Also find the maximum volume..
3
92. Show that the altitude of the right circular cone of maximum volume that
4r
can be inscribed is a sphere of radius r is .
3
94. Show that the volume of the greatest cylinder which can be inscribed in
4
a right circular cone of height h and semi-vertical angle is h 3 tan2 .
27
95. Show that the right triangle of maximum area that can be inscribed in a
circle is an isosceles triangle.
96. A given quantity of metal is to be cast half cylinder with a rectangular box
and semicircular ends. Show that the total surface area is minimum when
the ratio of the length of cylinder to the diameter of its semicircular ends
is : ( + 2).
ANSWERS
1. 0.8 cm/sec. 2. 4.4 cm/sec.
3. 2 cm3/sec. 4. 80 cm2/sec.
5. Rs. 208.
8. a 0. 9. [0, ]
12. ( , 0) U (0, ) 13. 0, .
6
16. R 17. 7
1 1
18. , . 19. (2, 3)
2 4
1
20. 21. (1, 7)
4
1
24. . 25. 6h
4
a
28. . 29. Rs. 80.
2b
30. a > 0.
31 8
31. 4, 11 and 4, .
32. cm sec.
3 3
1
33. cm sec. 34. 4 metres/minute
4
35. cm sec. 36. (a) 0 cm/sec., (b) 14 cm2/sec.
45
1
37. cm sec. 38. 7.11 cm/sec.
48
7 1 1
39. , . 40. y .
2 4 2
8 128 8 128
45. 2x + 2y = a2 46. , , , .
3 27 3 27
48. 2 1 x y 2 2 1 .
4
54. Increasing in , Decreasing in 0, .
4 2 4
66. 45.46
68. 25, 10
5
74. Strictly increasing in 0, , 2
4 4
5
Strictly decreasing in , .
4 4
76. Local maxima at x
6
3
Local max. value
2 6
Local minima at x
6
3
Local minimum value
2 6
77. Strictly increasing in (, 2) (3, )
3
78. metres min.
79. x + y tan a sec = 0.
81. x + y = 3
xx 0 yy 0 y y0 x x0
83. 1, 2
0.
a2 b2 a y0 b 2x 0
16
84. 85. 5
6 3
60 30 144 36
88. , . 90. m, m.
4 4 4 4
4R 3
91.
3 3
INTEGRALS
POINTS TO REMEMBER
Integration is the reverse process of Differentiation.
d
Let
dx
F x f x then we write f x dx F x c .
These integrals are called indefinite integrals and c is called constant of
integration.
STANDARD FORMULAE
x n 1
n c n 1
1.
x dx n 1
log x c n 1
ax b n 1
c n 1
ax b n dx n 1 a
2.
1
log ax b c n 1
a
3.
sin x dx cos x c . 4.
cos x dx sin x c .
5.
tan x . dx log cos x c log sec x c .
2
8.
cosec x . dx cot x c . 9.
sec x . tan x . dx sec x c .
10.
cosec x cot x dx cosec x c .
11.
sec x dx log sec x tan x c.
x x x ax
13. e dx e c . 14. a dx
log a
c
1 1
15.
1 x
2
dx sin x c , x 1.
1 1
16. 1 x 2
dx tan x c.
1 1
17.
x x
2
1
dx sec x c , x 1.
1 1 a x
18.
a 2
x
2
dx
2a
log
a x
c.
1 1 x a
19.
x 2
a
2
dx
2a
log
x a
c.
1 1 1 x
20.
a 2
x
2
dx
a
tan
a
c.
1 2 2
22.
2
a x
2
dx log x a x c.
1 2 2
23.
x
2
a
2
dx log x x a c.
2
2 2 x 2 2 a 1 x
24.
a x dx
2
a x
2
sin
a
c.
2
2 2 x 2 2 a 2 2
25.
a x dx
2
a x
2
log x a x c.
2
2 2 x 2 2 a 2 2
26.
x a dx
2
x a
2
log x x a c.
