Professional Documents
Culture Documents
D
P Q R S
Figure 4
3. Figure 1 shows the changes that Figure 4 shows parts of the
take place in the eye of a Figure 2 tongue that are sensitive to
person. specific tastes. Which parts are
If he wears the spectacles of a sensitive to the sweet and bitter
person who has long- tastes of the local black coffee?
sightedness, where will the A I and III only
image be formed? B I and IV only
Figure 1
A P C R C II and III only
What causes this response? B Q D S D II and IV only
TG1
11. The part of the skin which is III A swimming pool appears B Negative geotropism and
more sensitive has shallower. negative phototropism
I a thinner epidermis A I and II only C Positive geotropism and
II more receptors B I and III only positive phototropism
III a thicker fat layer beneath the C II and III only D Positive geotropism and
dermis D I, II and III positive hydrotropism
A I and II only
B I and III only 17. Figure 5 shows a seedling with a
20. Which of the following
C II and III only straight shoot and root pinned to
statements about the response
D I, II and III a soft board, so that the shoot
of a plant to a stimulus is not
and the root are horizontal.
true?
12. In which of the following parts of
I The shoot of a plant is
the eye does refraction of light
negatively phototropic.
occur?
II The root of a plant is positively
I Cornea
phototropic.
II Eye lens
III The shoot of a plant is
III Vitreous humour
negatively geotropic.
A I and II only
Figure 5 A I and II only
B I and III only
B I and III only
C II and III only Which of the following diagrams
C II and III only
D I, II and III represents the seedling after two
D I, II and III
days?
13. Which of the following condition A
is not a defect of vision? 21. Which sequence shows the flow
A Long-sightedness of nerve impulses when a cat
B Short-sightedness sees a mouse and chases it?
C Optical illusion A Sense organ spinal cord
D Astigmatism B muscles
B Sense organ spinal cord
14. As a result of an accident, a brain muscles
student is blind in one eye. He C Sense organ brain
will have difficulty in C muscles
A determining the colour of an D Sense organ spinal cord
object accurately brain spinal cord
B estimating the distance of an muscles
object correctly
C seeing a distant object clearly D
22. Which of the following uses the
D determining the shape of an
reflection of sound?
object correctly
I To determine the depth of the
18. Which of the following responses ocean
15. Which of the following
of plants is phototropic? II To detect a shoal of fish
statements are true of sound?
A The morning glory twines III To detect a tumour in the body
I Sound has kinetic energy.
round a support. A I and II only
II Sound can be reflected.
B The leaf of a Venus fly trap B I and III only
III Sound can travel through
catches a fly. C II and III only
vacuum.
C The shoot of an indoor plant D I, II and III
A I and II only
B I and III only grows in the direction of a
C II and III only lighted window. 23. Which part of the human eye
D I, II and III D The folding of the leaflets of prevents internal reflection of
Mimosa pudica. light?
16. Which of the following A Choroid
phenomena is caused by the 19. Which of the following tropism is B Conjuctiva
refraction of light? shown by the roots of green C Sclera
I Rainbow is seen in the sky. plants? D Aqueous humour
II A spoon in a glass appears A Positive hydrotropism and
bent. negative geotropism
TG2
Structured Questions
1. Figure 6 shows the cross section of the human skin. (b) Show the sequence of the pathway of sound in
the ear.
[2 marks]
(c) Name two structures of the ear that are not
involved in hearing. What is the function of each
of these structures?
(i)
Figure 6 (ii)
(a) Name the parts of the skin labelled I and II. [4 marks]
[1 mark]
(ii) What is the function of this lens?
[1 mark]
Figure 7
4. The experiment shown in Figure 9 is set up to
(a) Name the structures of the ear labelled P to T. investigate parts of the plant that respond to gravity.
P : The beaker is kept in a dark cupboard.
Q :
R :
moist cotton
S : seedlings
T :
[5 marks] Figure 9
TG3
(a) State the following variables in the experiment. 5.
(i) Manipulated variable :
(ii) Responding variable :
(iii) Constant variable : After 2 weeks
[3 marks]
(b) Draw the results of the experiment in the space
provided.
(A) (B)
Figure 10
[2 marks]
(b) What inference can be made from your
observations?
[3 marks]
(c) (i) Name the response of the roots to gravity.
[2 marks]
(c) What is the function of the response shown by
[1 mark] the plant?
(ii) Why is this response of the roots to gravity
important to plants?
[2 marks]
[1 mark]
(d) State three other plants which respond to touch.
(d) (i) Name the response of the shoots to gravity.
[1 mark]
(ii) Why is this response of the shoots to gravity
important to plants?
[2 marks]
[1 mark]
CHAPTER 2 What is the main class of food in 3. Which of the following two
the foodstuff bought by Fang Yee? substances are necessary for
Nutrition A Fats healthy skin?
B Proteins A Iodine and vitamin C
Objective Questions C Vitamins B Calcium and vitamin D
D Carbohydrates C Potassium and vitamin B
1. Figure 1 shows foodstuff
D Vitamin A and vitamin C
bought by Fang Yee from a
2. Which of the following pairs of
supermarket.
food class and its example is correct? 4. Figure 2 shows the different
classes of food.
Food class Example
Food
A Fat Pumpkin
B Starch Mango Carbohydrate Protein P Q
C Protein Mutton
Water Mineral Vitamin
Figure 1 D Fibre Rice
Figure 2
TG4
Which of the following foods are Which of the following vitamins Which of the following classes of
correct examples for P and Q? has the properties described? food are digested in organs Q
A Vitamin A C Vitamin C and R?
P Q
B Vitamin B D Vitamin D (similar to PMR 2000 & 2003)
A Mee Starfruit
Organ Q Organ R
8. Consumption of an excessive
B Sugar Mango
amount of cake, roti canai and A Starch Proteins
C Milk Mutton fried chicken will cause Rahman
B Sugar Fats
to suffer from
D Fried chicken meat Cabbage
A scurvy C anaemia C Carbohydrates Proteins
B obesity D kwashiorkor
5. Table 1 shows the results of food D Proteins Fats
tests conducted on food L.
9. Physical digestion is the process
12. Which of the following organ
Table 1 of breaking down
absorbs digested food?
A large food particles into
Food Test Result A P C R
smaller ones
B Q D S
2 drops of iodine Solution turns B smaller food particles into
were added to dark blue. larger ones 13. What is the final product of
food L. C complex food particles into carbohydrate digestion?
simpler ones A Glucose C Fatty acids
2 cm3 of Benedicts A brick-red D complex food particles into
solution was precipitate is B Amino acids D Glycerol
smaller ones
added to food formed. 14. Figure 5 shows a person suffering
L in a test tube 10. As food passes through the from a disease.
and heated. alimentary canal, starch and oil
are digested respectively in the
Which of the following food
I mouth
contain the same class of food as
II stomach
food L?
III small intestine
(similar to PMR 2003)
A I and II only
A Bread and sweets
B I and III only
B Cake and beef
C II and III only
C Mango and chicken
D I, II and III
D Rice porridge and butter
TG5
17. Figure 6 shows some food items Which of the following groups of A anaemia
purchased by Mee Lih. food items contains a large B constipation
amount of fibre? C gastritis
P Q R
A P C R D colon cancer
B Q D S
20. Which of the following diseases
18. Which of the following organs is can be caused by unhealthy
involved in the reabsorption of eating habits?
water? I Obesity
S
A Mouth II Diabetes
B Stomach III High blood pressure
C Small intestine A I only
D Large intestine B I and III only
C II and III only
19. The lack of fibre in our daily diet
Figure 6 D I, II and III
may cause
Structured Questions
1. Figure 7 shows the classification of food. 2. Figure 8 shows an experiment using a Visking tubing.
Food
distilled water
at 37 C
K Protein L Vitamin M Water Fibre Visking tubing
Figure 7 starch
+ saliva
solution
(a) Name the classes of food K, L, and M.
K :
Figure 8
L :
(a) What is the aim of this experiment?
M:
[3 marks]
(b) Name two sources of food that are rich in
[1 mark]
(i) carbohydrates :
(b) Complete the table below to show the
(ii) minerals : observations of the experiment after 30 minutes.
[2 marks]
(c) Which two classes of food are energy-producing Sample Starch test Glucose test
food?
Distilled water
from the
beaker
[1 mark]
(d) State the functions of the following classes of [2 marks]
food. (c) What is the result of the test for
(i) Proteins : (i) starch :
(ii) Minerals : (ii) glucose :
[2 marks]
(iii) Fibre :
(d) In the human digestive system, what is
[3 marks]
represented by the following materials?
(e) Name the class of food that prevents sterility.
(i) distilled water :
[1 mark] (ii) Visking tubing :
[2 marks]
TG6
3. Complete Table 2 to show the digestion of food substances in the human alimentary system.
Table 2
CHAPTER 3 4. The information below shows the 8. The information below refer to
characteristics of an animal. the characteristics of a group of
Biodiversity plants.
Warm-blooded
Objective Questions Breathes through lungs Do not produce flowers
Give birth to live young True roots, stems and leaves
1. Which of the following organisms Reproduce by seeds in cones
is not correctly matched to its Which of the following animals
habitat? has the characteristics described? Which of the following group of
Organism Habitat A A shark C A dolphin plants has the characteristics
B A duck D A crocodile described? (similar to PMR 2001)
A Tiger Forest A Conifers C Mosses
B Earthworm Sea 5. Which of the following B Algae D Ferns
characteristics refer to amphibians?
C Prawn Pond A Have moist skin 9. Which of the following animals
D Bat Cave B Able to swim belong to the same class as the
C Warm-blooded whale?
2. Which of the following charac- D Able to fly I Cow III Stingray
teristics describes mammals? II Dolphin
A Lay eggs 6. Figure 2 shows the classification A I and II only C II and III only
B Cold-blooded of vertebrates. B I and III only D I, II and III
C Have four legs
D Have a pair of external ears Vertebrates 10. Which of the following animals
increase their body temperature
3. Figure 1 shows two organisms on a hot day and decrease it on a
Lizard Swallow L Frog Goat
from different groups. cold day?
Figure 2 I Tortoise III Salamander
II Crocodile
Which of the following animals
A I only C II and III only
could be L?
B I and II only D I, II and III
A Rat C Sea horse
B Turtle D Squirrel
11. Figure 3 shows the classification
of plants.
7. Which of the following features is
Figure 1 Plants
a characteristic of dicotyledons?
What are the similarities between
Roots Leaf veins
the two organisms? Non-flowering plant Flowering plant
A Have feathers and dry scales A Fibrous Network
B Lay eggs and are warm-blooded
B Tap Network Mosses K Conifers
C Have scales and are cold-
blooded C Fibrous Parallel
D Warm-blooded and breathe L Dicotyledons
D Tap Parallel
with their lungs Figure 3
TG7
Which of the following pairs are K 16. Biodiversity in the Malaysian 19. Mawi rears three animals. He
and L? forests can be destroyed by discovers that all the animals
I deforestation have the following characteristics.
K L
II overfishing
A Pine tree Balsam III widespread urbanisation Body covered with fur
A I and II only Have a pair of ears
B Seaweed Rubber tree
B I and III only Give birth to live young
C Staghorn fern Maize C II and III only
D I, II and III The animals that Mawi is rearing
D Banana Durian tree
can be grouped as
17. Figure 4 shows a Venn diagram A birds
12. Which of the following state-
on the characteristics of some B reptiles
ments about mosses are true?
plants. C mammals
I They have chlorophyll.
II They have stems and leaves. D amphibians
III They do not have flowers. Fibrous Produce
A I and II only roots P Q coloured R 20. Figure 6 shows a group of
B I and III only flowers animals.
C II and III only
D I, II and III Figure 4
TG8
Structured Questions
1. Figure 7 shows the drawings of plants P, Q, R, S and T. 2. Draw the structures of the leaves and roots of
monocotyledons and dicotyledons.
P Q R
Monocotyledon Dicotyledon
Leaves Leaves
S T
Figure 7
[1 mark]
(c) Medicine
[1 mark]
Figure 8
TG9
CHAPTER 4 4. Figure 3 shows a food web. 6. Figure 5 shows a simple food
chain.
