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ks [rectangle in shape] are filled up with Isopropanaol (liquid 1) at the initial temperature of 45 oC and it is required to maintain the liquid temperature at 30oC
Project No: XXX All the tanks are placed adjacent to each other with minor gap in between. Tanks are stored in a closed building maintained at room temperature let's say 10 oC and a wind speed of around 2miles/hr.
Project Title: XXX How long will it take to drop down temperature from 45 to 30 oC with/without insulation OR after what time tanks are required to heat up with/without insulation ? Data is given as below.
Document: Storage Tank Heat Loss Calculation Colour Key
Sheet Ref: Tank Heat Loss Calcs - Liquid 1 Manual Input
Revision: 1 Results
Last Updated: 31/12/2010 Do not use
Revision detail: 1) Correction cell reference C94 for Grashof number vap. Phase Assumptions and important notes
2) Note added regarding calculation of equivalent diameter cell C142 Sources and titles
3) Recalculation introduced to iterate to more accurate coefficients (see cells C316 and below)
4) C replaced by K for correct calculation in SI units
5) Cooling time formula modified to compensate for non-linearity
Important values
Reference Method Used: Predict Storage Tank Heat Transfer Precisely - By J.Kumana and S.Kothari and calculations
Important Notes:
1) Uniform temperature inside the tank
2) Provision is made to select back wall area - However, to calculate the maximum heat loss back wall area should be considered-- (see the cell number C330 and C335)
3) Provision is made to select insulation thickness --- (See the cell number C221)
Main Data Input
Physical Properties Units Air density at room temperature and pressure
Dry wall 7000 W/m2 K Source: Chemical Engineering Design by Coulson and Richardson, Volume 6, Page 640
Wet wall 5000 W/m2 K Source: Chemical Engineering Design by Coulson and Richardson, Volume 6, Page 640
Roof 7000 W/m2 K Source: Chemical Engineering Design by Coulson and Richardson, Volume 6, Page 640
Bottom 4000 W/m2 K Source: Chemical Engineering Design by Coulson and Richardson, Volume 6, Page 640
Metal walls (Carbon Steel, max 0.5% Carbon),kM 54 W/m K Source: Engg Toolbox : Thermal Conductivity of some common Materials
Insulation (Glass wool), kI 0.04 W/m K Source: Engg Toolbox : Thermal Conductivity of some common Materials
Ground (Earth), kG 1.5 W/m K Source: Engg Toolbox : Thermal Conductivity of some common Materials
Temperature Units
Calculation
Calculation for Grashof Number (NGr)
Grashof Number, NGr = L3 x 2 x g x x T /2
Note: as an initial approximation, assume that the wall temperature is the average of the vapour and outside air temp
Tw = (TV + TA )/ 2 First Guess
Tw 295.9 K After iteration see below
L =2.55m
Proportional height in contact with liquid, Lw 2.42 m
T = Tv - Tw 10.25 K Lw
Proportional height in contact with vapour, L - Lw 0.13 m
NGr 2.85E+06
m
For vertical plates and cylinders, Nusselt Number, NNu
1
3.
NNu = 0.138 x (NGr)0.36 x ((NPr)0.175 - 0.55) -------------Equation 15
NNu 11.81 2.3 m
Coefficient of vapour at wall, hvw = NNu x k /( L - Lw) Nusselt Equation (Perry 5-13)
Coefficient of vapour at wall, hvw 2.38 W/m2 K
Note: Here, neither NPr nor (NGr NPr) falls within the range of application of the below equations. Therefore, again apply equation Equation 15 using average temp Tw
hLW =NNu x k/Lw ------------- Eq (a) applicable for the vertical plates taller than 3ft
Nusselt Equation (Perry 5-13)
Tw = (TL + TA) / 2 First Guess NNu = 0.495 x (NGr NPr)0.25 ----------------- Equation 16
Tw 307.5 oC After iteration see below Where, NPr >100 and 104 < (NGr NPr) < 109
T = TL - Tw 0.65 K Note: In article, Equation 16 is used but as NPr and (NGr NPr) do not fall in the
range, we can't apply Equation 16 directly. Therefore, used Equation 15
NGr 7.25E+09
for the surfaces facing down, NNu = 0.27 x (NGr NPr)0.25 -------------Equation 20 Where, 2 x 107 < (NGr NPr) < 3 x 1010
for the surfaces facing down, hVr = (0.27 x k/D) (NGr NPr)0.25 ------------- Eq (b) NGr NPr = 5.55E+10 ~ 2 x 10 < (NGr NPr) < 3 x 10
7 10
NGr = 1.34E+08 x L x T
3
Where,
T = Tv - Tw K
T 19.55 K
L =D m Comment Extra Large: Not sure if the Characteristic Length/hydraulic diameter shoud be taken instead. See: http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/hydraulic-equivalent-diameter-d_458.html
L 3.01 m Calculated equivalent diameter from the roof/bottom area of tank Equivalent Diameter for Roof/Bottom
l 2.3 m
NGr = 7.17E+10 w 3.1 m
Area 7.13 m2
hVr 1.12 W/m2 K ------------- USING Eq (b) Equivalent Diameter 3.01 m
for the surfaces facing up, NNu = 0.14 x (NGr NPr)0.33 -------------- Equation 19 Where, 2 x 107 < (NGr NPr) < 3 x 1010
for the surfaces facing up, h Lb = (0.14 x k/D) (NGr NPr)0.33 ------------- Eq ( c) NGr NPr = 4.30E+11 2 x 10 < (NGr NPr) < 3 x 10
7 10
Tw = (TL + TG) /2 Note: Applied Equation 19, though (NGr NPr) is out of range???