RULES OF INTEGRATION
1. k .f x dx k f x dx .
2. k f x g x dx k f x dx k g x dx .
e f x f ' x dx e f x c .
x x
2.
INTEGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION
f x
1.
f x dx log f x c .
n f x n 1
2.
f x f x dx
c.
n 1
INTEGRATION BY PARTS
f x . g x dx
f x . g x dx f x . g x dx dx .
DEFINITE INTEGRALS
b
F b F a , where F x
f x dx f x dx .
a
b
f a f a h f a 2h
f x dx lim h
h 0
..... f a n 1 h
a
b
b a n
where h
h
. or
f x dx lim h
h0
f a rh
a r 1
b a b b
1.
f x dx f x dx .
2.
f x dx
f t dt .
a b a a
b c b
3. f x dx
f x dx
f x dx .
a a c
b b a a
f a b x dx .
4. (i)
f x dx
(ii)
f x dx
f a x dx .
a a 0 0
a
a
6. f x dx 20 f x dx , if f(x) is even function.
a
2a a
2 f x dx , if f 2a x f x
f x dx 0
7. 0, if f 2a x f x
0
sin x cos 1 x dx .
1 x
1. 2. e dx .
1
1 x 8 x
3. 1 sin2 x dx . 4. 8 x8 dx .
x 8
1
99 1
5. x cos4 x dx . 6. x log x log log x dx .
1
2 4 3 sin x
e e x log a dx .
a log x
7. 0 log
4 3 cos x
dx . 8.
2
cos 2x 2sin2 x 7
9. dx . 10. sin x dx .
cos2 x
2
d
10 4x x 2 dx . f x dx .
dx
11. 12.
log x
ex
15. e dx . 16. a x dx .
x x
17. 2 e x dx . 18. dx .
x 1
x
x e
19. x 12 dx . 20. x
dx .
2 1
21. cos dx . 22. x cos 1 dx .
1
23. sec x .log sec x tan x dx . 24. cos x sin dx .
3
1
25. cot x .log sin x dx . 26. x x dx .
1 1 sin x
27. x 2 3 log x dx . 28. x cos x dx .
1 cos x x e 1 e x 1
29. sin x dx . 30. x e e x dx .
2
x 1 1
31. x log x dx . 32. ax ax dx .
x
33. 0 cos x dx .
2
34. 0 x dx where [x] is greatest integer function.
b f x 1 x
36. a f x f a b x dx . 37. 2 x dx .
1
38. 1x x dx .
a 1
39. If 0 1 x 2
4
, then what is value of a.
b a log x 1 log x
40. a f x dx b f x dx . 41. e dx .
sin x
42. sin2x dx . 43. sin x sin 2x dx .
4 b a
1 sin2 x
46. sec x tan x dx . 47. 1 cos x dx .
1 tan x ax b x
48. 1 tan x dx . 49. cx
dx .
x cosec tan1x 2 x 1 x 1
50. (i) 1 x
4
dx . (ii)
x 1 x 1
dx .
1 cos x a
(iii)
sin x a sin x b dx . (iv)
cos x a dx .
2 4 3 4
(vii)
sin x cos x dx . (viii)
cot x cosec x dx .
sin x cos x
(ix)
2 2
a sin x b cos x
2 2
dx .
1
dx . [Hint : Take sec2 x as numerator]
(x)
3
cos x cos x a
6 6
sin x cos x sin x cos x
(xi)
2
sin x cos x
2
dx . (xii)
sin 2x
dx .
51. Evaluate :
x
[Hint : put x2 = t]
(i)
x 4
x
2
1
dx .
1
(ii)
x 6 log x 2
7 log x 2
dx . [Hint : put log x = t]
dx 1
(iii)
1 x x 2
. (iv)
9 8x x
2
dx .
1
(v)
x a x b
dx .
2
5x 2 x
(vi)
3x 2
2x 1
dx . (vii)
x 2
6 x 12
dx .
x 2 2
(viii)
4x x
2
dx . (ix)
x 1 x x dx .
