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Shot noise:
The process x(t) defined by eqn(1) is a stationary process called shot noise.
The number of electrons, N(t) emitted in the time interval (O,t). the value of
N(t) increases by one each time an electron is emitted as shown in fig below.
V = N (t+t0) N(t)
Thermal noise:
Thermal noise is the electrical noise arising from the random motion of
electrons in a conductor.
The mean square value of the thermal voltage, TTN appearing across the
terminals of a resistor, measured in a band width of f hertz is given by :
We may thus model a noisy resistor by the the venin equivalent circuit
consisting of a noise voltage generator of mean square value E[V 2TN] in series
with a noiseless resistor as shown in fig:
1 1
E[I2TN] = 2 E[V2TN] = 21 4KTRf
R R
1
Where G = is the conductance.
R
White noise:
The adjective white is used in the sense that white light contains equal amount
of all frequencies within the visible band
No
Sw(f) = where No is noise power in watts/Hz.
2
N0 = KTe
Since the autocorrelation function in the inverse fourier transform of the PSD,
its auto correlation of white noise is:
N0
Rw() = d()
2
0, |f| > B
The auto correlation function of n(t) is the inverse fourier transform of PSD.
N0
RN() = 2
exp (j2 fz) df
The autocorrelation function RN() has its maximum value of N0B at the origin
K
and it passes through zero at = + 2 B , where K = 1, 2, 3
N0
A white Gaussian noise w(t) of zero mean & PSD 2
applied to a low pass
1
H(f) =
1+ j2 fRC
N0
Sw(f) =
2
PSD of noise n(t) appearing at the low pass RC filter O/P is :
2 fRC 2
1+
SN(f) = N0 1
2
N0 Z
RN(z) = exp (- RC )
4 RC
Let us consider a general LPF having a frequency response (H(f). Also, let the
input to such a filter be a white noise source having a mean equal to zero and
N0
PSD equal to . then, the PSD of the O/P noise is:
2
N0
SN(f) = [H(f)]2 (1)
2
H ( f )2
Nout = N0 df (2)
2
Since, [H(f)]2 is an even function of frequency, eqn (2) can be written as:
2
H (f )
N0
Nout = x2 df
2
0
2
H ( f )
Nout = N0 df (3)
0
If now, the general LPF is replaced by an ideal LPF, the average noise power is
obtained as:
B
0 , (f) < B
H (O)2 df
B
N
N out = 0
B 2
B
H (O ) 2 1 df
B
N
0
2
2
H (O ) [ B(B ) ]df
N
0
2
N0 2
= H (O) 2 B
2
Therefore, equating average noise power i.e; eqn (3) to that of eqn(4), we may define
the noise equivalent bandwidth as:
No = (H(f)]2df = No B H2(O)
2
H ( f ) df
B=
Noise figure:
The noise figure F is defined as the ratio of the total available output noise
power per unit band width to the portion there of solely due to source.
S N 0 (f )
F=
G ( f ) S NS (f )
Where : SNO(f) is available noise power at the device O/P. SNS(f) is available noise
power from the source at the device input.
NOTE:
Introduction: