Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Submitted for
In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of
Bachelor of Technology
In
Civil engineering
By
Mohammed Ahmed (A12415813001)
Rishabh Kapoor(A12415813014)
1
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
A work without the blessing and the guidance of elder is always half done and unsatisfactory.
The task of completing the project needs cooperation and guidance of technical persons in the
field.
My abundant and most sincere thanks to my Faculty guide MR. UJJWAL BHARDWAJ SIR
for providing me with the necessary facilities to carry out the project successfully.
MR. UJJWAL BHARDWAJ SIR who have not only readily accepted to be a supporter but
also sincerely helped me the most and saw that the project was completed. I would thank
Almighty lord without whose grace and blessings I would not have been able to complete my
project.
2
CERTIFICATE
HEAD OF DEPARTMENT
ASE, Noida
3
ABSTRACT
This review paper collates and compiles the available published literature on reuse and
recycle of construction and demolition waste materials. Construction and demolition waste is
generated whenever any construction/demolition activity takes place such as residential
buildings, roads, bridges, flyover, subway, remodelling etc. The production of construction
materials involves utilization of natural resources. Added to this, various toxic substances are
emitted into the atmosphere during the manufacturing process of construction materials.
Rapid industrialization and urbanization has led to generation of these wastes, and are being
dumped in open and low- lying areas. These activities pose serious problems to human beings
and the environment. Recycling construction and demolition materials can be a best
alternative to open dumping and also in conservation of the natural resources.
4
Figure Description Page No:
Numbers
Number
5.1 Management of Waste 59
5
1.7 COMPARISON BETWEEN FRESH 7
MATERIAL AND WASTE MATERIAL
3.1 INTRODUCTION 13
4. METHODOLOGY 20-58
8. CONCLUSION 87
REFERENCES 88
6
CHAPTER-I
INTRODUCTION
1.1) General
With the rapid economic growth after development and redevelopment projects in the
country and subsequent increase in the urbanization in the cities has made construction
sector to increase drastically, but also environmental impacts from construction and
demolition (C & D) waste are increasingly becoming a major issue in urban solid waste
management.
Environmental issues such as increase in the flood levels due to the illegal dumping of
construction and demolition waste into the rivers, resource depletion, shortage of landfill
and illegal dumping on hill slopes are evident in the metro cities.
For the purpose of management of C&D Wastes in India, Construction and demolition
waste has been defined as 'waste which arises from construction, renovation and
demolition activities. Also, included within the definition are surplus and damaged
products and materials arising in the course of construction work or used temporarily
during the course of on-site activities.
Due to the increase in the economic growth after development and redevelopment projects
in the country and subsequent increase in the urbanization in the cities has made
construction sector to increase drastically, but also environmental impacts from
construction and demolition waste are increasingly becoming a major issue in urban solid
waste management.
The primary method is adopted in waste handling is carried through by interviewing
professionals like project managers, architects, civil engineers, contractors and
government officials like city engineers, solid waste management officials.
Secondary information is gathered by compiled data from secondary source like various
research papers, various international journals, various international reports on
construction and demolition waste management. And also, proceedings of waste
management organizations and also some reports of surveys did by various agencies and
institution. Some information is collected thorough waste management and national
authoritys websites in construction waste and demolition management.
Excavated material
Concrete
Plaster,
Glass,
Plastics,
This latest estimate is based on compilations of local authority collection permit reports.
In relation to C&D waste which excludes soil and stones, it is estimated that only 69%
undergoes recovery/disposal.
There is every need for an Agency to carry out detailed research accurately assess
construction and demolition. Prudent and proper management of this waste stream will be
required in order to significantly improve the recycling rates of core construction and
demolition waste materials other than soil and stones.
This pattern of higher C&D waste arising is reflected throughout the world. The recycling
of C&D waste is essential in order to reduce our dependency on finite natural resources
such as geological and energy reserves. While recycling of such material has the added
benefit of controlling the extent of waste disposal and reducing overall transportation
costs, prevention is the most desirable approach to waste management, since the
elimination of waste removes the. need for subsequent handling, transportation and
treatment of discarded materials.
While good progress has been made in pursuit of the Government targets for the recycling
of construction and demolition waste, progress has been largely achieved through the use
of C&D waste for engineering works at landfill sites and in land reclamation activities.
The performance achieved in the prevention of waste on site developments as well as the
preparation and use of suitable C&D waste derived aggregates in construction works has
been limited to date. Many permitted facilities are conditioned to accept only soil and
stones in the land reclamation activity and it is essential to ensure that other categories of
C&D waste materials which are unsuitable for the purposes of land reclamation are not
deposited at these sites in contravention of permit conditions. Furthermore, it should be an
objective to ensure that the resource of C&D waste is employed in the most beneficial
manner practicable through optimal reuse and recycling activities. Construction projects,
even with good prevention practices, will generate significant quantities of waste on a
once-off basis. The identification and provision of facilities for the reception of such waste
raisings should be integrated into the project planning and design processes. The
preparation of a Project C&D Waste Management Plan should begin in the early stages of
project development to facilitate suitable arrangements for the proper and orderly
management of the wastes and surpluses that are liable to arise in the course of the
development works.
IN INDIA
Presence of waste and other inert material (e.g. drain silt, dust and grit from road
sweeping) is significant.
Selected international experience has been outlined here which have relevance for the
Indian situation:
Scotland - About 63% was recycled in 2000, remaining37% being disposed in landfill and
exempt sites.
The Government is working out specifications and code of practice.
Attempts are being made for establishing links with the planning system, computerizing
transfer note system to facilitate data analysis and facilitating dialogue between agencies
for adoption of secondary aggregates by consultants and contractors.
Netherlands - More than 40 million C&D waste is being generated of which 80% is brick
and concrete.
A number of initiatives taken since1993, such as prevention of waste, stimulate recycling,
promoting building material which have a longer life, products which can be easily
disassembled, separation at source and prohibition of C&D waste at landfills.
o Separation at source
o Ban on landfills
Japan - Much of the R&D in Japan is focused on materials which can withstand
earthquake and prefabrication.
85 million tons of C&D waste was generated in 2000, of which 95% of concrete was
crushed and reused as roadbed and backfilling material, 98% of asphalt + concrete and
35% sludge was recycled.
Singapore - C&D waste sis separately collected and recycled. A private company
(Sembwaste) has built an automated facility with 3,00,000 ton per annum capacity.
Hong Kong - Concrete bricks and paving blocks have been successfully produced,
impregnation of photo catalyst for controlling Nix in ambient air.
Waste materials are taken separately and their analysis has been done of some factors
and their use, how they can be recycled and reused. Common Waste materials that are
taken into considerations are: -
Concrete- In concrete we have to take aggregate as a main part and rest is separated by
some means for other uses.
Bricks- Different sizes of bricks are found are demolition of buildings and they are
separated and reused, like fresh bricks are cleaned and reused after operation of some
tests on them. Half and quarter bricks are taken for other uses like landfills. Wood-Wood
is also a material which can be reused as in new construction big logs are used after
demolition these big parts are broken and these small parts are reused by application of
nails and screws.
Asphalt-Asphalt from concrete asphalt can be separated by heating, aggregates and
asphalt can be separated and used.
Reinforcement-Bend reinforcement bars can be reused.
They can be straightened by some action of force and then they can be used at the places
where low strength is required.
