Bioresource Technology 102 (2011) 50485059

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Bioresource Technology
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/biortech

Anaerobic co-digestion of food waste and piggery wastewater: Focusing

on the role of trace elements
Lei Zhang a, Yong-Woo Lee b, Deokjin Jahng a,
a
Department of Environmental Engineering and Biotechnology, Myongji University, San 38-2, Namdong, Cheoin-Gu, Yongin, Gyeonggi-Do 449-728, Republic of Korea
b
Major in Chemistry & Applied Chemistry, College of Science and Technology, Hanyang University, 1271 Sa-3 Dong, Sangnok-Gu, Ansan, Gyeonggi-Do 426-791, Republic of Korea

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of anaerobic co-digestion of food waste and pig-
Received 19 October 2010 gery wastewater, and to identify the key factors governing the co-digestion performance. The analytical
Received in revised form 26 January 2011 results indicated that the food waste contained higher energy potential and lower concentrations of trace
Accepted 28 January 2011
elements than the piggery wastewater. Anaerobic co-digestion showed a signicantly improved biogas
Available online 23 February 2011
productivity and process stability. The results of co-digestion of the food waste with the different frac-
tions of the piggery wastewater suggested that trace element might be the reason for enhancing the
Keywords:
co-digestion performance. By supplementing the trace elements, a long-term anaerobic digestion of
Anaerobic digestion
Co-digestion
the food waste only resulted in a high methane yield of 0.396 m3/kg VSadded and 75.6% of VS destruction
Food waste with no signicant volatile fatty acid accumulation. These results suggested that the typical Korean food
Piggery wastewater waste was decient with some trace elements required for anaerobic digestion.
Trace elements 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction Two-stage anaerobic digestion system and HASL (hybrid anaerobic

Generation of municipal solid waste (MSW) has been increasing
over the years worldwide, a considerable fraction of which is food
waste (Banks et al., 2011; Zhang et al., 2007). In Korea, the food
waste reached about 14,452 tons per day in 2007, which accounted
for 28.7% of the MSW (MOE, 2010). The untreated food waste is
known to cause many environmental problems, such as contami-
nations of soil, water, and air during collection, transportation
and storage due to its rapid decomposition (Han and Shin, 2004).
Currently, various methods for reutilization and disposal of the
food waste are available, which include landll, incineration, use
of animal feed, aerobic composting and anaerobic digestion. Due
to newly issued environmental regulations, some disposal meth-
ods are going to be prohibited and becoming less desirable (Kelley
and Walker, 2000; Oh et al., 2008).
Nonetheless, food waste is a highly desirable substrate for
anaerobic digestion because its biodegradability and nutrient con-
tents are high. The typical food waste contains 731 wt.% of total
solid (TS), and the biochemical methane potential (BMP) of the food
waste is estimated to be about 0.440.48 m3 CH4/kg of the added
volatile solid (VSadded) (Han and Shin, 2004; Heo et al., 2003; Zhang
et al., 2007). Nowadays, anaerobic digestion of the food waste is
attracting strong interest, and many novel anaerobic digestion sys-
tems have been developed and applied to treat the food waste.
Corresponding author. Tel.: +82 31 330 6690; fax: +82 31 336 6336.
E-mail addresses: wxzyfx@yahoo.com (L. Zhang), djahng@mju.ac.kr (D. Jahng).
solidliquid) system are well known examples (Lee et al., 1999;
Wang et al., 2005). In practical application, however, about 90% of
the full scale plants currently in use in Europe rely on continuous
one-stage systems (De Baere, 2000). Even so, there are rare reports
on the successfully operating single-stage anaerobic digestion of
the food waste. These results indicated that anaerobic digestion of
the food waste still remains as a challenge.
Piggery wastewater is another major organic waste. Anaerobic
digestion has long been employed to treat piggery wastewater be-
cause through which waste treatment and energy production
could be achieved simultaneously. The methane yields of animal
manures are generally in the range of 12.013.9 m3 CH4/m3 waste
(wet basis). According to the economic analysis of the existing bio-
gas plants, however, the methane yield should be higher than
20 m3 CH4/m3 substrate to meet the economic balance (Angelidaki
and Ellegaard, 2003). In addition, ammonia inhibition was often
observed in the anaerobic digestion of the pure manure, which re-
sulted in a low methane production and a high VFA level in the
efuent (Hansen et al., 1998).
Nowadays, anaerobic co-digestion has attracted more atten-
tions (Angelidaki and Ellegaard, 2003; Creamer et al., 2010; Heo
et al., 2003). Generally, animal manures like piggery wastewater
are considered to be excellent co-substrates because of its high
buffering capacity, high nitrogen content and the wide range of
nutrients needed by the methanogens (Moral et al., 2008; Weiland,
2000). The co-digestion of animal manure with other substrate can
be successful because C/N ratio, concentrations of the macro and
micronutrients, and buffering capacity are adjusted by mixing

0960-8524/$ - see front matter 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2011.01.082
 L. Zhang et al. / Bioresource Technology 102 (2011) 50485059 5049

