Supplementary materials

Integrated production of biodiesel in a soybean

biorefinery: Modeling, simulation and economical
assessment

Jos F.O. Granjoa,, Belmiro P.M. Duarteb,a , Nuno M.C. Oliveiraa

a CIEPQPF, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Rua Slvio Lima
Polo II, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal
b Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, ISEC, Polytechnic Institute of

Coimbra, Portugal.

A. Auxiliary calculations for soybeans chemical composition estima-

tion

Table S1 presents the original data chemical composition for the various
soybeans parts. The cellulose fraction is estimated from the difference of ADF
(Acid Detergent Fiber) and lignin. The ADF is approximately equivalent to the
sum of true cellulose and lignin contents. Hemicellulose is calculated from the
difference between NDF value (Neutral Detergent Fiber) and ADF and NDF is
roughly equivalent to hemicellulose, true cellulose and lignin. The fat content
is considered to be equivalent to the crude fat extracted by diethyl ether or
petroleum ether. The mass fractions were normalized.

Corresponding author. Tel.: +351 239 798 793. Fax: +351 239 798 703.
Email addresses: josegranjo@eq.uc.pt (Jos F.O. Granjo), bduarte@isec.pt (Belmiro
P.M. Duarte), nuno@eq.uc.pt (Nuno M.C. Oliveira)

Preprint submitted to Energy April 18, 2017

Table S1
Original data from [1].

Whole seedsa Meal (dehulled)b Hullsb Strawc Hayc

Main analysis Unit Average value

Dry matter % as fed 88.8 88.1 89.1 89.1 91.5

Crude protein % DM 39.6 53.5 13.2 6.9 15.9
Crude fibre % DM 6.3 4.9 38.8 44.2 33.8
NDF % DM 13.5 11.0 64.1 79.7 47.0
ADF % DM 8.0 5.9 45.8 59.9 34.9
Lignin % DM 1.2 0.5 2.4 16.4 7.0
Ether extract % DM 21.3 1.8 2.2 3.5 5.4
Ash % DM 5.8 7.2 5.3 7.9 7.6
Starch (polarimetry) % DM 6.4 0 5.5 0 0
d
Total sugars % DM 8.7 10.6 1.6 0 0

a b c
Last updated: 12/02/2014; 24/10/2014; 18/12/2014. Values may change due to
updates of the Feedipedia Animal feed resources-information system databases.
d
Total sugars value considered to be equivalent to the fraction of soluble carbohydrates.

The soybean composition in A100A300 is more conveniently characterized

in terms of its main constituents (e.g., meal, oil, hulls) rather than in terms of
its chemical components. To perform this conversion without mass imbalances
in the simulations, the mass fractions reported in [2] (Table S2) were conciliated
with those in Table S1 by performing a mass balance to the envelope containing
A100 and the extraction unit. The hulls mass fraction is fixed (8.8 %DM) and
it is assumed that the oil fraction of soybeans is exclusively fat and there are no
meal loss in the dehulling and solvent extraction. Additionally, the oil content
in meal was considered to be the maximum average mass fraction of oil in
defatted flakes (1 %DM as referred elsewhere [3, 4]); and the dirty mass, which
includes all the extraneous material entirely removed in cleaning operations, was
considered to be part of the ash fraction of soybean seeds.

S2
Table S2
Original and conciliated composition of soybean seeds main constituents. Data from [2]

Constituents wt % %DM Conc. %DM Conc. wt %

Soymeal 57.4 68.3 68.8 57.8

Soy oil 18.4 21.9 21.5 18.0

Hulls 7.4 8.8 8.8 7.4

Dirty mass 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.8

Moisture 16 16

Table S3 shows the conciliated composition of soy seeds, meal, oil and hulls.
The mass ratios in a moisture-free basis between straw and seeds; and hay and
seeds were calculated from [5]. The average yield of straw per bushel of soybean
seeds is 105, which is equivalent to approximately 176 kg of straw per 100 kg
of soybean seeds. The relative yield of hay-to-soybean seeds was calculated
by considering the average value of 2 t/acre of hay and about 22 bushels/acre
of soybean seeds produced [5]. This results in a value of 339 kg of hay per
100 kg of soybean seeds. These values are merely indicative, since yields per
acre of soybean seeds, straw and hay vary significantly depending on cultivation
techniques, geographic conditions and so forth.

S3
Table S3
Mass fraction of chemical components of soybean main constituents. Calculated from data
in [1].

Composition (%DM) Whole seed Hulls Meal (dehulled)a Oil Straw Hay
Crude protein 41.6 14.4 58.6 0 7.04 20.9
Cellulose 7.14 47.2 4.32 0 44.4 36.8
Hemicellulose 5.77 19.9 5.84 0 20.2 15.9
Lignin 1.26 2.61 1.50 0 16.7 9.22
Fat 22.4 2.39 1.00 100 3.57 7.12
Starch 6.72 5.99 8.99 0 0 0
Ash 6.09 5.77 6.75 0 8.06 10.0
Total sugars 9.13 1.74 13.0 0 0 0
c d
Mass ratio (%DM) 100 8.81 68.8 21.5 176 339d

a
Calculated from mass balance.
c
Conciliated mass ratios from [2]. The calculated average mass ratio of "dirty mass"
d
in soybean whole seeds is 0.94 %DM, included in the ash fraction. Average relative
yields of straw-to-seed and hay-to-seed from different varieties of soybeans [5].

Table S4 presents the composition of soybean with the distribution of car-

bohydrates and soy oil minor components (ash and carbohydrates excluded).

S4
Table S4
Segregated chemical composition of soybeans.

Chemical component Mass fraction (%) Chemical component Mass fraction (%)

Protein 34.9 Fat 18.8

Cellulose + Hemicelluloses (6.0 + 4.9) Triglycerides 97.0
Galactose 26.9 Phospholipids 2.0
Arabinose 14.5 Phosphatidylcholines 55.3
Xylose 8.4 Phosphatidylethanolamines 26.3
Glucose 37.9 Phosphatidylinositols 18.4
Galacturonic acid 12.4 Phytosterols 0.3
Lignin 1.1 -sitosterol 53.2
Starch 5.6 Campesterol 28.5
Ash 5.1 Stigmasterol 18.3
Total sugars 7.7 Tocopherols 0.2
Galactose 37.6 -tocopherol 10.5
Arabinose 20.0 -tocopherol 1.2
Xylose 5.7 -tocopherol 63.4
Glucose 3.1 -tocopherol 25.0
Mannose 2.6 FFA 0.5
Galacturonic acid 30.9 Water 16.0

Whole seed Hulls Meal Oil Straw Hay

Mass ratio (%DM)a 100 8.8 68.8 21.5 176 339

a
"Dirty mass" average mass ratio: 0.94 %DM.

S5
B. Detailed Process Simulation Results

Fig. S2 summarizes the material and energy flows of A100A600, while Ta-
bles S5S11 contain the complete simulation results for each processing area.

Wastewater (53) Foreign matter (7.9) Vents (360) Legend:

(kg/t soybeans)
[MJ/t soybeans]
Soybeans (1000)

Air (204)
Soy meal (750)
Live steam (119)
Biodiesel (173)
Methanol (33)
NaOH (14)
Global Glycerol 92% (19)

30% NaOCH3 (16)

HCl (12)

Water (4.7) Process Lecithin (5.4)

H3PO4 (4.0) (A100-A600) NaCl (4.5)

Filtration materials (1.0) Filtrate cake (2.0)

Hexane (0.8) SODD (1.3)

Citric acid (0.1)

Steam Natural gasElectricity Cooling water Refrig. water

[927] [1114] [306] [689] [1.2]

Fig. S2. Global mass and energy balances.

S6
 Table S5
Complete stream table results of A100 for the base case conditions.

Stream 100 101 102 103 104 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113

Temperature (C) 25.0 25.0 25.0 65.0 65.0 65.0 65.0 65.0 74.0 25.0 74.0 63.3 67.3
Pressure (kPa) 101 101 101 15 15 101 101 101 101 431 101 101 15
1
Mole flow (kmol h ) 3907 8.766 3898 363.4 3535 3535 3219 315.8 123.5 7.839 3103 3103 486.9
1
Mass flow (kg h ) 104957 825.7 104132 6547 97585 97585 90157 7428 2311 227.0 88073 88073 8857
Vapor fraction 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1

S7
Mass fraction
H2O 0.1600 0.0000 0.1613 1.0000 0.1050 0.1050 0.1130 0.0080 0.9018 0.0000 0.0920 0.0920 0.9744
Soy oil 0.1802 0.0000 0.1816 0.0000 0.1938 0.1938 0.2086 0.0148 0.0000 0.0000 0.2135 0.2135 0.0000
Trash 0.0079 1.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
Soy meal 0.5779 0.0000 0.5825 0.0000 0.6216 0.6216 0.6689 0.0474 0.0000 0.0000 0.6847 0.6847 0.0000
Soy hulls 0.0740 0.0000 0.0746 0.0000 0.0796 0.0796 0.0095 0.9299 0.0000 0.0000 0.0098 0.0098 0.0000
Air 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0982 1.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0256
 Table S6
Complete stream table results of A200 for the base case conditions.