Plastics-Plastics can also be reused.
TESTS ON CONCRETE:
I. Slump Cone Test-Slump cone test is performed on the fresh concrete to check
the workability of the concrete.
II. Compaction Factor Test-Compaction Factor Test is also performed on the fresh
concrete to test the workability of concrete.
TESTS ON BRICKS:
I. Compression Test-This test is performed on the bricks which are reused to check
the strength of bricks.
II. Efflorescence Test-To check the efflorescent (migration of salt to the surface of
porous material where it forms coating) on the brick, it is for the aesthetic or
appearance of the buildings.
CHAPTER-2
LITERATURE REVIEW
Asian institute of technology, Thailand had conducted a survey in various Asian countries
and published report onreduce, reuse and recycle (3r) practices in construction and
demolition waste management in Asia in May 2013. The study included the countries like
Bhutan, Japan, Hong Kong SAR, PR Chin, Thailand and others including India.The study
reveals the current status on C & D waste management in terms of Technologies relative to
3R and Information base regarding C & D waste is poor in India, whereas reusing facilities
and recycling facilities have moderateexistence and management practices, technologies,
stakeholder's participation in C & D Management is relatively low and the status of
sorting/.segregation, storage and monitoring facilities is unknown.
Presently, C & D waste generation in India accounts upto 23.75 million tons annually and
these figures arelikely todouble fold upto 2016. C&D waste and specifically concrete has
been seen as a resource in developed countries.Sadhan Ghosh, president of the
International Society of Waste Management, India reports that estimated waste generation
during construction is 40 to 60 Kg. per sq. m. Similarly, waste generation during
renovation/ repair work is estimated to be 40 to 50 kg/sq.m.
The highest contribution to waste generation is due to demolition of buildings.Demolition
of Pucca and Semi-Pucca buildings, on an average generates 500 & 300 kg/ sq.m. of
waste respectively.
In India nearly 50% of Construction & Demolition waste is being re-used and recycled,
while the remainder ismostly landfilled. At present, private contractors remove this waste
to privately owned, low-lying land for a price, or more commonly, dump it in an un-
authorized manner along roads or other public land. The common practice for large
Construction and Demolition (C&D) projects to pile waste in the road, results into the
traffic congestion.
Although, the responsibility of removing the waste is primarily of the builder or theowner,
it is usually assigned to the demolition contractor. Items, that cannot be re-used, are
disposed off tolandfill site. Disposalof C & D wasteinto Municipal Solid Wasteland filling
site degrades the quality of bio-degradable waste for treatments such as compostingor
energy recovery.
To address the problem of waste management in the country the Ministry of Environment
and forests, Governmentof India constituted a committee toevolve a road map for the
management of waste in India and to suggest a policy and strategy for achieving the same.
The scopeof the committee was toexamine theexisting administrative and regulatory
mechanism in waste management. Working Groups appointed by this committee interacted
with various stakeholders strategy for waste management. The Committee has made
number of recommendations for C & D management.
Recycling of waste from Construction Industry is carried out in U.K, France, Denmark,
Germany, U.S.A, Japan, etc. The proportion of different constituents varies from country
to country depending upon the material used for construction and the building technology.
The salient features of recycling operations in different countries can be summarized as
follows:
This type of mixing leads to cutting off the recycling options for C and D waste and also
reduces the efficiency of further municipal waste processing. Land disposal of C and D
waste presents a threat of ground water contamination because of trace amount of
hazardous constituents, which are some times encountered. In this article possibilities of C
and D waste recycling options are discussed, which includes recycling of concrete
aggregate; their properties and constrains in reusing of C and D waste concrete. This also
highlights the possible use of recycled aggregate in which further research is necessary.
Mansi Jain (2013) The excessive wastage of materials, improper management on site and
low awareness of the need for waste reduction are common in the local construction sites
in India. Today, in most European countries, it is economically feasible to recycle up to 80
90% of the total amount of construction waste and most demolition and recycling
technologies are generally easy to implement and control (Lauritzen, 1998). Considering
enormous increase in amount of waste generation owing to the growth in construction
industry can lead to wastage of materials which has its economic value.Currently,
existence of regional and national policies, laws and regulations governing reuse and
recycle principles for C & D waste is minimal in India. Thus the paper aims to focus on
the economic feasibility of waste minimisation of construction waste materials in terms of
cost savings in India.
Hariprasad N, V, Dayananda H. S (2014) This review paper collates and compiles the
available published literature on reuse and recycle of construction and demolition waste
materials. Construction and demolition waste is generated whenever any
construction/demolition activity takes place such as residential buildings, roads, bridges,
flyover, subway, remodeling etc. The production of construction materials involves
utilization of natural resources. Added to this, various toxic substances are emitted into
the atmosphere during the manufacturing process of construction materials. Rapid
industrialization and urbanization has led to generation of these wastes, and are being
dumped in open and low-lying areas.
These activities pose serious problems to human beings and the environment. Recycling
construction and demolition materials can be a best alternative to open dumping and also
in conservation of the natural resources.
Harish. P. Gayakwad, Neha. B. Sasane (2015) The construction industry has , gained
very fast growth in recent decades due to the increase in the population, increase in the IT
sector and increase in the industrialization and also introduction of new infrastructure
projects resulted in the increase of construction industry drastically. Due to which the
demand for construction materials is huge for the construction activities which results in
the generation of huge amount of construction waste. Construction material wastage
resulted in the huge financial setbacks to builders, contractors, regionals authorities and
also to the country. The production of waste due to the demolition of structures is more
than the wastage which occurs during construction of structures, so there is need of
management of Construction and Demolition (C&D) wastes, as distinct from Municipal
Solid wastes, is a relatively new subject in India [l] . To begin with the issue there is no
proper estimate regarding the quantity of waste occurs in India [l]. The primary reason is
being in disciplinary and less focused in this issue. In this problem there is absence of
regulatory framework and strict enforcement. Specific recommendations has made in this
paper to overcome the loop holes in the issue. In this paper current global status of
construction and demolition waste management is overviewed and also the sustainable
waste management hierarchy is studied so to overcome the waste problem.
Concrete is the second most consumed material after water, so recycling of concrete can
save construction costs also it will help to keep environment healthy. Concrete collected
from sites is put through crushing machine, usually uncontaminated concrete i.e. free
from wood, plastic, paper and other unwanted materials. Metals such as rebar are removed
with the help of magnets and other sorting devices. In many countries like Japan, United
States, United Kingdom various recycling techniques are being used and returning good
results. Process of recycling construction and demolitin waste includes storage, sorting,
collection, transportation, recycling and disposing. Recycling methods used in japan are
heating and rubbing methods.
Recycling of Construction and demolition waste has many benefits such as reduction in
transportation cost, it keeps environment clean and reduces natural resource exploitation.
To promote recycling andreuse of waste, awareness about its effects and benefits should
be communicated with people, contractors, engineers and architects. More numbers of
recycling plants should be installed and allowing the use of recycled aggregate instead of
natural aggregate for some purpose.
CHAPTER-3
RECYCLING CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION WASTES
3.1) Introduction
Architects, engineers, specification writers, and contractors have an interest in and
understand the goals of job site recycling of Demolition waste but are not familiar with its
practicalities. Without this familiarity, it's difficult to piece together how recycling works
into overall project management, or to counter the concerns of those who object to job site
recycling on the basis of cost, complexity, unreliability, or other factors. This chapter is
intended to provide the information to understand and address those objections, and lay
the foundation for successful recycling from any new construction, renovation or
demolition project.
1. Construction and demolition wastes are one of the largest waste streams in the
country.
3. It costs less - usually much less - to recycle job site wastes than to throw them away.
Almost all Job Site Wastes Are Recyclable. This waste stream is also very large. Waste
that's generated during construction of a new building is more than that produced by
occupants of that building during one to two years of occupancy. There is hardly a single
waste material from a job site that cannot be recycled: Some of the waste materials from
demolition site that can be recycled are as follows.
Easier logistics.
The biggest trade-off between source separation and commingled recycling is complexity vs.
economics.
Source separation is more complex because workers must separate waste materials before
they throw them away, there are more containers on site, and there are more markets and
haulers to work with and keep track of.
But in most cases, source separation is economically more advantageous than commingled
recycling:
Source separation produces materials that are ready to go directly to market; there is no
need to pay a processor to sort materials.
Source separated materials are generally of higher quality, with fewer contaminants, so
they're worth more in recycling markets.
There are some jobs where commingled recycling is the only option possible, because of
site limitations, job size, or schedule. In these cases, the goal is to identify the commingled
processor who can achieve the best combination of price and recycling rate. But where it's
feasible, source separation should be considered the best recycling option.
The basics of source separation are easy: each recyclable material should be segregated as
it is generated, and placed in the appropriate container. A few additional rules make source
separation work smoothly:
Keep as few containers as possible on site at any time. Containers take up space, and
having too many containers increases the possibility of confusion and contamination. In
general, aim to have one container on site for mixed debris, and one or two additional
containers for the specific wastes generated during each phase of the job.
Match containers to the material. A wood container, for example, will typically hold 30 or
40 cubic yards. But scrap metal from wiring and plumbing may need only a 2or 4-yard
container. For something like concrete, you may have a lot of material, but container size
may be limited by the weight that can be hauled over the road. Site layout and access also
play a role in container selection. Place containers close to work locations. An advantage of
source separation is that it doesn't rely on one big central container for all wastes. Smaller
containers can often be placed close to the work. Also look for opportunities to use
intermediate containers like hampers or rolling hoppers that can be placed right next to the
work, and then wheeled to a larger waste container at the end of the shift. Again, there may
be surprising savings in labour and convenience.
What makes source separation work is the fact that it's matched to the phase of the job. You
only have on site the containers needed at a particular time for the specific wastes being
generated. You collect, haul, and market these materials. When the job moves on, you
recycle different materials, in different containers, and generally to different markets. It
takes a little energy and thought to do this, but in most cases the financial savings and the
advantage in recycling rates are more than worth it.
Good planning is the single most important part of construction waste management. Like
anything else in construction, recycling is straightforward if you have a good blueprint,
but becomes much more difficult and expensive if it's an add-on. Good planning allows
you to identify all recyclable materials and know how you're going to manage them before
the job starts. Good planning addresses how each waste material will be handled, what
containers will be used and when they'll be on site, and where each material will be
marketed. Good planning allows you to assess the costs and benefits of recycling and
decide which materials to source separate, which to recycle as commingled debris, and
which to discard as trash. Good planning covers communications, training, and
troubleshooting, and lays out tracking and reporting procedures for documentation. The
Waste Management Plan is the document that lays out the start-to- finish strategy for job
site recycling. It is prepared directly from the drawings and specifications for the job, and
a good plan will closely follow these documents.
All of this can (and should) be done before you break ground, so that recycling is
incorporated seamlessly into overall performance of the job. It's best if the Management
Plan is written and signed off on by all parties (owner, architect, and contractor) a month
or more before ground breaking or the first day of demolition.
Many high-value wastes, for example, furniture and furnishings, architectural salvage
and valuable commodities such as nonferrous metals;
Wastes that are difficult to separate and recycle (like painted gypsum wallboard,
insulation, and shingles), and wastes that may be contaminated with hazardous
materials.
Automated demolition equipment like cranes and grapples, which don't lend
themselves to the separation of one material from another.
Tight and inflexible schedules; project value is in the new construction, while
demolition is perceived simply as a cost, with the goal to finish as quickly and
cheaply as possible.
METHODOLOGY
Concrete 2.4-3.67
Metals 0.60-0.73
Bitumen 0.25-0.30
Wood 0.25-0.30
Others 0.10-0.15
AGGREGATE:
We collect fresh aggregate in which two sizes are there:
10 mm size aggregate
20 mm size aggregate
Then we obtained aggregate from the concrete waste which is broken in Los
Angeles Apparatus, then that mixture is sieved by 10 mm and 20 mm sieve
From 200 kg of concrete we obtained about 31 kg of aggregate.
Concrete is broken by Los Angeles Apparatus in which these concrete boulders are put
inside Los Angeles Apparatus along with 10 iron balls and machine is started for a
particular period of time.
15 17 13.43 16.95
Table4. 2(Aggregates)
CEMENT:
We bought a 50-kg bag of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) for the use of making
concrete from fresh aggregate as well as aggregate obtained from waste concrete.
SAND:
We bought around 100 kg of sand or fine aggregate for the mix design.
BRICKS:
Bricks are also collected for testing in which we will check old bricks and new bricks
strengths and their efflorescence,3 new bricks and 3 old bricks are collected for the tests.
PLASTICIZERS
Plasticizers or water reducers, and superplasticizer or high range water reducers, are
chemical admixtures that can be added to concrete mixtures to improve workability.
Unless the mix is "starved" of water, the strength of concrete is inversely proportional to
the amount of water added or water-cement (w/c) ratio.
In the situation such as in concrete pumping, ready-made concrete industry, tremie
concreting, concreting in deep beams etc., high degree of workability in grading or use of
high percentage can be increased by the improvement in grading or use of high
percentage of fine aggregates or increasing cement content or others but it is very
difficult to apply in the field. Extra water can be used to increase workability but it
causes harm to the strength and durability of concrete. Hence, nowadays, it is very
popular to use admixtures named plasticizers and super-plasticizers (available in various
brand names) to reduce water requirement and to make concrete strong and workable.
Plasticizers are the organic or combination of organic and inorganic substances which
reduces water content for certain degree of workability, when added in mix. The basic
products consisting plasticizers are anionic surfactants (such as lignosulphonates, salts of
sulphonates hydrocarbon) nonionic surfactants (such as polyglycol esters, hydroxylated
carboxylic acid products) and others such as carbohydrates, etc. among them calcium,
sodium and ammonium lignosulphonates are commonly used. Plasticizers are mixed
from 0.1% to 0.4% by weight of cement used and it reduces 5% to 15% of water with the
increment of workability from 3 to 8cm slump. In the mix, the cement grains absorb the
plasticizers molecules and results change in the surface charge of the same sign which
causes repulsive forces and makes the dispersion which increases plasticity and
workability. Some plasticizer also entrails the air but a good plasticizer is that which
entrains air less than 2% only. The plasticizers are available in market in various brands
with specifications for composition, dosages etc.
However, the super-plasticizers are the improvement of plasticizers. It increases
workability at same water cement ratio (w/c) and decreases w/c ratio at the same
workability level. The fluidizing property remains longer due to the retarding property on
cement hydration. Hence it is possible to obtain so called "flowing concrete" or "self
levelling concrete", which is pumpable or requires very little effort in the compaction. In
the concrete with super-plasticizer segregation and bleeding are nearly absent. In other
words, use of super-plasticizers reduces much more segregations and bleedings than any
normal plasticizers. Hence, super-plasticizers are most effective mix ingredient for
concrete. The super-plasticizers are normally grouped as sulphonated melamine,
Naphthalene sulphonate, modified sulphonates and others. The super-plasticizers are also
available in market in various brands with specifications for composition, dosages etc.
Types of Admixtures
i. Los Angeles Machine: It consists of a hollow steel cylinder, closed at both the ends with
an internal diameter of 700 mm and length 500 mm and capable of rotating about its
horizontal axis. A removable steel shaft projecting radially 88 mm into cylinder and
extending full length (i.e.500 mm) is mounted firmly on the interior of cylinder. The shelf
is placed at a distance1250 mm minimum from the opening in the direction of rotation.
ii. Abrasive charge: Cast iron or steel balls, approximately 48mm in diameter and each
weighing between 390 to 445g; six to twelve balls are required.
v. Drying oven
Theory-
The aggregate used in surface course of the highway pavements are subjected to wearing due to
movement of traffic. When vehicles move on the road, the soil particles present between the
pneumatic tyres and road surface cause abrasion of road aggregates. The steel reamed wheels of
animal driven vehicles also cause considerable abrasion of the road surface. Therefore, the road
aggregates should be hard enough to resist abrasion. Resistance to abrasion of aggregate is
determined in laboratory by Los Angeles test machine. The principle of Los Angeles abrasion
test is to produce abrasive action by use of standard steel balls which when mixed with
aggregates and rotated in a drum for specific number of revolutions also causes impact on
aggregates. The percentage wear of the aggregates due to rubbing with steel balls is determined
and is known as Los Angeles Abrasion Value.
MIX DESIGN: M35
RATIO: -1:1.6:2.907
Table4.3(M35 Mix)
A slump test is a method used to determine the consistency of concrete. The consistency, or
stiffness, indicates how much water has been used in the mix. The stiffness of the concrete
mix should be matched to the requirements for the finished product quality.
Principle
The slump test result is a measure of the behaviour of a compacted inverted cone of
concrete under the action of gravity. It measures the consistency or the wetness of concrete.
Apparatus
Slump cone,
1. The mould for the slump test is a frustum of a cone, 300 mm (12 in) of height. The
base is 200 mm (8in) in diameter and it has a smaller opening at the top of 100 mm
(4 in).
2. The base is placed on a smooth surface and the container is filled with concrete in
three layers, whose workability is to be tested.
3. Each layer is temped 25 times with a standard 16 mm (5/8 in) diameter steel rod,
rounded at the end.
4. When the mould is completely filled with concrete, the top surface is struck off
(levelled with mould top opening) by means of screening and rolling motion of the
temping rod.
5. The mould must be firmly held against its base during the entire operation so that it
could not move due to the pouring of concrete and this can be done by means of
handles or foot - rests brazed to the mould.
6. Immediately after filling is completed and the concrete is levelled, the cone is slowly
and carefully lifted vertically, an unsupported concrete will now slump.
7. The decrease in the height of the center of the slumped concrete is called slump.
8. The slump is measured by placing the cone just besides the slump concrete and the
temping rod is placed over the cone so that it should also come over the area of
slumped concrete.
9. The decrease in height of concrete to that of mould is noted with scare. (Usually
measured to the nearest 5 mm.
Precautions
In order to reduce the influence on slump of the variation in the surface friction, the inside
of the mould and its base should be moistened at the beginning of every test, and prior to
lifting of the mould the area immediately around the base of the cone should be cleaned
from concrete which may have dropped accidentally.
Types of Slump
The slumped concrete takes various shapes, and according to the profile of slumped
concrete, the slump is termed as;
1. Collapse Slump
2. Shear Slump
3. True Slump
Figure4.4(Types of Slumps)
In a shear slump the top portion of the concrete shears off and slips sideways. Or If one-half
of the cone slides down an inclined plane, the slump is said to be a shear slump.
1. If a shear or collapse slump is achieved, a fresh sample should be taken and the test is
repeated.
2. If the shear slump persists, as may the case with harsh mixes, this is an indication of
lack of cohesion of the mix.
In a true slump the concrete simply subsides, keeping more or less to shape
2. Mixes of stiff consistence have a Zero slump, so that in the rather dry range no
variation can be detected between mixes of different workability.
However, in a lean mix with a tendency to harshness, a true slump can easily change to the
shear slump type or even to collapse, and widely different values of slump can be obtained
in different samples from the same mix; thus, the slump test is unreliable for lean mixes.
1. The slump test is used to ensure uniformity for different batches of similar concrete
under field conditions and to ascertain the effects of plasticizers on their
introduction.
2. This test is very useful on site as a check on the day-to-day or hour- to-hour
variation in the materials being fed into the mixer. An increase in slump may mean,
for instance, that the moisture content of aggregate has unexpectedly increases.
3. Other cause would be a change in the grading of the aggregate, such as a deficiency
of sand.
4. Too high or too, low a slump gives immediate warning and enables the mixer
operator to remedy the situation.
5. This application of slump test as well as its simplicity, is responsible for its
widespread use.
Very low 0-25 0-1 0.78 Very dry mixes; used in road making.
Roads vibrated by power operated
machines.
RESULTS:
Slump for fresh aggregate concrete = 68mm
Slump for concrete mix of aggregate obtained from waste concrete = 51mm
Comparison
Slump (mm)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
ii. The trap-door is opened so that the concrete falls into the lower hopper.
iii. The trap-door of the lower hopper is opened and the concrete is allowed to fall into
the cylinder.
iv. The excess concrete remaining above the top level of the cylinder is then cut of with
the help of plane blades.
v. The concrete in the cylinder is weighed. This is known as weight of partially
compacted concrete.
vi. The cylinder is filled with a fresh sample of concrete and vibrated to obtain full
compaction. The concrete in the cylinder is weighed again. This weight is known as
the weight of fully compacted concrete.
Observations
For Fresh Concrete:
Weight of Partially Compacted Concrete = 12.39kg
Weight of Fully Compacted Concrete = 13.7kg
Weight of Empty Cylinder =12.76kg
For concrete mix of aggregate obtained from waste concrete:
Weight of Partially Compacted Concrete = 12.17kg
Weight of Fully Compacted Concrete =13.9kg
Weight of Empty Cylinder = 12.76kg
Calculation
Compacting factor = (Weight of partially compacted concrete)/(Weight of fully compacted
concrete)
Concreting of shallow sections with Very low 20 - 10 seconds Vee-Bee time or 0.75
vibrations to 0.80 compacting factor
Result:
For Fresh Concrete = 0.94
For concrete mix of aggregate obtained from waste concrete = 0.87
Comparison
Compaction Factor
Preparation of mix- First we prepare mix for both types of aggregate fresh and
aggregate obtained from waste concrete. We design a mix ofM35 Grade
(1:1.6:2.907). Mix it in mixer accordingly.
Perform test- perform slump cone test and compaction test to check the
workability of concrete, both the concretes are taken separately.
Put the mixed concrete in the moulds then vibrate them on the vibrator so that
concrete settles properly in the mould so lack chances of defects on the cube.
