Delamination is one of the most severe defects
Preparation of Papers for IEEE TRANSACTIONS and
JOURNALS(December2013)
First A. Author, Fellow, IEEE, Second B. Author, and Third C. Author, Jr., Member, IEEE
Abstract A review of the recent developments in the dynamic
analysis for laminated composite plates is presented in this paper.
Hybrid composites are prepared by blending two or more
reinforcement fibres. These are used when properties of different
types of fibres are to be combined. The balance of properties can
thus be achieved. Hybrid composites are advantageous over
traditional composites as they offer higher strength to weight
ratio, improved fatigue life ,cost reduction ,higher corrosion
resistance etc. However structural defects like delamina+tions are
hybrid plates which reduces its strength and stiffness cannot be
avoided. Delamination refers to debonding or separation of
adjacent plies in composite laminates. Delamination reduces the
natural frequency of the composite laminate.Hence it is very
critical to study the vibrational behavior of these structures to
avoid resonance.
Keywords-component; hybrid composites; carbon fibe; glass
fiber;finite element analysis; vibration analysis;delamination;
I. INTRODUCTION
A
composite is defined as a material formed by the
combination of two or more different materials,
which retain their individual properties, to produce a
new material having superior physical and mechanical
properties compared to its constituents. Composite plates have
wide range of applications in various fields. Aerospace
engineering has extensive use of composites in mechanical
parts like aircraft wings, satellites, rotor blades, spacecraft
antenna etc. High strength to weight ratio, less susceptibility to
brittle fractures, corrosion resistance, high impact strength,
higher modulus of elasticity, dimensional stability, low
thermal conductivity and absence of warping phenomenon
make it a better alternative to steel and other alloys. Hybrid
composites are formed by the inclusion of different varieties
of fibers into a specific matrix. The properties of these
composites are the sum of the properties of its individual
constituents. The main advantage of hybrid composites is that
the shortcomings of one fiber are balanced by the advantages
of other; as a result a proper balance between economy and
performance is achieved.
This paragraph of the first footnote will contain the date on which you
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BS123456. The next few paragraphs should contain the authors current
affiliations, including current address and e-mail. For example, F. A. Author is
with the National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305
USA (e-mail: author@ boulder.nist.gov).
S. B. Author, Jr., was with Rice University, Houston, TX 77005 USA. He
is now with the Department of Physics, Colorado State University, Fort
Collins, CO 80523 USA (e-mail: author@lamar.colostate.edu).
T. C. Author is with the Electrical Engineering Department, University of
Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA, on leave from the National Research
Institute for Metals, Tsukuba, Japan (e-mail: author@nrim.go.jp).
associated with composite structures. It may be caused by
imperfections such as air entrapment and insufficient resin
during fabrication, or by impact and fatigue loads during
services. Delamination may lead to the severe degradation of
the mechanical behaviour of structures due to the loss of
structural integrity. It reduces the natural frequency, as a direct
result of the reduction of stiffness, which may cause resonance
if the reduced frequency is close to the working frequency. It
is therefore important to understand the performance of
delaminated composites in a dynamic environment
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
A significant amount of research has been devoted to the
analysis of vibration and dynamics, buckling and failure and
damage analysis of hybrid composites. Here we have
concentrated on research related to Carbon/Glass Epoxy
hybrid composites. We have divided the review in the
following categories:
- Study the literature based on analysis of Glass Epoxy
Composites.
- Study of literature based on analysis Carbon/Glass Epoxy
Composites
- Study of literature based on Vibration analysis of Hybrid
Composites.
Glass Epoxy Composites(GFRP):
Sathishkumar et al (2014)[1] presents a brief overview on
applications of Glass Fibres and their strengths. He also states
the different applications of GFRP, i.e in electronics, aviation
and automobile application etc. Glass fibers are having
excellent properties like high strength, flexibility, stiffness and
resistance to chemical harm. Each type of glass fibers have
unique properties and are used for various applications in the
form of polymer composites. The mechanical, tribological,
thermal, water absorption and vibrational properties of various
glass fiber reinforced polymer composites were reported.