the substrates. Co-digestion of animal manure with a biodegrad-
able waste appears as a robust process technology that can in-
crease the biogas production by 80400% in biogas plants (Braun
et al., 2003; Weiland, 2000). Moreover, many studies showed that
the sensitivity of the anaerobic digestion process to the environ-
mental changes may be improved by combining several waste
streams (Creamer et al., 2010; Heo et al., 2003; Kayhanian and
Rich, 1995; Romano and Zhang, 2008; Wu et al., 2010). These prac-
tices suggest that anaerobic co-digestion of the food waste and the
piggery wastewater could solve the operational problems and low
economical feasibility found in anaerobic digestion of food waste
or piggery wastewater alone.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the technical feasibility of
anaerobic co-digestion of the food waste and the piggery wastewa-
ter in a mesophilic single stage reactor and to identify the key fac-
tors governing the process performance. In order to more clearly
explain the co-digestion results, the food waste and piggery waste-
water were characterized. Special focus was put on trace elements,
since many previous reports showed that the trace element sup-
plementation enhanced anaerobic digestion of different substrates
(Agler et al., 2008; Jarvis et al., 1997; Wilkie et al., 1986). In addi-
tion, the literatures reported that piggery wastewaters were rich in
trace elements (Creamer et al., 2010; Moral et al., 2008), and the
food wastes contained less trace elements or analytical data were
unavailable (Zhang et al., 2007; Zhu et al., 2008).
2. Methods
2.1. Feedstocks and inoculum
The food waste used in this study was collected from a Korean
food waste restaurant on the campus of the Myongji University,
Yongin, Korea. The obtained food waste was crushed using an elec-
trical kitchen blender (HMF-347, Hanil, Korea) and the resulting
slurry food waste was sieved (No. 10) to remove coarse particles
larger than 2 mm and kept at 18 C until use.
The piggery wastewater used in this study was obtained from
storage tanks on a swine farm located in Yongin, which contained
the mixture of feces, urine and tap water. After arriving at the lab-
oratory, the wastewater was ltered through a 2 mm mesh to re-
move coarse particles, and then stored at 4 C until use.
In order to analyze the distribution of trace elements, the pig-
gery wastewater was centrifuged at 14,000g for 30 min (SUPRA
21 K, Hanil, Korea). The solid part was resuspended in the same
volume of distilled water (DW) as that of the liquid fraction. The
concentrations of trace elements in the liquid fraction and the solid
suspension were separately analyzed. The liquid fraction and the
solid suspension were stored at 4 C until use as substrates for
co-digestion experiments.
The seed sludge used in this study was taken from a 20-L bench
scale anaerobic reactor treating the piggery wastewater for more
than 2 years. The operating conditions were hydraulic retention
time (HRT) of 2030 days and OLR of 1.02.3 g VS/L day. The vola-
tile suspended solids (VSS) concentration of the seed culture was
approximately 15 g/L.
2.2. Anaerobic digestion in semi-continuous mode
Semi-continuous anaerobic digestion was carried out in a 500-
mL Schott Duran bottle with a 200-mL working volume. Initially,
the bottle was lled with 190 mL seed sludge and 10 mL substrate.
After sparged with nitrogen gas, the digester was capped with a
rubber septum, and then inversely incubated in a shaking incuba-
tor at 37 C and 140 rpm, which provided the constant agitation
and temperature. Incubation was proceeded in a semi-continuous
mode with daily or every other day withdrawing and feeding of the
same of amount, and the HRT was kept at 2040 days. All the oper-
ations were made under nitrogen atmosphere to avoid contacting
oxygen.
Three series of semi-continuous experiments were conducted
to evaluate the feasibility of anaerobic co-digestion of the food
waste and the piggery wastewater and to identify the key factors
responsible for enhancing co-digestion performance. Table 1 sum-
marizes the experimental design and operating conditions. In
Experiment 1, four digesters were operated by feeding different
mixtures of the piggery wastewater and the food waste. In Exper-
iment 2, in order to gure out the location of the effective

Table 1
Summary of reactor operating conditions.

Experiment Digester HRT (day) OLR (g COD/L day) Composition of feedstock (on COD basis) Objective
Experiment 1 EX1-1 20 4.71 100% whole PW (piggery wastewater) Examine the possibility of anaerobic co-
EX1-2 20 6.35 100% FW (food waste) digestion of the food waste and the
EX1-3 20 6.35 7% whole PW/93% FWa piggery wastewater
EX1-4 20 6.35 17% whole PW/83% FW
Experiment 2 EX2-1 20 6.35 100% FW Identify the stimulatory substances in
EX2-2 20 6.35 83% FW/17% whole PW piggery wastewater for co-digestion,
EX2-3 20 6.35 83% FW/17% PW liquid fraction including the C/N ratio, buffering
EX2-4 20 6.35 83%FW/17% PW solid fraction capacity and concentrations of trace
elements
Experiment 3 Period 1 (Day 092) 20 6.35 Continued operation of EX2-2 and EX2-4
83% FW/17% whole PW (Run 1) 83% FW/
17% PW solid fraction (Run 2)
Period 2 (Day 93155) 40 3.2 83% FW/17% whole PW (identical for Run
1 and Run 2)
Period 3 (Day 156161) 30 5.1 83% FW/17% whole PW (identical for Run
1 and Run 2)
Period 4 (Day 162179) 30 4.3 100% FW (identical for Run 1 and Run 2)
Period 5 (Day 180253)b 30 4.3 100% FW (Run 1) 100% FW + Trace Examine the process stability in a long-
elements (Run 2) term operation, and conrm the role of
Period 6 (Day 254367)b 20 6.35 100% FW (Run 1) 100% FW + Trace trace elements on anaerobic digestion of
elements (Run 2) the food waste by supplying synthetic
trace elements instead of the piggery
wastewater
a
7% PW/93% FW represents that 7% of OLR was contributed by the piggery wastewater and 93% by the food waste on COD basis.
b
During this period, Run 1 served as the control, whereas synthetic trace elements were added in Run 2 (see Fig. 5).
5050 L. Zhang et al. / Bioresource Technology 102 (2011) 50485059

substances of the piggery wastewater which enhanced the co-
digestion performance, the food waste was co-digested separately
with the whole piggery wastewater, the solid fraction or the liquid
fraction of the piggery wastewater. Finally, in Experiment 3, the ef-
fects of trace elements on anaerobic digestion of the food waste
were investigated. For this set of experiments (Experiment 3),
the stock solution of trace elements containing 200 mg Co2+/L as
CoCl2, 500 mg Mo2+/L as MoCl2, 1000 mg Ni2+/L as NiCl2, and
10,000 mg Fe3+/L as FeCl3 was prepared in distilled water (DW).
For Run 2 (Table 1), 0.67 mL of this stock solution was added to
the digester (200 mL of working volume) once a day for 3 days
from Day 180 to Day 182. From Day 194, 0.67 mL of the stock solu-
tion was added intermittently with the interval of 612 days. Since
the HRT of the digester was 20 days with a negligible volume
change, the concentrations of each trace elements in the digester
were assumed to be 2.0 mg Co2+/L, 5.0 mg Mo2+/L, 10 mg Ni2+/L
and 100 mg Fe3+/L.
2.3. Analytical methods
TS (total solid) and VS (volatile solid) were measured according
to the Standard Methods (APHA, 2005). pH value was determined
using a pH meter (Orion, Model 370). Chemical oxygen demand
(COD) measurements were made using COD ampoules (Hach
Chemical) and a spectrophotometer (DR/2010, Hach). Soluble
COD was measured for the supernatant of a sample after centrifuga-
tion (Micro 17R centrifuge, Hanil Science Industrial Co., Ltd., Korea)
at 14,000g for 10 min. Total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) was analyzed
using a Kjeldahl apparatus (Kjeltec 2100, Foss, Sweden), and total
ammonia (free ammonia and ionized ammonia) content was deter-
mined by the Kjeldahl method without the destruction step. Protein
content was estimated by multiplying the organic nitrogen value
(TKN subtracted by total ammonia nitrogen) by 6.25 (Ahn et al.,
2006). Lipid was gravimetrically measured (Bligh and Dyer, 1959).
Biogas composition (N2, CH4 and CO2) was determined using a
gas chromatograph (GC) (Hewlett Packard 6890, PA, USA) equipped
with a thermal conductivity detector (TCD) and an HP-PLOT Q
(Agilent Technologies, USA) capillary column (30 m  0.32 mm 
20 lm). A gas standard consisting of 60% (v/v) CH4 and 40% (v/v)
CO2 was used for calibrating gas chromatographic results. The
measurement of biogas generation was described previously
(Zhang and Jahng, 2010). Concentrations of volatile fatty acids
(including acetate, propionate, n-butyrate, iso-butyrate, n-valerate
and iso-valerate) were determined using another gas chromato-
graph (M600D, Younglin, Korea) equipped with a ame ionization
detector (FID) and an HP-INNOWAX (Agilent Technologies, USA)
capillary column (30 m  0.25 mm  0.25 lm). The sample prepa-
ration procedures and GC operational conditions can be found else-
where (Zhang and Jahng, 2010).
Elements were assayed using an element analysis instrument
(Flash EA1112, Thermo Electron SPA). Nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen,
sulfur and oxygen were the target elements. Metal analysis was
performed using an ion coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrom-
eter (ICP-AES) (OPTIMA 4300DV, PerkinElmer, USA) or inductively
coupled plasma-mass spectrometer (ICP-MS) (ELAN6100, Perkin
Elmer SCIEX, USA).
3. Results and discussion
3.1. Characterization of food waste and piggery wastewater
3.1.1. General features
The results of the feedstock characterization are summarized in
Tables 2 and 3. As shown in Table 2, the food waste contained
18.1% (w/w) of TS and 17.1% (w/w) of VS, which were nearly three
folds higher than those of the piggery wastewater (5.64% of TS and
3.69% of VS). Similarly, the food waste also contained much higher
total COD and soluble COD (238.5 and 106.6 g/L, respectively) than
the piggery wastewater (92.8 and 53.2 g/L, respectively). The vola-
tile fraction of the total solid of the food waste was 0.94, while the
VS/TS ratio of the piggery wastewater was only 0.65, indicating
that the food waste contained more digestible organic matters
than the piggery wastewater. These results well matched with
the literature reports (Han and Shin, 2004; Zhang et al., 2007) as
listed in Table 2, where the moisture content and VS/TS ratio of
the food wastes was 6993% and 0.850.95, respectively. By con-
trast, the piggery wastewaters contained 6.377.62% of TS and
0.72 of VS/TS ratio (Ahn et al., 2006). The biodegradability was also
estimated by measuring BMP. The BMP value of the piggery waste-
water was 242.3 mL CH4/g VSadded, which was only 51% of the food

Table 2
The characteristics of the food waste and the piggery wastewater as compared to the literature reports.

Parameter Food waste Piggery wastewater

Han and Shin (2004) Zhang et al. (2007) This study Ahn et al. (2006) Hansen et al. (1998, 1999) This study
pH a 6.5 0.2 6.37 0.10 7.62 0.02 6.60 0.20
TS (wt.%) 20.5 30.9 0.1 18.1 0.6 6.18 0.04 5.64 0.34
VS (wt.%) 19.5 26.4 0.1 17.1 0.6 4.45 0.02 4.5 0.1 3.69 0.22
VS/TS ratio 0.95 0.85 0.94 0.01 0.72 0.65 0.01
Total COD (g/L) 238.5 3.8 130.8 3.0 92.8 1.3
Soluble COD (g/L) 106.6 5.3 59.7 0.9 53.2 0.9
Carbohydrate (g/L) 111.7 6.2
Lipid (g/L) 23.3 0.45 20.1 0.1 4.86 4.10 1.75
Total protein (g/L)b 32.9 1.4 15.8 0.9 8.13 14.98 1.16
Carbon, C (% of TS) 51.4 46.78 1.15 46.67
Hydrogen, H (% of TS) 6.1 6.39
Oxygen, O (% of TS) 38.9 36.39
Nitrogen, N (% of TS) 3.5 3.16 0.22 3.54
Sulfur, S (% of TS) 0.1 0.81 0.03 0.33
TKN (g/L) 5.42 0.26 7.3 0.1 6.6 7.31 0.22
TP (g/L) 1.49 0.09 0.50 0.14
Ammonia-N (g/L) 0.16 0.04 4.8 0.1 5.3 0.1 4.91 0.06
Alkalinity (g CaCO3/L) 0.33 0.06 7.52 0.92
C/N ratio 14.7 14.6 13.2 0.2 6.72 4.8 0.1
BMP (mL CH4/g VSadded) 435 479.5 21.3 300 20 242.3 7.3
a
, Not available.
b
Protein content = (TKN-ammonia nitrogen)  6.25.
 L. Zhang et al. / Bioresource Technology 102 (2011) 50485059 5051

Table 3
Comparison of the metal element levels in the food wastes and the piggery wastewaters.

