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Chapter 4
Time Value of Money
Future value
Present value
Rates of return
Amortization
Determinants of Intrinsic Value:
The Present Value Equation
Weighted average
cost of capital
(WACC)
0 1 2 3
I%
0 1 2 Year
I%
100
Time line for an ordinary
annuity of $100 for 3 years
0 1 2 3
I%
0 1 2 3
I%
-50 100 75 50
FV of an initial $100 after
3 years (I = 10%)
0 1 2 3
10%
100 FV = ?
In general,
FVN = PV(1 + I)N
Four Ways to Find FVs
Step-by-step approach using time line (as
shown above).
Solve the equation with a regular calculator
(formula approach).
Use a financial calculator.
Use a spreadsheet.
Financial Calculator Solution
FVN + PV (1+I)N = 0.
INPUTS 3 10 -100 0
N I/YR PV PMT FV
OUTPUT 133.10
0 1 2 3
10%
PV = ? 100
Solve FVN = PV(1 + I )N for PV
FVN N
1
PV = = FVN
(1+I)N 1+I
3
1
PV = $100
1.10
= $100(0.7513) = $75.13
Financial Calculator Solution
INPUTS 3 10 0 100
N I/YR PV PMT FV
OUTPUT -75.13
0 1 2 ?
20%
-1 2
FV = PV(1 + I)N
$2 = $1(1 + 0.20)N
(1.2)N = $2/$1 = 2
N LN(1.2) = LN(2)
N = LN(2)/LN(1.2)
N = 0.693/0.182 = 3.8
Financial Calculator Solution
INPUTS 20 -1 0 2
N I/YR PV PMT FV
OUTPUT 3.8
Spreadsheet Solution
= NPER(I, PMT, PV, FV)
-1 2
FV = PV(1 +I)N
$2 = $1(1 + I)3
(2)(1/3) = (1 + I)
1.2599 = (1 + I)
I = 0.2599 = 25.99%
Financial Calculator
INPUTS 3 -1 0 2
N I/YR PV PMT FV
OUTPUT 25.99
Spreadsheet Solution
= RATE(N, PMT, PV, FV)
Ordinary Annuity
0 1 2 3
I%
0 1 2 3
10%
INPUTS 3 10 0 -100
N I/YR PV PMT FV
OUTPUT 331.00
0 1 2 3
10%
INPUTS 3 10 100 0
N I/YR PV PMT FV
OUTPUT -248.69
0 1 2 3
10%
FV of annuity due:
= (FV of ordinary annuity) (1+I)
= ($331.00) (1+ 0.10) = $364.10
PV of Annuity Due: Switch from
End to Begin
BEGIN Mode
INPUTS 3 10 100 0
N I/YR PV PMT FV
OUTPUT -273.55
FV of Annuity Due: Switch from
End to Begin
BEGIN Mode
INPUTS 3 10 0 100
N I/YR PV PMT FV
OUTPUT -364.10
Excel Function for Annuities Due
Change the formula to:
=PV(0.10,3,-100,0,1)
=FV(0.10,3,-100,0,1)
What is the PV of this
uneven cash flow stream?
0 1 2 3 4
10%
MN
INOM
FVN = PV 1 +
M
$100 at a 12% nominal rate with
semiannual compounding for 5 years
MN
INOM
FVN = PV 1 +
M
2x5
0.12
FV5S = $100 1 +
2
= $100(1.06)10 = $179.08
FV of $100 at a 12% nominal rate for 5
years with different compounding
M
INOM
EFF% = 1 + 1
M
2
0.12
= 1 + 1
2
= (1.06)2 - 1.0
= 0.1236 = 12.36%.
EAR (or EFF%) for a Nominal
Rate of of 12%
EARAnnual = 12%.
0 1 2 3
10%
INPUTS 3 10 -1000 0
N I/YR PV PMT FV
OUTPUT 402.11
Step 2: Find interest charge for
Year 1.
$450
$400
$350
$300
$250 Interest
$200 Principal
$150
$100
$50
$0
PMT 1 PMT 2 PMT 3
Amortization tables are widely used--for home
mortgages, auto loans, business loans,
retirement plans, and more. They are very
important!
Financial calculators (and spreadsheets) are
great for setting up amortization tables.
Fractional Time Periods
On January 1 you deposit $100 in an account
that pays a nominal interest rate of
11.33463%, with daily compounding (365
days).
How much will you have on October 1, or
after 9 months (273 days)? (Days given.)
Convert interest to daily rate
IPER = 11.33463%/365
= 0.031054% per day
0 1 2 273
0.031054%
-100 FV=?
Find FV
IPER = INOM/M
= 11.33463/365
= 0.031054 per day.
INPUTS 273 -100 0
N I/YR PV PMT FV
OUTPUT 108.85
Non-matching rates and periods
Whats the value at the end of Year 3 of the
following CF stream if the quoted interest rate
is 10%, compounded semiannually?
Time line for non-matching rates
and periods
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 6-mos.
5% periods
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
5%
2
0.10
EFF% = 1 + 1 = 10.25%
2
Use EAR = 10.25% as the annual
rate in calculator.
0 1 2 3
5%
90.70
82.27
74.62
247.59
Comparing Investments
You are offered a note that pays $1,000 in 15
months (or 456 days) for $850. You have $850
in a bank that pays a 6.76649% nominal rate,
with 365 daily compounding, which is a daily
rate of 0.018538% and an EAR of 7.0%. You
plan to leave the money in the bank if you
dont buy the note. The note is riskless.
Should you buy it?
Daily time line
FVBank = $850(1.00018538)456
= $924.97 in bank.
IPER = INOM/M
= 6.76649/365
= 0.018538 per day.
PV = $1,000/(1.00018538)456
= $918.95
6.76649/365 =
INPUTS 456 .018538 0 1000
N I/YR PV PMT FV
OUTPUT -918.95
Convert % to decimal:
Decimal = 0.035646/100 = 0.00035646.
EAR = EFF% = (1.00035646)365 - 1
= 13.89%.
Using interest conversion
P/YR = 365
NOM% = 0.035646(365) = 13.01
EFF% = 13.89