Shear Walls Shear Walls: Stiffness

Load Distribution to Shear Walls

Shear wall stiffness
Shear walls with openings ___________

Diaphragm types Lateral Force

Resisting System
Types of Masonry Shear Walls
__________
Maximum Reinforcement Requirements
Shear Strength
Example: Single Layer Reinforcing d
Example: Distributed Reinforcing

h
Example: Flanged Walls h/d < 0.25 0.25 < h/d < 4.0 h/d >4.0

_____ stiffness Both shear and _______ stiffness

predominates bending stiffness predominates
are important
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Shear Walls: Stiffness T- or L- Shaped Shear Walls

9.1.5.2 Deflection calculations shall be based on cracked section Section 5.1.1 Wall intersections designed either to:
a) ____________________:
properties. Assumed properties shall not exceed half of gross section
b) ____________________
properties, unless a cracked-section analysis is performed.

h = height of wall Connection that transfers shear: (must be in running bond)

Cantilever wall a) Fifty percent of masonry units interlock
Em t Av = shear area; (5/6)A for
kcant a rectangle
b) Steel connectors at max 4ft.
h h 2
cant 4 3 Ev = G = shear modulus
c) Intersecting bond beams at max 4 ft. Reinforcing of at least 0.1in2 per foot of wall

L L (modulus of rigidity);
given as 0.4Em Metal lath or wire
Fixed wall (fixed against rotation at top) (4.2.2.2.2) screen to support grout
2-#4s
Ev = ___________, where
Em t
fixed k fixed is Poissons ratio
h
h 2

3 t = thickness of wall 1/ in. x 11/ in. x 28in.
4 2
L L L = length of wall with 2in. long 90 deg
bends at each end to
form U or Z shape
Real wall is probably between two cases; diaphragm provides some
rotational restraint, but not full fixity.
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Effective Flange Width (5.1.1.2.3) Cracked Moment of Inertia

Effective flange width on either side of web shall be smaller of actual Rectangular cross-sections
flange width, distance to a movement joint, or: 0.15
Flange in compression: 6t T-shaped and I-shaped sections
Flange in tension: 0.40
Unreinforced masonry: 6t Shear stiffness
Reinforced masonry: 0.75 times floor-to-floor wall height 0.35
Partially grouted walls
Analysis: distinction between 6t and 0.75 times floor-to-floor wall total cross-sectional area of face shells plus area of
height in compression is not important. Assumed effective width only grouted cells
results in a small shift of neutral axis.

Some people suggest increasing tension flange width by 1.5 for shear
capacity design and ductility checks. Reinforcement just outside
effective width can be participating.
Seismic Design of Special Reinforced Masonry Shear Walls
A Guide for Practicing Engineers
NEHRP Seismic Design Technical Brief No. 9

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Example: Flanged Shear Wall Example: Flanged Shear Wall

Given: Fully grouted shear wall
Required: Stiffness of wall Uncracked Cracked
Solution: Determine stiffness from basic
principles. P P P P
112in.

k k
Ph 3 Ph Ph 3 Ph
Net area
3Em I n Av Ev 3Em I n Av Ev

Centroid, from 7.62in48in 3.81in 7.62in40in 20in

y 11.16in 1 1
outer flange 671in 2
40in.
112in 3
112in 112in 3
112in
Elevation
3Em 86000in 4

305in 2 0.4 Em 3Em 0.4086000in 305in 0.350.4 Em
4 2

Net moment
6t=48in.

0.157in Em 0.616in Em
of inertia
56in.