Elements Food waste Piggery wastewater

Zhu et al. (2008) Zhang et al. (2007) This study Moral et al. (2008) Creamer et al. (2010) This study
All values below (mg/L) were adjusted to an 8 wt.% of TS concentration.a
Sodium (Na) 1003.5 b 1528.8 3171.8 1832.6 248.0 919.2
Magnesium (Mg) 87.7 112 8 62.5 881.6 1018.4
Aluminum (Al) 4.31 62.55
Potassium (K) 1122.8 720 88 546.7 801.6 5995.2
Calcium (Ca) 266.7 1728 232 118.2 2689.4
Chromium (Cr) 0.17 3.88 4.05 0.26
Manganese (Mn) 0.84 15.53 7.77 0.96 88.11 112.78 72.16 37.78
Iron (Fe) 9.47 198.32 104.08 3.17 447.58 563.88 284.16 149.86
Cobalt (Co) <LDc 0.493 0.564 0.18
Nickel (Ni) 0.52 0.26 0.19 3.31 3.31 0.96 0.69
Copper (Cu) 1.19 8.03 0.26 3.06 148.02 179.74 21.92 59.36
Zinc (Zn) 2.53 19.68 5.70 8.27 606.17 620.26 213.12 234.15
Molybdenum (Mo) 0.070 0.025 0.634
Cadmium (Cd) <0.26 0.023 0.35 0.32 0.16 0.022
Lead (Pb) 1.04 0.78 0.18 2.29 1.94 0.51
a
All the original measured values were corrected for the samples containing 8% (w/w) TS in order to quantitatively compare concentrations of metals on the same mass
basis of each organic waste.
b
, Not available.
c
<LD, lower than detection limit (detection limit: Cd, Co > 30 lg/L).

waste (479.5 mL CH4/g VSadded). The low BMP of the animal
manure was also reported elsewhere (Mackie and Bryant, 1995;
Hansen et al. 1998). The high BMP values for food wastes (435
489 mL CH4/g of VSadded) were observed by other researchers as
well (Heo et al., 2003; Zhang et al., 2007). The high organic content
(VS and COD) together with the high biodegradability (BMP) sug-
gested that the food waste was a highly desirable substrate for
anaerobic digestion.
The nitrogenous substances were also measured and shown in
Table 2. The carbon to nitrogen (C/N) ratios were 13.2 and 4.8 for
the food waste and the piggery wastewater, respectively, which
were comparable to the literature report as shown in Table 2.
The C/N ratio suggested that the food waste was near the optimal
range (15.525) (Wu et al., 2010), while the C/N ratio of the piggery
wastewater seemed low, which was due to the high concentration
of ammonia. The food waste and the piggery wastewater used in
this study contained signicant concentrations of TKN as well.
However, the nitrogen forms were quite different. In the food
waste, most of nitrogen existed as the organic nitrogen like pro-
teins, while the majority of nitrogen was ammonia in the piggery
wastewater. The elemental analysis results also indicated that
the food waste contained balanced concentrations of phosphorus
and sulfur.
Murray and van den Berg, 1981; Wilkie et al., 1986; Williams
et al., 1986; Zitomer et al., 2008), these trace elements might be
insufcient for stable and efcient anaerobic digestion of the food
waste alone. Therefore, it was expected that the concentrations of
essential trace elements could be properly adjusted by mixing the
food waste and the piggery wastewater.
3.3. Fractionation of piggery wastewater
The liquid and solid fractions of the piggery wastewater con-
tained quite different concentrations of ammonia, macronutrients,
micronutrients, and alkalinity. As expected, most alkalinity and
ammonia were included in the liquid fraction (data not shown).
The distribution of metal elements in the liquid and the solid frac-
tions is presented in Fig. 1. Except Na+ and K+, most trace elements
were present in the solid fraction. This result was in agreement
with Moral et al. (2008), who also found that 95% of trace elements
were located in the solid fraction of the pig slurry. These two frac-
tions of the piggery wastewater were prepared by centrifugation
for subsequent co-digestion experiments with the food waste in
order to investigate which fraction was more effective for improv-
ing the performance of anaerobic digestion.
3.4. Anaerobic digestion experiments

