LIN MN GIA HAI MN VT L

V A L
Hc sinh: Dng Khi Nguyn, Nguyn c Thin

Lp: 11 ton

CH : NG DNG VO NGUYN L
HOT NG CA MY BAY
My bay l phng tin bay hin i, cao cp, ngy nay ng vai tr khng th thiu
trong kinh t v c bit trong qun s. My bay dn dng l phng tin chuyn ch
chnh ca ngnh giao thng vn ti Hng khng dn dng, v trong qun smy bay
chin u to thnh qun chng Khng qun. Trong qun s v kinh t dn dng my bay
c vai tr ngy cng quan trng: trong giao thng vn ti hng khng dn dng lng
hnh khch v hng ho chuyn ch bng my bay chim t trng rt ln v ngy cng
ln v u th nhanh chng v an ton ca loi hnh giao thng vn ti ny. My bay l
phng tin vn ti hin i i hi cc m bo k thut rt kht khe do cc tai nn my
bay thng gy thit hi rt ln v nhn mng v ti sn. Tuy vy, giao thng vn ti
hng khng vn l loi hnh c an ton cc cao, xc sut ri ro cc thp nu so snh
vi cc loi hnh giao thng vn ti khc. Cho n hin nay cng nghip ch to my bay
l ngnh cng nghip mi nhn cng ngh cao ch c cc cng quc kinh t trn th
gii mi thc hin c v l ngnh nh hng cng ngh cho cc ngnh cng nghip
khc. Hin nay quc gia ch to my bay c dn dng v qun dng ng u th gii l
Hoa K, sau n Php v cc nc cng nghip hng u chu u, Nga...

Nguyn l hot ng v iu khin

1.Khng kh xung quanh chng ta

Hy i ra ngoi vo mt ngy lng gi. Bn s sm nhn ra khng kh mnh bit

dng no. N c th nng mt con diu ln cao trn bu tri v tc d ng y
ln khinh kh cu v mang n i ra. Nhng ngay c khi khng kh lng gi, bn
cng c th cm nhn sc mnh ca n khi bn di chuyn. Hy ngh ti chuyn
i xe p chng hn. Bn p xe cng nhanh, th khng kh la vo mt v c
th bn cng mnh. Hy si tay bn ra bn tay hi hng v pha trc khng
kh ang chuyn ng s nng n ln.
C l chng ta khng nhn thy khng kh, nhng n
hin din xung quanh chng ta. Tht vy, hn hp
ny ca cc cht kh bao xung quanh Tri t ging
nh mt tm chn khng l. Nhng cht kh ny,
ging nh mi vt cht, cu to gm nhng ht rt
nh gi l phn t.

Cc phn t khng kh lun lun chuyn ng. C gi ny thch th dc

Chng cng chuyn ng ra khi ng i ca chng xung chn i trn
chic xe p ca mnh,
ta khi chng ta i qua. Nhng khng kh cng y
c c th cm nhn
ngc ln chng ta t mi pha. Cc phn t khng khng kh ang la vo
kh c trng lng. mt v c th mnh.

2.Thit k bay

Trong hng th k, con ngi hiu r khng kh hnh x nh th no. Nh ng

cc nh ch to my bay cn hiu mt s ci khc na. H bit rng cu trc
ca h, hay chic my bay, phi c thit k theo mt kiu nht nh no .
Khi c thit k nh vy, chic my bay mi ln i trn tru trong khng kh.
Khi khng c thit k nh vy, chic my bay s khng bao gi ri khi mt
t c.

3.My bay ca t nhin

Nhiu loi ng vt v thc vt s dng khng kh di chuyn. Chim chc, di

v nhiu loi cn trng c cnh m bay ln. Mt s ng vt nh con sc
bay lt i t cy ny sang cy khc. Thc vt th c th phn tn ht ging ca
chng qua khng kh. Ht cy sao chng hn c lp bc ngoi dng cnh v
c gi thi mang i xa.

4.My bay nng hn khng kh: C s khoa hc

My bay nng hn khng kh khng c kh nng ni. Chng lun nng hn

khng kh xung quanh chng. Tuy nhin, nhng my bay ny c th ct
cnh bay. lm nh vy, chng cn n khng kh chuyn ng nhanh v
nhng b mt c hnh dng thch hp.

Cnh my bay c ch to sao cho c hnh dng hon ho m bay. B mt

pha trn ca n un cong ln. ng thi, ra trc ca n dy hn ra pha sau.
Mt di ca cnh hu nh phng. Hnh dng ny c gi l hnh cnh my
bay.
Khi my bay nng hn khng kh chuyn ng nhanh v pha trc, cc phn t
khng kh p vo pha trc mi chic cnh ca n. Mt s phn t chuy n
ng pha trn cnh. Mt s phn t khc chuyn ng bn di n. Hai nhm
phn t kh gp nhau pha sau cnh cng lc.

5.Khng kh chuyn ng nhanh

Cc phn t i qua pha trn cnh phi i xa hn trn ng cong so v i cc

phn t i qua mt di bng
phng ca cnh. Cho nn
khng kh pha trn cnh phi
chuyn ng nhanh hn. V
khi khng kh chuyn ng
nhanh hn, cc phn t phn
tn ra xa hn. Chng tr nn
km c hn. Khng kh ny
c p sut thp hn.

Hnh dng ca cnh my bay to ra lc nng

lm cho my bay ri khi mt t.

Nhng khng kh bn di cnh khng b km c i hoc b mt cht p sut

no ht. Cho nn khng kh bn di cnh y ln cnh vi mt lc ln hn
khng kh pha trn cnh y xung. Lc ln hn y t di ln ny gi l lc
nng. Lc nng l ci lm cho my bay ri khi mt t.

6.ng hm gi

quan st khng kh chuyn ng xung quanh mt chic my bay nh th no,

cc nh khoa hc s dng nhng ng hm gi. Bn trong ng hm, mt
dng khng kh mnh thi la v pha my bay. Nhng ngi kim tra thng
thm khi hoc thuc nhum vo khng kh d quan st cc dng chy.

7.Bn lc tc dng

Bn c th thy lc nng pht huy tc dng nu bn quan st my bay trn

ng bng. Mt chic my bay ang sn sng nhn tc tht nhanh. Cc
ng c ca n y n chuyn ng mi lc mt nhanh. Trong chc lt, lc hp
dn vn gi chic my bay to nng trn mt t. Tuy nhin, cui cng th
chic my bay chuyn ng nhanh ct ln. Vo lc , lc nng
mnh thng lc hp dn.
Mt khi my bay ct cnh,
cc ng c ca n hot
ng ht cng sut y phi
thuyn v pha trc. Nhng
khng kh cng tc dng lc
y ngc, hay lc cn, i
vi my bay. Lc cn ny
c gi l lc ko theo. N
lm chm nhng vt ang
chuyn ng trong khng kh.
Nu phi thuyn chuyn ng
chm i, th lc nng s nh
hn thng ni lc hp dn.
gi cho my bay trong cho my bay bay trong khng kh, lc nng t
khng trung v chuyn ng cc cnh ca n phi mnh hn lc hp dn, v
v pha trc, cc ng c lc y v pha trc t nhng ng c ca n
hot ng mnh hn. phi mnh hn lc ca khng kh y ngc li.

8.Lc ko theo

Cc nh ch to my bay bit rt nhiu v lc ko theo. H bit khng kh c n

tr mt s hnh dng nhiu hn so vi nhng hnh khc. l nguyn do cc
nh ch to kh ng ha my bay ca h. Mt chic my bay kh ng ha
cho khng kh chy m i xung quanh n. Mt my bay cha kh ng ha gi
cc phn t khng kh xoy trn ch no . Kt qu l lc ko theo ln h n,
lm phi thuyn chm i.

9.Thu bnh xe ln

Cch thc thit k cc bnh xe ca

my bay l mt th d hay ca s kh
ng ha. Cc bnh xe l cn thit
cho s ct cnh v h cnh, nhng
chng vn dnh bn ngoi khi my
bay ang bay. V th, khng kh lin
tc la vo cc bnh xe v chuyn
ng xoy trn. N khng th chy
qua chng mt cch m i. gii
quyt vn ny, a s cc my bay ngy nay c nhng dng c thu bnh xe
ln trong khi bay.

10.Bay trn my bay

My bay l phi thuyn nng hn khng kh c cc cnh c nh (ngh a l cc

cnh khng chuyn ng) cng vi mt hoc nhiu ng c. nhiu chic my
bay, ng c thng lm quay
mt cnh qut. Cc cnh qut
thng lp trn cnh hoc trn
mi my bay.

Cnh qut gm mt vi cnh

chong chng quay xung quanh
mt tm, hay trc quay. Mt
trc ca mi cnh thun trn.
N c hnh cnh my bay. Khi
cnh qut quay, n lm cho
khng kh pha trc cnh
chuyn ng nhanh hn pha sau chng. Khi , p sut khng kh pha trc
cnh nh hn pha sau. S chnh lch p sut ny ht cnh qut v pha trc.
My bay cng b ht v pha trc.

Nhng my bay u ch c bay v pha trc l . Ngi phi cng cn phi li

c my bay na. V mc ch ny, my bay c cc mt iu khin. y l
nhng vt c ng c trn cnh v ui ca my bay.

11.Cng dng ca nhng cnh nh

Vt iu khin trn mi
cnh my bay c gi
l cnh nh. Hai cnh nh
hot ng theo hng
ngc nhau. Khi mt cnh
nh ca cnh nng ln, th
cnh kia h xung. Ngi
phi cng s dng chng
nghing my bay v pha bn ny hoc bn kia. Chuy n ng ny c g i l
lng lch.

Nhng cnh nh khu vc ui th lm my bay chuyn ng theo kiu

khc. ui li, b phn dng ng pha sau ui, c th nh ra khi ui v
pha tri hoc v pha phi. Ngi phi cng s dng ui li iu khin my
bay sang tri hoc sang phi. Bay trch ng l mt tn gi khc cho chuy n
ng ny.

phn ui cn c nhng cnh nh gi l bnh li cao. Ngi phi cng cho

nng hoc h hai cnh nh ny. Chng lm cho my bay thng ln hoc ln
xung. Chuyn ng ny c gi l ling.

12. cao an ton dnh cho my bay

Xung quanh tri t c mt tng kh quyn rt dy, trong phm vi thp nht
10.000m c gi l tng i lu. Sm st, s ln xung ca cc lung khng
kh u hot ng trong phm vi ny nn trong rt no nhit. Nu bay trong
phm vi di 10.000m my
bay s khng trnh khi s
nh hng ca cc lung
khng kh xung nn khng
th bay mt cch n nh; i
khi cn c th b st nh,
ngoi ra nu gp nhng ht
nc v ht bng c nhit
thp th v my bay bn
ngoi cn c th b ng
bng.

V vy, nu khng phi trong tnh th bt buc, my bay khng nn bay qu

thp, nhng nu cao trn 10.000m th khc, cao ny tng i yn
tnh, my bay c th bay mt cch n nh, ng thi lp khng kh trn rt
long, rt t hi nc nn v my bay bn ngoi khng s b ng bng.

13.nh hng ca
thi tit xu n
chuyn bay

Khi c bo, khng

kh chuyn ng rt
hn lon (gi xoy),
lm cho lc nng trn cnh khng n nh, thay i lin tc, lm cho my bay
chao o, nghing.. c th gy tai nn. my bay cng nh th nh hng ny
cng ln.
Ngoi ra trong cc cn ging bo, my bay rt d b st nh, c th gy nguy
him cho my bay.(Khung v my bay c thit k khi st nh, dng in
ch chy khung v ngoi ri phng in ra ngoi ui my bay; Tuy nhin st
vn gy ra cc h hon cho v v thn my bay) .

Thc t th i vi cc my bay ln nh cc loi Airbus, Boeing hin nay th bo

ch thc s nh hng khi ct cnh, h cnh, ni chung l cao thp.
Nguyn nhn l do cc my bay ny sau khi ly cao, thng bay cao
khong 9000-11000m (gn n tng bnh lu). cao ny, khng kh kh n
nh, khng c cc hin tng thi tit nh gi, bo (ch xy ra cao kho ng
7000m tr xung). Hn na, cc my bay ny cng c th chu c cc cn
bo nh, va...
Nhng do nh hng ca bo khi ct h cnh kh ln nn khi c bo, ng i ta
cng hn ch khai thc my bay. Nu bay ti sn bay khc m ang c
bo, khong an ton h cnh th my bay phi bay ti sn a bay khc hoc
bay v sn bay c.
Cc my bay hin nay u c rada pht hin ra cc vung thi tit xu pha
trc, cc m my tch in n trnh. Hn na, h thng lin lc mt t -
my bay hin rt tt nn c rt t cc tai nn my bay do bo trong thi gian
gn y

Mt s loi my bay
Tu ln

Khng phi my bay c cnh c nh no cng c ng c. Tu ln khng

trung khng c ng c no c.
nng khi mt t, n c mt my
bay ko dt trn ng bng. Khi
my bay chy nhanh, th c hai
phi thuyn cng ct cnh.

cao trn khng trung, my bay

th tu ln ra. T v sau, tu
ln t bay ly. Vi b cnh di v
mng ca n, tu lt vt i nh
nhng trong khng kh. S bay ln
cng tht nh nhng.
Ngi phi cng li con tu ln l lng ny
ang tm kim lung khng kh bc ln
trn nhng cnh ng nng nghip
trong khng trung cng lu cng tt.
Nhng v khng c ng c, nn tu ln khng th tip tc c y v pha
trc trong khng kh. N dn dn mt cao, v lc ht hp dn a phi thuy n
tr v mt t.

