ABSTRACT

Now-a-days safety is become important aspects of automobile industries. And

automation is the key which keep the safety at our fingers. In other words, an
unskilled or less exampled can handle the automobile vehicle with greater with safety.

Various accidents happen with the automobile vehicles which cause serious
injury, and inefficient braking is most probable reason.It is incontestable, statistically
proved fact, that year on year incidents involving a reversing vehicleaccount for
between 20-30% of all reported work related serious injuries or fatalities.[1]While
parking or taking reverse turn, driver unable to see what is behind the vehicle and
obviously up to what distance, eventually vehicle strike with the obstacle behind.[7]
Presently, cars have the alarm system where when the car gets too close to an
object an alarm is triggered which warnsthe driver about an object close by. But this
feature has produced lot of problems and is prone to human error. We have enhanced
the facility by using the same system but we have altered it so that the car brakes
automatically when an obstacle is close by. [5]

This seminar introduces a control systems based on electronically controlled

automotive braking system is called Intelligent Reverse Braking System. A Sensor
Operated Pneumatic Brake consists of IR transmitter and Receiver circuit, Control
Unit, Pneumatic breaking system. The IR sensor is used to detect the obstacle. There
is any obstacle in the path, the IR sensor senses the obstacle and giving the control
signal to the breaking system. The pneumatic breaking system is used to brake the
system. So basically here the car brakes on its own by determining the distance from
the object.[5]

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 CONTENTS

Chapter Title Page No

No
Certificate i
Declaration ii
Acknowledgement iii
Abstract iv
Contents v
List of Figures vi
1 Introduction 1
1.1Need of Automatic Reverse Braking 1
1.2Benefits to the Customers 2
2 Literatures Survey 3
3 Block Diagram and Description 4
3.1 Park Mode and Override Buttons 5
4 Components and Description 7
4.1 Power Supply and Control Unit 7
4.2 Sensor Unit 8
4.3 Compressor 8
4.4 Pneumatic Cylinder 9
4.5 Solenoid Valve 9
4.6 Flow Control Valve 10
4.7 Braking Arrangement 11
4.7.1 Advantages of Pneumatic System 11
4.7.2 Limitations of Pneumatic System 12
4.8 Future Scope 12
References 13

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 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No. Name of Figure Page No.

3.1 Block Diagram of Intelligent Reverse Braking 4
System
3.2 Circuit Diagram of Intelligent Reverse Braking 5
System
3.3 Park Mode and Override Buttons 6
4.1 Layout of the Intelligent Reverse Braking System 7
4.2 Operation of Sensor 8
4.3 Pneumatic Symbol of Single Acting Cylinder 9
4.4 Pneumatic Symbol of Solenoid Valve 9
4.5 Flow Control Valve 10

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 Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

An intelligent reverse braking system is compiled with IR sensor circuitwhich

operates a pneumatic braking system.The main target for this project is cars can run
reverse automatic braking due to obstacles when the sensor senses the obstacles. The
braking circuit function is to brake the car automatically after received signal from the
sensor. This mainly concern in replacement of human effort by the mechanical
braking. So it is the best safety feature for the vehicles.
The pneumatically braking system stops the vehicle in 2 to 3 seconds when
speed running speed is of 50 Km andthe distance of stopping the vehicle is 1.6m. The
Intelligent braking system is fully automated. To allow the driver to park the vehicle
in tight place, it has parking mode system. In this mode sensor sensing length is
reduced to 40cm distance.[7]
Degrees of automation are two types:[5]
Semi Automation
Full Automation
The semi automation is manual efforts with mechanical power whereas in full
automation manual participation in the work is very negligible. Intelligent automatic
reverse braking is of full automation type automation.

1.1 Need of Automatic Reverse Braking

Years ago, when car is get too close to an obstacle an alarm is triggered which
worn the driver. In this process human error is also included. The actual time to stop
the car is response time taken by the driver plus the time required to taken by the
braking system to brake the car and time of response of driver is much greater.[5]
Hence, it is required to make automatic reverse braking. We use pneumatically
operated reverse braking which is activate when IR sensor senses an obstacle.
This system is mainly divided into two categories according to operation:
A) Electronic operation
B) Mechanical operation.

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A) Electronic operation
For the detection of obstacle behind the car, the IR sensor transmitter and
receiver circuit is required. The output from this circuit is sends to the solenoid valve
which helps in pneumatic braking.

B) Mechanical operation
When IR sensor gives input to solenoid valve then a pneumatic brake applied
to the car. For this operation pneumatic force is used to apply the brake.

1.2 Benefits to the Customers

Intelligent reverse braking system offers the safe driving with reliable reverse
braking. As it uses pneumatic force to operate the brake, it does not require any
manual force which consequently reduces the fatigue in braking.

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 Chapter 2

LITERATURE SURVEY

The Reverse Alert System is first developed by Surveillance Guard

Corporation (SVG). It was the world firstaftermarket automatic braking system that
can be fitted to any vehicle. This system firstly fitted in Australian vehicles and has
been taken extensively trialed across the passengervehicle market, road transportation
and taxi industries. This system begins with ultrasonic sensors that were fitted at rear
of the vehicle.These sensors detect an object at 1.6m a signal is sent to a solenoid
located atthe front of the vehicle. The solenoid is attached to a flexible cable that runs
through thefirewall and is attached to a universal brake pedal clamp that is fitted on
the brake pedal. Subsequently, when the solenoid is activated this pulls the brake
pedal -stopping the vehicle automatically.[7]
The Reverse Alert Technology was installed on following vehicles:[7]
Two Ford Ranger Light Commercial Vehicles (1 x 1.6m and 1 x 2.5m
systems) and;
Two Hino Trucks (both equipped with the 1.6m system) EWP and Line
Truck.
ABS (Anti-lock Braking System) which helps the rider gets a hassle free
braking experience in muddy and watery surfaces.[4] It applies a distributed braking
and prevents skidding and wheel locking. In 1988 BMW sold for the first time
electronic-hydraulic motorcycles. The first Japanese maker selling motorcycles with
ABS was Honda ST1100 equipped optionally with electro-hydraulic ABS modulein
1992.[9]
With the ABS, if the rider only brakes with the front or rear wheel, the braked
wheels tends to lock up faster as if both brakes would have been applied. A Combined
Braking System (CBS) distributes the brake force also to the non-braked wheel to
lower the possibility of a lock up, increase deceleration and
reduce suspension pitch.[10]
Volvo is all set to launch its new XC60 SUV which will sport laser assisted
braking which will be capable to sense a collision up to 50 mph and apply brakes
automatically.[1]

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 Chapter 3

BLOCK DIAGRAM AND DESCRIPTION

Ultrasonic ranging and detecting devices make use of high-frequency sound

waves to detect the presence of an object and its range.An ultrasonic sensor typically
utilizes a transducer that produces an electrical output pulse in response to the
received ultrasonic energy.[4]

Fig 3.1 Block Diagram of Intelligent Reverse Braking System[5]

The above block diagram shows the main components intelligent reverse
braking system. There are two types of power supply are required viz. electric supply
for the operation of control unit and IR sensor, and the air power supply to operate the
pneumatic brake. IR sensor consists of IR transmitter and IR receiver.[5] IR transmitter
transmits ultrasonic waves continuously.When car gets too close to an obstacle, the
ultrasonic waves reflect back which was then receive by the IR receiver. After
receiving the reflected signal, it gives the impulse to the control unit. This control unit
make ON the solenoid valve. These complete processes are electronic based which
required electric supply.[4]

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 A continuous supply of air through air tank is supplied to solenoid valve.[2]
The flow control valve is used to control the flow of air which allows the air to flow
in onedirection only that is only in forward direction and block in reverse direction.
When signal from control unit receives by solenoid valve, a supply of compressed air
supplied to pneumatic single acting cylinder. Then the pistontakes forward motion
and consequently brake applied to the wheel. This stops the car and accident is
avoided.

Fig 3.2 Circuit Diagram of the Intelligent Reverse Braking System[5]

Generally, IR sensors are fitted at rear of the vehicle and solenoid valve is
located at the front wheel.

3.1 Park Mode and Override Buttons

Intelligent reverse braking has override mode as well as park mode. In these
two modes difference is the length of operation of the braking. In override mode the
length of operation is about 1.6m, but for parking mode the length of operation is
40cm.[7]
To allow the driver to park the vehicle or engage in tight reversing maneuvers,
the system has a park mode. In this mode the sensors are reduced to 40cm. In
addition, the system has an override button that overrides the braking system when
held.

