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a b a
SineA = CosA = TanA =
c c b
c c b
CscA = SecA = CotA =
a b a
The Right Triangle
a a
TanA = TanA b = a =b
b TanA
Oblique Triangles
b a
A B
c
Oblique Triangles
The law of Cosines
a2 = b2 + c2 - 2bc Cos A
b
a
A c B
Oblique Triangles
or no solution.
Oblique Triangles
b a
c B
A
Oblique Triangles
When angle A is obtuse and side a is greater
than side c then side a can only intersect side
b in one place and there is only one solution.
a
b
B
A c
Oblique Triangles
When angle A is acute (less than 90) and side a
is longer than side c, then there is one solution.
b
a
A c B
Oblique Triangles
When angle A is acute, and the height is given
by the formula h = c Cos A, and side a is less
than h, but side c is greater than h, there is
no solution.
h
b
a
A B
c
Oblique Triangles
When angle A is acute and side a = h, and h is
less than side c there can be only one solution
C
b
a=h
A c B
Oblique Triangles
When angle A is an acute angle and h is less
than side a as well as side c, there are
two solutions.
C
b
h a
C
a
A B
c
Azimuth
Angles
Bearings
Azimuth, Angles, & Bearings
Azimuth:
270 90
180
Azimuth, Angles, & Bearings
Azimuth to Bearings
In the Northeast quadrant the Azimuth and
Bearing is the same.
N
AZ = 503020 = N 503020E
Azimuth, Angles, & Bearings
Azimuth to Bearings
N 473046E
N 532652W
Azimuth, Angles, & Bearings
Bearings to Azimuths
S 713140E
S 292536W
Azimuth, Angles, & Bearings
Bearings to Azimuths
In the Northeast quadrant, the Bearing and
Azimuth are the same.
N
N 453030E = AZ 453030
Azimuth, Angles, & Bearings
Bearings to Azimuths
Angles:
N 301526E
N 211014W
512540
Azimuth, Angles, & Bearings
Angles:
If one bearing is in the NE and the other is in
the SE or (NW and SW), add the two together
and subtract the sum from 180
180-(N155025W+S 201015W)=1435920
Coordinate Geometry
COGO
Coordinate Geometry
and East).
Coordinate Geometry
C East B
DEast CscA =
B& D
SineA =
B& D DEast
North B& D
DNorth SecA =
CosA = DNorth
B& D
DEast DNorth
TanA = CotA =
DNorth
A
DEast
This will give you the angle from Pt. A
to Pt. B
Coordinate Geometry
Pythagorean Theorem
Example 1
Known:
Example 1
Point A coordinates
N 10,000.00 E 5,000.00
Example 1: East B
North
A N 10,000.00
E 5,000.00
Coordinate Geometry
Warning!
Find North:
Example 1:
Example 1:
Example 1:
Point B
North = 11,063.19
East = 5,795.01
Coordinate Geometry
Example 2:
Given:
Coordinates of point A
N 10,000.00 E 5,000.00
Coordinates of point B
N 10,978.69 E 3,924.71
Coordinate Geometry
Example 2: Point B
N 10,978.69
E 3,924.71
Note:
Point B is
Point A
Northwest of
N 10,000.00
Point A
E 5,000.00
Coordinate Geometry
Example 2:
First
Find the deference in North between
point A and point B
Point B = 10,978.69
Point A = 10,000.00
Deference = 978.69
Coordinate Geometry
Example 2:
Second
Find the deference in East between
point A and point B
Point A = 5,000.00
Point B = 3,924.71
Deference=1,075.29
Coordinate Geometry
Example 2:
Third
Find the distance between point A
and point B
Dist = North2 + East2
Fourth
1,075.29
East Tan A =
Tan A =
North 978.69
Coordinate Geometry
Example 2:
Fifth
The angle from point A to point B is
474134
a b c
= =
Sin A Sin B Sin C
C
A B
c
The Law of Sines
Example 1:
Given
Need to find
The center quarter corner
The Law of Sines
a
Points
a, b, c, & d
Have known
d b
coordinates
c
The Law of Sines
First
a
Inverse
between points
c and d
d b
c
The Law of Sines
a
This gives a
bearing and
distance from c
to d d b
c
The Law of Sines
Next a
Inverse
between a & c
d b
And inverse
between d & b
c
The Law of Sines
After inversing a
you will have a
c
The Law of Sines
Angle Angle
Bearing
d b
Bearing
c
Angle
The Law of Sines
The angle at d
The angle at c
The angle at the center of section (e)
The distance from c to d
The Law of Sines
Bearing
c
Angle
Law of Sines
(Dist d-c)(Angle d)
Dist c-e =
Angle e
Law of Sines
N Cor.
Center
corner
W Cor. E Cor.
S Cor.
Bearing; Bearing Intersection
Given:
W Cor.; N=12,645.70, E=5,021.63
North = 2,637.64
East = 2,489.07
Bearing; Bearing Intersection
Second:
Distance = 2,637.642+2,489.072
Distance = 3,626.65
Bearing; Bearing Intersection
Third:
Find the bearing by inversing between
the South corner and West corner
2,489.07
Bearing = Tan-1
2,637.64
Bearing = N 432024W
Bearing; Bearing Intersection
Fourth:
Find the bearing between the South
corner and the North corner.
195.16
Bearing = Tan-1
5,226.19
Bearing = N 020819E
Bearing; Bearing Intersection
Fifth:
Find the bearing between the West
corner and the East corner.
5,289.28
Bearing = Tan-1
113.28
Bearing = S 884623E
Bearing; Bearing Intersection
S 884623E
W E 1/4
N 020819E
S 1/4
Bearing; Bearing Intersection
Sixth:
Calculate the angles between the
bearings:
S 884623E
A C
N 020819E
B
Bearing; Bearing Intersection
Angle A:
S 884623E
S 432024E
452559
Bearing; Bearing Intersection
Angle B:
N 432024W
+
N 020819E
452843
Bearing; Bearing Intersection
Angle C:
C = 180-(A + B)
180-(452559+452843)=890518
N 884623W
Check: +
S 020819W
905442
Now we have:
890518
452559
Seven:
Solve for the distance from the south
quarter corner ( S ) to the center of
section (C Cor.)
OR
The distance from the West quarter
corner ( W ) to the center of section
( C Cor.)
Bearing; Bearing Intersection
(3,626.65)(Sin 452559)
Dist. =
Sin 890518
Dist = 2,584.07
Bearing; Bearing Intersection
Eight:
S North = 10,008.06
Delta North = 2582.27
C North = 12,590.33
S East = 7,510.70
Delta East = 96.43
C East = 7,607.13
Another way the Law of Sines
is used in Surveying is
calculating a
Bearing; Distance intersection
Bearing; Distance Intersection
Example:
D
C
N 001025E
Smith Property
205.36
N 893015E 352.25
B A
Bearing; Distance Intersection
Given:
A = N 10,003.05 ; E 5,352.24
C = N 10,205.36 ; E 5,000.62
CAUTION!!
D
C D
N 001025E
205.36
N 893015E 352.25
B A
There can be two answers to this problem
Bearing; Distance Intersection
A to C, North = 202.31
A to C, East = 351.62
Bearing, A to C = N 600507W
Distance, A to C = 405.67
Bearing; Distance Intersection
We now have:
D
We need to find
C
C
N 001025E
205.36
N 893015E 352.25
B A
Bearing; Distance Intersection
Second:
Bearing C-D = N 745630E
Bearing C-A = S 600507E
Angle C = 445823
Bearing; Distance Intersection
We now have:
D
C
445823
N 001025E
205.36
N 893015E 352.25
B A
All we need to find Angle D
Bearing; Distance Intersection
Third:
312.37 405.67
=
Sin. 445823 Sin. Angle D
(Sin 445823)(405.67)
Sin. D =
312.37
Bearing; Distance Intersection
Angle D = 663703
We now have:
D
663703
C
445823
N 001025E
205.36
N 893015E 352.25
B A
Bearing; Distance Intersection
Forth:
Bearing D to C = S 745630W
Angle D = 663703
point D
Bearing; Distance Intersection
North = 309.08
East = 45.22
Bearing; Distance Intersection
Finish:
Northing of A = 10,003.05
North A to D = 309.08
Northing of D = 10,312.13
Easting of A = 5,352.24
East A to D = 45.22
Easting of D = 5,397.46
The last intersection problem we
need to discuss is the
Distance, Distance
Intersection
In order to solve a Distance, Distance
Intersection we need to use
Example:
C
Distance
A B
The Law of Cosines
a2 = b2 + c2 - 2bc Cos A
a2 b2 c2
Cos A =
-2bc
As stated, using the Law of Cosines a
Pt A Pt B
North North
East East
C
Distance, Distance Intersection
Problem:
Find the coordinates for Point C
Given:
Coordinates for points A and B
Distance from point A to point C
Distance from point B to point C
Distance, Distance Intersection
Needed:
Example:
Point A:
North = 10,104.94
East = 5,910.69
Distance, Distance Intersection
Example:
Point B:
North = 10,108.47
East = 6,383.80
Distance, Distance Intersection
Example:
North = 3.53
East = 473.11
Distance, Distance Intersection
Example:
First:
Example:
473.11
Tan-1 =89.572508828
3.53
89.572508828 = 893421
Distance, Distance Intersection
Example:
N 893421E
Distance, Distance Intersection
Example:
Example:
We now have:
A B
Distance, Distance Intersection
Example:
339.44
Distance, Distance Intersection
Example:
Now we have:
B
A
Distance, Distance Intersection
Example:
a2 b2 c2
Cos A =
-2bc
Distance, Distance Intersection
Example:
Cos A = 0.799791540
Angle A = 365323
Distance, Distance Intersection
Example:
Now we have
1) The bearing from Pt. A to Pt. B
2) The angle at Point A
We can calculate a bearing from Pt. A
to Pt. C
Distance, Distance Intersection
Example:
B
A
Distance, Distance Intersection
Example:
We now have:
1) A coordinate at point A
2) A bearing from point a to
point C
3) A distance from point A to
point C
Distance, Distance Intersection
Example:
C
A
N 10,104.94
E 5,910.69
Distance, Distance Intersection
Example:
Example:
North = 116.69
Distance, Distance Intersection
Example:
East = 153.09
Distance, Distance Intersection
Example:
Northing coordinate at C =
North A = 10,104.94
North A to C = 116.69
North C = 10,221.63
Distance, Distance Intersection
Example:
Easting coordinate at C =
East A = 5,910.69
East A to C = 153.09
East C = 6,063.78
Distance, Distance Intersection
Example:
Coordinates at C
North = 10,221.63
East = 6,063.78
The Compass Rule
( Bowditch Rule)
The Compass Rule
The Formula:
C
Correction = S
L
C = The total error in Latitude ( North) or
Departure ( East) with the sign changed.
Record C
Info. C
B
Found Found
A
N10,000.00 N10,199.16
A= C=
E 5,000.00 E 5,408.96
The Compass Rule Example
Need to find:
First:
Second:
Third
N 10,000.00 E 5,000.00
N 10,131.05 E 5,204.85
The Compass Rule Example
N 10,200.37 E 5,408.15
N 10,199.16 E 5,408.96
The Compass Rule Example
-1.21
x 243.19 = -0.64
457.98
The Compass Rule Example
0.81
x 243.19 = 0.43
457.98
The Compass Rule Example
q.e.d.
