Department of Civil Engineering

College of Engineering, UNITEN

Lecture Notes
CEWB423
Water Resources Engineering

Datin Prof Ir Dr Lariyah Mohd Sidek

E-mail: lariyah@uniten.edu.my
 Department of Civil Engineering
College of Engineering, UNITEN

Dams
Definition of Dams
Advantages and Disadvantages of
Dams
Classification of Dams
Types of Dams
Dams
 What is a Dam?

A dam is a structure built across

a stream, river or estuary to
retain water.

Dams are made from a variety

of materials such as rock, steel
and wood.
1. Spillway
crest/bay
2. Pier
3. Spillway
4. Stilling Basin
5. Armored
Scour
Prevention
bed
6. Section
7. Power
Station
Advantages of Dam

Water Supply

Irrigation

Hydroelectric

Flood Control

Recreation
Navigation
 Disadvantages of Dam

Dams detract from natural settings, ruin nature's work

Dams have inundated the spawning grounds of fish
Dams have inhibited the seasonal migration of fish
Dams have endangered some species of fish
Dams may have inundated the potential for
archaeological findings
Reservoirs can foster diseases if not properly
maintained
Reservoir water can evaporate significantly
Some researchers believe that reservoirs can cause
earthquakes
 Classification of Dams

Classification based on function

Storage Dam
Detention Dam
Diversion Dam
Coffer Dam
Debris Dam
 Typical Storage Dam

Vajiralongkorn Dam

Srinagarind Dam
 Typical Storage Dam

Tha Thung Na Dam

Maeklong Dam
 Classification of Dams

Classification based on hydraulic design

Overflow Dam/Overfall Dam

Non-Overflow Dam

Classification based on material of construction

Rigid Dam
Non Rigid Dam
 Classification of Dams

Classification based on structural behavior

Gravity Dam
Arch Dam
Buttress Dam
Embankment Dam
Gravity Dam

Gravity dams are dams which resist

the horizontal thrust of the water
entirely by their own weight.

Concrete gravity dams are typically

used to block streams through
narrow gorges.
 Gravity Dam

Cross Section Plain View

Arch Dam

An arch dam is a curved dam

which is dependent upon arch
action for its strength.

Arch dams are thinner and

therefore require less material than
any other type of dam.

Arch dams are good for sites

that are narrow and have strong
abutments.
 Arch Dam

Cross Section Plain View

Buttress Dam

Buttress dams are dams in which the

face is held up by a series of
supports.

Buttress dams can take many

forms - the face may be flat or
curved.
 Buttress Dam

Cross Section Plain View

Embankment Dam

Embankment dams are massive

dams made of earth or rock.

They rely on their weight to

resist the flow of water.
 Embankment Dam

Cross Section Plain View

Types of Dam
 Types of Dam
Factors governing selection
of types of dam
Topography-Valley Shape

A Narrow V-Shaped Valley : Arch Dam

A Narrow or Moderately with U-Shaped
Valley : Gravity/Buttress Dam
A Wide Valley : Embankment Dam
 Types of Dam
Factors governing selection
of types of dam
Geology and Foundation Condition

Solid Rock Foundation : All types

Gravel and Coarse Sand Foundation :
Embankment/Concrete Gravity Dam
(H15 m)
Silt and Fine Sand Foundation :
Embankment/Gravity Dam (H8 m)
Non-Uniform Foundation : -
 Types of Dam
Factors governing selection
of types of dam
Climate conditions
Availability of construction materials
Spillway size and location
Environmental considerations
Earthquake zone
Overall cost
General considerations
Hydropower Plant

Inside
Hydropower plant
Hydropower Plant
 Hydropower Plant

Generator

Turbine
Hydropower Energy Calculation

PE = n. .Q.HT ------------------(9.1)

PE = Power (kW)
n = Efficiency (%)
= Specific Weight of Water (9.81 kN/m3)
Q = Water Discharge (cms)
HT = Head (m)

E = PE.T ------------------(9.2)

E = Energy (kWh)
T = Time (h)
 Spillway?
1. The majority of impounding reservoirs are formed as a result of
the Construction of a dam
2. By its very nature, the stream flow which supplies a reservoir is
variable
3. It follows that there will be times when the reservoir is full and
the stream flow exceeds the demand.
4. The excess water must therefore be discharged safely from
the reservoirs.
5. In many cases to allow the water simply to overtop the dam
would result in a failure of structure.
6. For this reason carefully designed overflow passages known
as spillways are in corporate as part of the dam design.
1. Spillway
crest/bay
2. Pier
3. Spillway
4. Stilling Basin
5. Armored
Scour
Prevention
bed
6. Section
7. Power
Station
 Spillway?
7. The spillways capacity must be sufficient to accommodate the
largest Flood discharge (The probably maximum flood or 1 in
10000 years Flood) likely occur in the life of the dam.
8. Basically spillway is an open channel with large slopes that
allows the excess water to flow over it at super critical
velocities.
9. The ideal longitudinal profile of an overflow spillway should
flow along the same curve as the underside of the tree-falling
water nappe to minimize the pressure on the spillways surface.
10. However, caution must be exercised to avoid any negative
pressure on the surface
11. Negative pressure is caused by separation of the high-speed
flow from the spillway surface, resulting in a ponding action
 Types of Spillway

