Professional Documents
Culture Documents
H NI - 2015
2
M U
I-L do chn ti
-Sn du l cht liu c tnh biu t cao . y l cht liu c c tnh bn, do, t
i mu sau khi kh, c che ph cao v v chng c nhiu lp. Ngoi ra,
y cn l cht liu rt thch hp cho vic v trc tip v biu t cht nn cht
liu ny c s dng ph bin trong nghin cu hnh ha.
Tuy nhin, khc vi cc cht liu truyn thng nh sn mi, la, mc nho, sn
du mi c du nhp vo nc ta u th k 19. Do qu trnh tip cn vi cht
liu ny rt ngn ngi nn vic tng hp v nghin cu v sn du trong nc
cn hn ch. Vic p dng kh nng biu t ca cht liu sn du trong hnh ha
rt quan trng, tuy nhin cha c c nhn no la chn tm hiu v vn ny.
Ngoi ra cun sch Portrait and figure painting ca Frank Fowler tm dch l
V chn dung v hnh ha c vit rt y v chi tit v cc k thut v
sn du trong hnh ha nghin cu.Cun Alla Prima-Everything I know about
painting ca Richard Schmid tm dch l Nhng g ti bit v vic v sn i
su nghin cu v k thut v t trn t ca sn du. y l nhng ti liu c
gi tr tham kho ln, gip ch rt nhiu cho vic m rng kin thc v sn du.
du m ch trng nhiu vo phng php bng cht liu ny. Nh vy, vic
nghin cu v cht liu ny vn cn c cc nh nghin cu v xut bn quan
tm hn na trong thi im hin ti.
-Phm vi:
IV- Mc ch nghin cu
- Phng php thc nghim: tng hp, a ra cc kin thc, kinh nghim trong
vic biu t cht liu sn du thng qua qu trnh thc hnh.
VI- ng gp khoa hc ca ti
5
ti c mt s ng gp nh sau:
VII-Kt cu ca ti
NI DUNG
Vdict.com]
c tnh ca sn du:
-Kh nng to cht cao: to nhiu cht liu khc nhau v s dng c
nhiu cng c khc nhau nh bt lng, bay, cn bt- bt php. Sn du c
kh nng chng lp, rt thch hp cho vic to cht v hiu ng trong bi v
hoc tc phm.
Trong thc t, nhiu sinh vin khi thc hin phng php v ny khng
ng cch s gp phi cc vn nh hin tng lp sn b nt v .V vy,
ngi v cn ch nht n vic gi cho cc lp sn c gin n ph hp.
Nu gin n gia cc lp khng u, tranh s c hin tng nt v. trnh
c hin tng nu trn, ngi v cn c kin thc v c tnh ca cht pha
sn du v cc dung mi lm long sn. Hin tng ny xy ra nu lp sn pha
trn kh nhng lp sn pha di vn cn t, gy rn nt lp pha trn.
(marked)
14
Ngun nh:
http://www.sanders-studios.com/instruction/tutorials/writings/sanders/fatoverlean/avoidcracks.html
2.1.3.K thut vn
Khi thc hin k thut ny, ngi v phi tun theo mt quy trnh
dummies. Quy trnh bt u vi mu sn du c trong v lm kh lng mu
ny bng cch cho thm thu cht du bng mt ming giy lt/t pha di
thng kh sau khong 2 ting. Chuyn lp mu kh ny vo palette/bng
pha mu v trn vi du lng to nn mt dung dch/hn hp mi snh va
qunh c. Cui cng, hn hp mu mi c v mng ln mt sn kh
bng bt lng u mm.
Phng php thi phc hng: phc tp, i hi kin thc rng. Tuy
nhin, trong thi im hin i, cc ha s sng to ra nhng phng php n
gin hn sao cho ph hp vi iu kin v.
a/ Bt lng hay c v:
Lng c gm c hai loi, lng t nhin v lng tng hp. Loi lng tng
hp c gi thnh r tuy nhin gi tr s dng thp v khng thch hp vi cht
18
-Lng chn gm hai loi lng chn v lng chn en. y l loi bt
mm v do nn thng em li hiu qu nhn, mn cho lp sn khi v. Loi
bt ny rt thch hp cho vic v t trn t, v lng v x l cc chi tit trong
tranh. Tuy nhin bt v lm t lng chn rt t tin v mau mn nn loi bt
ny khng c x dng rng ri nh cc loi bt khc.
2/ Bay
Bay gm hai loi chnh l bay dng v v bay dng pha mu. Loi
bay pha mu (palette knives) thng di hn v c u trn, thch hp vi vic
pha trn mu. Bay dng v li c u nhn v kch thc nh hn phc
v cho vic p lp mu dy ln tranh/biu t tranh. y cng l loi dao s
20
-R hoc khn giy: c s dng din t tia sng hoc khe sng trong
khng gian bng cch lau nh lp mu khu vc cn din t theo mt hng
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nht nh. y l loi dng c c s dng rt nhiu trong vic lau hoc sa
cc li trong tranh.
22
TIU KT
Mc d bi cnh l kin thc mang tnh nng cao v thin v sng tc,
sinh vin vn cn hiu v nm vng c cc kin thc cn thit trong vic xy
dng bi cnh. Chnh v vy, trong cc tit hc hnh ha nghin cu, cc sinh
vin c hc v lm quen vi vic to dng bi cnh ca tranh thng qua
vic quan st v chn lc vt trong tranh trong qu trnh by mu v. Cc
ging vin cng thng gip sinh vin nh hng v cm nhn c bi cnh
trong bi qua cch sp t mu v.
-Hnh khi
Trong hi ha v nhip nh, hnh khi trong khng gian 3 chiu thc t
c th c ti hin li qua khng gian 2 chiu l mt phng tranh hoc giy in.
Trong hnh ha nghin cu, hnh khi c th c biu t qua cc yu t ng
nt, mng ming m nht, mu sc. Trong mt s trng hp cc yu t
ng nt, mu sc song song vi hnh khi?. (c th b) ti ny s
tp trung phn tch v nghin cu v hnh khi v cch th hin hnh khi thng
qua cc yu t trn.
-B cc khng gian
Trong hnh ha nghin cu, khng gian khp kn ca phng hoc xng
v thng c chn la trong chng trnh hc. L do ca iu ny nm s
ph hp v tin li ca khng gian kn i vi vic rn luyn k nng cho hc
vin. Khng gian trong nh c c im l ngun sng thng c nh. Hai loi
ngun sng c s dng trong khng gian ny l ngun sng t nhin v
ngun sng nhn to. Ngun sng t nhin trong phng kn c c t ca s
ca phng cn ngun sn nhn to c ly t n in. Bi nh sng t nhin
trong phng c c nh ca s c nh nn ngun sng ny t b dch chuyn
v thay i. Cc lp cnh ca khng gian trong nh thng c khong cch rt
gn nhau. Khng gian trong nh li c gii hn bi tng, v vy loi khng
gian ny nng v d th hin hn so vi khng gian ngoi tri. Trong mt s
trng hp, khng gian c th c nhiu ngun sng nh phng v c th c
nhiu n hoc nhiu ca s cc hng khc nhau. Tuy nhin trng hp ny
t xy ra v ngi v thng ch ng chn ra mt ngun sn c nh ph
hp vi vic v. Khi v trong phng kn, vic xy dng v sp xp bi cnh
cng d dng hn.
S khc nhau ln nht gia khng gian trong nh v khng gian ngoi
tri chnh l ngun sng v lp cnh. Nh cp trn, ngun sng trong
khng gian ngoi tri l ngun sng khng c nh, tri ngc vi ngun sng
trong nh. Khong cch gia cc lp cnh trong khng gian kn gn hn so vi
khng gian ngoi tri. ng thi, ht? Ca khng gian m cng s mnh
hn so vi khng gian trong phng kn. Khng gian ngoi tri chu nh hng
mnh m hn bi yu t thi tit nn cc c im nh tng phn v nh
32
-K thut vn ta
2.3 Kh nng biu t tng quan gia cc cht (ch bn lun v ngi chu )
biu t thnh cng tng quan cht liu trong mt bi hnh ha, sinh
vin cn nm bt c cc c im c bn nht ca cht da ngi. Ty theo
iu kin sng ca tng a phng sng v chng tc? m mi c nhn li c
nhng c im ring bit v cht ngi. Da theo cc c im chung m ta c
th phn loi da ngi? theo mu sc v cht cm? ca da?
+Cht liu vi: l cht hiu c din t nhiu nht trong hnh ha
nghin cu. Cc hc vin thng xuyn phi din t cc cht liu ny v qun
o, vi lt, phng nn Vi thng c nhiu cht liu vi khc nhau nh sn
si, m mn, bng xp? ... Ty theo tng loi da khc nhau m ngi v c th
la chn cc loi vi lt thch hp. V d nh da mn mng thng ni bt hn
vi cht liu vi th sn, cn da th rp li thch hp khi t trong cht liu vi
trn mn.