Stream 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211

Temperature (C) 63.3 49.0 25.0 25.0 212.0 49.0 49.0 49.0 212.0 212.0 71.6
Pressure (kPa) 101 101 431 431 1101 101 101 101 1101 1101 73
Mole flow (kmol h1 ) 3103 985.2 4.303 731.7 615.2 98.99 638.8 3355 104.1 414.3 420.9
Mass flow (kg h1 ) 88073 84824 124.6 21184 11082 8271 72014 92737 1876 7464 26072
Vapor fraction 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1

Mass fraction
Hexane 0.0000 0.9997 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.9841 0.7389 0.2529 0.0000 0.0000 0.8966
H2O 0.0920 187 ppm 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0876 1.0000 1.0000 0.1034
Soy oil 0.2135 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.2611 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
Soy meal 0.6847 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.6503 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
Soy hulls 0.0098 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0093 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

S8
Air 0.0000 81 ppm 1.0000 1.0000 0.0000 0.0159 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

Stream 212 213 214 215 216 217 219 220 221 222 223

Temperature (C) 117.1 103.0 103.0 40.0 25.0 40.0 212.0 65.0 169.6 40.0 40.0
Pressure (kPa) 101 63 63 40 431 40 1101 101 101 101 101
1
Mole flow (kmol h ) 3453 274.1 3179 811.9 727.4 3094 96.71 315.8 412.5 412.5 3507
1
Mass flow (kg h ) 76004 4977 71027 22591 21060 69496 1742 7428 9170 9170 78666
Vapor fraction 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0

Mass fraction
Hexane 969 ppm 0.0100 334 ppm 652 ppm 0.0000 129 ppm 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 114 ppm
H2O 0.1943 0.9900 0.1385 0.0674 0.0000 0.1196 1.0000 0.0080 0.1965 0.1965 0.1286
Soy oil 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0148 0.0120 0.0120 0.0014
Soy meal 0.7935 0.0000 0.8491 0.0000 0.0000 0.8678 0.0000 0.0474 0.0384 0.0384 0.7711
Soy hulls 0.0113 0.0000 0.0121 0.0000 0.0000 0.0124 0.0000 0.9299 0.7532 0.7532 0.0987
Air 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.9320 1.0000 78 ppm 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 69 ppm
 Table S7
Complete stream table results of A300 for the base case conditions.

Stream 300 301 302 303 304 305 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316

Temperature ( C) 71.6 49.0 49.9 49.9 119.8 119.8 184.4 119.2 113.7 49.0 50.8 50.8 34.6 40.1 40.1 41.3
Pressure (kPa) 73 101 40 40 40 40 1101 63 75 101 72 72 101 101 101 101
Mole flow (kmol h1 ) 420.9 638.8 502.5 136.3 109.7 26.58 47.02 48.50 25.10 98.99 100.1 419.8 723.4 7.722 715.7 1135
Mass flow (kg h1 ) 26072 72014 43305 28709 9458 19251 847.1 1220 18878 8271 7141 27203 60159 380.2 59779 86982
Vapor fraction 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0

Mass fraction
Hexane 0.8966 0.7389 1.0000 0.3451 1.0000 0.0233 0.0000 0.3590 541 ppm 0.9841 0.9362 0.9128 0.9894 0.6451 0.9916 0.9669
H2O 0.1034 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 0.6410 0.0034 0.0000 0.0454 0.0872 0.0084 0.0270 0.0083 0.0330
Soy oil 0.0000 0.2611 0.0000 0.6549 0.0000 0.9767 0.0000 0.0000 0.9960 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
Air 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0159 0.0184 6 ppm 0.0022 0.3280 111 ppm 78 ppm

S9
Mineral oil 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

Stream 318 319 320 321 322 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333

Temperature ( C) 40.1 40.1 42.2 49.0 43.4 20.0 11.7 29.5 78.6 55.0 92.0 104.0 35.0 12.0 165.2
Pressure (kPa) 101 101 101 101 101 101 101 101 101 101 101 101 101 101 701
Mole flow (kmol h1 ) 7.716 48.50 1186 984.2 202.2 2.449 4.441 4.389 3.563 4.389 11.04 3.563 3.563 3.563 10.22
Mass flow (kg h1 ) 379.9 1221 88383 84740 3643 180.8 127.0 825.3 753.2 825.3 256.1 753.2 753.2 753.2 184.0
Vapor fraction 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0.0 0 0 1

Mass fraction
Hexane 0.6450 0.3591 0.9585 0.9997 21 ppm 0.9557 39 ppm 0.0876 38 ppm 0.0876 0.2821 38 ppm 38 ppm 38 ppm 0.0000
H2O 0.0270 0.6408 0.0414 187 ppm 1.0000 0.0442 0.0198 87 ppm 432 ppm 87 ppm 0.7177 432 ppm 432 ppm 432 ppm 1.0000
Soy oil 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
Air 0.3281 48 ppm 78 ppm 81 ppm 9 ppm 157 ppm 0.9802 83 ppm 0.0000 83 ppm 269 ppm 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
Mineral oil 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.9123 0.9995 0.9123 0.0000 0.9995 0.9995 0.9995 0.0000
 Table S8
Complete stream table results of A400 for the base case conditions.

Stream 401 402 403 404 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 416

Temperature ( C) 113.7 30.0 70.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 80.0 80.0 80.0 0.0 184.4 85.0 85.0 85.0
Pressure (kPa) 75 101 150 101 101 101 101 101 101 101 101 1101 150 101 40
Mole flow (kmol h1 ) 25.51 21.34 46.86 3.722 0.344 22.20 22.54 0.251 0.943 0.628 1.822 18.86 27.77 22.81 26.88
Mass flow (kg h1 ) 18878 415.3 19293 92.46 11.33 400.0 411.3 15.10 56.63 37.76 109.5 339.8 1050 18335 484.3
Vapor Fraction 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1

Mass fraction
Hexane 541 ppm 0.0000 529 ppm 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 107 ppm 551 ppm 228 ppm
H2O 0.0034 0.9091 0.0229 0.5000 0.5000 1.0000 0.9862 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 0.4643 0.0012 0.9998
FFA 0.0050 0.0000 0.0049 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 985 ppm 0.0051 0.0000
Soy oil 0.9661 0.0000 0.9453 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.1910 0.9838 0.0000
Sitosterol 0.0016 0.0000 0.0016 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 314 ppm 0.0016 0.0000
Stigmasterol 547 ppm 0.0000 535 ppm 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 108 ppm 557 ppm 0.0000

S10
Campesterol 852 ppm 0.0000 833 ppm 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 168 ppm 867 ppm 0.0000
-Tocopherol 209 ppm 0.0000 205 ppm 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 41 ppm 213 ppm 0.0000
-tocopherol 24 ppm 0.0000 23 ppm 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 5 ppm 24 ppm 0.0000
-Tocopherol 498 ppm 0.0000 487 ppm 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 98 ppm 507 ppm 0.0000
-Tocopherol 0.0013 0.0000 0.0012 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 249 ppm 0.0013 0.0000
Citric acid 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.5000 0.0000 0.0138 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
H3PO4 0.0000 0.0909 0.0020 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
NaOH 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.5000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
PC 0.0110 0.0000 0.0108 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.1895 488 ppm 0.0000
PE 0.0052 0.0000 0.0051 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0901 232 ppm 0.0000
PI 0.0037 0.0000 0.0036 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0630 162 ppm 0.0000
Bleaching earth 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 0.3448 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
Trysil 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 0.0000 0.5172 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
Celite 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.1379 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
Na3PO4 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0034 0.0000
 Table S9
(continuation) Complete stream table results of A400 for the base case conditions.

Stream 417 418 419 420 421 422 423 424 425 427 429 430 431 432 433

Temperature (C) 85.0 82.0 82.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 99.6 99.6 184.1 108.1 108.1 223.4 186.1 145.6
Pressure (kPa) 40 150 150 5 5 108 108 0.2 0.2 0.2 14 14 0.2 101 101
Mole flow (kmol h1 ) 0.892 45.35 47.18 23.52 23.65 21.38 2.275 0.314 21.07 21.07 18.86 0.435 20.63 20.63 20.63
Mass flow (kg h1 ) 566.0 18747 18856 431.5 18425 18215 209.7 5.892 18209 18209 340.2 131.5 18077 18077 18077
Vapor Fraction 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0.0 1 0 0 0 0

Mass fraction
Hexane 3 ppm 539 ppm 536 ppm 0.0226 18 ppm 18 ppm 2 ppm 0.0515 2 ppm 2 ppm 92 ppm 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
H2O 0.0061 0.0228 0.0227 0.9773 316 ppm 319 ppm 31 ppm 0.9477 13 ppm 13 ppm 0.9986 0.0020 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
FFA 0.0018 0.0050 0.0049 32 ppm 0.0050 0.0051 488 ppm 774 ppm 0.0051 0.0051 0.0013 0.6904 88 ppm 88 ppm 88 ppm
Soy oil 0.3544 0.9622 0.9566 0.0000 0.9790 0.9892 0.0946 0.0000 0.9895 0.9895 0.0000 0.0067 0.9967 0.9967 0.9967
Sitosterol 583 ppm 0.0016 0.0016 0.0000 0.0016 0.0016 156 ppm 0.0000 0.0016 0.0016 0.0000 0.0622 0.0012 0.0012 0.0012
Stigmasterol 201 ppm 545 ppm 541 ppm 0.0000 554 ppm 560 ppm 54 ppm 0.0000 560 ppm 560 ppm 0.0000 0.0361 301 ppm 301 ppm 301 ppm

