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Design:
(a) Selection of c, t and MLSS concentration:
Let the aeration tank be in the form of four square shaped compartments
operated in two parallel rows, each with two cells measuring 11m x 11m x
3.1m
R= MLSS = 0.67
(10000)-MLSS
Qr = 0.67 x 9000 = 6000 m3/d
2. For nitrification,
oxygen required = 4.33 (TKN oxidized, kg/d)
Incoming TKN at 8.0 g/ person-day = 480 kg/day. Assume 30% is
removed in primary sedimentation and the balance 336 kg/day is
oxidized to nitrates. Thus, oxygen required
= 4.33 x 336 = 1455 kg/day = 60.6 kg/h
3. Total oxygen required
= 72.5 + 60.6 = 133 kg/h = 1.0 kg/kg of BODu removed.
Theory of Aeration
The value of a increases as finer and finer droplets are formed, thus
increasing the gas transfer. However, in practice, it is not possible to
measure this area and hence the overall coefficient (KL.a) per unit time, is
determined by experimentation.
The oxygen transfer capacity under field conditions can be calculated from
the standard oxygen transfer capacity by the formula:
N = [Ns(Cs- CL)x 1.024T-20]/9.2
where,
N = oxygen transferred under field conditions, kg O 2/h.
Ns= oxygen transfer capacity under standard conditions, kg O2/h.
Cs= DO saturation value for sewage at operating temperature.
CL= operating DO level in aeration tank usually 1 to 2 mg/L.
T = Temperature, degree C.
= Correction factor for oxygen transfer for sewage, usually 0.8 to 0.85.
Aeration Facilities
The aeration devices apart from supplying the required oxygen shall
also provide adequate mixing in order that the entire MLSS present in
the aeration tank will be available for biological activity.
Aerators are rated based on the amount of oxygen they can transfer to
tap water under standard conditions of 20C, 760 mm Hg barometric
pressure and zero DO.
Trickling Filters
Types of Filters
Trickling filters are classified as high rate or low rate, based on the organic
and hydraulic loading applied to the unit.
Low Rate
S.No. Design Feature High Rate Filter
Filter
Hydraulic loading,
1. 1-4 10 - 40
m3/m2.d
The hydraulic loading rate is the total flow including recirculation appied on unit area of
the filter in a day, while the organic loading rate is the 5 day 20C BOD, excluding the
BOD of the recirculant, applied per unit volume in a day.
A well operated low rate trickling filter in combination with secondary settling tank may
remove 75 to 90% BOD and produce highly nitrified effluent. It is suitable for treatment
of low to medium strength domestic wastewaters.
The high rate trickling filter, single stage or two stage are recommended for medium to
relatively high strength domestic and industrial wastewater. The BOD removal efficiency
is around 75 to 90% but the effluent is only partially nitrified.
Single stage unit consists of a primary settling tank, filter, secondary settling tank and
facilities for recirculation of the effluent. Two stage filters consist of two filters in series
with a primary settling tank, an intermediate settling tank which may be omitted in
certain cases and a final settling tank.
Process Design
2. Rankins equation
3. Eckenfilder equation
NRC and Rankin's equations are commonly used. NRC equations give
satisfactory values when there is no re-circulation, the seasonal variations in
temperature are not large and fluctuations with high organic loading.
Rankin's equation is used for high rate filters.
NRC equations: These equations are applicable to both low rate and high
rate filters. The efficiency of single stage or first stage of two stage filters, E 2
is given by
E2= 100
1+0.44(F1.BOD/V1.Rf1)1/2
E3= 100
[(1+0.44)/(1- E2)](F2.BOD/V2.Rf2)1/2
where E2= % efficiency in BOD removal of single stage or first stage of two-
stage filter, E3=% efficiency of second stage filter, F1.BOD= BOD loading of
settled raw sewage in single stage of the two-stage filter in kg/d, F2.BOD=
F1.BOD(1- E2)= BOD loading on second-stage filter in kg/d, V1= volume of first
stage filter, m3; V2= volume of second stage filter, m3; Rf1= Recirculation
factor for first stage, R1= Recirculation ratio for first stage filter, Rf2=
Recirculation factor for second stage, R2= Recirculation ratio for second
stage filter.
1. Raw settled domestic sewage BOD applied to filters should not exceed
1.2 kg BOD5/day/ m3 filter volume.
E= (R/Q) + 1
(R/Q) + 1.5
Anaerobic Treatment
Fundamental Microbiology