Interdependence among Rabbit
Living Organisms and the leaves organism X frog organism Y
Environment Grass Fox
Figure 5
Objective Questions Sheep
Which of the following organisms
1. A group of organisms that look Figure 3 refers to X and Y?
alike and can breed among Which of the following organisms X Y
themselves to produce its own represents a secondary
kind is known as a A Grasshopper Lizard
consumer?
A species (similar to PMR 2003) B Grasshopper Snake
B habitat A Grass
C population C Frog Snake
B Rabbit
D community C Fox D Snake Rat
D Sheep
2. Figure 1 shows the interaction
between two organisms. 7. In oil palm plantations, owls are
5. Figure 4 shows a pyramid of reared to control the population
numbers for a pond ecosystem. of rats. Which of the following
statements is not true about this
T
interaction?
A The rat is the prey.
Water
beetles
B The owl is the predator.
Figure 1 C The interaction involved is
Which type of interaction is S competition.
shown? D Both the owls and the rats are
A Mutualism Aquatic plants part of the ecosystem in the
B Parasitism plantation.
C Commensalism Figure 4
D Predatorprey 8. The function of chlorophyll in
Which of the following organisms green plants is to
refers to S and T? A take in carbon dioxide from
3. Figure 2 shows the transfer of
energy in a food chain. S T the atmosphere
B convert water into starch
A Prawn Snake C trap the Suns energy
B Tadpoles Fish D release oxygen
C Snake Dragonfly 9. Figure 6 shows a type of
D Grasshopper Eagle interaction between two
organisms.
Figure 2
TG10
10. Which of the following example C II and III only
of interactions is matched D I, II and III
correctly with the type of
interaction? shark 17. Which of the following organisms
I Mutualism : Alga and has the smallest population in a
fungus in the bush ecosystem?
lichen A Green plant
II Competition : Paddy and B Hawk
maize in remora fish C Sparrow
the same plot Figure 8 D Caterpillar
III Preypredator : Cat and
mouse What type of interaction is 18. Figure 9 shows energy flow in a
A I and II only shown? food web.
B I and III only A Mutualism
C II and III only B Parasitism Light
D I, II and III C Commensalism
D Predatorprey
Vegetables
11. Which of the following organisms
are decomposers? 15. Table 1 shows the populations of
I Fungi organisms in a paddy field Grasshopper Caterpillar
II Bacteria ecosystem.
III Grasshopper Table 1 Rabbit
A I and II only
B I and III only Organism Population Frog Sparrow
C II and III only P 5
D I, II and III Q 200
R 100 000 Snake Hawk
12. Which of the following S 5000
sequences shows the correct Figure 9
organisms in a food chain in
Which of the following diagrams If the sparrow population is
descending order?
represents the pyramid of attacked by a disease, which of
A Water weed, water snail,
numbers for the population of the following statements about
prawn, bird
organisms shown above? the other organisms is true of the
B Water hyacinth, tadpole,
(similar to PMR 2004) food web?
insect, fish
A C I The population of hawk will
C Water plants, crab, chicken,
drop.
hawk P P
II The population of caterpillar
D Hawk, chicken, grasshoppers, Q Q will increase.
water plants R S III The population of rabbits will
S R increase.
13. The information below shows the
A I and II only
steps taken during the testing of
B D B I and III only
leaf for starch.
C II and III only
P R
D I, II and III
K Boiling the leaf in water R S
L Washing the leaf in hot water S Q 19. Which of the following
M Heating the leaf in alcohol
Q P statements about photosynthesis
N Adding a few drops of iodine
is true?
solution to cover the leaf
A Photosynthesis releases
16. Which of the following factors energy.
Which of the following sequence B Photosynthesis takes place in
affect photosynthesis?
is correct? both dark and bright places.
I Sunlight
A K, L, M, N C M, K, L, N C The products of
II Carbon dioxide
B K, M, L, N D M, L, K, N photosynthesis are glucose
III Water
A I and II only and oxygen.
14. Figure 8 shows an interaction D Photosynthesis takes place in
B I and III only
between two fishes. all living plant cells.
TG11
20. The word equation below What is substance X and the type of energy required for this process?
represents a process that occurs
Energy Substance X
in green plants.
A Chemical energy Carbohydrate
Carbon energy glucose
dioxide + B Light energy Chlorophyll
+ water substance X oxygen C Heat energy Chlorophyll
D Hydro energy Starch
Structured Questions
1. Figure 10 shows some organisms which live in the (e) What would happen to the food chain if the
same ecosystem. limpet is poisoned?
[1 mark]
2. Figure 11 shows a food web in the paddy field.
Crab Seaweed
[2 marks]
(iv) tertiary consumer :
(b) Name the primary consumer in the food chain.
[4 marks]
[1 mark]
(c) How many carnivores are there in the food web?
(c) What is the source of energy for the producer ?
[1 mark]
(d) What are the two ways in which energy may be [1 mark]
lost from a food chain? (d) What do the arrows indicate in the food web?
(i)
(ii)
[2 marks] [1 mark]
TG12
3. Figure 12 shows a green plant receiving sunlight. (c) State the following variables in this activity.
(i) Constant variable :
[3 marks]
(d) What are the functions of the following chemicals
used in this activity?
(i) Sodium hydroxide
Figure 12
[1 mark]
(a) Name the process shown.
(ii) Potassium hydroxide carbonate
[1 mark]
[1 mark]
(b) What are P, Q and R?
(e) What chemical is used to test the leaves for
P : starch? Explain the expected results.
Q :
R :
[3 marks] [1 mark]
(c) What are the products formed by this process? (f) What can you conclude from this activity?
[1 mark] [1 mark]
(d) How do you test the gas given off? 5. Figure 14 shows a natural cycle.
Carbon dioxide
[1 mark] in the air
K L
bell jars
sodium
hydroxide
solution potassium
bicarbonate M
solution
glass
sheets Substance N
A B
Figure 14
Figure 13
(a) What process is studied using the apparatus (a) Name the natural cycle shown.
shown?
[1 mark]
[1 mark]
(b) What is the percentage of carbon dioxide present
(b) Suggest a hypothesis for this activity. in the air?
[1 mark]
[1 mark]
(c) Name the processes K, L and M.