S11
Campesterol 312 ppm 848 ppm 843 ppm 0.0000 863 ppm 872 ppm 83 ppm 0.0000 872 ppm 872 ppm 0.0000 0.0328 640 ppm 640 ppm 640 ppm
-Tocopherol 77 ppm 208 ppm 207 ppm 0.0000 212 ppm 214 ppm 20 ppm 0.0000 214 ppm 214 ppm 0.0000 0.0178 86 ppm 86 ppm 86 ppm
-tocopherol 9 ppm 24 ppm 24 ppm 0.0000 24 ppm 24 ppm 2 ppm 0.0000 24 ppm 24 ppm 0.0000 0.0020 10 ppm 10 ppm 10 ppm
-Tocopherol 183 ppm 496 ppm 493 ppm 0.0000 505 ppm 510 ppm 49 ppm 0.0000 510 ppm 510 ppm 2 ppm 0.0424 205 ppm 205 ppm 205 ppm
-Tocopherol 463 ppm 0.0013 0.0012 0.0000 0.0013 0.0013 124 ppm 1 ppm 0.0013 0.0013 6 ppm 0.1075 519 ppm 519 ppm 519 ppm
Citric acid 0.0000 302 ppm 300 ppm 2 ppm 307 ppm 0.0000 0.0270 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
H3PO4 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
NaOH 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
PC 0.3516 477 ppm 474 ppm 0.0000 485 ppm 147 ppm 0.0299 0.0000 147 ppm 147 ppm 0.0000 0.0000 148 ppm 148 ppm 148 ppm
PE 0.1672 227 ppm 226 ppm 0.0000 231 ppm 70 ppm 0.0142 0.0000 70 ppm 70 ppm 0.0000 0.0000 71 ppm 71 ppm 71 ppm
PI 0.1170 159 ppm 158 ppm 0.0000 161 ppm 49 ppm 0.0099 0.0000 49 ppm 49 ppm 0.0000 0.0000 49 ppm 49 ppm 49 ppm
Bleaching earth 0.0000 0.0000 0.0020 0.0000 0.0020 0.0000 0.1801 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
Trysil 0.0000 0.0000 0.0030 0.0000 0.0031 0.0000 0.2701 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
Celite 0.0000 0.0000 801 ppm 0.0000 820 ppm 0.0000 0.0720 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
Na3PO4 0.0000 0.0034 0.0033 0.0000 0.0034 0.0000 0.3012 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
 Table S10
Complete stream table results of A500 for the base case conditions.

Stream 501 504 505 506 507 508 509

Temperature (C) 25.0 75.0 158.2 70.7 95.5 65.0 100.1

Pressure (kPa) 101 304 304 101 101 101 101
Mole flow (kmol h1 ) 85.02 73.70 665.9 636.7 85.69 580.8 55.87
1
Mass flow (kg h ) 2724 1397 21334 19617 3114 18610 1007.0

S12
Vapor Fraction 0 0 1 1 0 1 0

Mass fraction
H2O 0.0000 0.5000 83 ppm 0.0514 547 ppm 95 ppm 0.9990
NaOCH3 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.2977 0.0000 0.0000
CH3OH 1.0000 0.0000 0.9999 0.9486 0.6979 0.9999 979 ppm
NaOH 0.0000 0.5000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0039 0.0000 0.0000
 Table S11
Complete stream table results of A600 for the base case conditions (continued on next page).

Stream 601 602 603 604 605 606 607 608 609 610 611 612 614 615

Temperature (C) 95.5 25.0 60.0 145.6 60.0 60.0 60.0 60.7 25.0 101.5 102.7 138.8 60.0 60.0
Pressure (kPa) 101 101 400 101 400 400 400 101 101 101 101 101 101 101
Mole flow (kmol h1 ) 36.76 23.68 144.0 20.63 164.7 100.1 64.56 215.2 55.56 277.7 226.0 53.42 4.164 49.26
Mass flow (kg h1 ) 1336 758.6 4771 18077 22848 19460 3388 6932 1135 8067 5246 2867 372.1 2495
Vapor Fraction 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0

Mass fraction
H2O 547 ppm 0.0000 858 ppm 0.0000 180 ppm 20 ppm 0.0011 0.2813 0.6503 0.3491 0.4889 0.0917 0.0353 0.1001
FFAs 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 88 ppm 70 ppm 79 ppm 13 ppm 7 ppm 0.0000 6 ppm 0.0000 16 ppm 121 ppm 0.0000
FAME 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.7130 0.8318 0.0301 0.0226 0.0000 0.0194 644 ppm 0.0534 0.4115 0.0000
Soy oil 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.9967 0.0789 0.0926 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 7 ppm 0.0000
Sitosterol 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0012 939 ppm 0.0011 21 ppm 0.0029 0.0000 0.0025 15 ppm 0.0071 0.0547 0.0000

S13
Stigmasterol 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 301 ppm 238 ppm 279 ppm 3 ppm 747 ppm 0.0000 642 ppm 2 ppm 0.0018 0.0139 0.0000
Campesterol 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 640 ppm 507 ppm 592 ppm 15 ppm 0.0016 0.0000 0.0014 5 ppm 0.0038 0.0295 0.0000
tocopherol 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 86 ppm 68 ppm 0.0000 459 ppm 224 ppm 0.0000 193 ppm 0.0000 543 ppm 0.0042 0.0000
tocopherol 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 10 ppm 8 ppm 0.0000 52 ppm 26 ppm 0.0000 22 ppm 0.0000 62 ppm 478 ppm 0.0000
tocopherol 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 205 ppm 162 ppm 0.0000 0.0011 534 ppm 0.0000 459 ppm 0.0000 0.0013 0.0100 0.0000
tocopherol 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 519 ppm 411 ppm 0.0000 0.0028 0.0014 0.0000 0.0012 0.0000 0.0033 0.0252 0.0000
NaOH 0.0039 0.0000 0.0011 0.0000 227 ppm 0.0000 0.0015 746 ppm 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
NaOCH3 0.2977 0.0000 0.0834 0.0000 0.0174 0.0012 0.1106 0.0541 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
CH3OH 0.6979 1.0000 0.9147 0.0000 0.1134 0.0689 0.3693 0.3574 0.0000 0.3347 0.5103 0.0198 0.1524 0.0000
PC 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 148 ppm 117 ppm 45 ppm 535 ppm 348 ppm 0.0000 299 ppm 0.0000 841 ppm 0.0065 0.0000
PE 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 71 ppm 56 ppm 21 ppm 254 ppm 165 ppm 0.0000 142 ppm 0.0000 400 ppm 0.0031 0.0000
PI 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 49 ppm 39 ppm 15 ppm 178 ppm 116 ppm 0.0000 99 ppm 0.0000 280 ppm 0.0022 0.0000
Glycerol 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0743 0.0034 0.4820 0.2695 0.0000 0.2316 44 ppm 0.6517 0.2510 0.7114
NaCl 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0062 0.0000 0.0565 0.0000 0.1591 0.0000 0.1828
HCl 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 163 ppm 0.3497 938 ppm 0.0000 0.0026 0.0000 0.0030
 Table S12
(continued from previous page) Complete stream table results of A600 for the base case conditions (continued on next page).

Stream 616 617 619 620 621 622 623 624 625 626 627 628 630 631

Temperature ( C) 60.0 25.0 57.2 57.2 123.0 138.1 60.0 60.0 65.0 100.1 97.1 40.0 25.0 70.0
Pressure (kPa) 101 101 101 101 70 70 101 101 101 101 101 101 101 101
Mole flow (kmol h1 ) 50.91 1.088 35.88 16.12 6.710 29.17 2.507 1.657 83.60 142.3 149.1 50.37 4.945 103.6
1
Mass flow (kg h ) 2596 20.62 2145 471.1 121.2 2024 270.9 101.2 2676 2570 2691 909.4 89.08 1871
Vapor Fraction 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Mass fraction
H2O 0.1010 0.5000 0.1314 0.0000 0.9968 0.0796 0.0024 0.1234 0.0013 0.9968 0.9968 0.9968 1.0000 0.9970
FFAs 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 167 ppm 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
FAME 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.5652 0.0000 0.0000 0.0013 0.0013 0.0013 0.0000 0.0012
Soy oil 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 10 ppm 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
Sitosterol 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0752 0.0000 0.0000 30 ppm 28 ppm 28 ppm 0.0000 27 ppm

S14
Stigmasterol 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0191 0.0000 0.0000 3 ppm 3 ppm 3 ppm 0.0000 3 ppm
Campesterol 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0406 0.0000 0.0000 11 ppm 10 ppm 10 ppm 0.0000 10 ppm
tocopherol 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0057 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
tocopherol 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 656 ppm 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
tocopherol 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0137 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
tocopherol 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0346 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
NaOH 0.0000 0.5000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
NaOCH3 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
CH3OH 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.2093 0.0000 0.9987 0.0017 0.0017 0.0017 0.0000 0.0016
PC 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0089 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
PE 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0042 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
PI 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0030 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
Glycerol 0.7179 0.0000 0.8686 0.0000 0.0032 0.9204 0.0172 0.8766 0.0000 89 ppm 230 ppm 230 ppm 0.0000 219 ppm
NaCl 0.1757 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
HCl 0.0029 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
 Table S13
(continued from previous page) Complete stream table results of A600 for the base case conditions.