After 24 hours open the moulds of concrete and put them in the curing tank at
1000 C cure them for 24 hours.
1hen take them out from the curing tank and weight them separately and then
perform the desired tests on the concrete blocks.
Ultra Sonic Pulse Velocity (USPV) Test
Ultrasonic test on concrete is a recognized non-destructive test to assess the homogeneity and
integrity of concrete. With this ultrasonic test on concrete, following can be assessed:
This test essentially consists of measuring travel time, T of ultrasonic pulse of 50 to 54 kHz,
produced by an electro-acoustical transducer, held in contact with surface of the concrete member
under test and receiving the same by a similar transducer in contact with the surface at the other
end. With the path length L, (i.e. the distance between the two probes) and time of travel T, the
(V=LID is calculated (fig.2). Higher the elastic modulus, density and integrity of the concrete,
higher is the pulse velocity. The ultrasonic pulse velocity depends on the density and elastic
properties of the material being tested.
Though pulse velocity is related with crushing strength of concrete, yet no statistical correlation
can be applied.
a. Path length
The influence of path length will be negligible provided it is not less than 100mm when 20mm
size aggregate is used or less than 150mm for 40mm size aggregate. Pulse velocity will not be
influenced by the shape of the specimen, provided its least lateral dimension (i.e. its dimension
measured at right angles to the pulse path) is not less than the wavelength of the pulse
vibrations. For pulse of 50Hz frequency, this corresponds to a least lateral dimension of about
80mm. the velocity of pulses in steel bar is generally higher than they are in concrete. For this
reason pulse velocity measurements made in the vicinity of reinforcing steel may high and not
representative the concrete, influence of the reinforcement is generally small if the bars runs in
a direction at right angles to the pulse path and the quantity of steel is small in relation to the
path length. The moisture content of the concrete can have a small but significant influence on
the pulse velocity. In general, the velocity is increased with increased moisture content, the
influence being more marked for lower quality concrete.
Measurement of pulse velocities at points on a regular grid on the surface of a concrete structure
provides a reliable method of assessing the homogeneity of the concrete. The size of the grid
chosen will depend on the size of the structure and the amount of variability encountered.
Table 1:-General Guidelines for Concrete Quality based on UPV
Table 1 shows the guidelines for qualitative assessment of concrete based on UPV test results. To
make a more realistic assessment of the condition of surface of a structural member, the pulse
velocity can be combined with rebound number. Table 2 shows the guidelines for identification of
corrosion prone locations by combining the results of pulse velocity and rebound number.
Identification of Corrosion Prone Location based on Pulse Velocity and Hammer Readings
Table4. 7(Recommended Values)
No. Test Results Interpretations
4 Low UPV, low rebound numbers Corrosion prone, requires chemical and
electrochemical tests.
Detection of Defects
When ultrasonic pulse travelling through concrete meets a concrete-air interface, there is a
negligible transmission of energy across this interface so that any air filled crack or void lying
directly between the transducers will obstruct the direct beam of ultrasonic when the void has a
projected area larger than the area of transducer faces. The first pulse to arrive at the receiving
transducer will have been directed around the periphery of the defect and the time will be
longer than in similar concrete with no defect.
b. An external battery or
ii. Set reference: A reference bar is provided to check the instrument zero. The pulse time
for the bar is engraved on it. Apply a smear of grease to the transducer faces before
placing it on the opposite ends of the bar. Adjust the 'SET REF' control until the reference
bar transit time is obtained on the instrument read-out.
iii. Range selection: For maximum accuracy, it is recommended that the 0.1 microsecond
range be selected for path length up to 400mm.
iv. Pulse velocity: Having determined the most suitable test points on the material to be
tested, make careful measurement of the path length 'L'. Apply couplant to the surfaces of
the transducers and press it hard onto the surface of the material. Do not move the
transducers while reading is being taken, as this can generate noise signals and errors in
measurements. Continue holding the transducers onto the surface of the material until a
consistent reading appears on the display, which is the time in microsecond for the
ultrasonic pulse to travel the distance 'L'. The mean value of the display readings should
be taken when the unit digit hunts between two values.
Pulse velocity
4.31
4.49
Apparatus
Compression testing machine
Specimen
6 cubes of 15 cm size Mix. M15 or above
Mixing
Mix the concrete either by hand or in a laboratory batch mixer
Hand mixing
i. Mix the cement and fine aggregate on a water tight none-absorbent platform until the
mixture is thoroughly blended and is of uniform colour
ii. Add the coarse aggregate and mix with cement and fine aggregate until the coarse aggregate
is uniformly distributed throughout the batch
iii. Add water and mix it until the concrete appears to be homogeneous and of the desired
consistency
Sampling
ii. Fill the concrete in the moulds in layers approximately 5cm thick
iii. Compact each layer with not less than 35strokes per layer using a tamping rod (steel bar
16mm diameter and 60cm long, bullet pointed at lower end)
Curing
The test specimens are stored in moist air for 24hours and after this period the specimens are
marked
and removed from the moulds and kept submerged in clear fresh water until taken out prior to
test.
Precautions
The water for curing should be tested every 7days and the temperature of water must be at 27+-
20C
Procedure
I. Remove the specimen from water after specified curing time and wipe out excess water
from the surface.
IV. Place the specimen in the machine in such a manner that the load shall be applied to the
opposite sides of the cube cast.
VI. Record the maximum load and note any unusual features in the type of failure.
Note
Minimum three specimens should be tested at each selected age. If strength of any specimen
varies by more than 15 per cent of average strength, results of such specimen should be rejected.
Average of their specimens gives the crushing strength of concrete. The strength requirements of
concrete.
Observations
1 50 22 34.5 53.15
4 43 225 30 46.15
2 40 225 28 43.15
Report
a. Identification mark
b. Date of test
c. Age of specimen
e. Appearance of fractured faces of concrete and the type of fracture if they are unusual
Result
1 day 16%
3 days 40%
7 days 65%
14 days 90%
28 days 99%
M15 10 15
M20 13.5 20
M25 17 25
M30 20 30
MSS 23.5 35
M40 27 40
M45 30 45
Comparison
Compressive Strength(N/mm2)
BRICKS
Compressive Strength Test
Aim
To determine the compressive strength of bricks.
Apparatus
Compression testing machine, the compression plate of which shall have ball seating in
the form of portion of a sphere center of which coincides with the center of the plate.
Specimens
Three numbers of whole bricks from sample collected should be taken. the dimensions
should be measured to the nearest 1mm.
Sampling
Remove unevenness observed the bed faces to provide two smooth parallel faces by
grinding. Immerse in water at room temperature for 24 hours. Remove the specimen and
drain out any surplus moisture at room temperature. Fill the frog and all voids in the bed
faces flush with cement mortar (l cement, l clean coarse sand of grade 3mm and down).
Store it under the damp jute bags for 24 hours filled by immersion in clean water for 3
days. Remove and wipe out any traces of moisture.
Procedure
I. Place the specimen with flat face s horizontal and mortar filled face facing
upwards between plates of the testing machine.
II. Apply load axially at a uniform rate of 14 N/mm 2 (140kg/cm2) per minute till
failure occurs and note maximum load at failure.
III. The load at failure is maximum load at which the specimen fails to produce any
further increase in the indicator reading on the testing machine.