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 Fig 3.3 Park Mode and Override Buttons[7]

When the override button is released, the automatic braking system is again
engaged. This mode is activated when the driver needs to reverse closer than 40cm, or
when the reversing angle is so extreme that the sensors detect the terrain.[7]

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 Chapter 4

COMPONENT AND DESCRIPTION

As Intelligent Reverse Braking is a sensor operated pneumatic brake, it has

both mechanical as well as electronic component. So it can be referred as an electro-
mechanical system.

Fig 4.1 Layout of the Intelligent Braking System[5]

4.1 Power Supply and Control Unit

An electric power is needed to run the control unit and IR sensor. Voltage
required is 24V DC supply which can be taken from the battery whose charge is done
earlier charged when engine runs.[4]
A control unit is supplies the power to the IR sensors. A 24V DC supply is
required for IR sensors.

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4.2 Sensor Unit
Sensor unit consist of IR transmitter for generating the ultrasonic rays and IR
receiver to receive ultrasonic rays when they reflected back from obstacle. When
waves reflected from the obstacle, is received by IR received it sends to control unit.
The control unit then determined the distance of obstacle from the car and if the
distance is within certain range it sends signal to solenoid valve and finally brake is
applied.[5]

Fig 4.2 Operation of Sensor[4]

4.2.1 IR Transmitter
An ultrasonic transducer is used in IR transmitter operates to radiate ultrasonic waves
through the air. Ultrasonic sound waves are the sound waves that are above the range
of human hearing capability and, so it has a frequency above 20,000 hertz. Any
frequency which is above 20,000 hertz may be considered as ultrasonic.[4]

4.2.2 IR Receiver
An IR receiver receives the ultrasonic waves radiated by IR transmitter when
they reflected back from an obstacle and a signal sends to control unit.[4]

4.3 Compressor
A continuous supply of compressed air is required to solenoid valve to operate
the brakes whenever needed. A compressor can compress air to the required
pressures. It converts the mechanical energy from motors and engines into the
potential energy in compressed air. A single central compressor can supply various
pneumatic components with compressed air, which is transported through pipes from
the cylinder to the pneumatic components.[6]

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4.4 Pneumatic Cylinder
The pneumatic cylinder used is spring return single acting pneumatic cylinder.
Pneumatic cylinder consist of[5]
A) Piston B) Cylinder
A Single acting cylinder consists of a simple cylinder piston arrangement in
which a spring is loaded in opposite side if the working area of the fluid. In single
acting cylinder only one connection of pressurized air has to be given. When flow
from the input port is come into the cylinder, due to the pressure force the piston is
moves forward to compensate the pressure difference. This forward motion is against
the spring force. This position of the piston remains as it is till pressurized air stay in
cylinder. Once the pressure input from the port is withdrawal due to spring in the
cylinder, piston moves backward. Hence for reverse motion, no force is required. [6]

Fig 4.3 Pneumatic Symbol of a Spring ReturnSingle Acting Cylinder[6]

The air from the compressor is passed through the regulator which controls the
pressure to required amount by adjusting its knob. A pressure gauge is attached to the
regulator for showing the line pressure.

4.5 Solenoid Valve

The solenoid valve is the valve which controls the flow of pneumatic (Air) by
an electronic signal.

Fig 4.4 Pneumatic Symbol of a Spring Return Single Acting Cylinder[3]

The solenoid valve used here is 3/2 spring return pilot solenoid valve. 3/2
valve means it has three ports that is we can give three connections to the valve and it
has two positions which means there are two positions that this valve can be
operated.[3]

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 The three connections of the solenoid valve are as follows:[3]
1) Pressure Port (P) referred as port number 1.
2) Output Port (A) referred as port number 2.
3) Return Port (R) referred as port number 3.
At the still position the pressure port is blocked which output is null. When
signal from control unit is obtained then valve shift from current right position to the
left position. At situation, pressure port is connected to the output port which means
that air supply passed through the valve and an output is obtained at port number 2.
This completes the braking processes. The brake is continuously applied till signal
from IR receiver is obtained.[3]
When signal from IR receiver is not obtained, then control does not send any
signal to the solenoid valve. Hence solenoid valve automatically comes to right
position due springing action.