52. Evaluate :
dx
(i)
x x 7
1
.
sin x
(ii)
1 cos x 2 3 cos x dx .
sin cos
(iii)
cos 2
cos 2
d .
x 1
(iv)
x 1 x 2 x 3 dx .
2
x x 2
(v)
x 2 x 1 dx .
x 2 1 x 2 2
(vi)
x 3 3 x 2 4 dx . [Hint : x2 = t ]
dx
(vii)
2x 1 x 2
4
.
2
x 1
(viii)
x 4
x
2
1
dx .
(ix)
tan x dx .
3
(ii)
sec x dx .
[Hint : Write sec3x = sec x . sec2 x and take sec x as first function]
ax 1 6x
cos bx c dx .
(iii)
e (iv)
sin 1 9x
2
dx .
3 1
(v)
cos x dx . (vi)
x tan x dx .
2x 1 sin 2x x x 1
(vii)
e dx .
1 cos 2x
(viii)
e 2
2x
dx .
2 x x2 1
(ix) 2ax x dx . (x)
e
x 12
dx .
x 2 sin 2x
(xi)
e 1 cos 2x
dx .
1 dx .
(xii)
log log x log x 2
[Hint : put log x = t x = et ]
2
(xiii) 6x 5 6 x x dx .
1
(xiv) x 3
1
dx .
2
(xv) 2x 5 x 4x 3 dx .
2
(xvi) x 4 x 8 dx .
1 2 1 2 1
1 x sin x
(iii)
x 1 x
2
dx . (iv) 1 x 2 3 2
dx .
0 0
[Hint : put x2 = t ]
2 2 2
sin 2x 5x
(v) sin 4
x cos x
4
dx . (vi)
x 2
4x 3
dx .
0 1
2
x sin x
(vii)
1 cos x dx .
0
x sin x x sin x
Hin t : Write as
1 cos x 1 cos x 1 cos x
55. Evaluate :
3
x
x 1 x 2 x 3 dx . (ii)
(i)
1 sin x dx .
1 0
1 1 1 x x 2
tan x
(iii) e
1 x
2
dx .
(iv)
x sin x
1 cos 2
dx .
1 x
0
2x x 3 when 2 x 1
2
3
f x dx where f x x 3x 2
(v)
3x 2
when 1 x 1
when 1 x 2.
2
2 1 1 2
f x dx f x dx f x dx f x dx
Hint :
2 2 1 1
x
(vii)
a 2 2
cos x b sin x
2 2
dx .
0
a a
f x dx f a x dx
Hint : Use
0 0
1
3 dx 1 2x
(i)
6 1 tan x
(ii)
sin 2
1 x
dx .
0
cos x
e
(iii) e cos x
e
cos x
dx .
0
a
x tan x a x
(iv) sec x cosec x dx . (v) a x
dx .
0 a
6
57. x 2 x 4 x 5 dx
1
59. Evaluate
sin1 x cos 1 x
(i) sin 1
dx , x 0, 1
x cos 1 x
x 2 1 log x 2 1 2 log x
(iii) x4
dx
x2
(iv) x sin x cos x
2
dx
1 x
(v) sin a x
dx
3 2
sin x cos x
(vi) dx (vii) sin x cos x dx
sin 2x
6 2
3
2
sin( x a )
(viii)
1
x sin x dx . (ix) sin( x a)
dx
2
x2 cos x
(x)
(x 2
4) ( x 2 9)
dx (x)
1 ex
dx
2
5
x 4 dx
(i) x 5
x
dx . (ii) x 1 x 2
4
dx
3 4
2x x
(iii)
x 1 x 3 2
dx (iv)
x 4
16
dx
1
x tan x
(vii)
1 x 2 2
dx .
0
4 2
x 3 dx .
2
(i)
2x 1 dx . (ii)
2 0
3 4
3x 2x 4 dx .
3x dx .
2 2 2x
(iii) (iv) e
1 0
x 3x dx .