3.2. Trace elements
Table 3 shows the trace element contents in different feed-
stocks. Both of the food waste and the piggery wastewater con-
tained high concentrations of macronutrients (Na, K, Ca, Mg)
ranged from 100 to 6000 mg/L. It was believed that the concentra-
tions of macronutrients were high enough for metabolic activities
of microorganisms. By contrast, the food waste and the piggery
wastewater were found to contain low concentrations of all trace
elements and heavy metals as compared to macronutrients. In par-
ticular, the levels of most inorganic elements in the piggery waste-
water were considerably higher than those in the food waste. For
example, the concentrations of Fe, Ni and Mo in the food waste
were only about one tenth of those in the piggery wastewater.
Moreover, the food waste contained a below-detection level of co-
balt. Considering the important roles of these trace elements (Co,
Ni, Mo, Fe) for activating and maintaining enzyme activities of
anaerobic microorganisms (Agler et al., 2008; Jarvis et al., 1997;
3.4.1. Anaerobic co-digestion of food waste and piggery wastewater
(Experiment 1)
Fig. 2 shows the time course of anaerobic co-digestion of the
food waste and the piggery wastewater as compared to anaerobic
digestion of the food waste or the piggery wastewater alone. The
organic loading rate (OLR) was xed at 6.35 g COD/L day except
for anaerobic digestion of the piggery wastewater, the OLR of
which was 4.71 g COD/L day due to its energy depleted feature.
The OLR in terms of VS were 2.65, 4.79, 4.86 and 4.36 g VS/L day
for EX1-1, EX1-2, EX1-3 and EX1-4 (Table 1), respectively. For all
cases, the HRT was set at 20 days. When the food waste was used
as a sole substrate, the methane production rate decreased pro-
gressively from 1.35 L CH4/L day on Day 18 to zero on Day 35,
and the steady state was not reached during 47 days of operation.
Concurrently, the total concentrations of VFA increased up to
18,000 mg/L, by which pH decreased from pH 7.2 on Day 18 to
pH 4.4 on Day 47. Interestingly, it was found that propionic
acid rstly appeared as the main component among the total
5052
100
90
Metal element distribution (%)
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Na Mg
Fig. 1. The distribution of metals in the solid and the liquid fractions of piggery wastewater.
accumulated VFAs. For example, when total VFA concentration was
9 804 mg/L (on Day 32 for anaerobic digestion of food waste only
in Fig. 2C), the concentrations of acetic acid, propionic acid, n-
butyric acid, iso-butyric acid, n-valeric acid and iso-valeric acid
were 548, 5247, 336, 488, 1077 and 2108 mg/L, respectively. These
results indicated that the acetogenesis might be a limiting step in
anaerobic digestion of food waste only. In addition, the unstable
process performances were also observed in anaerobic digestion
of the food waste alone even at a reduced OLR (4.3 g COD/L day)
and a longer HRT (30 days) (data not shown). El-Mashad et al.
(2008) also found that the single stage digester treating food waste
was not stable at a OLR (organic loading rate) of 4.0 g VS/L day or
even at a reduced OLR of 2.0 g VS/L day, as indicated by a low bio-
gas production rate, high concentrations of volatile fatty acid (VFA)
and pH drop. Similarly, Climenhaga and Banks (2008) and Banks
et al. (2011) also found that the residual concentrations of VFAs
were high (about 15 g/L), indicating that energy loss was signi-
cant. Lee et al. (1999) and Cho et al. (1995) reached a similar con-
clusion in that the single-stage anaerobic digestion was very
difcult for the easily degradable Korean food waste.
Although the stable performance was obtained during the oper-
ating period, anaerobic digestion of the piggery wastewater alone
showed a lower methane yield (187 mL CH4/g VSadded) than two
co-digestion trials (358 mL CH4/g VSadded for 7% PW/93% FW,
388 mL CH4/g VSadded for 17% PW/83% FW). The low methane yield
from piggery wastewater only was similar to that obtained from
the bench scale anaerobic reactor. It was attributed to the inherent
low BMP of the piggery wastewater (242.3 mL CH4/g VSadded) as
compared to that of the food waste (479.5 mL CH4/g VSadded) (Table
2). Another reason might be ascribed to the ammonia inhibition,
since a large proportion of ammonium nitrogen existed as free
ammonia at high pH values (pH 8.58.8).
Compared to the failure of methane production from the food
waste only after the operating period of 35 days, the methane pro-
duction from the co-digestion reactors were much higher and sta-
ble. The increasing percentage of the piggery wastewater greatly
improved the system performance and stability as indicated by
the high methane yield, low efuent VFA level and stable pH value
throughout the experimental period. By contrast, anaerobic co-
digestion with the lower mixing ratio (7% PW and 93% FW based
on COD) showed less stable prole as indicated by the reduced
methane production rate and chronic VFA accumulation in the late
stage (Day 3045).
L. Zhang et al. / Bioresource Technology 102 (2011) 50485059
Liquid fraction
Solid fraction
Al K Ca Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Mo Ag Cd
Metal element
In summary, the co-digestion results demonstrated that it was
possible to obtain stable and active single-stage anaerobic diges-
tion of the food waste by co-digesting with a small amount of
the piggery wastewater (17% organic strength on COD basis). On
the side of the piggery wastewater, the food waste in co-digestion
process greatly increased the volumetric methane productivity as
compared to anaerobic digestion of the piggery wastewater alone.
These results suggested that some factors were limiting in the food
waste, and this limitation was corrected by providing essential fac-
tors from the piggery wastewater via co-digestion strategy.
3.4.2. Anaerobic co-digestion of food waste with solid and liquid
fractions of piggery wastewater (Experiment 2)
(Fig. 2) clearly showed that the piggery wastewater addition at
a moderate ratio improved anaerobic digestion of the food waste.
However, it was still not clear what factors of the piggery wastewa-
ter were responsible for improving process performance of the co-
digestion. As mentioned above, the liquid fraction and the solid
fraction of the piggery wastewater obtained by centrifugation
showed quite different characteristics. For example, large parts of
alkalinity, nitrogen sources, and soluble organic materials were in-
cluded in the liquid fraction. By contrast, the solid fraction con-
tained more trace elements (Fig. 1). In order to identify the
effective factors of the piggery wastewater that increased the
methane production rate, the food waste was co-digested with
the different fractions of the piggery wastewater (whole piggery
wastewater, liquid fraction and solid fraction). For avoiding the ef-
fect of different organic loading rates (OLR), the strength of feeding
substrates was adjusted to the same level (6.35 g COD/L day), 83%
of which was contributed by the food waste and the other by the
fractionated piggery wastewater or whole piggery wastewater.
Figs. 3 and 4 show the process performance during semi-
continuous anaerobic co-digestion of the food waste with the dif-
ferent fractions of the piggery wastewater. As shown in Fig. 2,
the anaerobic digestion of the food waste only became unstable
after 40 days, and the co-digestion of the food waste with the
whole piggery wastewater showed a very stable performance until
68 days of incubation. When the food waste was co-digested with
the liquid fraction of the piggery wastewater, the process perfor-
mance was unstable during 60 days of operation as demonstrated
by the declining methane production rate (from 1.5 L CH4/L day to
zero), lower pH value (pH 5.2), high residual soluble COD level
(46,000 mg/L) and high total VFA level (about 20,000 mg/L) in the
 L. Zhang et al. / Bioresource Technology 102 (2011) 50485059 5053