Shear area
Plan

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Coupled Shear Walls Frame Models

__________ __________ __________

shear wall shear wall shear wall

Seismic Design of Special Reinforced Masonry Shear Walls Seismic Design of Special Reinforced Masonry Shear Walls
A Guide for Practicing Engineers A Guide for Practicing Engineers
NEHRP Seismic Design Technical Brief No. 9 NEHRP Seismic Design Technical Brief No. 9

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Frame Models

Seismic Design of Special Reinforced Masonry Shear Walls

A Guide for Practicing Engineers
NEHRP Seismic Design Technical Brief No. 9

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Diaphragms Rigid Diaphragms
Diaphragm: _____________ system that transmits
____________ forces to the vertical elements of the lateral load
RRi
resisting system. Direct Shear: Fv V
Diaphragm classification:
______________: distribution of shear force is based on
RRi
tributary ________ (wind) or tributary _______ (earthquake)
____________: distribution of shear force is based on
RRi d i
relative ______________. Torsional Shear: Ftt Ve
RRi di2
Typical classifications:
__________: Precast planks
without topping, metal deck
___________ without concrete, plywood
sheathing V = total shear force
Lateral Force _________: Cast-in-place RRi = relative rigidity of lateral force resisting element i
Resisting System concrete, precast concrete with di = distance from center of stiffness
concrete topping, metal deck
__________
with concrete e = eccentricity of load from center of stiffness

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Example: Diaphragms Example: Flexible Diaphragms

Given: The structure shown is

subjected to a 0.2 kip/ft horizontal 50 ft 50 ft Solution: Flexible diaphragm wind 50 ft 50 ft
force. Relative rigidities are given, Distribute based on tributary area
where the relative rigidity is a
normalized stiffness.
RR = 4

RR = 1

RR = 4

RR = 1
RR = 5

RR = 5
For seismic, the diaphragm load would
Required: Distribution of force be distributed the same (assuming a
assuming: uniform mass distribution), but when
flexible diaphragm wall weights were added in, the forces
could be different.
rigid diaphragm.
0.2 kip/ft
PLAN VIEW
PLAN VIEW

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Example: Rigid Diaphragms Example: Diaphragm Design Forces
50 ft 50 ft
Solution: Rigid diaphragm 0.2 kip/ft
Solution: Forces are shown
for a rigid diaphragm.
Wall x RR x(RR)

RR = 4

RR = 1
50 ft 50 ft

Wall 3
Wall 2
RR = 5
Wall 1
1 The moment is generally
2 3.9 k 12.2 k 3.9 k
taken through chord forces,
3
which are simply the moment
Total divided by the width of the 3.9 6.1
x diaphragm. In masonry
Center of stiffness = 350/10 = 35 ft V (k)
structures, the chord forces 19.5 ft
-3.9
are often take by bond -6.1
Wall RR d (ft) RR(d) RR(d2) Fv Ft Ftotal beams. 38 38
1 4 -140 4900 3.9
2 5 75 1125 12.2
3 1 65 4225 3.9 M (k-ft)
Total 10 10250 0.0 20
-55

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Drag Struts and Collectors Diaphragm Behavior

Shear forces: generally considered

Three lateral force resisting systems: Length=20 ft; Height=14 ft
to be uniformly distributed across the
W24x68 W16x40
width of the diaphragm.
Drag struts and collectors: transfer PLAN VIEW E = 1800 ksi

W14x68

W14x68
load from the diaphragm to the Face W16x40
shell bedding
End cells fully grouted
lateral force resisting system.
L 4x4x5/16 L 4x4x5/16
w
Moment Resisting Frame Braced Frame Masonry Shear Wall
k = 83.2 kip/in k = 296 kip/in k = 1470 kip/in
v v
Lateral force resisting systems at 24 ft o.c. Diaphragm assumed to be
concrete slab, E=3120ksi, =0.17, variable thickness, load of 1 kip/ft.
L/3 L/3 L/2 Diaphragm
Lateral Force
vL/2 vL/2 vL Resisting System

WEST WALL ELEVATION EAST WALL ELEVATION 24 ft 24 ft

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Diaphragm Behavior Diaphragm Behavior

http://skghoshassociates.com/SKGAblog/viewpost.php?id=19
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Diaphragm Behavior

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