Tuy nhin, ngi phi cng tu ln mun trong khng trung cng lu cng t t.
lm nh vy, h i tm nhng lung khng kh ang dng ln. Thnh thong,
khng kh nng bc ln t mt cnh ng cy cy bn di. Thnh thong c gi
thi ln theo phng thng ng gn mt ngn ni hoc mt di t. Nhng
lung khng kh ny cng nng con tu ln ln theo. a s cc chuy n bay tu
ln ko di t mt n nm gi ng h.

Trc thng

Ging nh my bay, trc thng l phi thuyn

nng hn khng kh. Nhng cnh ca trc
thng khng lp c nh. Cnh, hay chong
chng, ca n c ni vi mt trc dc. Ton
b n v c gi l rto. Rto quay trn trn
nh u ca trc thng. Mt ng c c nhim
v lm quay rto.

Cc cnh qut ca trc thng c hnh dng

cnh my bay, y nh cnh my bay vy. Chng
cong pha trn v phng pha di. Khi
chng quay, khng kh chy vng quanh
chng. Cc phn t khng kh i qua cnh
chuyn ng nhanh hn cc phn t bn Trong khi chic trc thng cu

di. Cho nn p sut khng kh pha trn h ny ang l lng, ngi

nh hn. Kt qu l g? Rto quay trn c cng nhn treo bn di phi

nng ln v v th c chic trc thng c thuyn di mt tm kim nn

nng ln. Phi thuyn loi ny khng cn ng nhn ca mt v l t.

bng ct cnh.

Nhng rto khng ch c nng trc thng ln. N cn mang sc y n cho

trc thng. Ni cch khc, rto gip gi phi thuyn chuyn ng trong khng
kh.

Rto ang quay trn cn iu khin phi thuyn na. Ngi phi cng li trc
thng bng cch cho rto nghing theo nhng kiu khc nhau. Cc cnh chong
chng c th nghing u mt gc nh nhau. Hoc nghing ca chng c
th thay i khi chng quay trn. Mt ngi phi cng lnh ngh c th cho trc
thng bay ti trc, bay lui, thng ln v h xung. Phi thuyn ny cng c th
l lng, hay treo trong khng kh, m khng di chuyn. l nh rto gi lc
nng cho phi thuyn v duy tr v tr thm ch cng mt ch.

Khng phi trc thng no cng c mt rto chnh. Nhiu trc thng c ln c
n hai rto. Rto b sung mang li cho phi thuyn lc nng v sc mnh gp
i. Trc thng hai rto ch c nhiu hng ha v con ngi hn so vi trc
thng mt rto. Chic trc thng hi qun hai rto ny c th nng c mt con
thuyn nh.

My bay dn dng loi ln

My bay dn dng loi ln v vn ti hng khng lun i song hnh vi nhau.

Mi ngi bay trn nhng chic my bay to ln ny i khp th gii. Nguyn do
l v my bay dn dng loi ln di chuyn nhanh. Chng c th t ti tc
800 n 960 km/h. Cc ng c phn lc ca chng gip chng th c hin iu
.

ng c phn lc
t mt loi nhin
liu c bit to ra
nhng cht kh
nng. Cht kh
nng pht ra pha
sau ng c vi lc
y ln. Lc ny
mnh y chic
my bay s v
pha trc.

V my bay dn
dng thng rt ln,
Chic my bay dn dng ny chun b h cnh s dng cc
cho nn ngi phi
cnh nh ca n gim tc v th ra cc bnh xe tip
cng li n cn
t ca n.
phi c nhiu cch
iu khin n. l nguyn do v sao phi thuyn loi ny c thm cc cnh nh
b sung. Khi ct cnh, cc cnh nh xe ra pha trc v pha sau lm cho
cnh to hn. Mc ch l mang nhiu cho cnh lc nng ln hn. Vi lc nng
ln hn, chic my bay nng n c th ri khi mt t. Tuy nhin, mt khi my
bay trn khng trung th cc cnh nh tht tr vo. Ti sao ? Nhng
chic cnh ln sinh ra lc ko theo trong khng kh ln hn. Chng khng
thun trn. Nhng khi my bay tip t, cc cnh nh nh ra tr li. Chng gip
my bay h cnh nh nhng hn.

My bay dn dng cn c mt loi cnh nh khc gi l bnh li ngang. Bnh

li ngang nh ln lm phi thuyn i chm li. Mt bnh li ngang dng ring
cho bay. Mt bnh li ngang th hai dng cho h cnh.

