Dimensionamento de Eixos (Shigley)

Prof. Alexandre Lara

Falha por Fadiga
A: incio da trinca;
B: propagao (marcas de
Praia);
C: Fratura rpida final
Esquema de Superfcie de Fratura
Esquema de Superfcie de Fratura
Esquema de Superfcie de Fratura
 Fatigue Fracture Examples

AISI 4320 drive shaft

B crack initiation at
stress concentration
in keyway
C Final brittle
failure

Fig. 63
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 Fatigue Fracture Examples

Fatigue failure
initiating at
mismatched grease
holes
Sharp corners (at
arrows) provided
stress
concentrations

Fig. 64
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 Fatigue Fracture Examples

Fatigue failure of forged

connecting rod
Crack initiated at flash
line of the forging at
the left edge of picture
Beach marks show
crack propagation
halfway around the hole
before ultimate fracture
Fig. 65

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 Fatigue Fracture Examples

Fatigue failure of a 200-

mm diameter piston
rod of an alloy steel
steam hammer
Loaded axially
Crack initiated at a
forging flake internal to
the part
Internal crack grew
outward symmetrically

Fig. 66
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 Fatigue Fracture Examples
Double-flange trailer wheel
Cracks initiated at stamp marks

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Fig. 67
 Fatigue Fracture Examples
Aluminum allow landing-gear torque-arm assembly redesign to
eliminate fatigue fracture at lubrication hole

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Fig. 68
S-N Diagram
O nmero de ciclos para a falha em nveis de estresse variveis plotado na
escala log-log
Para os aos, a interseo ocorre perto de106 ciclos
A fora correspondente interseo chamada de limite de resistncia Se

Fig. 610
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S-N Diagram for Steel
Os nveis de estresse abaixo de Se representam a vida infinita
Enter 103 e 106 ciclos, representa vida finita
Abaixo de 103 ciclos conhecido como baixo ciclo, e
frequentemente considerado quase esttivo. O escoamento
geralmente ocorre antes da fadiga nesta regio.

Fig. 610

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Limite de resistncia
imativa simplificada do limite de resistncia para aos para o
espcime de eixo rotativo, S'e

Fig. 617
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Limite de resistncia e fatores modificadores
O limite de resistncia S'e uma amostra cuidadosamente
preparada e testada
Se justificado, o Se obtido a partir de testes de peas reais
Quando o teste de peas reais no prtico, um conjunto de
fatores de Marin so usados para ajustar o limite de resistnci

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Surface Factor ka
Stresses tend to be high at the surface
Surface finish has an impact on initiation of cracks at
localized stress concentrations
Surface factor is a function of ultimate strength. Higher
strengths are more sensitive to rough surfaces.

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Example 63

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Size Factor kb
Larger parts have greater surface area at high stress levels
Likelihood of crack initiation is higher
Size factor is obtained from experimental data with wide
scatter
For bending and torsion loads, the trend of the size factor
data is given by

Applies only for round, rotating diameter

For axial load, there is no size effect, so kb = 1
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Size Factor kb
For parts that are not round and rotating, an equivalent
round rotating diameter is obtained.
Equate the volume of material stressed at and above 95%
of the maximum stress to the same volume in the rotating-
beam specimen.
Lengths cancel, so equate the areas.
For a rotating round section, the 95% stress area is the area
of a ring,

Equate 95% stress area for other conditions to Eq. (622)

and solve for d as the equivalent round rotating diameter
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Size Factor kb
For non-rotating round,

Equating to Eq. (6-22) and solving for equivalent diameter,

Similarly, for rectangular section h x b, A95s = 0.05 hb.

Equating to Eq. (622),

Other common cross sections are given in Table 63

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Size Factor kb
Table 63

A95s for common

non-rotating
structural shapes

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Loading Factor kc
Accounts for changes in endurance limit for different types of
fatigue loading.
Only to be used for single load types. Use Combination Loading
method (Sec. 614) when more than one load type is present.

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Temperature Factor kd
Endurance limit appears to maintain same relation to
ultimate strength for elevated temperatures as at room
temperature
This relation is summarized in Table 64

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Temperature Factor kd
If ultimate strength is known for operating temperature,
then just use that strength. Let kd = 1 and proceed as usual.
If ultimate strength is known only at room temperature,
then use Table 64 to estimate ultimate strength at
operating temperature. With that strength, let kd = 1 and
proceed as usual.
Alternatively, use ultimate strength at room temperature
and apply temperature factor from Table 64 to the
endurance limit.

A fourth-order polynomial curve fit of the underlying data

of Table 64 can be used in place of the table, if desired.
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Example 65

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Example 65 (continued)

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Reliability Factor ke
From Fig. 617, S'e = 0.5 Sut is typical of the data and
represents 50% reliability.
Reliability factor adjusts to other reliabilities.
Only adjusts Fig. 617 assumption. Does not imply overall
reliability.

Fig. 617
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Reliability Factor ke
Simply obtain ke for desired reliability from Table 65.

Table 65

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Miscellaneous-Effects Factor kf
Reminder to consider other possible factors.
Residual stresses
Directional characteristics from cold working
Case hardening
Corrosion
Surface conditioning, e.g. electrolytic plating and metal spraying
Cyclic Frequency
Frettage Corrosion
Limited data is available.
May require research or testing.

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Stress Concentration and Notch Sensitivity
For dynamic loading, stress concentration effects must be
applied.
Obtain Kt as usual (e.g. Appendix A15)
For fatigue, some materials are not fully sensitive to Kt so a
reduced value can be used.
Define Kf as the fatigue stress-concentration factor.
Define q as notch sensitivity, ranging from 0 (not sensitive) to 1
(fully sensitive).

For q = 0, Kf = 1
For q = 1, Kf = Kt
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Notch Sensitivity
Obtain q for bending or axial loading from Fig. 620.
Then get Kf from Eq. (632): Kf = 1 + q( Kt 1)

Fig. 620

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Notch Sensitivity
Obtain qs for torsional loading from Fig. 621.
Then get Kfs from Eq. (632): Kfs = 1 + qs( Kts 1)

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Fig. 621
 Notch Sensitivity
Alternatively, can use curve fit equations for Figs. 620 and 621 to
get notch sensitivity, or go directly to Kf .

For steels, with Sut in kpsi

Bending or axial:

Torsion:
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Exemplo 6.6
Exemplo 6.6
Exemplo 6.6
Critrios de fadiga
Critrios de fadiga
DE (energia de distoro)-Goodman
DE-Gerber
DE - Sodeberg
DE ASME Elptico
Exemplo 7-1
Toro (kts)
Toro (kts)
Flexo (kt)
Flexo (kt)
Sensibilidade de entalhe 6-20 (q)
Sensibilidade de entalhe 6-21 (qcisalhamento)
Soluo
Exerccio
Exerccio: