R E F E R E N C E PA G E 1

ALGEBRA GEOMETRY
Cut here and keep for reference

Arithmetic Operations Geometric Formulas

a c ad  bc Formulas for area A, circumference C, and volume V:
ab  c ab  ac 
b d bd
Triangle Circle Sector of Circle
a
A 12 bh A r 2 A 12 r 2
ac a c b a d ad
 
b b b c b c bc 12 ab sin  C 2 r s r   in radians
d

a
Exponents and Radicals h r s
m r
x
x m x n x mn x mn b
xn r
1
x x
m n mn
xn n
x

xyn x n y n x
y
n

xn
yn
Sphere
V 43  r 3
Cylinder
V  r 2h
Cone
V 13  r 2h
x 1n s
n
x x mn s
n
x m (s
n
x )m A 4 r 2 A  rsr 2  h 2

s
n
xy s
n
xs
n
y n x
y
s
n

n
sy
x r

r h
h
Factoring Special Polynomials
r
x 2  y 2 x  yx  y
x 3  y 3 x  yx 2  xy  y 2
x 3  y 3 x  yx 2  xy  y 2
Distance and Midpoint Formulas
Binomial Theorem
Distance between P1x1, y1 and P2x 2, y2:
x  y2 x 2  2xy  y 2 x  y2 x 2  2xy  y 2
x  y3 x 3  3x 2 y  3xy 2  y 3 d sx 2  x12  y2  y12

x  y3 x 3  3x 2 y  3xy 2  y 3

x  yn x n  nx n1y 
nn  1 n2 2
2
x y
Midpoint of P1 P2 : x1  x 2 y1  y2
2
,
2



 n nk k
k
x y 


 nxy n1  y n

Lines
n nn  1


n  k  1
where Slope of line through P1x1, y1 and P2x 2, y2:
k 1 2 3

k
y2  y1
Quadratic Formula m
x 2  x1
b sb 2  4ac
If ax 2  bx  c 0, then x .
2a Point-slope equation of line through P1x1, y1 with slope m:

Inequalities and Absolute Value y  y1 mx  x1

If a  b and b  c, then a  c.
Slope-intercept equation of line with slope m and y-intercept b:
If a  b, then a  c  b  c.
If a  b and c  0, then ca  cb. y mx  b
If a  b and c  0, then ca  cb.
If a  0, then
Circles
x a means x a or x a
Equation of the circle with center h, k and radius r:
x  a means a  x  a
x  a means xa or x  a x  h2  y  k2 r 2

Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 R E F E R E N C E PA G E 2

TRIGONOMETRY

Angle Measurement Fundamental Identities

 radians 180 1 1
s csc  sec 
r sin  cos 
 180
1 rad 1 rad
180  sin  cos 
r tan  cot 
s r cos  sin 

 in radians 1
cot  sin 2  cos 2 1
tan 
Right Angle Trigonometry 1  tan 2 sec 2 1  cot 2 csc 2
opp hyp
sin  csc  sin sin  cos cos 
hyp opp hyp

opp

cos 
adj
sec 
hyp 
tan tan  sin   cos 
hyp adj 2
adj

opp adj
tan  cot   
adj opp cos   sin  tan   cot 
2 2

Trigonometric Functions
The Law of Sines B
y r y
sin  csc  sin A sin B sin C
r y
a
(x,y) a b c
x r r
cos  sec  C
r x c
y x
tan  cot  The Law of Cosines
x
x y b
a 2 b 2  c 2  2bc cos A

Graphs of Trigonometric Functions b 2 a 2  c 2  2ac cos B

y y y y=tanx c 2 a 2  b 2  2ab cos C A
y=sinx y=cosx
1 1
2 2 Addition and Subtraction Formulas
x 2 x x sinx  y sin x cos y  cos x sin y
_1 _1 sinx  y sin x cos y  cos x sin y
cosx  y cos x cos y  sin x sin y
y y=cscx y y=secx y y=cotx cosx  y cos x cos y  sin x sin y
tan x  tan y
tanx  y
1 1 1  tan x tan y
tan x  tan y
2 x 2 x 2 x tanx  y
1  tan x tan y
_1 _1

Double-Angle Formulas
sin 2x 2 sin x cos x
Trigonometric Functions of Important Angles cos 2x cos 2x  sin 2x 2 cos 2x  1 1  2 sin 2x
 radians sin  cos  tan  2 tan x
tan 2x
0 0 0 1 0 1  tan2x
30 6 12 s32 s33
45 4 s22 s22 1 Half-Angle Formulas
60 3 s32 12 s3 1  cos 2x 1  cos 2x
sin 2x cos 2x
90 2 1 0 2 2

Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.