4.6 Flow Control Valve

A flow control valve is used to control the amount of flowof air in one
direction only. This valve is used to avoid any disturbances to the compressor. A flow
control valve is formed by a non-return valve and a variable throttle.[6]

(a) (b)
Fig 4.5 Flow Control Valve (a) Cross Section (b) Pneumatic Symbol[6]

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 A flow control valve is connected in between solenoid valve and compressor.
But most of the time flow control valve is already attached to the cylinder. By using
this valve the time consumption is reducedbecause of the faster movement of the
piston.[6]

4.7 Braking Arrangement

An output is connected through flexible cable specially design for pneumatic
operation to the single acting cylinder. Piston is attached to the universal brake pedal
clamp that is fitted on brake pedal. When solenoid valve is activated, piston takes
forward motion. This forward motion of the piston pulls the brake pedal, consequently
stopping the vehicle automatically.[5]
The solenoid is attached to a flexible cable that runs through thefirewall and is
attached to a universal brake pedal clamp that is fitted on the brake pedal.
Subsequently, when the solenoid is activated this pulls the brake pedal stopping
the vehicle automatically.[7]

4.7.1 The Advantages of Pneumatic Systems

Pneumatic control systems are widely used in our society, especially in the
industrial sectorsfor the driving of automatic machines. Pneumatic systems have a lot
of advantages.[6]
(1) High effectiveness.
(2) High durability and reliability.
(3) Simple design.
(4) High adaptability to harsh environment.
(5) Safety.
(6) Easy selection of speed and pressure.
(7) Environmental friendly.
(8) Economical.

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4.7.2 Limitations of Pneumatic Systems
Although pneumatic systems possess a lot of advantages, they are also subject
to many limitations.[6]
(1) Relatively low accuracy.
(2) Low loading.
(3) Processing required before use.
(4) Uneven moving speed.
(5) Noise.

4.8 Future Scope

The introduced intelligent reverse braking system in this seminar is very cheap
and is affordable for anybody.[5] But the actual importance for the safety increases the
value of this system. Due to this the various changes, modifications, new ideas are
introduced. These changes are observed and analyzed the importance of this system.
So these automobile industries are about to launching the various intelligent systems
to increase safety of customers.
National and international organizations evaluate Motorcycle ABS as an
important factor to increase safety and reduce motorcycle accident numbers.
The European Commission passed legislation in 2012 that made the fitment with ABS
for all new motorcycles above 125cc to be mandatory from 1 January 2016. [9]
A new technology from Volvo may launch which allow cars to park
automatically. Recently, Volvo has announced its working automatic parking
system dubbed Autonomous Parking. It uses sensor system to park the vehicle
without driver. This feature will include in next XC90.
Volvo Autonomous Parking can find spots and park.
System also can summon a car to its driver.
May come as early as late 2014.[1]

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 REFERENCES

1]Autotrader.com, http://www.autotrader.com/research/article/car-news/210852/new-
automatic-parking-system-will-reach-volvo-models.jsp, October 12, 2014.

2]Bimba Manufacturing Company, Pneumatic Application and Reference Handbook,

PP 5-12, 2012.
3] FESTO, Solenoid/pneumatic valves, ISO 15407-1, PP 20-26, 2013.
4] G.V. Sairam, B. Suresh, CH. SaiHemanth and K. Krishna Sai, Intelligent
Mechatronics Braking System, PP 100-102, 2013
5]Ravi Ingle, SumitThak and AnkushShelke, Automated Reverse Braking System,
PP 1-4, 2014.

6] Technological Studies, Pneumatic Systems, PP 1-26 2008.

7] Thiess Field Trials- Reverse Alert Technology, Automatic Braking System,

Reverse Alert Australia, PP 1-12, 2013.
8] Vision Techniques,Cost Benefit Analysis for Banksman Auto Braking
Vehicle based reversing safety system, PP 1-2, 2008.
9]Wikipedia, the FreeEncyclopedia- Anti-lock braking system for motorcycle,

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-lock_braking_system_for_motorcycles, September
08, 2014.
10] Wikipedia, the FreeEncyclopedia- Automatic braking,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_braking.htm, September 08, 2014.

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