A 2.00

CH4 production rate (L/L.day)

1.75

1.50

1.25

1.00

0.75

0.50

0.25

0.00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

B 9.5
9.0
8.5
8.0
7.5
pH value

7.0
6.5
100% PW
6.0
100% FW
5.5 7% PW + 93% FW
5.0 17% PW + 83% FW

4.5
4.0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
C 20000
Total VFA concentration (mg/L)

18000
16000
14000
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Operating time (day)

Fig. 2. Performance of anaerobic co-digestion of the food waste (FW) and the piggery wastewater (PW) at two mixing ratios (7% PW + 93% FW; 17% PW + 83% FW on COD
basis) as compared to anaerobic digestion of the food waste and the piggery wastewater only. The OLR was adjusted to be 6.35 g COD/L day by adding distilled water (DW)
except for anaerobic digestion of piggery wastewater alone, for which the OLR was 4.71 g COD/L day.

efuent. Interestingly, when the food waste was co-digested with
the solid fraction of the piggery wastewater, a superior perfor-
mance was obtained as anaerobic co-digestion with the whole pig-
gery wastewater in terms of the high methane production rate
(about 1.5 L CH4/L day), low residual soluble COD and no VFA accu-
mulation (Figs. 3 and 4). The constant pH (pH 7.47.6) suggested
that extraneously added buffering agents were not necessary
because robust methanogenesis consumed VFA and produced
enough alkalinity.
Addition of buffering agents and pH control are often adopted
strategies to prevent the failure of anaerobic digestion accompa-
nied by VFA accumulation. We had also attempted the pH control
by adding lime, NaOH or NaHCO3 for anaerobic digestion of the
food waste alone. But the steady state was not be achieved, as
5054 L. Zhang et al. / Bioresource Technology 102 (2011) 50485059

A 2.25

CH4 production rate (L/L.day)

2.00

1.75

1.50

1.25

1.00

0.75

0.50

0.25

0.00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70

B 70

60

50
CH4 content (%)

40

30
100% FW
83% FW + 17% Whole PW
20 83% FW + 17% PW liquid fraction
83% FW + 17% PW solid fraction
10

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70

C 8.0

7.5

7.0

6.5
pH value

6.0

5.5

5.0

4.5

4.0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70
Operating time (day)

Fig. 3. Performance of anaerobic co-digestion of the food waste (FW) with different fractions of the piggery wastewater (PW) obtained by centrifugation. The organic loading
rate (OLR) was set at 6.35 g COD/L day. The mixing percentages were based on COD.

indicated by the methane production rate progressively decreased
after about two HRTs, even when pH values were remained in the
optimum range (pH 6.87.5) (data not shown). Therefore, it was
believed that the accumulation of VFA was mainly due to the slow
biomass synthesis and reduced metabolic activities of the metha-
nogenic microorganisms. Similarly, Kayhanian and Rich (1995)
also found that the addition of alkalinity was ineffective for anaer-
obic digestion of the biodegradable organic fraction of MSW. Crea-
mer et al. (2010) also observed that anaerobic digestion of
dissolved air otation (DAF) sludge under conditions of HRT of
10 days and OLR of 5.24 g VS/L day was highly unstable, character-
ized by rapid and irreversible pH drop. Attempts were made to buf-
fer the digester with lime but stable operation was still difcult to
obtain. These results suggested that there must be reasons other
 L. Zhang et al. / Bioresource Technology 102 (2011) 50485059 5055

A
50000
45000 100% FW
83% FW + 17% Whole PW
40000

Soluble COD (mg/L)

83% FW + 17% PW liquid fraction
35000 83% FW + 17% PW solid fraction

30000
25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70

B
25000
Total VFA concentration (mg/L)

22500
20000
17500
15000
12500
10000
7500
5000
2500
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70

C
4000
Ammonia-N concentration (mg/L)

3500

3000

2500

2000

1500

1000

500

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70
Operating time (day)

Fig. 4. Proles of soluble COD, total VFA and ammonia nitrogen in anaerobic co-digestion of the food waste (FW) with the different fractions of the piggery wastewater (PW)
obtained by centrifugation at the identical organic loading rate (6.35 g COD/L day). The mixing percentages were based on COD.

than the buffering agents introduced from the piggery wastewater
to increase the process stability of anaerobic digestion of the food
waste alone.
C/N ratio and ammonia level were another important issues in
anaerobic digestion of animal manure and other organic wastes
(Hansen et al., 1998, 1999; Romano and Zhang, 2008; Wu et al.,
2010). The high C/N ratio might result in the nitrogen deciency,
and the low C/N ratio could lead to ammonia inhibition. Fig. 4C
shows the ammonia prole during anaerobic co-digestion of the
food waste with the different fractions of the piggery wastewater
and anaerobic digestion of the food waste only. Due to the lower
C/N ratio (4.8) of the piggery wastewater as compared to the food
5056 L. Zhang et al. / Bioresource Technology 102 (2011) 50485059
waste (13.2), co-digestion of the food waste with the piggery
wastewater resulted in a higher ammonia level than anaerobic
digestion of the food waste only. Since most nitrogen was con-
tained in the liquid fraction of the piggery wastewater (data not
shown), co-digestion of the food waste and the liquid fraction
showed the highest ammonia level at steady state (2000
3000 mg/L ammonia-N). In contrast, co-digestion of food waste
with the solid fraction of piggery wastewater showed a lower
ammonia concentration (10001500 mg/L ammonia-N), which
was quite similar to anaerobic digestion of the food waste only.
Ammonia level in the anaerobic digestate of the food waste fell
in the optimum range for anaerobic digestion (Zhang and Jahng,
2010). The C/N value of the food waste (13.2) also suggested that
the nitrogen content was close to the optimum range (1530).
Since anaerobic co-digestion of the food waste with the solid frac-
tion of the piggery wastewater showed superior performance as
compared to the failure of the anaerobic digestion of the food
waste only, it was likely that the improvement of anaerobic diges-
tion of the food waste by co-digestion with the piggery wastewater
was not due to the introduction of extra nitrogen sources from the
piggery wastewater.
These results indicated that other substances must be contained
exclusively in the solid fraction of the piggery wastewater. From
Fig. 1, it was noticed that the solid fraction of the piggery wastewa-
ter contained much higher concentrations of trace elements than
the liquid fraction. Furthermore, the food waste contained lesser
trace elements (Table 3). Considering previous reports supporting
that the trace element supplementation enhanced anaerobic diges-
tion of various substrates, as in the anaerobic digestion of a grass-
clover silage by adding cobalt (Co) (Jarvis et al., 1997), Napiergrass
by adding nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), molybdenum (Mo), selenium (Se)
and sulfur (S) (Wilkie et al., 1986), and a thin stillage from corn
grain ethanol process by adding cobalt (Co) (Agler et al., 2008), it
seemed that the trace elements introduced from whole or the solid
fraction of the piggery wastewater reversed the trace element de-
ciency of the food waste.
3.4.3. Effects of trace elements supplementation on a long-term
anaerobic digestion of the food waste (Experiment 3)
As mentioned above, the trace elements supplied from the pig-
gery wastewater seemed to increase the process stability of anaer-
obic digestion of the food waste. In order to prove this speculation,
a trace element solution instead of the piggery wastewater was
added to the food waste, and anaerobic digestion was carried out
for a prolonged period (188 days). The trace element solution
was designed to contain cobalt (Co), molybdenum (Mo), nickel
(Ni) and ion (Fe), since these elements were considered to enhance
the performance of anaerobic digestion of different substrates
(Agler et al., 2008; Jarvis et al., 1997; Murray and van den Berg,
1981; Wilkie et al., 1986; Williams et al., 1986; Zitomer et al.,
2008). In addition, these elements were found to be rich in the
piggery wastewater but signicantly poor in the food waste (Table 3).
Two runs of co-digestion of the food waste with the whole pig-
gery wastewater (EX2-2) and the solid fraction of the piggery
wastewater (EX2-4) in Experiment 2 were continued until 92 days
for Experiment 3, and named as Run 1 and Run 2, respectively.
During Day 067, the excellent performances were observed in
both digesters, which had already been reported in Figs. 3 and 4.
However, due to irregular feeding during Day 6874, the process
upsets occurred as indicated by the VFA accumulation and an in-
creased SCOD (soluble chemical oxygen demand) level. In order
to avoid the process failure, the feeding schedule was changed to
every other day on Day 93, and correspondingly the HRT increased
from 20 to 40 days. At that time point (on Day 93), the feeding sub-
strate for Run 2 was also changed to the mixture of the food waste
and the whole piggery wastewater as Run 1. After two more
months of operation, the two co-digestion processes were stabi-
lized with similar performances. On Day 156, the HRT was changed
to 30 days by daily feeding and withdrawing. The digesters contin-
ued their stable performance after the change of HRT. The results of
co-digestion of the food waste and the piggery wastewater (Day 0
161) indicated that it was possible to achieve stable continuous
operations under varying conditions of HRT and OLR.
From Day 162, the feeding substrate of both digesters (Run 1
and 2) was changed to the food waste only. Run 1 was served as
the control without trace element addition during the remaining
operation period. In order to evaluate the effect of adding trace ele-
ments on the anaerobic digestion of the food waste only, 0.67 mL
of the trace element stock solution was supplemented daily to
Run 2 for 3 times during Day 180182, to obtain the desired trace
element levels in the digestate (2.0 mg/L of Co2+, 5.0 mg/L of Mo2+,
10 mg/L of Ni2+, 100 mg/L of Fe3+). In the remaining operation per-
iod, 0.67 mL of the trace element stock solution was added every
612 days. The concentrations of added trace elements in the di-
gester were supposed to be 2.0 mg Co2+/L, 5.0 mg Mo2+/L, 10 mg
Ni2+/L, and 100 mg Fe3+/L, assuming no volume change.
As shown in Fig. 5, after about 20 days of feeding the food waste
without the piggery wastewater from Day 163, the methane pro-
duction rate of Run 1 progressively decreased from 1.3 L CH4/L day
to zero on Day 209. During this period, pH decreased from pH 7.5
to 5.2 on Day 220. These results were in agreement with the anaer-
obic digestion of the food waste alone in Figs. 2 and 3, and con-
rmed that it was infeasible to anaerobically digest the food
waste in a single stage reactor even at the conditions of a reduced
OLR (4.3 g COD/L day) and an increased HRT (30 days). By contrast,
Run 2 which was fed with the trace element solution from Day 180
showed a very stable methane production throughout the remain-
ing experimental period (Day 180367). The methane content
slightly decreased from 60% to 52%, which might be due to the high
carbohydrate content of the food waste (Table 2). The pH main-
tained constant between pH 7.4 and 7.6 without alkali addition.
This result again conrmed that the buffering capacity introduced
from the piggery wastewater was not the contributing factor for
enhancing anaerobic digestion of the food waste only.
Fig. 6 shows the organic proles of Run 1 and Run 2. In Run 1,
after 20 days of feeding the food waste only, concomitantly with
the declining methane production rate, the rapid accumulation
of soluble COD and total VFA, the increased levels of TS, VS and
VS/TS ratio were observed. These results indicated that the metab-
olism on organic materials was seriously affected in anaerobic
digestion of the food waste only. By contrast, in Run 2, the supple-
mentation of the trace elements resulted in superior performances
in terms of higher TS and VS destruction, lower residual concentra-
tions of soluble COD and negligible VFA level. In Run 2, the residual
soluble COD gradually decreased from around 10,000 to about
3000 mg/L, and the total VFA level also quickly decreased from
2000 to lower than 100 mg/L after starting feeding of the trace
element solution. Although the VFA concentration increased when
the HRT decreased from 30 to 20 days, it was mainly due to the
increased OLR. After subsequent 30 days of continuous operation,
the VFA level was stabilized at 300400 mg/L. The second VFA
accumulation in Run 2 between Day 317 and 360 was due to the
temperature control problem (temperature unexpectedly jumped
from 37 to 55 C for about 12 h). After correcting the temperature
problem, the VFA concentration was gradually decreased and sta-
bilized at a low level.
The steady state performance data of anaerobic digestion of food
waste with trace element addition were summarized in Table 4
together with two relevant studies (Banks et al., 2011); Zhang
et al. 2007). The methane content (52%) in this study was lower
than others (73.14% and 62.6%), which might be due to the
acidication of food waste before feeding. The methane yield was
 L. Zhang et al. / Bioresource Technology 102 (2011) 50485059 5057