Stream 632 633 634 635 637 638 639 640 641 642 644 645 646

Temperature (C) 95.5 60.0 60.0 25.0 61.9 60.0 61.9 61.9 60.1 61.8 91.8 144.3 95.5
Pressure (kPa) 101 101 400 101 101 101 101 101 101 101 12 12 101
Mole flow (kmol h1 ) 1.532 101.6 101.6 5.823 73.10 138.7 61.20 11.91 150.6 63.71 1.690 62.02 47.40
Mass flow (kg h1 ) 55.66 19516 19516 119.1 18212 3294 17961 250.4 3544 18232 45.35 18187 1723
Vapor Fraction 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0

Mass fraction
H2O 547 ppm 21 ppm 21 ppm 0.6476 0.0122 0.5264 619 ppm 0.8433 0.5487 646 ppm 0.2509 22 ppm 547 ppm
FFAs 0.0000 79 ppm 79 ppm 0.0000 85 ppm 0.0000 86 ppm 0.0000 0.0000 87 ppm 0.0000 87 ppm 0.0000
FAME 0.0000 0.8295 0.9129 0.0000 0.9755 0.0165 0.9891 0.0000 0.0153 0.9828 0.0016 0.9852 0.0000
Soy oil 0.0000 0.0923 0.0092 0.0000 0.0099 0.0000 0.0100 0.0000 0.0000 0.0099 0.0000 0.0099 0.0000
Sitosterol 0.0000 0.0011 0.0011 0.0000 0.0012 0.0000 60 ppm 0.0814 0.0057 0.0012 0.0000 0.0012 0.0000

S15
Stigmasterol 0.0000 279 ppm 279 ppm 0.0000 299 ppm 0.0000 15 ppm 0.0206 0.0015 299 ppm 0.0000 299 ppm 0.0000
Campesterol 0.0000 591 ppm 591 ppm 0.0000 634 ppm 0.0000 32 ppm 0.0438 0.0031 634 ppm 0.0000 636 ppm 0.0000
tocopherol 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 85 ppm 0.0000 86 ppm 0.0000
tocopherol 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 10 ppm 0.0000 10 ppm 0.0000
tocopherol 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 203 ppm 0.0000 204 ppm 0.0000
tocopherol 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 515 ppm 0.0000 516 ppm 0.0000
NaOH 0.0039 12 ppm 12 ppm 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0039
NaOCH3 0.2977 0.0020 0.0020 0.0000 0.0000 120 ppm 0.0000 0.0000 112 ppm 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.2977
CH3OH 0.6979 0.0707 0.0616 0.0000 71 ppm 0.3724 72 ppm 0.0000 0.3461 0.0032 0.7475 0.0013 0.6979
PC 0.0000 45 ppm 45 ppm 0.0000 15 ppm 181 ppm 15 ppm 0.0000 168 ppm 147 ppm 0.0000 148 ppm 0.0000
PE 0.0000 21 ppm 21 ppm 0.0000 7 ppm 86 ppm 7 ppm 0.0000 80 ppm 70 ppm 0.0000 70 ppm 0.0000
PI 0.0000 15 ppm 15 ppm 0.0000 5 ppm 60 ppm 5 ppm 0.0000 56 ppm 49 ppm 0.0000 49 ppm 0.0000
Glycerol 0.0000 0.0034 0.0121 0.0000 0.0000 0.0715 0.0000 13 ppm 0.0665 256 ppm 96 ppm 257 ppm 0.0000
NaCl 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 111 ppm 0.0124 0.0000 0.0081 0.0121 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
HCl 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.3524 3 ppm 327 ppm 0.0000 211 ppm 319 ppm 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
C. Detailed utilities consumption per processing area

Table S14
Utilities consumption for each unit operation in A100.

Electricitya Natural gasa LP steama

Equipment
MJ/tb MJ/tb MJ/tb

CLEANER 14.33

DRY-101 55.80 1114

TEMPERIN 0.00
CRACKER 14.90

DEHULLER 8.50

CONDITIO 4.07 173.3

FLAKING 50.26

Total 147.9 1114 173.3

a
Calculated from Sheehan et al. [2].

Table S15
Utilities consumption for each unit operation in A200.

Electricitya LP steam MP steam

Equipment
MJ/tb MJ/tb MJ/tb

EXTRATOR 12.96

DTS-201 14.90 40.99

DRY-201 2.30 78.32

COOLER 9.14
GRINDING 26.06

HTOASTER 0.00 48.97

HGRINDER 19.44

Total 84.82 127.3 40.99

a Calculated from Sheehan et al. [2].

S16
Table S16
Utilities consumption for each unit operation in A300.

Electricitya LP steam Cooling water Chilling water

Equipment
(MJ/tb) (MJ/tb) (MJ/tb) (MJ/tb)

E-301 0.540

E-302 0.540 43.09

H-301 23.86
H-303 0.672

H-304 0.324

H-305 0.830

H-306 11.12
COND-302 30.28

COND-303 200.0

COND-304 4.687

COND-305 21.13
COND-306 0.901

D-301 0.288

Total 1.368 78.90 256.7 1.225

a
Calculated from Sheehan et al. [2].

S17
Table S17
Utilities consumption for each unit operation in A400.

Electricitya LP steam HP steam Cooling water

Equipment
(MJ/tb) (MJ/tb) (MJ/tb) (MJ/tb)

H-401 14.43

H-402 0.625
H-403 0.109

H-404 5.068
24.09
H-405 15.74

H-408 16.30
COND-D401 1.467

DRY-401 10.59

Total 24.09 32.13 16.30 15.90

a Calculated from Santos [6].

Table S18
Utilities consumption for each unit operation in A500.

Electricity LP steam Cooling water

Equipment
(MJ/tb) (MJ/tb) (MJ/tb)

H-501 0 26.13 0

H-502 0 1.404 0
D-501 0 73.31 0

D-502 0 143.4 161.8

C-501 24.21 0 0

Total 24.21 244.3 161.8

S18
Table S19
Utilities consumption for each unit operation in A600.

Equipment Electricitya LP steam MP steam Cooling water

(MJ/tb) (MJ/tb) (MJ/tb) (MJ/tb)

H-601 0.578

H-602 28.25

H-603 10.47
H-604 2.281

H-605 4.796

H-606 5.486

H-607 10.92
H-608 3.410
18.03
H-609 39.86

H-610 4.809

COND-601 0.672
COND-602 2.292

D-601 77.79

D-602 16.10 95.78

D-603 3.025
D-604 21.19

Total 18.03 43.18 102.0 182.5

a Calculated from Sheehan et al. [2].

S19
D. Aspen Plus process flowsheet diagrams

108 HULLS(OUT)

103 113 VENT2ATM(OUT)

CLEANER TEMPERIN

SOYBEANS(IN) 102 104

SEP
DRY-101

109
105

CONDITIO
106 107 111 112 FLAKES(OUT)
MIXER SEP SEP HEATER
CRACKER DEHULLER FLAKING
101 TRASH(OUT)

AIR100(IN) 110

Fig. S3. Process flow diagram of soybeans preparation area (A100) as simulated in Aspen
Plus .

S20
 206 VENTS(OUT)

FLAKES(IN) 201 EXTRATOR

HEXANE(IN) 202 207 MISCELLA(OUT)
SEP 211 DTVAPOR(OUT)

208 DTS-201
AIR200(IN) 204 209
213(OUT)
MPSTE200(IN) 205 210
215(OUT)

212

S21
214 217 218 MEAL(OUT)
MIXER

GRINDING
DRY-201 COOLER
216 222

219
221
HULLS(IN) 220 MIXER HEATER
HGRINDER
HTOASTER

Fig. S4. PFD of solvent extraction and soy meal preparation (A200) as simulated in Aspen Plus .
 325 AIROUT(OUT)
LPSTE300(IN) 333

329
318 332
COND-304
COND-306 H-304
HEXRECY(OUT) 321 331 STRIPPER
ABSORBER
H-306 314 317 F-303
323
H-303
311 313 F-302 327
COND-302 P-304 F-304 326 H-305
319 328
P-302 315
VENTS(IN) 310 F-301 H-302
DEC-301 330
316 320
312
COND303 324
COND-305

S22
P-301
308 322 WASTE300(OUT)
302

306 D-301
MISCELLA(IN) 301 303 305
E-301 H-301 P-303
Q-301 E-302 S-301
COND-301 309 SOYOIL(OUT)
SEP

300

MPSTE300(IN) 307

Fig. S5. Process flow diagram of miscella distillation (A300).

 416 416(OUT)

DRY-401

417 LECITHIN(OUT)

420 420(OUT)
414
401
424 424(OUT)
H-401
P-401 429 429(OUT)

H3PO4(IN) 402 R-401

TK-401 428 430 DEODEST(OUT)
H-402 BLEACH
403 F-401 H-408 D-401
415 418 419 432 427
NAOH400(IN) 404

S23
H-405
H-403 R-402 CENT-401 422 425 426
405
421 H-406 H-407 431
H-404
CITRIC(IN) 406 408

WATER400(IN) 407
CELITE(IN) 409 P-402
FILTRATE
TRYSIL(IN) 410 412 433 RESOYOIL(OUT)
EARTH(IN) 411 423 FILTCAKE(OUT)
MPSTE400(IN) 413

Fig. S6. Process flow diagram of soy oil refining (A400) as simulated in Aspen Plus .
 508

MEOH500(IN) 501 502

H-501 510 D-502
506

C-501

509 WASTE500(OUT)
505

503 504 D-501

NAOH500(IN)
H-502
P-502 507 NAOCH3(OUT)

Fig. S7. Process flow diagram of sodium methoxide manufacture (A500) as simulated in
Aspen Plus .