Carbon/Glass Epoxy Composites
Ju et al. (1995) a finite element model to analyse the effect of
delamination size, delamination location and number of
delamination on the vibration characteristic of the delaminated
composites plate using first ordered shear deformation theory
(FSDT). He has presented a variety of examples, including
composite plates with multiple elliptical delaminations. The
numerical results show that the effect of delaminations on the
modal parameters of delaminated composite plates is
dependent not only on the size, the location and the number of
the delaminations but also on the mode number and boundary
conditions. It is found that the decrease in natural frequencies
of a delaminated composite plate have an interesting
relationship with the distribution of modal strain energies.
Murugan et al. (2014) researched on static and dynamic
behaviour of woven fabric glass/carbon hybrid
composites.They have also studied effect of stacking order of
laminates on the physical properties was discussed.
Assarar et al. (2015) evaluated damping characteristics hybrid
carbon flax composite plates. Vibrational behaviour was
studied using beam test and impulse methods. A model for
damping was prepared by using FEM technique to calculate
dispersion energy in each layer.
Abeysingh et al. (2013) investigated the dynamic behaviour of
Hybrid Composite Floor Plate System using experimental and
numerical analysis (FE modelling). Investigations were
conducted by applying the FE model to understand the
dynamic nature of the hybrid plate system and to classify
characteristics that affect acceleration of structure under
service loads.
Kar and Nutt (2011) experimented on bending and fatigue
properties of hybrid composite rods. The rods were made of a
combination of glass and carbon fiber. Examination was done
a macroscopic level to identify failure propagation. Weibull
theory was applied to evaluate the probability of damage.
Naik and Ramasimha (2001) studied the impact response and
damage tolerance properties of glass carbon hybrid composite
plates. Instrumented drop weight impact test apparatus was
used to execute experimental analysis.It is observed that
hybrid composites are less notch sensitive compared to only
carbon or only glass composites.
T D Jagannatha (2015) in this study the inclusion of carbon
fiber mat reinforcement composite significantly enhanced the
ultimate tensile strength, yield strength and peak load of the
composite. the micro hardness and ductility of the hybrid
composite were also found by doing experiments like tensile
test and hardness test as per ASTM standard.
Manders and Bader (1981) reported hybrid effect and
failure strain enhancement of up to 50% for the glass
fiber/carbon fiber/epoxy composite. The failure strain of the
carbon phase increased as the relative proportion of carbon
fiber was decreases and as the carbon fibers were more finely
dispersed.
Wisnom et al (2016), present experimental results which
allow the hybrid effect to be evaluated accurately for thin ply
carbon/epoxyglass/epoxy interlayer hybrid composites. It is
shown that there is an enhancement in strain at failure of up to
20% for very thin plies, but no significant effect for thicker
plies.
Jang et al. (1989) analysed the resistance under impact
loads and energy dispersion under velocity impact loads.
Scanning electron microscope was used to study the changes
at microscopic level.
Carbon/Glass Epoxy Composite with delamination
Dong et al investigated the flexural properties of hybrid
composite by comparing experiment and finite-element
analysis. Their result showed a decrease in flexural modulus
of carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) with an increase in
glass fiber content.
Lee and Kim (1995) experimented on non-linear vibrational
analysis of hybrid composite plates using Langrangian
equation. The influence of stacking sequences, varying aspect
ratios, number of modes, number of layers and elastic
properties on the nonlinear vibration behaviour was
investigated. The results were compared with ABAQUS and
FEM analysis.
Ganesh et al (2016) have employed the equivalent single
layer (ESL) theory with finite element method to describe the
free vibration analysis of delaminated composite plates. Based
on the first order shear deformation theory (FSDT) and finite
element formulation, the work is fully concentrated on the free
vibration analysis of delaminated composite plates. Two types
of boundary conditions which are simply supported (S-S-S-S)
and cantilever type (C-F-F-F) have been analyzed. They have
also calculated the deformation at different places in
composite plate using analytical and computational approach.