36
+Cht liu g: y cng l cht liu xut hin ph bin trong hnh
ha tnh vt cng nh hnh ha ngi. V d nh mt bc tranh tnh vt hay
hnh ha ngi khng th thiu c nhng vt lm bng g t gh, bn k,
sn nh Cht liu ca gh thng th sn v c cc ng vn nn cht liu
ny c hiu qu trang tr rt cao. Cht da ngi c bit l loi da trn bng rt
thch hp khi c t trong cht liu ny
Trong hnh ha nghin cu, cht liu da ngi thng l i tng trng
tm? ca tranh. Chnh v vy cht liu ca cc i tng xung quanh nhn vt
ch mang tnh cht h tr cho cht liu ca da ngi. Ngi v cn biu t cht
cm ca da sao cho ngi xem phi thy r y l i tng trng tm ca
tranh. ng thi, tng quan tng th v cht liu trong tranh cn phi c s a
dng, to ra sc hp dn i vi th gic ca con ngi.
+Cht liu thch cao hoc xi mng ca tng nh: l cht liu c
c tnh xp v a dng v sc . Cc k thut t cht c dng ph bin cho
cht liu ny bao gm k thut v bng nht bt kh, v bng nht bt dy mu,
k thut v bng bt xp Ty theo cc cht liu khc nhau ca b mt tng
nh bng, xp, th sn m ngi v chn lc cho mnh k thut to cht thch
hp
+Cht liu thy tinh v nha trong: theo li v ph bin hin nay,
cht liu thy tinh c th hin qua k thut v kh nhiu lp thng thng.
Tuy nhin, cht liu ny c th c th hin mt cch nhanh chng v tin li
qua k thut v lng. Ngi v bt u vi vic dng? cc ng nt bao quanh
vt th bng mu sc sng, sau s dng mt lp mu pha long vi du lanh
ph ln v tr ca i tng. Lp mu trong ny s c tc dng lm m
khng gian nn pha sau nhng vn gi c trong xut? ca thu tinh, gip
39
phn nh c c tnh trong v xuyn thu ca cht liu ny. Ngoi ra, ngi
v cng c th to hiu ng m c ca thy tinh bng k thut to cht qua
khn vi. Bng ph mt lp sn mng v dng khn lau nh lp sn ny, ta c
th din t c lp khng gian m pha sau ca vt th m vn to c b/
dy ca cht liu thy tinh?
-iu kin anh sng: nh sng trong khng gian c tc ng trc tip n
khi. Ty theo v tr ca ngun sng m hnh khi c m nht khc nhau?
Theo cun sch Lut xa gn ca tc gi Phm Cng Thnh (tr346), c ba iu
kin chiu sng chnh l trng hp chiu sng trc tip, trng hp xp bng
v trng hp chiu sng vung gc. Trong iu kin nh sng trc tip, (tng
quan?) hnh khi s tr nn rt r rang do vt th c tng phn cao v m
nht. Trong trng hp ny, bng ca vt s nm hng ngc li/i
din? vi ngun sng v hnh khi ca vt s tr nn ni bt trn khng gian
nn m pha sau. Ngc li, khi i tng v b xp bng, vt th s c sc
m tng phn vi nn sng pha sau. Lc ny, cc gc cnh khc nhau ca
hnh khi s khng cn r rang v ngi xem ch c th thy r phn hnh ca
vt th trong tranh. i vi nh sng vung gc vi vt, khu vc khi tip xc
40
2.4.2 Biu t hnh khi thng qua ng nt, mng ming, m nht v
mu sc
nhn. im nhn chnh l khu vc quan trng nht cn c nhn mnh trong
tranh. N tc dng hng mt ngi xem n khu vc trung tm ca tranh
th hin ni dung tranh cng nh mun th hin ca tc gi. to c
im nhn trong tranh, ngi v phi to c s ni bt cho khu vc ? im
nhn trong tranh c th c to ra qua cc yu t to hnh nh ng nt, m
nht, mu sc... Mt phng php tiu biu l to im nhn qua s khc bit v
ng hng gia vng trung tm ca tranh vi cc khu vc khc. Mt cch
khc l sp xp cc i tng trong tranh sao cho ng hng chng u c
tc dng hng mt ngi xem n i tng trng tm ca tranh. Ngoi
ra, ta c th to ra s ni bt cho khu vc trung tm qua s tng phn v m
nht trong tranh. V d nh ta c th nhn mnh i tng bng cch lm cho
vt th c sc m hn so vi sc chung ca nn. Ta cng c th to s
ch ca ngi xem vo mt khu vc no thng qua mu sc. thc hin
iu , i tng trng tm ca tranh phi c sc thi khc bit hoc tng
phn vi ha sc chung, v d: ?s vt c sc tnh nng s tr nn ni bt khi
t trong mt ha sc lnh. Ta cng c th to ra im nhn thng qua s thay
i v cht trong tranh. Mt i tng c cht liu th sn lun tr nn ni bt
hn nu c t trn mt mt phng trn mn v bng.
TIU KT
Ngun:
http://www.academicart.com/Ilya_students_painting.htm
66
Ngun:http://www.soseul.pe.kr/xe/index.php?
mid=Aura&document_srl=96697&listStyle=viewer&page=33
68
Ngun:http://www.soseul.pe.kr/xe/index.php?
mid=Aura&document_srl=96697&listStyle=viewer&page=33
69
Ngun:http://www.soseul.pe.kr/xe/index.php?
mid=Aura&document_srl=96697&listStyle=viewer&page=33
70
Ngun:http://www.soseul.pe.kr/xe/index.php?
mid=Aura&document_srl=96697&listStyle=viewer&page=33
71
Bc v chn dung bng than ch ca hc sinh trng Trung hc Webster Thomas Hoa K
Ngun: https://cias.rit.edu/faculty-staff/104/student/652
to bc m vng chc cho sinh vin trc khi theo hc trong cc trng Cao
ng hoc i hc. Yu cu dnh cho sinh vin theo hc cc hc vin bc Cao
ng hoc i hc nc ngoi cng rt cao. Chng trnh hc bc c nhn ti
cc hc vin ny thng ko di t ba n bn nm. Trong , hnh ha nghin
cu l b mn c ging dy xuyn sut trong thi gian hc tp ca sinh vin.
TIU KT
Ch khi sinh vin tri qua mt qu trnh lm vic thc t, cc kin thc
v kh nng biu t cht liu mi thc s c nghaCui cng, sinh vin phi
a c ci ti ca mnh vo trong bi hnh ha, phi tm cho bn thn cch
77
3. Gia Bo. 2006. Cc bi v tranh kha than mu. s.l. : Nxb M thut,
2006.
9. Phm Cng Thnh. 2012. Lut xa gn. s.l. : Nxb M thut, 2012.
10. Phm Khi. 2003. Hi ha ton th. s.l. : Nxb M thut, 2003.
11. Phm Th Chnh. 2012. Lch s m thut th gii. s.l. : Nxb M thut,
2012.
12. Th Anh dch and David Sanminguel. 2014. Hc v tranh sn du. s.l. :
Nxb M Thut, 2014.
14. Quang Thng. 2013. T in Ting Vit dnh cho hc sinh. Nxb Vn
ha-Thng tin
79
Ti liu nc ngoi
15. Aggy Boshoff. October 30, 2006. Oil-Painting Workshop. s.l. : DK,
October 30, 2006.
16. Anita Hampton, et al. 2002. Oil painting step by step. s.l. : Walter Foster
Publishing .inc, 2002.
17. Anita Marie Giddings. February 5, 2008. Oil Painting For Dummies. s.l. :
For Dummies, February 5, 2008.
19. Frank Fowler. 1894. Portrait and Figure painting. s.l. : The Cassell
Publishing CO, 1894.
21. June 1, 1972. The Human Machine. s.l. : Dover Publications, June 1,
1972.
22. Ian Chilvers. Jun 10, 2004. The Oxford Dictionary of Art. s.l. : Oxford
University Press, Jun 10, 2004.
23. . September 3, 2009. The Oxford Dictionary of Art and Artists. s.l. :
Oxford University Press, September 3, 2009.
24. J.C. Maxwell. 1855. Experiment on colours as perceived by the eye, with
remarks on colour blindness. s.l. : Transaction of the Royal Society of
Edinburgh, 1855.
25. Michel Eugne Chevreul and Charles Martel. 1855. The Principles of
Harmony and Contrast of Colours, and Their Applications to the art. 1855.
26. Pip Seymour. 2003. The artist's handbook. s.l. : Arcturus Publishing Ltd,
2003.
27. Richard Elsam. 1827. The art of painting in oil. s.l. : R. H. Laurie, 1827.
80
28. Richard Schmid. November 1999. Everything I know about painting. s.l. :
Stove Prairie Pr, November 1999.
29. Schmid, Richard. November 1973. Paints the figure: advanced techniques
in oil. s.l. : Watson-Guptill Publications, November 1973.
30. Walter Foster Creative Team. January 1, 2003. The art of oil painting.
s.l. : Walter Foster Publishing, January 1, 2003.
32. http://hvdic.thivien.net/?Value=bi%E1%BB
%83u&PronMode=&Mode=1&Dict=0.
33. http://tratu.soha.vn/dict/vn_vn/Bi%E1%BB%83u_%C4%91%E1%BA
%A1t.
34. http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/drawing.
35. http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/painting.
36. http://www.sanders-
studios.com/instruction/tutorials/writings/sanders/fatoverlean/avoidcracks.html.
37. http://www.vietnamfineart.com.vn/Story/nxbmythuat/2013/7/3480.html.