S24
 WATER600(IN) 630
629 628 W ASTE600(OUT)
H-604
NAOCH3(IN) 646 NAOCHPR(OUT)
644

631
HCL600A(IN) 635 637 639 642
D-604
H-607
601 CENT-603
632 P-608 BDIESEL(OUT)
LEXT-601 645
H-609
640 P-609
R-601
633 636 H-606
603 634 638
MEOHA600(IN) 602 TK-601 623
H-601 R-602
606
P-601 DEC-601 P-607

605 627
RESOYOIL(IN) 604
H-602 641
P-602 CENT-602 621
625
607 P-605 COND-602
608

S25
TK-602
P-603 611 D-602
614 624
610
HCL600B(IN) 609
H-603 626
D-601
CENT-604
612 613 615 616
COND-601 618 619
H-605 D-603
CENT-601 H-608

NAOH600(IN) 617 P-604 GLYCEROL(OUT)

TK-603
622
H-610
P-606

620 NACL(OUT)

Fig. S8. Process flow diagram of biodiesel production (A600) as simulated in Aspen Plus .
E. Economic analysis

The nominal costs of raw materials and of utilities, together with the prices
of products are presented in Table S20. In Tables S21S26 are tabulated the
bare module costs of each equipment unit, the total and grassroots total costs
for each processing area.

Table S20
Raw materials, by-products and utilities unitary costs.

Raw materials [7] Cost ($ t1 ) By-products [7] Price ($ t1 )

Soybeans 380 Meal 527

Hexane 1500 Sodium methoxide (30 wt %) 890
Celite 797 Glycerol 92 % 1200
Earth bleaching 618 Filtration cake 167

Trysil 2287 SODD 3650
Citric acid (50 wt %) 425 Sodium chloride 10
Phosphoric acid (37 wt %) 366 Lecithin 1000
Methanol 342
Sodium hydroxide (50 wt %) 378
Hydrochloric acid 261
Degummed soy oil 650

Utility [8] Cost ($ GJ1 ) Cost ($/common unit)

Low pressure stream (5 barg, 160 C)b 13.28 $27.70 /1000 kg

a
Medium pressure stream (10 barg, 184 C) 14.19 $28.31 /1000 kg
High pressure stream (41 barg, 254 C) 17.70 $29.97 /1000 kg
Electricity (110 - 440 V) 16.80 $0.06/(kW h)
Cooling tower water 0.354 $14.80 /1000 m3
Refrigeration (5 C) 4.43 $0.185 /1000 kg
b
Waste disposal $36 /t

a b
With credit for power. Solid or liquid. Nonhazardous.

S26
Table S21
Equipment units and capital costs in A100.

CP0 CBM
Equipment
($K) ($K)

Cleaner 140 140

DRY-101 13 13
Cracker 174 174
Dehuller 29 29
Conditioner 55 55
Flaking 361 361
P
i CBM,i /($K) 771
CTM /($K) 2800
CGR /($K) 3186

Table S22
Equipment units and capital costs in A200.

CP0 CBM
Equipment
($K) ($K)

Extractor 1075 1075

DTS-201 1218 1218
DRY-201
Cooler
Grinding 111 111
Hulls toaster 52 52
Hulls grinder 23 23
P
i CBM,i /($K) 2480
CTM /($K) 8997
CGR /($K) 10240

S27
Table S23
Equipment units and capital costs in A300.

Power Length Diameter Area CP0 CBM

Equipment Type MOCa
(kW) (m) (m) (m2 ) ($K) ($K)

E-301 Long Tube Evaporator Carbon Steel 137 403 1169

E-302 Short Tube Evaporator Carbon Steel 22.6 141 410
H-301 Floating Head Carbon Steel / Carbon Steel 34.2 27 90
H-302 Double Pipe Carbon Steel / Carbon Steel 2.71 4 14
H-303 Floating Head Carbon Steel / Carbon Steel 11.9 28 92
H-304 Double Pipe Carbon Steel / Carbon Steel 3.97 5 15
H-305 Double Pipe Carbon Steel / Carbon Steel 1.59 4 12
H-306 Floating Head Carbon Steel / Carbon Steel 14.9 27 89
COND-302 Floating Head Carbon Steel / Carbon Steel 66.1 32 104
COND-303 Floating Head Carbon Steel / Carbon Steel 706.0 143 470
COND-304 Floating Head Carbon Steel / Carbon Steel 21.2 27 87
COND-305 Floating Head Carbon Steel / Carbon Steel 142.0 43 143
COND-306 Double Pipe Carbon Steel / Carbon Steel 8.55 5 17
D-301 1.72 meters of Ceramic Carbon Steel 5.74 0.66 7 27
ABSORBER 2.1 meters of 304 Stainless Carbon Steel 6.11 0.31 4 15
DEC-301 Horizontal Carbon Steel 6.10 1.98 22 67
STRIPPER 1.69 meters of 304 Stainless Carbon Steel 5.71 0.27 4 15
F-301 Vertical Carbon Steel 4.57 1.52 15 59
F-302 Vertical Carbon Steel 5.64 1.83 21 87
F-303 Vertical Carbon Steel 3.66 0.91 7 29
F-304 Vertical Carbon Steel 3.66 0.91 7 29
P-301 Centrifugal Carbon Steel 0.6 4 14
P-302 Centrifugal Carbon Steel 2.1 4 15
P-303 Centrifugal Carbon Steel 2.3 4 16
P-304 Centrifugal Carbon Steel 0.1 4 14
P
i CBM,i /($K) 3097
CTM /($K) 3654
CGR /($K) 5204

a
Materials of construction.

S28
Table S24
Equipment units and capital costs in A400.

Power Length Diameter Area CP0 CBM

Equipment Type MOCa
(kW) (m) (m) (m2 ) ($K) ($K)

H-401 Floating Head Carbon Steel / Carbon Steel 41.70 28 93

H-402 Double Pipe Carbon Steel / Carbon Steel 0.88 3 11
H-403 Double Pipe Carbon Steel / Carbon Steel 0.15 3 11
H-404 Double Pipe Carbon Steel / Carbon Steel 9.42 5 18
H-405 Floating Head Carbon Steel / Carbon Steel 33.60 27 90
H-406 Floating Head Carbon Steel / Carbon Steel 64.30 31 103
H-407 Floating Head Carbon Steel / Carbon Steel 69.90 32 106
H-408 Floating Head Carbon Steel / Carbon Steel 27.00 27 96
COND-D401 Double Pipe Carbon Steel / Carbon Steel 1.65 4 12
BLEACH Vertical Carbon Steel 6.55 2.13 30 135
CENT-401 Carbon Steel 0.61 65 102
D-401 6.29 meters of 304 Stainless Carbon Steel 10.31 0.52 11 34
DRY-401 Vertical Carbon Steel 3.66 1.07 8 38
F-401 Vertical Carbon Steel 6.55 2.13 30 135
FILTRATE 67 67
P-401 Centrifugal Carbon Steel 4.4 4 18
P-402 Centrifugal Carbon Steel 6.7 5 20
R-401 Jacketed Agitated 6.86 1.83 86 344
R-402 Jacketed Agitated 6.10 1.52 67 266
DRUM-D401 Horizontal Carbon Steel 2.74 0.91 7 22
TK-401 Vertical Carbon Steel 9.40 3.13 72 295
P
i CBM,i /($K) 2014
CTM /($K) 2539
CGR /($K) 3523

a
Materials of construction.

S29
Table S25
Equipment units and capital costs in A500.

Power Length Diameter Area CP0 CBM

Equipment Type MOCa
(kW) (m) (m) (m2 ) ($K) ($K)

C-501 Centrifugal Stainless Steel 873 366 2100

DRIV-501 Electric - Totally enclosed 873 153 230
REB-D501 Fixed, Sheet, or U-Tube Stainless Steel / Carbon Steel 166.0 42 193
REB-D502 Fixed, Sheet, or U-Tube Stainless Steel / Carbon Steel 457.0 69 318
COND-D502 Fixed, Sheet, or U-Tube Stainless Steel / Carbon Steel 993.0 111 515
H-501 Floating Head Stainless Steel / Carbon Steel 51.1 29 136
H-502 Double Pipe Carbon Steel / Carbon Steel 2.5 4 13
P-501 Centrifugal Stainless Steel / Carbon Steel 0.17 4 18
D-501 15.3 meters of 304 Stainless Stainless Steel 19.51 1.829 164 544
D-502 43 Stainless Steel Sieve Trays Stainless Steel 29.87 2.438 315 1370
DRUM-D502 Stainless Steel 3.048 1.067 8 49
P
i CBM,i /($K) 5486
CTM /($K) 6468
CGR /($K) 7994

a
Materials of construction.

S30
Table S26
Equipment units and capital costs in A600.

Power Length Diameter Area CP0 CBM

Equipment Type MOCa
(kW) (m) (m) (m2 ) ($K) ($K)

CENT-601 Solid Bowl 0.33 37 47

CENT-602 Solid Bowl 0.18 33 42
CENT-603 Centrifugal 0.61 22 34
CENT-604 Solid Bowl 0.33 37 47
REB-D601 Fixed, Sheet, or U-Tube Stainless Steel / Carbon Steel 192 44 208
REB-D602 Fixed, Sheet, or U-Tube Stainless Steel / Carbon Steel 49 28 128
REB-D603 Fixed, Sheet, or U-Tube Stainless Steel / Carbon Steel 16 23 107
REB-D604 Floating Head Stainless Steel / Carbon Steel 55 30 140
COND-601 Double Pipe Stainless Steel / Carbon Steel 4 5 21
COND-602 Double Pipe Stainless Steel / Carbon Steel 7 5 23
COND-D602 Floating Head Stainless Steel / Carbon Steel 466 98 454
H-601 Double Pipe Stainless Steel / Carbon Steel 7 5 23
H-602 Floating Head Stainless Steel / Carbon Steel 79 34 155
H-603 Floating Head Stainless Steel / Carbon Steel 24 27 123
H-604 Double Pipe Stainless Steel / Carbon Steel 3 4 20
H-605 Floating Head Stainless Steel / Carbon Steel 13 28 128
H-606 Floating Head Stainless Steel / Carbon Steel 42 28 131
H-607 Floating Head Stainless Steel / Carbon Steel 23 27 123
H-608 Double Pipe Stainless Steel / Carbon Steel 8 5 24
H-609 Floating Head Stainless Steel / Carbon Steel 193 52 239
H-610 Floating Head Stainless Steel / Carbon Steel 20 27 123
D-601 12 Stainless Steel Sieve Trays Stainless Steel 10.97 1.83 66 359
D-602 32 Stainless Steel Sieve Trays Stainless Steel 23.16 1.52 110 487
D-603 3 Stainless Steel Sieve Trays Stainless Steel 5.49 0.46 8 51
D-604 5 Stainless Steel Sieve Trays Stainless Steel 6.71 0.76 14 98
LEXT-601 Washing column Stainless Steel 10.82 1.31 47 193
DRUM-D602 Horizontal Stainless Steel 2.13 0.91 6 37
DEC-601 Horizontal Stainless Steel 6.08 1.37 14 99
TK-601 Vertical Stainless Steel 4.27 1.07 9 72
TK-602 Vertical Stainless Steel 3.51 0.76 6 45
TK-603 Vertical Stainless Steel 2.90 0.61 4 34
R-601 Jacketed Agitated 6.88 3.44 116 466
R-602 Jacketed Agitated 6.26 3.13 100 401
P-601 Centrifugal Stainless Steel 1.6 4 18
P-602 Centrifugal Stainless Steel 19.3 7 37
P-603 Centrifugal Stainless Steel 0.0 4 18
P-604 Centrifugal Stainless Steel 0.0 4 18
P-605 Centrifugal Stainless Steel 0.0 4 18
P-606 Centrifugal Stainless Steel 0.1 4 18
P-607 Centrifugal Stainless Steel -1.1 4 18
P-608 Centrifugal Stainless Steel -0.3 4 18
P-609 Centrifugal Stainless Steel 1.1 4 18
P
i CBM,i /($K) 4861
CTM /($K) 5735
CGR /($K) 7471

a
Materials of construction.

S31
 F. Heat integration

Fig. S9 shows the variation of the total cost with Tmin , where it can be
observed that the optimal Tmin is approximately 6.5 C. Fig. S10 represents
the reference base design of the heat exchangers network in A100A600.

0.235
Total cost index (cost/time)

0.230

0.225

0.220

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Tmin (C)

Fig. S9. Total annual cost index versus heat exchanger minimum T.

G. Process Integration

Table S27 presents the manufacturing costs and revenues for the areas A100
A600 in the integrated design (Section 6.2 of the Manuscript), while the re-
designed process flow diagrams of A300 and A400 are shown in Fig. S12 and
Fig. S13, respectively. Finally, Fig. S11 represents the suggested design for the
integrated heat exchanger network in A100A600.

S32
 0.1 GJ/h 0.1 GJ/h 2.2 GJ/h 3.2 GJ/h 4.5 GJ/h
0.3 GJ/h 0.5 GJ/h 3.0 GJ/h 1.5 GJ/h 1.7 GJ/h 0.2 GJ/h 0.7 GJ/h 0.1 GJ/h 0.1 GJ/h 0.2 GJ/h 21.0 GJ/h 0.5 GJ/h 0.2 GJ/h 0.5 GJ/h 21.0 GJ/h 10.9 GJ/h
36.3 C 36.3 C 36.3 C 36.3 C 36.0 C 35.8 C 35.7 C 35.4 C 35.3 C 34.9 C 34.8 C 34.8 C 34.8 C 34.8 C 34.8 C 32.9 C 32.9 C 32.9 C 32.8 C 31.0 C 30.0 C
45.0 C
0.1 GJ/h7.7 C Cooling Water
15.0 C 5.0 C
0.0 GJ/h Refrigerant 1 -20.0 C
-19.0 C
Refrigerant 2
224.3 C 108.1 C
To Condenser@A400.D-401_TO_A400.429 1.6 GJ/h 1.6 GJ/h
185.3 C 145.0 C
223.4 C
145.6 C A400.431_To_A400.433 57.8 C
144.4 C A600.604_To_A600.604B 40.0 C
138.8 C A600.645_To_A600.645A 60.0 C
138.1 C A600.612_To_A600.613 40.0 C
123.8 C A600.622_To_A600.622A 90.0 C
119.2 C A600.621_To 40.0 C
113.7 C A300.308_To_A300.308B 70.0 C
A400.401_To_A400.401B 0.0 GJ/h
77.6 C 35.0 C 12.0 C
104.0 C
97.1 C A300.330_To_A300.332 40.0 C
92.0 C A600.627_To_A600.627A 40.0 C
91.8 C A300.329_To_A300.329A 85.9 C
75.6 C A600.644_To_A600.644A 60.0 C
A600.TK-603_heat 15.3 GJ/h
71.6 C 52.0 C
67.3 C A300.300_To_A300.300A 60.0 C
65.0 C A600.603B_To_A600.603 64.5 C
65.0 C To Condenser@A500.D-502_TO_A500.508 64.5 C
63.3 C To Condenser@A600.D-602_TO_A600.625 40.1 C
60.1 C A300.304A_To_A300.304C 60.0 C
60.0 C A600.R-602_heat 59.5 C
60.0 C A600.TK-601_heat 59.5 C
50.8 C A600.TK-602_heat 40.0 C
40.1 C A300.311_To_A300.311A 20.0 C
A300.318_To_A300.318A 1.7 GJ/h 184.1 C 143.6 C
225.0 C 99.6 C
2.4 GJ/h 8.7 GJ/h A400.425_To_A400.428
144.3 C 92.3 C
To Reboiler@A600.D-604_TO_A600.645 104.3 C
138.8 C
0.4 GJ/h To Reboiler@A600.D-601_TO_A600.612
138.1 C 123.1 C
4.5 GJ/h To Reboiler@A600.D-603_TO_A600.622
119.8 C 59.0 C
0.4 GJ/h A300.E-302_heat
118.0 C 57.2 C
0.5 GJ/h A600.619_To_A600.619A
117.1 C 116.9 C
0.9 GJ/h To Reboiler@A200.DTS-201_TO_A200.212
116.6 C 116.4 C
0.9 GJ/h

S33
H4@A200.DTS-201 115.6 C
115.8 C
0.9 GJ/h H3@A200.DTS-201
115.5 C 115.3 C
0.9 GJ/h H2@A200.DTS-201
114.3 C 114.1 C
1.2 GJ/h H1@A200.DTS-201
101.5 C 60.0 C
0.1 GJ/h A600.610A_To_A600.610
55.0 C 29.5 C
101.0 C
18.6 GJ/h A300.326_To_A300.328A
100.1 C 99.5 C
2.0 GJ/h To Reboiler@A500.D-502_TO_A500.509
100.1 C 99.7 C
1.6 GJ/h To Reboiler@A600.D-602_TO_A600.626
100.0 C 82.0 C
9.5 GJ/h A400.419_To_A400.419B
95.5 C 68.0 C
1.3 GJ/h To Reboiler@A500.D-501_TO_A500.507
91.7 C 61.8 C
0.5 GJ/h A600.642_To_A600.643
85.0 C 70.0 C
0.2 GJ/h A400.405_To_A400.405A
75.0 C 25.0 C
0.2 GJ/h A500.NAOH500_To_A500.504
70.0 C 39.3 C
0.0 GJ/h A600.631A_To_A600.631
70.0 C 25.0 C
0.1 GJ/h A400.404_To_A400.404A
70.0 C 30.0 C
3.4 GJ/h A400.402_To_A400.402A
65.0 C 25.0 C
2.5 GJ/h A500.501_To_A500.502
59.0 C 49.9 C
A300.303_To_A300.303A 49.0 C
49.9 C
1.2 GJ/h A300.301_To_A300.303
49.0 C 43.4 C
A300.321A_To_A300.321
253.3 C 252.3 C
184.1 C 183.9 C 183.9 C 183.8 C 183.8 C 183.7 C 183.7 C 183.1 C
184.1 C HP Steam 158.9 C 158.8 C 158.8 C 158.8 C 158.8 C 158.8 C 158.8 C158.6 C158.2 C 158.1 C 158.1 C 158.1 C 158.0 C 158.0 C 158.0 C 158.0 C
158.9 C MP Steam 157.9 C
LP Steam

Fig. S10. Reference base design of the heat exchangers network in A100A600.
Table S27
Manufacturing costs and revenues for A100A600 integrated.