They conclude that that the natural frequency of delaminated
plate is decreases due to decrease in stiffness of delaminated
plate. The stiffness degradation of plate is dependent on both
delaminated geometry and delamination positions. It is also
seen that for the higher interface layer of the delaminated plate
i.e. away from the middle surface, the natural frequency is
increases in both the boundary condition.
Experimental as well as finite element modelling study of the
vibration of laminated composites plate with circular
delamination is conducted by Hou and Jeronimidis(). Results
from experimental and modelling study of vibration of GFRP
laminated circular plates show that the resonant frequencies of
low velocity impacted plates are functions of matrix cracking
and the local thickening coupling with interlaminar
delamination. The degradation of material properties induced
by matrix cracking decreases the global stiffness of these
plates. In contrast, changing the geometrical properties of the
structures makes the structures stiffer and increases the
resonant frequencies.
Alnefaie et al., developed a 3D-FE model of delaminated
fiber reinforced composite plates to analyze their dynamics.
Natural frequencies and modal displacements are calculated
for various case studies for different dimensions and
delamination characteristics. Numerical results showed a good
agreement with available experimental data. A new proposed
model shows enhancement of the accuracy of the results.
Boay presents finite element results and some experimental
data on the free vibration of symmetric laminated composite
plates containing a central hole. The varying parameters in the
study are the hole sizes, the boundary conditions along the
edges of the plate and the aspect ratio of the plate.
Thai et al present a simple first-order shear deformation
theory for laminated composite plates. Equations of motion
and boundary conditions are derived from Hamiltons
principle. Analytical solutions of simply supported
antisymmetric cross-ply and angle-ply laminates are obtained
and the results are compared with the exact three-dimensional
(3D) solutions and those predicted by existing theories.
J Lee (2000) presents free vibration analysis of a laminated
beam with delaminations using a layerwise theory. Equations
of motion are derived from the Hamilton's principle, and a
finite element method is developed to formulate the problem.
Numerical results are obtained and compared with those of
other theories addressing the effects of the lamination angle,
location, size and number of delamination on vibration
frequencies of delaminated beams. It is found that a layerwise
approach is adequate for vibration analysis of delaminated
composites.
Optimum design of laminated composite plates with cutouts
using a genetic algorithm
Panda et al. [10] performed experimental and numerical
study on vibration analysis of woven fiber Glass/Epoxy
delaminated composite plates. In order to compute the
numerical frequencies, the delaminated composite plate is
modelled with two sub-laminate approaches in the commercial
finite element package (ANSYS) using ANSYS parametric
design language code in ANSYS environment. For the
experimental analysis, the woven Glass/Epoxy composite
plate is fabricated using hand layup method with the desired
delamination. The natural frequencies of the delaminated plate
are also computed experimentally with the help of the
vibration analyser and validated by comparing with the
simulation result. Further, the simulation model is extended
for various design parameter and discussed in detail
Tenek et al. (1993) studied the vibration of delaminated
composite plates and found out the impact of delamination on
the natural frequencies of composite plates, as well as
delamination dynamics over a broad frequency range, by using
the finite element method based on the three-dimensional
theory of linear elasticity. They have compared the method
with experimental observations for the case of cantilever
graphite-epoxy laminated plates.
Hou and Jeronimidis (1999) performed the analytical and
experimental studies on vibration of delaminated composite
plates with free- free boundary conditions and conducted free
vibration tests on E-glass/Epoxy composite plates by using
finite element model to study the effect of low-velocity impact
induced damage consisting of inter laminar delamination
accompanied by matrix cracking on the natural frequencies of
thin composite laminated circular plates.
Lee et al. (1987) performed numerical analysis based on ray
leigh ritz method for predicting the natural frequencies of
graphite epoxy rectangular composite plates for simply
supported boundary condition having central rectangular
cutouts and double square cutouts using finite element
method.
Sasank et al. (2007) studied the vibration analysis of
isotropic plates numerically with arbitrary shaped cutouts
subjected to simply supported and clamped boundary
conditions, using finite element method.
III. REVIEW
IV. SCOPE OF WORK
V. REFERENCES