2
(v)
2
62. Evaluate
(i) cot 1 1 x x 2 dx
0
dx
(ii) sin x 2 cos x 2 sin x cos x
1
log 1 x 2
(iii)
0
1 x2
dx (iv) 2 log sin x log sin 2 x dx .
0
1 3 sin 2 cos
63. sin x sin2x dx . 64. 5 cos2 4 sin d .
/2
67. 0 log sin x dx
ANSWERS
1. x c. 2. 2e 2
2
8x x9 x2
3. tan x + c. 4. 8log x c.
log8 9 16
x a 1 ax
7. 0 8. c
a 1 log a
9. tan x + c 10. 0
x 2 x 2 4x 10
11. 3log x 2 x 2 4x 10 c
2
12. f (x) + c
2 32 2 32
13. tan x cot x + c 14. x x 1 c
3 3
x
e
15. log |x| + c 16. log e a c
a
2x e x 2
17. c 18. x 13 2 2 x 11 2 c.
log 2e 3
1
19. log x 1 c. 20. 2e x
c
x 1
log x cos 1
21. x cos2 + c 22. c.
cos
25.
log sin x 2 c 26.
x4 1
2
3x 2
3 log x c.
2 4 2x 2
1
27. log 2 3log x c . 28. log |x + cos x | + c
3
1
29. 2 log |sec x/2| + c. 30. log x e e x c .
e
31.
x log x 2 c 32. a
x 2 log x
2x c .
2 2 a
33. 0 34. 1
1 1 2x b a
35. sin c 36.
2 3 2
37. 1 38. 0
39. 1 40. 0
1
41. x + log x + c. 42. log sec x tan x c .
2
1 sin3x 2
43. sin x c or sin3 x c
2 3 3
44. 2 2 45. 0
a c x
b c x c1.
49.
log a c log b c
1 2
1
(ii) x x x 2 1 log x x 2 1 c .
2 2
1 sin x a
(iii) log c
sin a b sin x b
1
(v) 12x 6 sin 2x 3 sin 4x 2 sin 6 x c .
48
2 3 1 5
(vi) sin x sin x sin x c .
3 5
1 1 1 1
(vii) 2x sin 2x sin 4x sin 6x c .
32 2 2 6
cot6 x 4
cot x
(viii) c.
6 4
1 2 2 2 2
(ix) a sin x b cos x c
2 2
a b
1 1
2x 2 1
51. (i) tan c.
3 3
2 log x 1
(ii) log C
3 log x 2
x 4
(iv) sin1 c.
5
(v) 2 log x a x b c
5 2 11 1 3 x 1
(vi) log 3 x 2x 1 tan c
6 3 2 2
2 1 x 3
(vii) x 3 log x 6 x 12 2 3 tan c
3
2 1 x 2
(viii) 4x x 4 sin c
2
3
1
2 2 1
(ix) 1 x x 2x 1 1 x x 2
3 8
5 1 2x 1
sin c
16 5
2x 1 2
3 x x 1
x2 7 4
x 1
2
(x) c
2 3 1 2
log x x x 1
8 2
1 2
(xi) log cos x cos x cos x c
2
7
1 x
52. (i) log 7
c
7 x 1
2 1
(iii) log cos 2 log 1 cos c .
3 3
1 1 2
(iv) log x 1 log x 2 log x 3 c
3 15 5
x 2 2
(v) x 4 log c
x 1
2 1 x 1 x
(vi) x tan 3 tan c
3 3 2
2 1 2 1 1 x
(vii) log 2x 1 log x 4 tan c
17 17 34 2
2
1 x x 1
(viii) log c
2
2 x x 1
1 3 3 3
53. (i) x cos x sin x c
3
1
(ii) sec x tan x log sec x tan x c
2
ax
e
(iii)
2 2
a cos bx c b sin bx c c1
a b
1 1 2
(iv) 2x tan 3x log 1 9 x c
3
x4 1 1 x
3
x
(vi) tan x c.