Raw materials Annual cost ($K) Cost ($/t of Biodiesel)

Soybeans 319069 2193

Air 167 1.15
Hexane 1008 6.93
LP steam 41 0.28

MP steam 2779 19.1
Celite 96 0.66
Earth bleaching 187 1.28
Trysil 1036 7.12
Citric acid 39 0.26
H3PO4 1216 8.36
Methanol 9526 65.5
NaOH 4566 31.4
HCl 2619 18.0

Product Annual revenue ($K) Revenue ($/t of Biodiesel)

Meal 331867 2281

NaOCH3 12267 84.3
Glycerol 19428 134
Filtrate cake 280 1.92
SODD 3841 26.4
NaCl 38 0.3
Soy lecithin 4528 31
Biodiesela 116053 797.7

1.23CRM 421087 2894

1.23CUT 29397 202
1.23CWT 1796 12.3
2.76COL 14162 97.3
0.18FCIL 7020 48.3
COMd 473462 3254
Rvn 488302 3356
ATCF (no depreciation) 8607
DPBP (years) 4.5
ROROI (%) 16

a
Break-even price. Live steam.
S34
 3.0 GJ/h 0.4 GJ/h 0.2 GJ/h 25.6 GJ/h 19.8 GJ/h
0.3 GJ/h 0.5 GJ/h 0.1 GJ/h 0.4 GJ/h 3.2 GJ/h 1.7 GJ/h 1.7 GJ/h 0.1 GJ/h 0.1 GJ/h 0.2 GJ/h 0.5 GJ/h 0.2 GJ/h 0.3 GJ/h
35.8 C 35.5 C 35.4 C 35.4 C 35.4 C 35.3 C 35.0 C 34.8 C 34.7 C 34.6 C 34.6 C 34.6 C 34.6 C 32.1 C 32.0 C 32.0 C 32.0 C
45.0 C 30.0 C
0.1 GJ/h 0.0 GJ/h Cooling Water
7.7 C
15.0 C 5.0 C
-19.0 C Refrigerant 1
-20.0 C
Refrigerant 2
224.3 C 108.1 C
To Condenser@A400.D-401_TO_A400.429 1.6 GJ/h 2.7 GJ/h
185.3 C 144.9 C 71.4 C
223.4 C 60.0 C
A400.431_To_A600.604B 1.6 GJ/h 0.4 GJ/h 1.3 GJ/h 1.2 GJ/h
137.2 C 107.0 C 79.6 C
145.5 C 40.0 C
138.8 C A600.645_To_A600.BDIESEL 60.0 C
A600.612_To_A600.613 0.2 GJ/h
96.8 C
138.1 C 40.0 C
123.8 C A600.622_To_A600.622A 90.0 C
A600.621_To_ 1.2 GJ/h
119.8 C 54.9 C
A300.304D_To_A300.304 0.1 GJ/h 1.7 GJ/h
85.6 C 68.5 C
119.2 C 40.0 C
A300.308_To_A300.308B 0.1 GJ/h 0.5 GJ/h
110.8 C
113.7 C 95.4 C
A400.401_To_A400.401B 0.0 GJ/h
77.6 C 35.0 C
104.0 C 12.0 C
A300.330_To_A300.332 0.5 GJ/h
100.2 C 67.0 C
A500.509_To_A500.WASTE 0.2 GJ/h
95.4 C 79.2 C
92.0 C A500.507A_To_A500.507 40.0 C
91.8 C A300.329_To_A300.329A 85.6 C
A600.644_To_A600.644A 0.0 GJ/h 0.1 GJ/h
84.7 C
85.0 C 82.7 C
78.9 C A400.415_To_A400.415B 60.0 C
A600.TK-603_heat 60.3 C
77.5 C
A600.603B_To_A600.603 15.3 GJ/h
71.6 C 52.0 C
65.0 C A300.300_To_A300.300A 64.5 C
60.0 C To_Condenser@A500.D-502B_To_A500.508A 59.5 C
60.0 C A600.R-602_heat 59.5 C
60.0 C A600.TK-601_heat 59.5 C
A600.TK-602_heat 40.1 C
50.8 C
50.8 C A300.304A_To_A300.304C 40.0 C
A300.311_To_A300.311A 20.0 C
40.1 C
A300.318_To_A300.318A
184.1 C 143.6 C
225.0 C 99.6 C
1.7 GJ/h 2.4 GJ/h A400.425_To_A400.428
145.4 C 92.3 C
8.6 GJ/h To Reboiler@A600.D-604_To_A600.645
138.8 C 104.4 C
0.4 GJ/h To Reboiler@A600.D-601_TO_A600.612
138.1 C 123.1 C

S35
4.1 GJ/h To Reboiler@A600.D-603_TO_A600.622
119.8 C 62.1 C
118.1 C A300.E-302_heat 57.2 C
0.5 GJ/h A600.619_To_A600.619A
117.1 C 116.9 C
0.9 GJ/h To Reboiler@A200.DTS-201_TO_A200.212
116.6 C 116.4 C
0.9 GJ/h H4@A200.DTS-201
115.8 C 115.6 C
0.9 GJ/h H3@A200.DTS-201
115.5 C 115.3 C
0.9 GJ/h H2@A200.DTS-201
114.3 C 114.1 C
1.1 GJ/h H1@A200.DTS-201
101.5 C 60.0 C
55.0 C A600.610A_To_A600.610
101.0 C 29.5 C
17.4 GJ/h A300.326_To_A300.328A
100.1 C 99.5 C
100.0 C To Reboiler@A500.D-502_TO_A500.509 43.1 C
1.5 GJ/h A400.408A_To_A400.408
100.0 C 83.6 C
9.5 GJ/h A400.419_To_A400.419B
95.5 C 68.0 C
91.7 C To Reboiler@A500.D-501_TO_A500.507A 61.1 C
85.0 C A600.642_To_A600.643 70.0 C
75.0 C A400.405_To_A400.405A 25.0 C
70.0 C A500.NAOH500_To_A500.504
30.0 C
70.0 C A400.402_To_A400.402A
65.0 C 64.7 C 25.0 C
65.0 C A400.404_To_A400.404A 25.0 C
53.0 C A500.501_To_A500.502
62.1 C 49.9 C
49.9 C A300.303_To_A300.303A
49.0 C
49.0 C A300.301_To_A300.303 43.4 C
A300.321A_To_A300.321
253.3 C 252.3 C
184.1 C 183.9 C 183.9 C 183.8 C 183.8 C 183.7 C 183.6 C
184.1 C HP Steam 183.1 C
158.6 C 158.1 C 158.1 C 158.0 C
158.9 C MP Steam 157.9 C
LP Steam

Fig. S11. Design of the heat exchangers network in A100A600 integrated.

 Biodiesel

Air
333
LP Steam
325
321
Hexane to
329
A200
332
COND-304 318
COND-306 H-304
331
314 F-303
ABSORBER
Biodiesel
from A600 313 F-302
COND-302 327 H-303
311
P-302
F-301 315 319
STRIPPER
310 326
COND-303

F-304 H-302 330

Vents from A200 316 320

S36
312
COND-305 DEC-301
P-301
302

COND-301
304 324 H-305A
301
MISCELLA 303 322
308 To A400

300 305
E-301
DT vapor from H-301 E-302 Wastewater
A200
D-301
P-303
H-301A
307
MP Steam 309
Soy oil

Fig. S12. Process flow diagram of A300 redesigned.

 416

DRY-401

417
Lecithin
414 420

424

F-401 429
R-401 403
TK-401 BLEACH 432
406 425 430
Citric acid H-402 H-403 419 427 SSOD
R-402 H-401 H-408 H-409 H-410
H-405
415 422
Water from A300 H-404 CENT-401

408 431
402

S37
D-401
H3PO4 FILTRATE P-402
404
NaOH
401 433
Soy oil P-401 Refined
409 soy oil
Celite

410 412 423

Trysil Filtration
411 cake
Bleaching earth

413
MP Steam

Fig. S13. Process flow diagram of A400 redesigned.

H. Monte Carlo simulation numerical results

Table S28
Numerical results of Monte Carlo simulations for A600.

Bins 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

All NPV -76.08 -62.25 -48.43 -34.61 -20.79 -6.97 6.85 20.67 34.49 48.31 62.13
p 0.00000 0.01840 0.06330 0.11710 0.31180 0.49780 0.67400 0.81140 0.95610 0.98270 1.00000
FCIL NPV -2.54 -2.12 -1.69 -1.27 -0.84 -0.42 0.00 0.43 0.85 1.28 1.70
p 0.00000 0.01690 0.06930 0.15250 0.26900 0.41740 0.60130 0.77200 0.89980 0.97580 1.00000
Product NPV -42.98 -34.38 -25.78 -17.18 -8.58 0.02 8.62 17.22 25.82 34.42 43.02
p 0.00000 0.00320 0.04180 0.18210 0.56860 0.92480 0.98050 0.99750 0.99900 0.99900 1.00000
FCIworking NPV -0.59 -0.23 0.12 0.48 0.84 1.19 1.55 1.91 2.26 2.62 2.98
p 0.00000 0.06430 0.23630 0.41340 0.56550 0.69880 0.80640 0.89120 0.94980 0.98720 1.00000
t NPV -1.17 -0.93 -0.70 -0.47 -0.24 -0.01 0.23 0.46 0.69 0.92 1.15
p 0.00000 0.02210 0.08300 0.18130 0.31940 0.49350 0.67220 0.81060 0.91270 0.97480 1.00000
AIR NPV -1.64 -1.38 -1.12 -0.86 -0.60 -0.34 -0.08 0.18 0.44 0.70 0.97
p 0.00000 0.02280 0.08500 0.17310 0.29770 0.44480 0.61310 0.78440 0.90770 0.97720 1.00000
CRM NPV -58.53 -48.78 -39.03 -29.28 -19.53 -9.78 -0.03 9.72 19.47 29.22 38.97
p 0.00000 0.01460 0.06930 0.15530 0.26120 0.39110 0.57190 0.76030 0.89260 0.97690 1.00000
CUT NPV -3.95 -3.16 -2.36 -1.57 -0.78 0.01 0.81 1.60 2.39 3.19 3.98
p 0.00000 0.02240 0.08210 0.18250 0.32500 0.50610 0.68340 0.82260 0.92270 0.98130 1.00000

p is the cumulative probability.