My bay qun s

c th l mt phi thuyn hoc mt my bay. c th l mt tu ln hoc

trc thng. Qun s M s dng ton b chng. Mt s phi thuyn c ch to
dnh ring cho chin u. Nhng loi khc th chuyn ch binh lnh v hng
ha. Tuy nhin, c nhng loi my bay c ch to ch chp nh.

Cho d l loi my bay no, n lun c ch to cho mt nhim v no .

Chng hn, qun i cn dng nhng my bay c th ct cnh v h cnh
nhng khu vc nh hp. Phi thuyn V/STOL (ct cnh v h cnh nhanh, thng
ng) p ng yu cu ny. Mt loi l my bay cnh qut c hai u cnh. Khi
ct cnh, nhng cnh qut ny hng thng ln trn. Nh vy, phi thuyn bay
ln ging ht nh trc thng. Tuy nhin, khi trong khng trung, th cc
cnh qut xoay v pha trc. Gi th phi thuyn c th bay ta nh my bay.
Mt phi thuyn V/STOL khc s dng cc ng c phn lc. Khi ct cnh, cc
cht kh nng ca ng c thi
pht xung di. Tc dng ny
y my bay i ln. Mt khi phi
thuyn trn khng trung
th cc ng c phn lc chuyn
sang y v trc.

Vi nhng s mnh chin u,

qun i cn c nhiu my bay.
Mi my bay c mt nhim v
khc nhau. Mt my bay chin
u, chng hn, c thit k Chic my bay nm bom tng hnh B-2 Spirit
bay tc cao ln chm. kh b k th pht hin ra.
p ng yu cu ny, cnh ca
n phi thay i v tr. Khi bay tc cao th cnh b cp ra pha sau. Nh vy
lm phi thuyn lt i m. Nhng tc thp, cc cnh bm thng vi sn
bn ca my bay. My bay loi ny h cnh v ct cnh vi hai cnh v tr cha
thng ra nh vy.
B-2 Spirit l mt loi my bay nm bom qun s c bit. Khi bay trn tri, kh
quan st thy my bay ny. l nguyn do khin n c gi l my bay nm
bom tng hnh (b mt). Hnh dng ca n, v cht liu dng ch to n, gi
kn my bay trong khng kh. iu ny cho php B-2 Spirit th bom xung lnh
th k th vi mc ri ro b bn h bi ha lc ca k th l thp.

Nhng thit k xanh

Nhiu my bay ngy nay khng thn thin vi mi trng. Chng s dng cc
nhin liu lm nhim khng kh. Cc ng c ca chng cng s d ng rt
nhiu nhin liu. Nhng cc nh ch to my bay ang c gng lm thay i
iu .

Trong tng lai, cc cng ti ang u t thit k nhng loi phi thuy n xanh.
Nhng phi thuyn ny s s dng nhin liu sch hn, v s dng t nhin liu
hn. Chng cng s gy n t hn. Nhng ngay t by gi, cc my bay cng
ngy mt xanh hn. Mt dng c ang pht huy tc dng l cnh nh . Mnh
nh ny c gn thm vo u mt cnh my bay. N lm cho cnh ti ra
cong i. Hnh dng mi lm cho khng kh chy nh nhng hn xung quanh n.
Cho nn lc ko theo tc dng ln my bay nh i. iu ngh a l ng c
khng cn phi hot ng ct lc y my bay v pha trc. Mt ng c
hot ng nh nhng
hn s tiu th t nhin
liu hn

NASA (C quan hng

khng v tr quc gia
M) cng ang th
nghim phi thuyn
xanh. Mt phi thuyn
c tn gi l
Pathfinder. Cc cnh
v thn ca n hp li
lm mt. Khi bay, phi
thuyn trng ta nh
mt hnh ch nht mng, di. Cc tm pin mt tri c lp vo nhng v tr
thch hp. Chng bin i nh sng mt tri thnh dng in lm chy cc ng
c in ca phi thuyn. Cc ng c lm quay cc cnh qut.

Phi thuyn khc thng ny cng chng c phi cng li. Thay vo , con ng i
ti trm mt t iu khin s chuyn ng ca n. Hin nay, Pathfinder c th
trn khng trung sut c ngy. Trong tng lai, phi thuy n bay bng nng lng
mt tri c th trn khng trung hng tu n hoc thm ch hng thng trong
mi chuyn bay. Cc nh khoa hc s dng chng trong nghin cu. Ngay c
qun i cng c k hoch s dng chng.