Observations
1 13 18
2 12 17
3 13 15
Calculation
Compressive strength = Maximum load at failure (N) / Average area of bed face (mm2)
Result
For New Brick
Average compressive strength of the given bricks =12.67N/mm2
IS SPECICATIONS
Speciation of Common Clay Building Bricks
Dimensions: The standard size of clay bricks shall be as follows
Table4. 14(Sizes of Bricks)
190 90 90
190 90 40
Classification: The common burnt clay shall be classified on the basis of average
compressive strength as given in table.
350 35 40
300 30 35
250 25 30
200 20 25
175 17.5 20
150 15 17.5
125 12.5 15
100 10 12.5
75 7.5 10
50 5 7.5
35 3.5 5
Comparison
Compressive Strength
EFFLORESCENCE
OF BRICKS
Objective
For determination of efflorescence of bricks
Reference Standards
IS: 3495 Part(3)-1992
Procedure
1. A shallow flat bottom dish containing sufficient distilled water to completely saturate
the specimens is used for the test. The ends of the bricks are placed in the dish, the
depth of immersion in water being 25 mm.
2. The whole arrangement is placed in a warm (between 20 0C and 300C) well ventilated
room until all the water in the dish is absorbed by the specimens and the surplus water
evaporates.
3. The dish containing the brick is covered with a suitable glass cylinder so that
excessive evaporation from the dish may not occur.
4. When the water has been absorbed and brick appears to be dry, a similar quantity of
water is placed in the dish and it is allowed to evaporate as before. Examine the bricks
for efflorescence after the second evaporation and the results are reported.
Reports
CHAPTER-5
Reuse
Recycle
Landfill
RECYCLING OF C&D
C and D waste management may be defined as the discipline associated with the proper
storage, collection and transportation, recovery and recycling, processing, reusing and
disposal of C and D wastes in a manner that is in accord with the best principles of
human health, economic, engineering, aesthetics and other environmental
considerations. The management approaches are different from one country to another,
as are the levels of environmental protection Most of the C and D management systems
reviewed on the following basis: C and D waste management includes following steps:
Disposal
Being predominantly inert in nature, C and D waste does not create chemical or Bio-
chemical pollution. Hence maximum effort should make to reuse and recycle them as
explained above. The material can be used for filling/levelling of low-lying areas. In the
industrialized countries, special landfills are sometimes created for - inert waste, which
are normally located in abandoned mines and quarries.
Management of Materials
Aggregates
The term "aggregate" is used broadly by the construction industry to refer to natural
mineral. materials used for various types of construction. Robinson, Menzie& Hyun
(2004) describe the term aggregate as "an industrial commodity term for sand, gravel,
and crushed rock materials, in their natural or processed state, that are used to provide
bulk, strength, and wear resistance in construction applications" (Barkdale, 2000, as
cited in Robinson, Menzie& Hyun, 2004, p. 276) In the U.S., aggregates are primarily
used in the production of Portland cement concrete, asphalt pavement, and as structural
fill in the construction and maintenance of roads and buildings (Tepordei, 1999). In
Europe, the word "aggregate" is also used to describe recycled concrete, bricks and
ceramics which are often crushed and used as fill for civil engineering projects. More
recently, these recycled aggregates have begun to be used in Europe for the production
of new concrete (Weil, Jeske & Schebek, 2006).
Aggregates often represent a large proportion of a region's C&D waste stream due to
their weight and predominance in modern construction techniques. If used asphalt
pavement torn up during the repaving of roads is included, the total volume of waste
aggregates produced is much larger. While individual houses are often constructed of
wood in Canada and other northern regions such as Scandinavia, house foundations,
larger public buildings and transportation infrastructure are often constructed using
aggregates. In other parts of Europe and North America, aggregates are more commonly
used for all types of construction and represent an even higher proportion of total C&D
waste produced. For example, a Spanish national plan for C&D waste from 2001
demonstrates that aggregates made up 75% of Spain's C&D waste at the time (Merino
et al., 2010).
Aggregates have often been targeted by recycling strategies due to their abundance in
C&D waste streams. In Europe and North America, recycled aggregates have most
commonly been used as loose fill in the construction of roads and other infrastructure.
Recently, however, there has been increased interest in substituting recycled aggregates
for natural aggregates in concrete production (Weil et al., 2006). In Germany, research
into this possibility has been prompted by concerns over ground water contamination
from recycled aggregates used as fill. However, using recycled aggregates in the
production of new cement can also reduce the use of primary mineral resources by more
than 40% (Weil et al., 2006).
An important question that must be asked when conducting research on using recycled
aggregates in new concrete is whether the concrete produced will have the same
strength and durability as concrete made with natural aggregates. Many construction
materials are made using a particular specification which is adhered to in order to ensure
that the manufactured product will perform optimally. The use of recycled materials
often requires an alteration in the manufacturing process which in turn requires the
development of a new specification (or "spec"). While research in Germany has
demonstrated that certain types of concrete can be reliably produced using recycled
aggregates, Weil et al. (2006) describe several conditions that must be adhered to in
order for the process to be successful. For instance, the authors state that recycled
aggregates from civil engineering projects must not be used for structural engineering
applications as they can contain chloride which can affect the durability of structural
concrete. Weil et al. (2006) also note that increased amounts of binding material such as
cement, fly ash, or concrete plasticizers must often be used due to the rougher surface
and more angular shape of recycled aggregates. If cement is chosen, the total energy
consumed and air emissions produced in the manufacture of concrete can be close to
40% higher than that of concrete with primary aggregates. However, if fly ash or
concrete plasticizers are used to prevent an increased use of cement, total energy use
and air emissions can remain very similar to that of traditional concrete (Weil et al.,
2006). It appears that only recycled concrete and brick can be used in the production of
new concrete and these aggregates must be carefully sorted from other materials in
order to ensure that they are free of contaminants. Weil et al. (2006) state that current
technologies for the sorting of C&D waste are unable to separate different aggregate
types and that pending the development of new waste sorting technology, aggregate
sorting must take place at the demolition site through selective demolition or
deconstruction procedures.
Glass
While glass has been used in windows for centuries, it is now commonly used to
construct exterior wall panels, tiles and photovoltaic panels as well. This
diversification of glass building materials has greatly increased the percentage of
glass used in commercial buildings in particular. It appears that glass waste from
construction projects is limited since glass windows, tiles and panelling are
available in a variety of sizes. Glass is often a small percentage of current
demolition waste as well since it was only frequently used in windows, mirrors and
insulation products in older structures. While window glass represents the largest
percentage of demolition glass waste, there is currently little demand for single-
pane windows since they do not insulate as well as newer designs. It is unclear
whether the difficulty in separating window materials discourages recycling of
these products as well. Glass block salvaged from deconstruction activities is
reused in HRM and elsewhere (R. Rhyno, personal communication, August 23,
2011).
Large demands for recycled glass are being created through its use as a substitute for
sand in cement production and as a replacement for gravel in hot-mix asphalt where it
can make up 40% of the aggregate mix. Recycled glass is used to a lesser extent for
water filtration systems, as a replacement for sand on golf courses and playing fields,
in the production of fibreglass insulation and as a fluxing agent in the manufacture of
tile and brick. More valuable uses of recycled glass are also being developed. In the
United States, Vetrazzo Inc. produces glass composite counter tops made with up to
100% recycled glass (Winkler, 2010).