Table S29
Numerical results of Monte Carlo simulations for A500A600.

Bins 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

All NPV -78.39 -63.69 -48.99 -34.29 -19.59 -4.89 9.81 24.50 39.20 53.90 68.60
p 0.00000 0.03230 0.07390 0.19330 0.34250 0.50020 0.70840 0.83860 0.95860 0.98680 1.00000
FCIL NPV -5.24 -4.36 -3.49 -2.62 -1.74 -0.87 0.01 0.88 1.75 2.63 3.50
p 0.00000 0.01910 0.06940 0.15380 0.26970 0.41980 0.60460 0.77670 0.89820 0.97490 1.00000
Product NPV -45.36 -36.40 -27.43 -18.47 -9.51 -0.55 8.42 17.38 26.34 35.31 44.27
p 0.00000 0.00640 0.05260 0.19970 0.56190 0.88440 0.94820 0.97590 0.98970 0.99320 1.00000
FCIworking NPV -0.64 -0.26 0.13 0.51 0.90 1.28 1.67 2.05 2.44 2.82 3.21
p 0.00000 0.06230 0.23020 0.40300 0.55660 0.69330 0.79750 0.88420 0.94240 0.98640 1.00000
t NPV -1.52 -1.22 -0.92 -0.61 -0.31 -0.01 0.30 0.60 0.90 1.21 1.51
p 0.00000 0.02120 0.08130 0.18140 0.32170 0.49750 0.67770 0.81660 0.91700 0.97860 1.00000
AIR NPV -1.20 -0.95 -0.69 -0.44 -0.19 0.07 0.32 0.58 0.83 1.09 1.34
p 0.00000 0.02660 0.09930 0.21240 0.36780 0.55560 0.71880 0.84510 0.93380 0.98270 1.00000
CRM NPV -59.83 -49.90 -39.97 -30.05 -20.12 -10.19 -0.27 9.66 19.59 29.51 39.44
p 0.00000 0.02060 0.07380 0.16280 0.26610 0.39110 0.61490 0.79900 0.90600 0.96990 1.00000
CUT NPV -10.76 -8.61 -6.46 -4.31 -2.16 -0.01 2.14 4.29 6.44 8.59 10.74
p 0.00000 0.02260 0.08180 0.18230 0.32200 0.49880 0.67760 0.81610 0.91590 0.97760 1.00000

p is the cumulative probability.

S38
 Table S30
Numerical results of Monte Carlo simulations for A100A600 integrated.

Bins 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

All NPV -239.8 -194.4 -149.0 -103.7 -58.3 -13.0 32.4 77.7 123.1 168.4 213.8
p 0.00000 0.04370 0.08530 0.19910 0.34490 0.49840 0.70010 0.82680 0.96010 0.98730 1.00000
FCIL NPV -13.2 -11.0 -8.8 -6.6 -4.4 -2.2 0.0 2.2 4.4 6.6 8.8
p 0.00000 0.01920 0.07210 0.15490 0.27240 0.42150 0.60250 0.77860 0.90150 0.97570 1.00000
Product NPV -141.0 -112.7 -84.5 -56.3 -28.0 0.2 28.4 56.6 84.9 113.1 141.3
p 0.00000 0.01830 0.08700 0.25460 0.49610 0.65610 0.78120 0.91150 0.95600 0.98570 1.00000
FCIworking NPV -1.9 -0.8 0.4 1.6 2.7 3.9 5.1 6.3 7.4 8.6 9.8
p 0.00000 0.06300 0.23730 0.41320 0.56780 0.70030 0.80610 0.88980 0.95080 0.98670 1.00000
t NPV -4.2 -3.4 -2.5 -1.7 -0.8 0.0 0.8 1.7 2.5 3.4 4.2
p 0.00000 0.01900 0.07980 0.18050 0.31980 0.49890 0.67820 0.81860 0.91900 0.97800 1.00000
AIR NPV -6.2 -5.2 -4.2 -3.3 -2.3 -1.3 -0.3 0.7 1.6 2.6 3.6
p 0.00000 0.01960 0.07710 0.16730 0.28820 0.43480 0.60580 0.77880 0.90380 0.97490 1.00000
CRM NPV -184.6 -153.8 -122.9 -92.1 -61.2 -30.4 0.5 31.4 62.2 93.1 123.9
p 0.00000 0.02050 0.07260 0.16010 0.27160 0.39850 0.58220 0.76670 0.89870 0.97250 1.00000
CUT NPV -43.1 -34.5 -26.0 -17.4 -8.8 -0.2 8.4 17.0 25.6 34.1 42.7
p 0.00000 0.01800 0.07840 0.17930 0.31970 0.49470 0.68150 0.81770 0.91750 0.97960 1.00000

p is the cumulative probability.

- 10

- 20
Project value ($M)

- 30

- 40

- 50
A600
- 60 A500 - A600
A100 - A600

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Project life (year)

Fig. S14. Discounted after-tax cash flows of A600, A500A600 and A100A600 integrated
during project-life period.

S39
Table S31
Expected variation range of key economic parameters, and respective base values for the
processes A600, A500A600 and A100A600.

Base value
Economic parameters Lower Limit Upper Limit
A600 A500A600 A100A600a

FCIL 20 % 30 % $7.47 M $15.5 M $39.0 M

Products price 10 % 10 % $147 M $157 M $488 M
FCIworking 50 % 10 % $11.8 M $12.8 M $38.6 M
t 20 % 20 % 42 %
AIR 10 % 20 % 10 %
CRM 10 % 15 % $109 M $110 M $342 M
CUT 50 % 50 % $2.15 M $6.00 M $23.9 M

a
Integrated.

Table S32
NPV distribution for A600, A500A600 and A100A600 integrated.

A600 A500A600 A100A600a

Quartiles NPV/($ M)

25 % < 24.77 < 28.47 < 87.09

50 % < 6.81 < 4.91 < 12.63
75 % <14.31 <13.94 <48.68

Minimum value 76.08 78.39 239.80

Maximum value 62.13 68.60 213.80

Integral indicators Value

R0
NPVmin
CPV()d 14 16 48
R NPVmax
0
CPV()d 54 60 185
R NPVmax
NPVmin
CPV()d 68 75 234

a
Integrated.

S40
Table S33
Costs structure and profitability chances of biodiesel production from A600, A500A600 and
A100A600 (integrated).

A600 A500A600 A100A600a

CRM /COMd (%) 93.5 89.5 88.9

CUT /COMd (%) 1.85 4.86 6.21
0.18FCIL /COMd (%) 0.94 1.84 1.48
Rvn biodieselb/Rvn (%) 86.7 79.8 23.8

Biodiesel price ($/t) Chance of profitability (%)

798 8.48 10.7 43.7
863 31.4 42.3 54.5
875 41.8 49.1 56.3

a b
Integrated. At BBEP.

S41
References

[1] Feedipedia . Feedipedia animal feed resources information system, http:

//www.feedipedia.org/. 2014 [accessed 26.11.2014].

[2] Sheehan J, Camobreco V, Duffield J, Graboski M, Shapouri H. An overview

of biodiesel and petroleum diesel life cycles. Tech. Rep.; National Renewable
Energy Laboratory; 1998.

[3] Johnson LA, White PJ, Galloway R, Board US. Soybeans: chemistry, pro-
duction, processing, and utilization. Urbana, IL: AOCS Press; 2008.

[4] Paraso P. Modelagem e anlise do processo de obteno do leo de soja.

Ph.D. thesis; Universidade Estaudal de Campinas; 2001.

[5] Morse W. Farmers bulletin no. 1605 soybean hay and seed production. In:
Farmers Bulletins Nos. 1601-1625. U.S. Department of Agriculture; 1931,
p. 112.

[6] Santos SMRCF. Reconverso de uma unidade de pr-tratamento de leos

para biodiesel. Masters thesis; Department of Chemistry, University of
Aveiro; 2012.

[7] Alibaba Group . Manufacturers, suppliers, exporters & importers from the
worlds largest online b2b marketplace, http://www.alibaba.com. 2015
[accessed 19.02.15].

[8] Turton R, Bailie RC, Whiting WB, Shaeiwitz JA, Bhattacharyya D. Anal-
ysis, Synthesis and Design of Chemical Processes. Upper Saddle River, NJ:
Prentice Hall; 4th ed.; 2012.

S42