4 12 4
x
1 2x e
(vii) e tan x c . (viii) c.
2 2x
2
x a 2 a 1 x a
(ix) 2ax x sin c
2 2 a
x x 1
(x) e c.
x 1
(xi) ex tan x + c.
x
(xii) x log log x c.
log x
2 32
(xiii) 2 6 x x
2x 1 2 25 1 2x 1
8 6 x x sin c
4 8 5
1 1 2 1 1 2 x 1
(xiv) log x 1 log x x 1 tan c
3 6 3 3
3
2 x2 x 2
3
2 2
(xv) 4x x 4x 3
3 2
1 2
log x 2 x 4x 3 c
2
x 2 2 2
(xvi) x 4x 8 2 log x 2 x 4x 8 c
2
1 1
(iii) . (iv) log 2.
4 2 4 2
(v) .
2
15 25 6
(vi) 5 10 log log .
8 2 5
(vii) /2.
2
29
(v) (vi) .
4 16
2
(vii) .
2ab
56. (i) . (ii) log 2.
12 2
2
(iii) /2. (iv)
4
(v) a.
13
57.
2
58. x cos x + sin x + c.
(ii) 2 1 x cos 1 x x x2 c
3 2
1 1 1 2
(iii) 1 2 log 1 2 3 c
3 x x
sin x x cos x
(iv) c
x sin x cos x
3 1
(vii) 0 (viii) 2.
(xi) 1
5 3
60. (i) x 4 log x log x 1 log x 1
4 4
2 1 1
log x 1 tan x c.
2
1 1 2 1 1 x
(ii) log x 1 log x 4 tan c .
5 10 10 2
1 81 27
(iii) 2x log x 1 log x 3 c.
8 8 2 x 3
1 x 2 1 x
(iv) x log tan c .
2 x 2 2
1 1 x2 1 1 x
2
2x 1
(vi) tan log 2
c
2 2 2x 4 2 x 2x 1
(vii) /8.
26
61. (i) 14. (ii) .
3
1 8
.
(iii) 26. (iv) 127 e
2
141
(v) .
2
1 tan x 2
62. (i) log 2 (ii) log c
2 5 2 tan x 1
1
(iii) log 2. (iv) log .
8 2 2
1 1 2
63. log 1 cos x log 1 cos x log 1 2 cos x c .
6 2 3
4
64. 3log 2 sin c.
2 sin
2 1
65. log 2
16 4 2
e 2x
66. 2cos 3x 3 sin 3x c .
13
67. log 2
2
APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRALS
POINTS TO REMEMBER
Area bounded by the curve y = f(x), the x axis and between the ordinates,
x = a and x = b is given by
b
Area =
f x dx
a
y y
y = f(x )
a b
x x
O a b O
y = f(x )
Area bounded by the curve x = f(y) the y-axis and between abscissas,
y = c and y = d is given by
d
Area =
f y dy
c
y y
d d
x = f(y ) x = f(y )
c c
x x
O O
Y
y = f( x )
A B
y = g (x )
X
O a b
b
Area =
f x g x dx
a
Required Area
k b
f x dx f x dx .
a k
y = f(x )
A2
X
O A A1 B ( k , 0) x = b
1 x=a
y
2
2. Find the area of region bounded by x , y : x 1 y 25 x .
2 2
x y
3. Find the area enclosed by the ellipse 2
2
1
a b
9. Using integration, find the area of the region bounded by the triangle
whose vertices are
(a) (1, 0), (1, 3) and (3, 2) (b) (2, 2) (0, 5) and (3, 2)
(i) x + 2y = 2, y x = 1 and 2x + y 7 = 0
(ii) y = 4x + 5, y = 5 x and 4y x = 5.
y = |x 1| and y = 1.
3
13. Find the area enclosed by the curve y = sin x between x = 0 and x
2
and x-axis.