Chute Spillway
 Types of Spillway

Without Spillway Weir

Ogee Spillway
 Types of Spillway

Bell Mouth/Morning Glory Spillway

 Types of Spillway

Service Spillway
 Types of Spillway

Auxiliary Spillway
 Types of Spillway

Emergency Spillway
 Stilling Basin

Without Spillway Weir

Stilling basin is a structure

 Stilling Basin

Stilling Basin
 Stilling Basin

Baffle Piers
Three Gorges Dam
Three Gorges Dam

Type: Concrete Gravity Dam

Cost: Official cost $25bn - actual
cost believed to be much higher
Work began: 1993
Due for completion: 2009
Power generation: 26 turbines on
left and right sides of dam. Six
underground turbines planned for
2010
Power capacity: 18,000
megawatts
Reservoir: 660km long,
submerging 632 sq km of land.
When fully flooded, water will be
175m above sea level
Navigation: Two-way lock system
became operational in 2004.
One-step ship elevator due to
open in 2009.
Three Gorges Dam
 Three Gorges Dam

Shipping Locks

Shipping Locks
 CASE STUDY : The Malaysia Mega Project Bakun
Hydroelectric Project (Bakun HEP) in Rejang River
Basin, Sarawak.

Reservoir
Diversion Inlet

Diversion Outlet Auxiliary Cofferdam

The Bakun dam is a 205-meter-high Concrete Face Rockfill Dam

(CFRD), with a length of crest of 740 meters, a base width of 560
meters and a crest width of 12 meters. It can generate 2400MW
(max). This makes it one of the highest rockfill dams in the world
after China. It will flood 69,640 hectares of land, an area as size of
Singapore.
 Engineering contribution to Bakun HEP

This project is fully contributed by latest technology with the

knowledge and experience of engineers.

Mechanical Engineers
turbine design
water flow (penstock)
Control gate

Electrical Power Engineers

transformer
Generator
Power line

Civil Engineers
Designing
Mixture of concrete
The strength of tunnel
Positive Impact to the project

Regulation of river flow

Generates economy
Mitigation of floods
Reduces fossil fuel consumption
Reducing CO2 emissions

Carbon Dioxide Emission and Contribution To Global Warming

Source Environmental & Natural Carbon Dioxide Relative Ratio of Contribution to

Resource Implications Emission(g/mj)1 Global Warming
Hydro Clean and renewable 7.1 1
Natural Gas Moderately clean and depletable 171-188 24-26

Fuel Oil Polluting and depletable 204 29

Coal Polluting and depletable 831-1938 117-273

Negative Impact to the project

Highly cost more than RM 11.36 billions (1994)

Destroying the rainforest affecting 105 species of animals protected

under Malaysian wildlife legislation and innumerable plant species.

Resettlement - All the 15 affected communities will be resettled in

areas near the Belaga River, about 30 kilometres from the Bakun dam
site

Reservoir water quality - Decay of submerged forests can upset the

ecological balance of the area, leading to loss of water quality
Pergau Hydroelectric Scheme
 Type of Dam: Earthfill
Year of Completion: 1996
Crest Length: 750m
Height of Dam: 75m

Photo courtesy of En. Mohd Khanil

Taib

Kuala Yong Dam

Power Intake After Reservoir Filling
Kuala Yong Spillway
Sg. Perak Hydroelectric Scheme
 Type of Dam: Concrete & Earthfill
Year of Completion: 1984
Crest Length: 570m
Height of Dam: 47m

Photo courtesy of En. Mohd Khanil

Taib

Kenering Dam
 Type of Dam: Concrete Gravity
Year of Completion: 1983
Crest Length: 252m
Height of Dam: 37m

Photo courtesy of En. Mohd Khanil

Taib

Bersia Dam
Type of Dam: Ambursen (Concrete gravity)
Year of Completion: 1930
Crest Length: 390m
Height of Dam: 23m Photo courtesy of En. Mohd Khanil
Taib

Chenderoh Dam
 Type of Dam: Zoned Rockfill
Year of Completion: 1978
Crest Length: 537m
Height of Dam: 127m

Photo courtesy of En. Mohd Khanil

Taib

Temengor Dam
Cameron Highlands & Batang Padang
Hydroelectric Scheme
 Type of Dam: Earthfill
Year of Completion: 1968
Crest Length: 229m
Height of Dam: 20m

Mahang Dam
Type of Dam: Earthfill
Year of Completion: 1968
Crest Length: 209m
Height of Dam: 45m

Jor Dam
Jor Spillway (Morning Glory)
Type of Dam: Concrete
Year of Completion: 1963
Crest Length: 140m
Height of Dam: 40m

Sultan Abu Bakar Dam

Spillway - Sultan Abu Bakar Dam
Kenyir Hydroelectric Scheme
 Type of Dam: Earthcore Rockfill
Year of Completion: 1984
Crest Length: 800m
Height of Dam: 155m

Kenyir Dam Downstream Face

View of Power Station from Dam Crest
 Type of Dam: Homogeneous Earthfill
Year of Completion: 1984
Crest Length: 2240 m
Height of Dam: 52 m

Kenyir Saddle Dam A

Hydropower Energy Calculation

PE = n. .Q.HT ------------------(9.1)

PE = Power (kW)
n = Efficiency (%)
= Specific Weight of Water (9.81 kN/m3)
Q = Water Discharge (cms)
HT = Head (m)

E = PE.T ------------------(9.2)

E = Energy (kWh)
T = Time (h)