Current Practices in HRM:
Unsorted glass waste is currently being used in the creation of daily landfill cover at
the recycling centres in HRM. Halifax C&D Recycling will recycle glass waste such
as street light covers and window glass if it arrives sorted. The C&D glass
waste is used to manufacture a certified aggregate used in septic systems (D. Chassie,
personal communication, September 9, 2011).
Plastics
Although plastics typically represent just 1% of total construction and demolition
waste, their environmental impact can be significant once they are disposed of
(Assessing the Potential of Plastics Recycling in the Construction and Demolition
Activities (APPRICOD), 2004). Plastics can take centuries to biodegrade, and the
chemicals contained within them are serious threats to air and water quality when
plastic waste is incinerated or landfilled. In addition, the use of plastics in the
construction industry continues to increase.
While a wide variety of plastics are manufactured worldwide, polyvinyl chloride
(PVC) is the most commonly used plastic in the construction industry today.
According to APPRICOD (2004), PVC accounted for 47% of all plastics used in the
construction industry in Western Europe in 2002. PVC is now commonly used for
manufacturing pipes and ducts, door and window frames and vinyl flooring
(APPRICOD, 2004). High density and low density polyethylene are used as well for
the production of plastic piping. The plastics EPS (expanded polystyrene), XPS
(extruded polystyrene) and PU (polyurethane) are also frequently used to manufacture
insulation materials and made up of the construction industry's plastics consumption in
Western Europe in 2002 (APPRICOD, 2004). In Canada strategies for recycling
plastic waste are only beginning to be developed. The Canadian Plastics Industry
Association (CPIA) has begun pilot projects to collect plastic pipe cut-offs in Ontario
and Alberta (M. Axemith, personal communication, August 22, 2011). CPIA has also
produced several reports on best practices for recovering and recycling vinyl siding
during demolition projects. In Ontario, several recycling companies are currently
collecting vinyl from construction projects and vinyl manufacturing facilities. As well,
the company Simplas has facilities in Edmonton, AB and Mississauga, ON which
accept PVC and polyethylene pipe cutoffs and vinyl siding from construction and
demolition sites for recycling. Simplas claims to be the only Canadian company
recycling plastic piping from construction and demolition is dropped off at Simplas
free of charge or collected for the company in separate bins at landfills. It appears that
C&D plastic waste recycling is not yet common outside of Alberta and Ontario.
Current Practices in HRM:
There are no recycling processes currently in place for recycling plastic C&D waste
in the Halifax Regional Municipality. The municipality's distance from plastic
manufacturers may be a constraint to the development of a plastics recycling
industry as recycled plastic would need to be transported long distances. As well, it
appears that used vinyl siding must remain clean and uncontaminated in order to be
recycled (Dillon Consulting Ltd, 2006). In this case, traditional demolition practices
would be a constraint to the recycling of vinyl siding and selective demolition would
be required.
material for exterior walls. Recycling opportunities for this material are unfortunately
very limited at the moment. Rastra Inc. (www.rastrmcom) is the only company in
North America currently accepting used polystyrene boards for recycling.
Thecompany has manufacturing plants in Columbus, Ohio, and Albuquerque, New
Mexico, and uses the recycled material for manufacturing insulated concrete form
products (Winkler, 2010).
Current Practices in HRM:
Carpet recycling within the Halifax Regional Municipality is conducted on a limited
basis by InterfaceFLOR, an international manufacturer of carpet floor tiles based in
Georgia, United States. InterfaceFLOR currently recycles commercial carpeting, but is
unable to recycle household carpeting since it lacks central collection depots to
stockpile this product (J. MacNeill, personal communication, August 25, 2011). A
general constraint on carpet recycling is the additional cost of packing the carpet for
shipment to an InterfaceFLOR recycling facility. The current cost of recycling
carpeting in HRM is approximately $.25-.50 per square foot if new InterfaceFLOR
carpet tiles are installed, although the price can be higher if carpeting is removed
inefficiently (J. MacNeill, personal communication, August 25, 2011).
Ceiling tiles and fiberglass insulation are not currently collected on a large scale for
recycling in HRM. The reuse of these materials does occasionally occur, however, if
they remain in good condition during renovations or deconstruction.
CHAPTER-6
From Waste Concrete Aggregates are obtained; for this cost analysis we doesn't have cost of
aggregates, overall cost of obtaining aggregates from the waste concrete is considered.
Cost of obtaining aggregates from waste concrete will be approximately Rs87 in which we
consider:
Transportation of waste from demolished site to the desired site where recycling has been
done.
Machinery and electricity/fuel cost for separating aggregate from the waste concrete.
All other rates are same as above used for fresh concrete
Total cost for 6 cubes is approximately 197Rs
For 6 cubes, we have a difference of 3 rupees which is a good result for big structures.
Price(Rs)
BRICKS
As we know that new brick will cost us about 5Rs/brick. In which strength
is also less than old bricks because old bricks are burnt in coal which gives
good strength to thebricks.
So old bricks can also be a good, bricks are separated in different size which consists
of;
Full Brick
Half Brick
Quarter Brick
Full bricks can be cleaned by labour
used for landfills and pavements.
Cleaning of I brick costs less than I rupee which is very good for the reuse.
CHAPTER-7
BENEFITS:
Recycling and reuse of buildings and materials can yield significant economic and
environmental benefits. Reuse promotes historic preservation, conserves both energy and
resources, and contributes to the local economy. Building-related activities (demolition,
remodelling and tenant improvement, new construction and land clearing) generate
construction, remodelling and demolition (CR&D) waste. Slightly more than half of the
CR&D material generated in Portland is disposed in the landfill. This means that more than 25
percent of Portland's landfill space is construction and demolition debris. Half of this amount
could have been reused or recycled.
Environmental Benefits
Reducing Energy Use and Contribution to Climate Change
Keeping waste material out of the landfill reduces greenhouse gases that contribute to
climate change.
Diverting materials from the landfill puts less pressure on the need to extract and process
raw materials for building or other uses, thereby saving energy and reducing carbon
emissions.
Processing waste material into new products (i.e., recycling) uses significantly less
energy than processing raw materials into new products.
Reusing buildings or materials helps preserve embodied energy --- the energy associated with
the materials of a building throughout its life this includes energy consumed to extract raw
materials; process the materials; transport the materials to a job site; and ultimately dispose of
the materials.
Future scope:
In India, nearly 50% of Construction & Demolition waste is being re-used and recycled, while
the remainder is mostly landfilled. In India, it's common practice for large Construction and
Demolition (C&D) projects to pile waste in the road, resulting in traffic congestion. C&D
waste from individual households finds its way into nearby municipal bins and waste storage
depots making the municipal waste heavy, and degrading its quality for treatments such as
composting or energy recovery. The Indian construction industry is highly labour intensive and
has accounted for approximately 50% of the country's capital outlay in successive Five Year
Plans, and projected investment continues to show a growing trend. Out of 48 million tonnes
of solid waste generated in India, C&D waste makes up 25% annually. Rapid economic
growth leading to urbanisation and industrialisation is generating waste, which is adversely
affecting the environment. The percentage of India's population living in cities and urban areas
increased from 14% at the time of independence to 27.8%. Projections for building material
requirement by the housing sector indicate a shortage of aggregates to the extent of about
55,000 million m3. An additional 750 million m3 of aggregates would be required to achieve
the targets of the road sector. There is also a huge demand for aggregates in the housing and
road sectors, but there is a significant gap in demand and supply. Estimated waste generation
during construction is 40 kg per m2 to 60 kg per m2. Similarly, waste generation during
renovation and repair work is estimated to be 40 kg per m2 to 50 kg per m2. The highest
contribution to waste generation comes from the demolition of buildings. Demolition of pucca
(permanent) and semi-pucca buildings, on average generates between 300kg per m2 and 500
kg per m2 of waste, respectively. The presence of C&D waste and other inert matters makes
up almost one third of the total MSW on an average, but so far no notable development has
taken place for using this in an organised manner. At present, private contractors remove this
waste to privately owned, low-lying land for a price, or more commonly, dump it in an
unauthorised manner along roads or other public land.
The fine dust like material (fines) from C&D waste is not currently being used and is thus
wasted. In more than 95% cases wastes such as bricks, metal, wood, plastics and glass have
some market value and there are contractors who focus solely on dealing in C&D wastes. The
use of these materials requires them to be sorted and separated, and is dependent on their
condition, although the majority of this material is durable and therefore has a high potential
for reuse. It would, however, be desirable to have quality standards for the recycled materials.
An investigation revealed that total waste from India's construction industry could reach 12-14
mt per year. ln view of the significant role of recycled construction material in the
development of urban infrastructure, the Technology Information, Forecasting & Assessment
Council (TIFAC) has conducted a techno-market survey on 'Utilisation of Waste from
Construction Industry', targeting the house building and road construction industries. The total
quantum of waste from the construction industry is estimated to be between 12 million to 14.7
million tonnes per annum, out of which seven to eight million tonnes are concrete and brick
waste. According to the surveys findings 70% of the respondents said they were "not aware
of the recycling techniques" as the reason for not recycling C&D waste, while the remaining
30% have indicated that they are not even aware of recycling possibilities. Furthermore, the
Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) and other codal provisions do not provide specifications for
the use of recycled products in construction activities.
In July this year, in West Bengal, a consultative committee comprising top level municipal
management and experts from the Centre for Quality Management System and Mechanical
Engineering of Jadavpur University and government departments was formed to address
solid waste management issues, including C&D Wastes.
Construction waste in Delhi Gurgaon Municipal Corporation near Delhi is planning a C&D
waste recycling plant on five acres of land. There is considerable construction activity taking
place in Gurgaon, but no place to dump the C&D wastes. The fast pace of the construction
and renovation work will continue for at least the next five years. Hence, there is need for a
C&D waste processor. With the three existing landfill sites having exhausted their capacity
some time ago, the Municipal Corporation of Delhi (MCD) has given the go-ahead for the
establishment of a sanitary landfill facility at Narela-Bawana in northwest Delhi. The Rs 700
million ($15.5 million) integrated solid waste management facility is being developed to
meet Delhi's garbage disposal needs for the next 20 years. The site is being developed as the
first engineered landfill site in the city and is spread over 150 acres. Approximately 50 acres
will be kept aside for disposing of C&D wastes. The landfill site will take care of refuse from
Rohini and Civil Lines zones, and has an initial capacity to handle1000 tonnes per day, and is
planned to expand to handle 4000 tonnes per day. Around 6500 tonnes per day of MSW is
generated in Delhi. The Narela-Bawana landfill site has been notified under Master Plan
2021. In addition, the MCD has also carried out a feasibility study on use of C&D waste in
road and embankment construction.
Recycled roads in Kolkata as in many other countries, in Kolkata the recycling of bituminous
material is carried out using hot or cold mixing techniques either on site, or at a central
asphalt mixing plant. It offers benefits including reduced use of asphalt, energy savings and a
reduction in aggregate requirements. Cold in-situ recycling is done by pulverising chunks of
road material to in cement, bitumen emulsion or foamed bitumen and compacting. This
recycling process is best suited to roads with light traffic. For hot in-situ recycling, the upper
layer of the road is pre-heated and the asphalt is loosened by milling devices. It is mixed
together with a recycling agent and the mixture is spread along the road and compacted. Both
practices are widespread in Kolkata.
Legislation
In India there has yet to be a concerted effort to waste management. There are however some
initiatives in the issue in isolation, or in tandem with the existing (Management and Handling)
Rules, 2000. One example of this is the state of Maharashtra, which has taken a pioneering
step to include a separate collection and disposal of debris and bulk waste in its Action Plan.
Under the plan each city is required to have a mechanism for the collection and disposal of
waste and construction debris from bulk producers. The Municipal Corporation of Greater
Mumbai has enacted the "Construction, Demolition and De-Silting Waste (Management and
Disposal) Rules".
Waste recycling plans should be developed for construction and demolition projects, prior to
beginning construction activity. The plans should identify the wastes that will be generated
and designate handling, recycling and disposal methods A minimum of of the total site area
should be allocated for storage and pretreatment of the waste. storage area should be covered
and the pollutants from the waste should not affect the surrounding. Demolition contractors
specialise in planned deconstruction that enables the recovery of good material for re-use to be
maximised. Recovery rates vary from 25% in old buildings to as high as 75% in new
buildings. The demolition of old buildings usually generates wastes such as brick, wood and
steel. In India most of the old buildings are mainly made up of good quality bricks. The
foundation of the old buildings is of load bearing type where a huge number of bricks were
used. When an old building is demolished, almost all the materials are sold at reasonable price.
Table1 shows the quantity and make up of waste per annum in India.
Analysis shows that reuse of construction waste can reduce the cost of low budget houses by
approximately 30% to 35% without compromising the durability of the structure.
Conclusion
Legislation needs to specifically address C&D waste management. In addition, the awareness
level and availability of technology for C&D waste re-use and recycling needs to be improved
to make a sustainable change in India. Quality standards for the recycled or re-used products
need to be developed and monitored by Bureau of Indian Standards.
Not much effort has been made in this sector and data on generation and characteristics is
scarcely available. There should be a proper institutional mechanism to take care of the
collection, transportation, intermediate storage (if necessary), utilisation and disposal of
C&D wastes. Appropriate rules should be framed and implemented. Separation of C&D
waste should be promoted at source and private enterprise can ' be gainfully employed for
the collection and transportation of the waste. Public-private-partnership schemes may be a
possible mechanism of implementation of C&D waste management in India.
CHAPTER-8
CONCLUSION
To optimize proper functioning and formulation of a project, C & D Waste Management Plan
must start at the earliest possible stage of the project. The management of construction and
demolition waste should be given due consideration throughout the duration of a project in
order to promote an integrated approach. The waste management system should be planned
and implemented which is holistic, integrated and sustainable. The plan should also target for
waste diversion and recycling through implementation of new policies, information
technologies, awareness and waste management facilities. Waste minimization, reuse and
recycling should be managed project wise by nominated C & D waste manager. It is necessary
to have more accurate and detailed data on C & D waste generation. Reduce, Reuse and
Recycle [3R's] should be adopted to minimize C & D waste highly useful in handling of
construction and demolition waste.
REFRENCES
Marrero Melndez, Me; Solis Guzman, J.A Blue print for Sustainable Purchasing
and Policy Development for Construction; The Environment Centre: Southampton, UK,2007.
Prez, 1.; Toledano, M.; Gallego, J.; Taibo, J. Mechanical properties of hot mix asphalt
made with recycled aggregates from reclaimed construction and demolition debris. Materiales
de Construction2007