2
14. Find the area bounded by semi circle y 25 x and x-axis..
6
22. Sketch the graph y = |x 5|. Evaluate 0
x 5 dx .
x, y : x 1 y 5 x2
25. Using integration, find the area of the triangle formed by positive x-axis
26. Using integration, find the area of the region bounded by the line
x y + 2 = 0, the curve x y and y-axis.
ANSWERS
1. a2 sq. units.
1
2. 25 sq . units.
4 2
3. ab sq. units 4. 4 sq. units
2 9 9 1 1 2 ab
5. sin sq. units 7. sq. units
6 8 4 3 4
10. (a) 6 sq. units [Hint. Coordinate of vertices are (0, 1) (2, 3) (4, 1)]
15
(b) sq. units
2
[Hint : Coordinate of vertices are ( 1, 1) (0, 5) (3, 2)]
1
11. sq. units 12. 1 sq. units
4 2
25
13. 3 sq. units 14. sq. units
2
1 3
15. sq. units 16. 2 sq. units
3 2
9
17. sq. units 18. sq. units
8 3
4
19. 2 sq. units. 20. 8 3 sq. units
3
5 1
23. 384 sq. units. 24. sq. units
4 2
10
25. 2 3 sq. units 26. sq. units
3
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
POINTS TO REMEMBER
Differential Equation : Equation containing derivatives of a dependant
variable with respect to an independent variable is called differential
equation.
dy f x, y
the form where f(x, y) and g(x, y) are both
dx g x, y
Solution is y I .F . Q. I.F . dx c
dx
Similarly, differential equations of the type dy Px Q where
P and Q are constants or functions of y only can be solved.
2 2
dy dy d y
(i) cos y 0. (ii) 3 2
4.
dx dx dx
4 5
d y d 2y d y
5
sin x 2 . dy
(iii) (iv) log 0.
dx
4
dx dx
5 dx
13 32
d 2y
dy 2
dy
2
d y
(v) 1 2 . (vi) 1 k 2
.
dx dx dx dx
2 3
d 3y d 2y dy dy
(vii) 3 2 sin x . (viii) tan 0
dx dx dx dx
dy 5 2 2
(i) x x . (ii) (ex + ex) dy = (ex ex)dx
dx x
dy 3 x e dy x y
(iii) x e x . (iv) 5 .
dx dx
dy 1 cos 2x dy 1 2y
(v) . (vi) .
dx 1 cos 2y dx 3x 1
dy
(i) y cos x sin x
dx
dy 2
(ii) y sec x sec x tan x
dx
2 dy 4 dy
(iii) x y x . (iv) x y log x x y
dx dx
dy 3 dy
(v) x 3y x (vi) y tan x sec x
dx dx
dy 1
(vii) 2
y sin x
dx 1 x
2 2
x y
(v) 2
2
0. (vi) y = a cos (x + b)
a b
(vii) y = a + bex+c
2
d y dy 2
1 x
2
2
x
dx
m y 0.
dx
2
d y dy 2
2
tan x y cos x 0.
dx dx
2 2
B x d y dy
(iii) Show that y Ax is a solution of 2
x y 0.
x dx dx
2
2 d y dy
x 2
x y 0.
dx dx
a2 d 2y dy
x2 2
x 0.
dx dx
(vii) Find the differential equation of an ellipse with major and minor
axes 2a and 2b respectively.
dy dy 2
(i) y cot x sin 2x . (ii) x 2y x log x .
dx dx
3 dy
(iv) cos x cos x sin x .
dx
(v) ydx x y 3
dy 0
(vi) y
ye dx y 3
2xe
y
dy
7. Solve each of the following differential equations :
dy 2 dy
(i) y x 2y .
dx dx
(ii) cos y dx + (1 + 2ex) sin y dy = 0.
(iii) 2 2
x 1 y dx y 1 x dy 0.