Fig. 5. Methane production rate, methane yield and pH prole during a long-term operation under varying conditions (HRT, OLR and type of feedstock). On Day 162, the
feeding material for both Run 1 and 2 was changed to the food waste without the piggery wastewater. Arrows (;) indicate the addition time points of the trace element
solution for Run 2.

comparable with that of Banks et al. (2011), and high VS destruc-
tion rate (75.6%) was achieved. The volumetric methane productiv-
ity of this study was much higher than that of Banks et al. (2011)
(1.34 vs 1.00 L/L day), indicating that the economic feasibility could
be improved. Interestingly, the total VFA concentration of the
efuent of this study was signicantly lower than that of Banks
et al. (2011), suggesting that the trace elements played an essential
role in VFA metabolism.
In short, the results indicated that the food waste was decient
in some trace elements required for robust and stable anaerobic
5058 L. Zhang et al. / Bioresource Technology 102 (2011) 50485059

Fig. 6. Organic proles (total solid/volatile solid, soluble COD and total VFA) during a long-term operation under varying conditions (HRT, OLR and type of feedstock). On Day
162, the feeding material for both Run 1 and 2 was changed to the food waste without the piggery wastewater. Arrows (;) indicate the addition time points of the trace
element solution for Run 2.

digestion. Anaerobic digestion of the food waste supplemented
with the trace element-rich piggery wastewater or synthetic trace
elements resulted in the signicantly improved biogas production
rate and the enhanced process stability.
4. Conclusions
This study showed that anaerobic digestion of the food waste
alone in a single stage reactor was not feasible under examined
conditions even with pH control. By contrast, co-digestion of
the food waste with the piggery wastewater showed a high meth-
ane production rate without VFA accumulation. By adding a trace
element solution instead of the piggery wastewater to the food
waste, a superior performance was reproduced in terms of the
high methane yield and no VFA accumulation. From these results,
it was suggested that trace elements supplemented from the pig-
gery wastewater was the key factors enhancing co-digestion
performances.
 L. Zhang et al. / Bioresource Technology 102 (2011) 50485059 5059

Table 4 El-Mashad, H.M., McGarvey, J.A., Zhang, R., 2008. Performance and microbial
The performance of anaerobic digestion of food waste only in this study as compared analysis of anaerobic digesters treating food waste and dairy manure. Biol. Eng.
with literature report. 1, 233242.
Han, S.-K., Shin, H.-S., 2004. Biohydrogen production by anaerobic fermentation of
Item Zhang et al. (2007) Banks et al. (2011) This study food waste. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 29, 569577.
Hansen, K., Angelidaki, I., Ahring, B., 1998. Anaerobic digestion of swine manure:
Source of food waste Source separated Source segregated Restaurant
inhibition by ammonia. Water Res. 32, 512.
food waste domestic food waste Hansen, K., Angelidaki, I., Ahring, B., 1999. Improving thermophilic anaerobic
Type of reactor Batch CSTR CSTR digestion of swine manure. Water Res. 33, 18051810.
HRT (day) 28 80 20 Heo, N., Park, S., Lee, J., Kang, H., Park, D., 2003. Single-stage anaerobic codigestion
pH value 7.57 8.13 7.37 for mixture wastes of simulated Korean food waste and waste activated sludge.
Total VFA 15,000 1279 Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 107, 567579.
concentration Jarvis, ., Nordberg, ., Jarlsvik, T., Mathisen, B., Svensson, B.H., 1997. Improvement
(mg/L) of a grass-clover silage-fed biogas process by the addition of cobalt. Biomass
Methane content (%) 73.14 62.6 52 Bioenergy 12, 453460.
Methane yield 440 402 396 Kayhanian, M., Rich, D., 1995. Pilot-scale high solids thermophilic anaerobic
(mL/g VSadded) digestion of municipal solid waste with an emphasis on nutrient
Methane 1.00 1.34 requirements. Biomass Bioenergy 8, 433444.
Kelley, T.R., Walker, P.M., 2000. Bacterial concentration reduction in swine waste
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Lee, J., Lee, J., Park, S., 1999. Two-phase methanization of food wastes in pilot scale.
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