Tw 296.65 K First Guess
Note: We will apply equation (c) assuming tank bottom diameter and Tw = 307.6 K After iteration see below
NGr = 7.84E+08 x L3 x T
Where,
T = TL - Tw K
T 0.55 K
L =D m
L 3.01 m
NGr 1.18E+10
for the surfaces facing up, NNu = 0.14 x (NGr NPr)0.33 -------------- Equation 19
for the surfaces facing up, h'Ar = (0.14 x k/D) (NGr NPr)0.33 ------------- Eq (d)
Note: Assume Tws = Tw since the roof is uninsulated and get the coefficient for still air from equation (d)
295.9 K First guess
Tws 286.6 K After iteration see below
NGr 1.34E+08 x L3 x T
Where,
T = Tws - TA K
T 3.45 K
NGr 1.26E+10
T = ((TL + TV ) / 2 ) - TA) / 4
T 6 K
NGr 1.34E+08 x L3 x T
where,
L 2.55 m
NGr 1.33E+10
Conduction coefficients for ground, metal wall and insulation ( hG, hM, hI)
Where,
tM 6 mm thickness of metal
0.0060 m
tI 25 mm thickness of insulation <------------- ENTER INSULATION THICKNESS
0.025 m
INSULATED
hM 9000.00 W/m2 K ------------- USING Equation 21
hI 1.60 W/m2 K ------------- USING Equation 22
hG 1.27 W/m2 K ------------- USING Equation 23
Radiation coefficients for dry and wet sidewalls, and roof (hRd, hRw, hRr)
Where,
Tbulk is the temperature of liquid or vapour inside the tank if the surface is insulated
For the UNINSULATED side walls, assume
Tw = TA + 0.5 (Tbulk - TA)
Where,
Tbulk is the temperature of liquid or vapour inside the tank if the surface is uninsulated
Therefore, Tws for insulated DRYSIDE wall = TA + 0.25 (Tv - TA) First Guess
Tws 286.5 K After iteration see below
Therefore, Tws for insulated WETSIDE wall = TA + 0.25 (TL - TA) First Guess
Tws 289.6 K After iteration see below
Therefore, Tws for uninsulated roof = TA + 0.5 (Tv - TA) First Guess
Tws 286.6 K After iteration see below
Let us find hR for all above using Equation 24
Summary
Coefficient ( W/m2 K) Dry wall Wet wall Roof Bottom
Dry wall Tws,V = (Ud/(hRd + hAw))(Tv-TA)+TA) 286.4 K Put this value manually in cell C253 untill difference approaches zero
Tw,V=Tv-(Ud/hVw)(Tv-TA) 298.2 K Put this value manually in cell C84 untill difference approaches zero
Wet wall Tws,W = (UW /(hRW + hAW ))(TL-TA)+TA) 288.4 K Put this value manually in cell C256 untill difference approaches zero
Tw,L=TL-(Uw/hLw)(TL-TA) 307.6 K Put this value manually in cell C119 untill difference approaches zero
Roof Tws,R = (UR/(hVR + hAW ))(TV-TA)+TA) 287.0 K Put this value manually in cell C179 untill difference approaches zero
Tw,R=TV-(UR/hVR)(TV-TA) 287.0 K Put this value manually in cell D135 untill difference approaches zero
Bottom Tw,B=TL-(UB/hLB)(TL-TG) 307.7 K Put this value manually in cell D157 untill difference approaches zero
Surface area, A
L =2.55m
Length, l 2.3 m Lw
Width, w 3.1 m
Thickness, tM 0.006 m
m
1
Wet height, Lw 2.4225 m
3.
Dry height, Ld 0.1275 m
2.3 m
TOTAL dry side wall area, Ad = 2*((L - Lw)*l) + 2* ((L - Lw)*w)
DO YOU WANT TO CONSIDER BACK WALL AREA? YES <------------MAKE A SELECTION HERE
Ad 1.38 m2
Roof area, Ar = l * w
Ar 7.13 m2
Bottom area, Ab = l * w
Ab 7.13 m2
SUMMARY
Surface U (W/m2 K ) Area (m2) T (K) Individual Heat Loss, q (W)
Mass of liquid in one tank 13.65 T Mass content of liquid in the tank
Total mass of the liquid in all tanks 13.65 T
13,645 kg
Total volume of the tank =Lxlxw
T 10 K L= 2.55
l= 2.3
Overall Heat Loss affordable by tank liquid 409,356 kJ w= 3.1
409,356,473 J Volume = 18.18 m3
Total mass of liquid when tank is
100% full 14,363 kg
14.36 T
Time taken to drop the temperature up to 35 deg C ln((TA-Tstart)/((TA-Tend))= Utot x Atot/(m x Cp) x t 100% liquid height equivalent to 14.36 T
Coulson & Richardson Vol.1 Page 430 95% liquid height equivalent to 13.65 T
78,069.19 sec
21.69 hrs
0.90 days
TOTAL TIME TAKEN TO DROP DOWN TANK TEMPERATURE AT DESIRED LEVEL WITH INSULATION
equivalent-diameter-d_458.html
and T of 25 oC
and T of 25 oC