(iv) 1 x 2 1 y
2
dy xy dx 0.
dy 3 3 x
(vi) y sin x cos x xy e .
dx
(vii) tan x tan y dx + sec2 x sec2 y dy = 0
2 dy 2 2
(ii) x x xy y .
dx
(iii) x2 y
2
dx 2xy dy 0, y 1 1.
x
Hint : Put y v
dy 2xy dy x y 2 y
(vi) 2 2
(vii) e x e .
dx x y dx
2
dy 1 y
(viii) 2
.
dx 1 x
(ix) 3xy y
2
dx x 2
xy dy 0
(iv) Form the differential equation of the family of circles in the first
quadrant and touching the coordinate axes.
dy x 2y
10. Show that the differential equation is homogeneous and
dx x y
solve it.
(x2 + 2xy y2) dx + (y2 + 2xy x2) dy = 0 is homogeneous and solve it.
dy
(i) 2y cos 3x .
dx
dy 2
(ii) sin x y cos x 2 sin x cos x if y 1
dx 2
2 2
(ii) x dy y dx x y dx .
y y
(iii) y x cos y sin dx
x x
y y
x y sin x cos dy 0.
x x
y
x dy
(v) xe y x 0 if y(e) = 0
dx
dy y y
(vii) cosec 0 given that y 0 when x 1
dx x x
2 dy
(i) cos x tanx y .
dx
dy
(ii) x cos x y x sin x cos x 1.
dx
(iii)
x x
1 e y dx e y 1 x dy 0.
y
y y
(i) x dy y dx y sin y dx x dy x cos
x x
(ii) 3ex tan y dx + (1 ex) sec2 y dy = 0 given that y , when
4
x = 1.
dy
(iii) y cot x 2x x 2 cot x given that y(0) = 0.
dx
ANSWERS
1.(i) order = 1, degree = 1 (ii) order = 2, degree = 1
6 3
x x y loge e
x
e
x
c
2.(i) y 2 log x c (ii)
6 3
4 e 1
x x x
(iii) y e c. (iv) 5x + 5 y = c
4 e 1
(v) 2(y x) + sin 2y + sin 2x = c. (vi) 2 log |3x + 1| + 3log |1 2y| = c.
log x 2
(iii) e1/x (iv) 2
e
1
(v) 3 (vi) sec x
x
4.(i) 2 (ii) 1
(iii) 2 (iv) 1
(v) 1 (vi) 2
(vii) 2
2 2 2
d y dy dy d y dy
5.(vi) 2 2y 0 (vii) x xy = y
dx
2
dx dx dx
2
dx
2 3
d y dy
(viii) 2 0
dx
2 dx
3 2
6.(i) y sin x
2 sin x
c (ii) y
x 4 loge x 1
c
2
3 16 x
c
(iii) y sin x , x 0 (iv) y = tan x 1 + cetan x
x
4
y
(v) xy c (vi) x = y2ey + cy2
4
2 2
(iii) 1 x 1 y c
2
1 1 y 1 2 2
(iv) log 1 x 1 y c
2 2
1 y 1
(v) x2 1 y 2
1 2
cos 2x
(vii) log tan y c
4
3
x 1 y
8.(i) log y c (ii) tan log x c
3
3y x
(iii) x2 + y2 = 2x
cos x y
(iv) y ce
(v)
y
sin cx
x
(vi) c x 2
y
2
y
3
y x x 1 1
(vii) e e c (viii) sin y sin x c
3
2 c
(ix) y 2xy 2
x
2 2 dy dy dy
9.(i) x y 2xy 0 (ii) 2y x , y 2x
dx dx dx
2 2 dy
(iii) x y 2xy 0
dx
2 2 2
(iv) x y 1 y ' x yy '
2 2 1 x 2y
10. log x xy y 2 3 tan c
3x
3
x c
11. 2 2
x y
x y x
x 3
(iii) tan y k 1 e
y 2
3x y y 2x
(iii) xy cos c (iv)
x
y
(vii) cos log x 1
x
sin x cos x
14. (i) y = tan x 1 + ce tan x (ii) y c
x x
x
(iii) y (iv) 2y = sin x
x ye c
y
15. (i) c xy sec
x
(iii) y = x2.