Interpolation
Interpolation:
Formula
Given
x1 = 423100
y1 = 0.9168665 (tangent of x1)
x2 = 423117
y2 = Unknown (tangent of x2)
x3 = 423200
y3 = 0.9174020 (tangent of x3)
Example:
Y2 = 0.9170182
Interpolation:
PC PT
Horizontal Curve
Parts of a Curve
Arc
PC PT
RP
Horizontal Curve
Parts of a Curve
PI
PC PT
RP
Horizontal Curve
Parts of a Curve
PI
PC PT
Chord
RP
Horizontal Curve
Parts of a Curve
PI
Delta Angle
PC PT
Chord
Delta Angle
RP
Horizontal Curve
Parts of a Curve
PI
PC M PT
Chord
CL Curve
RP
E = External M = Middle Ordinate
Horizontal Curve
Parts of a Curve
PI
Delta
PC PT
Delta CL Curve
RP
Horizontal Curve
T
Radius (R) =
TanD/2
OR
Degree of Curve:
100
NOTE:
Arc distance must 1
always be 100
R
External (E) = -R
Cos D/2
Horizontal Curve
Given:
Length of Arc (L) = 396.72
526.54
External (E) = - 526.54
Cos 213505
(M) = 36.92
Horizontal Curve
Results:
Length of Arc (L) = 396.72 (given)
Tangent Distance (T) = 208.31
Length of Chord (C) = 387.40
Radius (R) = 526.54 (given)
Degree of Curve (D) = 105254
The Delta Angle (D) = 431010
The External (E) = 39.71
The Middle Ordinate (M) = 36.92
Horizontal Curve
Reverse Curve:
R.P.1 P.I.2 Curve 2
P.T.
P.C. P.R.C.
Curve 1 R.P.2
P.I.1
Horizontal Curve
Compound Curve:
Curve 2
Rad.
Tan.
R.P.2
P.T.
P.C. Rad.
Tan.
Rad.
R.P.1
Curve 1
Grades
&
Slopes
Grades
Difference in Elevation
Grade =
Distance
D Elev.
Horizontal Distance
Grades
Example:
16.84
Grade = = 0.0477798 ft / ft
352.45
16.84
352.45
Grades
opposite = D elevation
Tangent =
adjacent = distance
opposite
D elev.
Angle
adjacent, distance
Grades
D Elevation
Distance =
Grade
Grades
D Elevation
Grade =
Distance
Slopes
Horizontal distance
distance
Vertical
Slopes
Example:
2.0
A 2:1 slope down =
1.0
1.0
A 3:1 slope up = 3.0
Slopes and Grades
Station2
PVI Sta.?
Elev1
Elev2
Elev. ?
The Intersection of two Grades
Formulas:
G1
b1 = Elev1 - x Station1 (in feet)
100
G2
b2 = Elev2 - x Station2 (in feet)
100
The Intersection of two Grades
Formulas:
b1 b2
PVI Station = G1 G2
-
100 100
The Intersection of two Grades
Example:
+2.00
b2 = 207.50 - x 1300 = 181.50
100
The Intersection of two Grades
Example:
208.40 181.50
PVI Station = = -896.67
-1.00% - +2.00%
100 100
+ - + -
+ -
+ -
+ - - +
Vertical Curves
Length L
PVT
PVC
L/2 L/2
x
PVI
Sump
Vertical Curves
Formulas:
r 2
Elevation = x + G1x + PVC Elevation
2
G2 G1
r=
L
Formula:
-G1
x=
r
The high or low point is Always on the
lesser grade side (absolute value)
Given:
G1 = -1.5% = -0.015 ft/ft
G2 = +2.5% = +0.025 ft/ft
Length = 300.00 ft
Vertical Curves
Example:
Given:
PVC Station = 3+50.00; Elevation = 326.25 ft
PVI Station = 5+00.00; Elevation = 324.00 ft
PVT Station = 6+50.00; Elevation = 327.75 ft
Vertical Curves
Need to find:
First: Calculate r G2 G 1
r=
L
0.025 (-0.015)
r= = 0.0001333
300.00
Vertical Curves
r 2
Elevation = x + G1x + PVC Elevation
2
0.0001333
4+00 = 502+(-0.015)(50)+326.25
2
-(-0.015)
x= = 112.50
0.0001333
r 2
Elevation = x + G1x + PVC Elevation
2
0.0001333
4+00 = 112.502+(-0.015)(112.50)+326.25
2
PVCB
PVIB
PVT
PVTA
PVIA
PVC
End