TG13
(b) Name three species of animals that are facing
K : extinction at this sanctuary.
L :
M:
[3 marks] [1 mark]
(d) (i) What is substance N? (c) What is meant by the following terms?
(i) Preservation
[1 mark]
(ii) State one use of substance N.
[1 mark]
[1 mark] (ii) Conservation
6. The 26 000 hectares of Kinabatangan Wildlife
Sanctuary in Sabah, billed as Malaysias Gift to Earth,
is facing massive destruction. In the last four years, an
[1 mark]
estimated 20% of the 100 million year old forest has
been cleared threatening endangered species. (d) What are the three ways of conserving and
(Extracted from The Star) preserving the endangered species of the
(a) Why is the Kinabatangan Wildlife Sanctuary facing Kinabatangan Wildlife Sanctuary?
massive destruction? (i)
(ii)
(iii)
[1 mark] [1 mark]
TG14
6. Mixture P is made up of liquid A A saturated solution A I and II only C II and III only
and solid particles. When the B A pure solution B I and III only D I, II and III
mixture is left aside, the particles C An emulsion
settle to the bottom. What is D A dilute solution 16. Which of the following
mixture P? comparisons of evaporation and
boiling are true?
7. Figure 2 shows four beakers which contain copper sulphate and distilled
water. Evaporation Boiling
I Occurs only Occurs
at the throughout
surface of the liquid
the liquid
II Occurs at Occurs at the
any boiling point
temperature
III A fast A slow process
process
TG15
20. Which of the following activities B Washing cars using buckets of water from sinks and baths for
does not save water? water instead of water from a flushing the toilet
A Brushing and rinsing the teeth hose connected to a tap D Using aquarium water for
using running water from the C Using systems that treat waste watering potted plants
tap instead of from a tumbler
Structured Questions
60 chloride
Solubility of solute
50 called?
40
30 [1 mark]
sodium
20
chloride
(c) What is the colour of the universal indicator in the
10 following conditions:
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 (i) Alkali :
Temperature ( C)
(ii) Neutral :
Figure 3
(iii) Acidic :
1. (a) What is the mass of lead nitrate that dissolves in [3 marks]
100 ml of water at 20 C? (d) What are the end products of the experiment?
[1 mark] [1 mark]
(b) Which salt has a solubility that is least affected by (e) Write a simple word equation for the chemical
temperature? reaction in this experiment.
[1 mark] [2 marks]
(c) At what temperature does potassium nitrate and
potassium chloride have the same solubility? 3. Figure 5 shows the steps involved in treating water at
the water treatment plant.
[1 mark]
(d) Besides temperature, name three other factors
that affect the rate of solubility.
[3 marks]
Figure 5
2. Figure 4 shows the set-up of an experiment.
Name the processes involved from P to S and explain
the purpose of each process.
S
Figure 4 [8 marks]
TG16
4. Figure 6 shows an experiment to study a factor (b) Which filter paper dries up faster?
affecting the rate of water evaporation. Two pieces of
filter paper, one folded and the other left unfolded,
[1 mark]
are used. They are placed on separate tiles and placed
(c) Use the molecular theory to explain the result in
in the Sun.
(b).
folded [1 mark]
wet wet (d) What conclusion can be drawn from the result of
filter tile filter
paper paper the experiment?
[1 mark]
Figure 6
(e) Give two examples where this factor of
(a) State the variables in the experiment. evaporation is applied.
(i) Manipulated variable :
[1 mark]
(ii) Responding variable :
(iii) Constant variable :
[3 marks]
TG17
D The walls of the bottle will A The size of the air particles is Which of the following area has
become harder. reduced. the least pressure when the
B The temperature of the piston is pushed inwards?
7. What happens when air is particles is reduced. A P C R
pumped into a bicycle tyre? C The movement of the air B Q D S
I The temperature of the air in particles is slower.
the tyre decreases. D The collisions between the air 13.
II The air particles collide more particles and the walls of the
frequently with the walls of syringe increase.
the tyre.
III The pressure in the tyre 10. A plastic bottle is filled with some
increases. warm water and closed tightly.
A I and II only When the water in the bottle
B I and III only cools down, the walls of the
C II and III only bottle cave inwards. What causes
D I, II and III this to happen? Figure 8
A The heat from the warm water
B The contraction of the cool water Figure 8 shows water level X
8. Figure 4 shows the balloon
C The air pressure outside the rising higher than water level Y
expands when heated.
bottle when the piston is pushed down.
D The contraction of the plastic Which of the following
gas heat gas bottle statements explains the above?
A The air pressure at P is higher
11. Figure 6 shows a boy trying to than the air pressure in Q.
suck water with a straw that has B The pressure at P and R are
before heating after heating a hole by the side. the same.
C The air pressure in Q is higher
Figure 4
than that at R.
Which of the following conditions D The air pressure at P and Q are
causes this change? the same.
I The kinetic energy of the gas
particles increases. 14. Figure 9 shows the position of
II Gas particles collide more water in an inverted U-tube. The
frequently with the walls of water does not flow out.
the balloon.
III The size of the gas particles
increases. Figure 6
A I and II only
B I and III only The water does not rise up the
C II and III only straw because the air pressure in
D I, II and III the straw is
A the same as the atmospheric
9. Figure 5 shows a piston being pressure
pushed downwards. B higher than the atmospheric
pressure
C lower than the atmospheric Figure 9
pressure Which of the following
D increased by the atmospheric statements explains the above?
pressure entering the hole A Water sticks to the glass of the
U- tube.
12. Figure 7 shows a sprayer.
B The air pressure at P and Q are
higher than that in R.
C R is a vacuum.
D The air pressure at P, Q and R
Figure 5 are the same.
What happens to the air particles
15. As we travel higher up a slope, our
in the piston?
Figure 7 ears may feel a slight pain because
TG18
A of the change in temperature I It varies from day to day. 19. To ensure that the petroleum gas
B of the strong wind II It decreases with height above in tanks remain in the liquid
C the air particles are smaller ground level. state, the gas must be kept
D of the fall in air pressure III It cannot be measured by an A in a metal tank
instrument. B at a high pressure
16. Petroleum gas is stored in gas A I and II only C at a high temperature
cylinders in liquid state by B I and III only D at a pressure below the
I adding solvent to petroleum gas C II and III only atmospheric pressure
II compressing the petroleum D I, II and III
gas under high pressure 20. Which of the following is not
III cooling the gas 18. Which of the following apparatus appropriate when using a high
A I and II only applies the principle of air pressure gas tank?
B I and III only pressure? A Keep the tank in a well
C II and III only I Barometer ventilated place
D I, II and III II Vacuum cleaner B Keep the tank away from any
III Siphon source of heat
17. Which of the following statements A I and II only C II and III only C Check for leakages regularly
are true of the atmospheric B I and III only D I, II and III D Place the tank horizontally
pressure?
Structured Questions
1. Figure 10 shows a hole at the top of a can. (c) Why does the weather balloon usually burst
when it reaches a high altitude?
[1 mark]
[1 mark]
(b) Figure 11 shows a beaker inverted in a container
filled with water.
Figure 12
beaker water
(a) (i) What happens when the rubber sheet is
pulled downwards?
basin
[1 mark]
(ii) Explain your answer.
Figure 11
[1 mark]
[1 mark]
TG19
(b) (i) What happens when the rubber sheet is 4. Figure 14 shows a balloon placed at the mouth of a
pushed upwards? bottle. The bottle is placed in a bell jar connected to a
vacuum pump.
[1 mark]
(ii) Explain your answer.
[1 mark]
Figure 14
[1 mark]
(ii) Explain your answer.
Figure 13 [1 mark]
(b) (i) What happens when air is allowed to re-enter
(a) What supports the weight?
the bell jar?
[1 mark]
(b) (i) What happens if more weights are added?
[1 mark]
(ii) Explain your answer.
[1 mark]
(ii) Does the air pressure in the cylinder increase
or decrease? Explain your answer.
[1 mark]
[2 marks]
TG20
5. A force applied to a moving car 10. Which of the following I The weight of the object
can result in a change of characteristics are not II The time taken to move the
I direction of motion advantages of friction? object
II speed of the car I Stops a moving vehicle III The distance moved by the
III shape of the car II Wears out surfaces object
A I and II only III Produces heat A I and II only
B I and III only A I and II only B I and III only
C II and III only B I and III only C II and III only
D I, II and III C II and III only D I, II and III
D I, II and III
6. Which of the following forces 15. Which of the following equations
enables a parachutist to land 11. A worker wishes to push a heavy shows the correct relationship
safely on the ground? box across the room. How can he between power, work done and
A Gravity C Repulsion reduce the friction between the time?
B Friction D Electrostatic box and the floor? A Power = work time
I By placing rollers between the B Time = power work
7. Which of the following statements two surfaces C Work = power time
explains the reason why a spring II By resting the box on wheels D Power = work time
balance can be used to measure III By placing a rubber sheet
the magnitude of a force? between the two surfaces 16. A boy weighing 600 N carries a
I It is affected by the force of A I and II only load of 100 N up a stairs 2 m high.
gravity. B I and III only What is the total work done?
II Its extension is proportional to C II and III only A 1220 J C 1800 J
the force acting on it. D I, II and III B 1400 J D 2000 J
III Its extension does not depend
on the mass of the object. 12. Which of the following activities 17. Which of the following units is
A I and II only can be done without frictional the product of force and distance,
B I and III only force? measured in the direction of force?
C II and III only A Balancing a ruler on the finger A Speed in m/s
D I, II and III B Rowing a boat B Work in joules
C Pulling a rope C Power in watts
8. Which of the following D Dancing on a stage D Friction in newtons
statements is true?
I A ball thrown into the air falls 13. Figure 1 shows a box resting on 18. Which of the following variables
back because of gravitational an inclined plane being pushed is not required in an experiment
force. down. to determine the power of a
II A rubbed comb attracts pieces student running up some stairs?
e
of paper because it has forc A The vertical height of the stairs
hing
pus
electrostatic force. B The time taken to run up the
III Magnetic force makes a Box stairs
stationary nail move. C The weight of the student
A I and II only C II and III only D The horizontal distance of the
B I and III only D I, II and III stairs
Figure 1
9. When a student pushes a wooden 19. An electric motor can lift a load of
block on the surface of a table, The pushing force depends on 1000 N through a height of 5 m
which of the following statements the in 10 s. What is the power of the
is not true of the frictional force? I contact surface area motor?
A Frictional force acts in the II weight of the box A 100 W C 1000 W
direction opposing the III nature of the contact surfaces B 500 W D 1500 W
direction of motion. A I and II only
B Frictional force depends on B I and III only 20. A labourer pushed a box 4 m
the nature of the table top. C II and III only across the floor in 5 s by using a
C Frictional force depends on D I, II and III horizontal force of 200 N. How
the area of contact. much power was he producing?
D Frictional force depends on the 14. Which of the following factors A 120 W C 160 W
weight of the wooden block. affects the work done on moving B 140 W D 180 W
an object?
TG21
Structured Questions
1. Figure 2 shows air being blown directly at a ping- (b) The work done in raising the object
pong ball.
ping-pong ball
[2 marks]
(c) The power required to raise the object
Figure 2
[2 marks]
(a) What happens to the ping-pong ball?
4. Figure 3 shows the set-up of an experiment.
[1 mark]
(b) (i) What happens to the ping-pong ball after
some time? block P
block Q
[1 mark]
(ii) Explain your answer.
[1 mark]
TG22
CHAPTER 8 2. Which of the following animal Invertebrate Support
has an exoskeleton? system
Support and Movement A Crab C Starfish
B Goat D Snake A Garden snail Exoskeleton
Objective Questions B Bee Hydrostatic
3. Which of the following animal skeleton
1. Which of the following support
has an endoskeleton?
systems can be found in animals? C Leech Hydrostatic
A Centipede C Prawn
I Exoskeleton skeleton
B Snake D Caterpillar
II Endoskeleton
III Hydrostatic skeleton D Crab Exoskeleton
4. Which of the following animals is
A I and II only
not supported by a hydrostatic 11. Which of the following animals
B I and III only
skeleton? has no exoskeleton?
C II and III only
A Earthworm C Centipede A Mussels C Prawns
D I, II and III
B Jellyfish D Leech B Spiders D Caterpillars
5. Which of the following support systems are correctly matched with the
organisms? 12. Which of the following is
supported by a hydrostatic
Endoskeleton Exoskeleton Hydrostatic skeleton skeleton?
A Frog Ant Earthworm A Scorpion C Earthworm
B Snail D Mosquito
B Snake Jellyfish Bee
C Crab Snail Cockle 13. Which of the following support
systems are used by
D Whale Caterpillar Spider invertebrates for support?
I Exoskeleton
6. Which of the following Organism Support II Hard cuticle
vertebrates is supported by large III Hydrostatic skeleton
pelvic and pectoral girdles? A Balsam plant Woody tissue A I and II only
A Man B Cockroach Body fluid B I and III only
B Elephant C II and III only
C Whale C Snake Endoskeleton D I, II and III
D Rabbit D Maize plant Strong fibrous
roots 14. Which of the following plants and
7. Figure 1 shows an organism. their support systems are
9. Which of the following support correctly matched?
systems is found in land vertebrates? Water Water
A Hydrostatic skeleton buoyancy turgidity
B Water buoyancy
C Exoskeleton A Lotus Balsam
D Endoskeleton B Elodea Cucumber
10. Which of the following inver- C Mangrove tree Cabbage
tebrates and their support systems D Maize Bitter gourd
Figure 1 are not correctly matched?
What is it supported by?
A An endoskeleton 15. Which of the following methods of support are correctly matched with the
B Body fluid types of plants?
C An exoskeleton Woody plants Herbaceous plants Aquatic plants
D A hydrostatic skeleton
A Phloem tissue Pressure of body fluid Buoyancy of water
8. Which of the following organisms B Woody tissue Buoyancy of water Turgidity
is correctly matched with the type
of support? C Turgidity Woody tissue Buoyancy of water
D Xylem tissues Turgidity Buoyancy of water
TG23
16. Which of the following plants is 18. Which of the following plants is 20. Which of the following methods
not supported by the turgidity of not supported by buoyancy of are used by plants with soft
the cells in the plant? water? stems to obtain sunlight?
A Balsam plant A Lotus C Hydrilla I Using stems to twine around a
B Bean sprout B Bean sprout D Elodea support
C Mustard II Using clasping roots to climb a
D Hibiscus plant 19. Aquatic plants can float vertically support
in water because of the III Using thorns on the stem to
17. Tall woody plants are supported I air sacs in the stems climb a support
by the II buoyancy of the water A I and II only
A phloem tissues in the stem III dissolved gases in the water B I and III only
B xylem tissues in the stem A I and II only C II and III only
C strong bark of the stem B I and III only D I, II and III
D pressure of the cell sap in the C II and III only
stem D I, II and III
Structured Questions
1. State the type of support used by the following plants. 3. Figure 3 shows an aquatic plant placed in two
conditions.
(a) Cucumber :
(b) Elodea :
(c) Orchid :
(d) Mangrove tree :
(e) Morning glory :
(f) Meranti :
[6 marks]
(A) (B)
2. Figure 2 shows a human skeleton. Figure 3
[1 mark]
(b) Why cant the plant support itself?
[1 mark]
(c) State two characteristics of the stem of the plant.
Figure 2
[2 marks]
Name parts P, Q, R and S; and give one function for
(d) Name two aquatic plants that are supported by
each of the parts named.
the buoyancy of water.
Part Name Function
P
Q [2 marks]
R
S
[8 marks]
TG24
4. Figure 4 shows two plants and their support systems. (b) (i) How does the plant in Figure 4(B) obtain its
support?
[1 mark]
(ii) Name two plants which have the same
support system.
[1 mark]
(ii) Name two plants which have the same [2 marks]
support system.
[2 marks]
CHAPTER 9 B The bus tilts to one side. 5. Figure 2 shows objects P, Q and
C Friction between the bus and R which have the same base area.
Stability the road increases.
D The centre of gravity of the bus
Objective Questions is raised.
1. Figure 1 shows a trolley P that is
3. Which of the following objects is
made from plastic and a trolley Q
the most stable?
that is made from steel.
A C
Figure 2
TG25
A The centre of gravity of a I To lower the centre of gravity I A racing car is fixed with very
racing car is lowered. II To increase the base area broad tyres.
B The tyres of a racing car have III To reduce the weight of the II Two wheels are added to the
very rough patterns. camel back wheel of a bicycle.
C The racing car is longer. A I and II only III An elderly man bending
D The engine is lighter. B I and III only forward and holding a walking
C II and III only stick.
8. What action is unlikely to D I, II and IIII A I and II only
increase stability? B I and III only
A Placing a heavy load on the 12. The stability of a land animal C II and III only
roof of a bus does not depend on D I, II and III
B A person climbing a slope I the centre of gravity of the animal
with his body bent forward II the size of the animal 14. How can a factory manufacturing
C A boxer standing with his feet III the weight of the animal tables increase the stability of the
apart A I and II only tables?
D Increasing the base area of a B I and III only I Using shorter legs for the tables
high stool C II and III only II Placing the legs further apart
D I, II and III III Using broader legs for the
9. A person learning to ski can tables
maintain his balance by 13. The stability of an object depends A I and II only
A using a lighter ski board on the base area of the object. B I and III only
B holding his body erect Which situation applies this C II and III only
C bending the knees a little principle? D I, II and III
D bringing the feet closer
15. Figure 3 shows a board placed with four wooden blocks which is tilted slowly.
10. What happens to the centre of
gravity of a rowboat when some
passengers stand up?
A The centre of gravity is shifted
board
to the left or right.
B The centre of gravity is raised.
P Q R S
C The centre of gravity is shifted
to the bow.
D The centre of gravity is lowered.
Figure 3
11. Why does a camel usually lower Which of the following wooden blocks will topple first?
its body and spread out its feet A P C R
when loads are placed on its back? B Q D S
Structured Questions
1. (a) Define the centre of gravity. (d) Why is a bicycle with four wheels more stable
than a bicycle with two wheels?
[1 mark]
[1 mark]
(b) How can a person crouching on a surfboard 2. Give two reasons to explain why the following objects
increase his stability? are stable.
TG26
3. (a) Figure 4 shows a turtle and a giraffe. 4. Figure 6 shows the set-up of an experiment.
(A) (B)
Figure 4
[2 marks]
(b) Figure 5 shows a toy with a base made of lead. [1 mark]
(b) State the variables in the experiment.
(i) Manipulated variable :
(ii) Responding variable :
(iii) Constant variable :
[3 marks]
(c) Explain why block B topples over first.
Figure 5
[2 marks]
[2 marks]
TG27
6. Which of the following tools are correctly matched with the three classes of 12. Figure 5 shows a weight hung on
levers? a meter ruler.
First class Second class Third class 0 10 20 50 80 100
cm
A Scissors Bottle-opener Fishing rod
B Nutcracker Pliers Ice tongs 330 g
TG28
Structured Questions
1. (a) What is meant by the moment of a force? (a) (i) Name the class of lever shown.
[1 mark] [1 mark]
(b) What does moment of force depend on? (ii) State one characteristic of this lever.
[1 mark] [1 mark]
(c) Give four examples of simple machines which (iii) What is the advantage of using this class of
make use of the moment of a force. levers?
[1 mark]
(b) State two tools in your home which are in the
same class as the lever shown.
[4 marks]
[2 marks]
2. (a) What is a lever?
4. Figure 9 shows a wooden beam balanced by four
similar wooden weights.
[1 mark]
(b) Indicate the relative positions of the fulcrum (F),
load (L) and force (E) needed to overcome the
load in the following machines.
Figure 9
[1 mark]
(b) What is the clockwise moment?
[2 marks]
(c) What is the anticlockwise moment?
3. Figure 8 shows a man using a fishing rod.
[2 marks]
(d) What can you conclude from this experiment?
[1 mark]
(e) Where is the principle from the conclusion
applied?
Figure 8 [1 mark]
TG29
CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER 2
Objective Questions Objective Questions
1. B 2. D 3. D 4. A 5. C 1. C 2. C 3. D 4. D
6. C 7. B 8. A 9. C 10. B 5. A 6. B 7. C 8. B
11. A 12. D 13. C 14. B 15. A 9. A 10. B 11. D 12. C
16. D 17. B 18. C 19. D 20. A 13. A 14. D 15. C 16. C
21. D 22. D 23. A 17. B 18. D 19. B 20. D
Structured Questions Structured Questions
1. (a) I : Epidermis 1. (a) K/L/M: Carbohydrates, fats, and minerals (any
II : Dermis arrangement)
(b) P : Pain receptor (b) (i) Bread/rice/mee/cereals/cake
Q : Cold receptor (ii) Bananas/milk/liver/seafood/cheese
R : Hot receptor (c) Carbohydrates and fats
S : Pressure receptor (d) (i) To repair damaged tissues/For growth of new cells
T : Touch receptor (ii) Needed in small quantities to maintain good health
(c) (i) The thickness of the epidermis (iii) To prevent constipation
(ii) The number of receptors present (e) VItamin E
2. (a) P : Auditory canal 2. (a) To show the action of the enzyme in saliva on starch
Q : Eardrum (b) Starch test Glucose test
R : Ossicles
S : Cochlea No change. Water A brick-red precipitate is
T : Auditory nerve remains brown. formed.
(b) Sound waves pinna (ear lobe) auditory canal
eardrum ossicles oval window cochlea auditory (c) (i) No starch present
nerve brain (ii) Glucose present
(c) (i) The semicircular canals help the body to balance. (d) (i) Blood
(ii) The Eustachian tube helps to balance the air pressure (ii) Small intestine
on both sides of the eardrum. 3.
Digestive Enzyme/
3. (a) (i) Short-sightedness Substrate Product
organ liquid
(ii) The lens is too thin or the eyeball is too long.
(b) (i) Concave lens Amylase
(ii) The concave lens diverges the light rays to focus them
Stomach Proteins
on the retina.
4. (a) (i) The positions of the roots and shoots of the seedlings Starch
(ii) The directions of growth of the roots and shoots of the
seedlings Polypeptides
(iii) Straight roots and shoots of the seedlings, presence of Lipase Fatty acids and glycerol
water, absence of light
(b) Fats
moist cotton
shoot
CHAPTER 3
root Objective Questions
1. B 2. D 3. D 4. C
(c) (i) Positive geotropism 5. A 6. C 7. B 8. A
(ii) This response of the roots enables plants to obtain 9. A 10. D 11. C 12. D
water containing minerals needed for their growth 13. B 14. D 15. B 16 D
(d) (i) Negative geotropism 17. A 18. B 19. C 20. A
(ii) This response of the shoots enables plants to grow 21. B
upwards to obtain sunlight.
5. (a) Figure 10(A) shows the tendril of the plant touching the Structured Questions
support and in Figure 10(B), the tendril is twining round the 1. (a) P : Reproduce by spores growing in sori
support. Q: Produce seeds with one cotyledon each
(b) The tendril of the plant responses to touch. R : Produce seeds with two cotyledons each
(c) It helps the plant to climb up support. S : Reproduce by seeds in the cones
(d) Mimosa pudica, Venus fly trap and pitcher plant T : Have small stem, leaves but no roots
TG30
(b) (b) P : Sunlight
Plants P, Q, R, S and T
Q : Carbon dioxide
R : Water
Non-flowering plants Flowering plants (c) Glucose and oxygen
(d) The gas given off relights a glowing splinter.
Reproduce by Reproduce Have fibrous Have tap 4. (a) Photosynthesis
seeds in cones by spores roots roots (b) Carbon dioxide is required for photosynthesis.
Conifers Monocotyledons Dicotyledons (c) (i) Presence of light, chlorophyll and water
Have Have (ii) Presence of carbon dioxide
roots no roots (iii) Presence of starch in the leaf
Ferns Mosses (d) (i) To absorb carbon dioxide from the air in the bell jar.
(ii) To release carbon dioxide into the bell jar.
Monocotyledon Dicotyledon (e) Iodine solution is used to test for starch.
The leaf from set A remains brown when tested with iodine
The veins are parallel The veins form a network
solution.
The leaf from set B turns blue black when tested with iodine
solution.
(f) Carbon dioxide is needed for photosynthesis.
5. (a) Carbon cycle
(b) 0.03%
(c) K: Burning
Fibrous root system Tap root system L: Photosynthesis
M: Death and decay
(e) (i) Fossil fuel
(ii) It is burned to provide energy to run factories, and to
move cars, buses and lorries.
6. (a) This is due to illegal logging and land clearing.
(b) The Borneo pygmy elephant, orang utan, and hornbill.
(c) (i) The measures taken to keep living things and the
3. (a) Timber, rattan environment in their original and balanced state.
(b) Fruits, vegetables (ii) The intelligent and systematic use of resources without
(c) Quinine, herbs bringing any harm to the living things in the
(d) Firewood, charcoal environment.
(d) (i) Enforcing the Wildlife Protection Act and National
CHAPTER 4 Forestry Act
(ii) Replanting trees that were chopped down
Objective Questions (iii) Constructing breeding centers for endangered species
1. A 2. D 3. C 4. C 5. B of animals and plants
6. B 7. C 8. C 9. D 10. D
11. A 12. B 13. B 14. C 15. D CHAPTER 5
16. D 17. B 18. B 19. C 20. B
Objective Questions
Structured Questions 1. B 2. D 3. A 4. B 5. D
1. (a) (i) Seashore ecosystem 6. A 7. B 8. C 9. D 10. A
(ii) Seaweed limpet crabs seagull 11. B 12. D 13. D 14. C 15. C
(b) Limpet 16. A 17. C 18. A 19. D 20. A
(c) Sunlight
Structured Questions
(d) (i) Respiration
(ii) Radiation 1. (a) 80 g
(e) The population of seaweed will increase but the number of (b) Sodium chloride
crabs will drop. (c) 25 C
2. (a) The feeding relationship that is made up of two or more (d) Size of solute, volume of solvent and rate of stirring
interconnecting food chains. 2. (a) To neutralise an alkali with an acid
(b) (i) Paddy plant (b) Titration
(ii) Caterpillar, grasshopper, rat (c) (i) Purple
(iii) Frog, sparrow, eagle (ii) Green
(iv) Eagle (iii) Yellow
(c) Three (d) Salt and water
(d) The flow of energy between the organisms (e) Hydrochloric acid + sodium hydroxide sodium chloride +
3. (a) Photosynthesis water
TG31
3. (b) (i) The balloon returns to its original size.
(ii) The air pressure inside the bottle and the bell jar
Process Name of process Purpose of process become the same again.
P Coagulation To coagulate suspended particles
CHAPTER 7
Q Sedimentation To allow suspended particles to
settle to the bottom Objective Questions
1. D 2. C 3. A 4. D 5. D
R Filtration To filter suspended particles
6. B 7. A 8. D 9. C 10. C
S Chlorination To kill microorganisms present in the 11. A 12. A 13. C 14. B 15. D
water 16. B 17. B 18. D 19. B 20. C
Structured Questions
4. (a) (i) Surface area of water exposed
(ii) Rate of water evaporation 1. (a) The ping-pong ball moves in the direction of the air blown.
(iii) Humidity of air, temperature of surroundings, air (b) (i) The ping-pong ball eventually stops.
movement (ii) Frictional force causes the ping-pong ball to stop.
(b) The filter paper that is unfolded dries faster. 2. (a) Gravitational
(c) When the exposed surface area is large, it allows more (b) Frictional
water molecules to escape (evaporate) from the wet filter (c) Magnetic
paper. (d) Push
(d) The larger the surface area exposed, the greater the rate of (e) Pull
evaporation. (f) Electrostatic
(e) Spreading wet clothes on the clothes line and the evaporation 3. (a) The weight of the object = 5 kg 10
of sea water in large shallow ponds to obtain salt = 50 N
(b) Work done = 50 N 2 m
CHAPTER 6 = 100 J
Work done
Objective Questions (c) Power =
Time
1. C 2. A 3. B 4. D 5. B 100 J
=
6. B 7. C 8. A 9. D 10. C 8s
11. A 12. B 13. C 14. D 15. D = 12.5 W
16. C 17. A 18. C 19. B 20. D 4. (a) (i) Types of surfaces
Structured Questions (ii) The weights required to move the wooden blocks
(iii) Identical wooden blocks
1. (a) The air pressure outside the tin stops the liquid from flowing (b) Wooden block P rests on a smooth glass sheet but wooden
out of the can. block Q rests on a piece of sandpaper.
(b) The atmospheric pressure acting downwards on the water (c) Wooden block Q
surface of the basin prevents the water from falling out of (d) A rough surface causes greater friction than a smooth surface.
the beaker. (e) (i) Car tyres have rough surfaces.
(c) Air becomes thinner at high altitudes and has less pressure. (ii) Friction in the brakes slows down or stops a car.
The air pressure in the balloon, which is greater, will force
the balloon to expand until it bursts. CHAPTER 8
2. (a) (i) Air from outside the bell jar enters the balloons and the
balloons expand. Objective Questions
(ii) When the rubber sheet is pulled downwards, the 1. D 2. A 3. B 4. C 5. A
volume of the air inside the bell jar increases. 6. B 7. C 8. C 9. D 10. B
This causes the air pressure to fall. The higher air 11. D 12. C 13. D 14. A 15. D
pressure outside the bell jar rushes into the balloons. 16. D 17. B 18. B 19. A 20. D
(b) (i) Air leaves the balloons and the balloons contract.
Structured Questions
(ii) When the rubber sheet is pushed upwards, the volume
of the air inside the bell jar decreases. 1. (a) Tendrils (d) Prop roots
This causes the air pressure to rise. The higher air (b) Water buoyancy (e) Twining stems
pressure pushes air out of the balloons. (c) Clasping roots (f) Buttress roots
3. (a) The air pressure inside the cylinder 2.
Parts Name Function
(b) (i) The air column in the cylinder is reduced and the piston
moves downwards. P Skull Protects the brain
(ii) When the volume of the air inside an enclosed
container is reduced, the air is compressed. This causes Q Ribs Protects organs like the heart and the
the air pressure to increase. lungs
4. (a) (i) The balloon inside the bell jar expands. R Backbone Supports the upper part of the body
(ii) When the air inside the bell jar is sucked out, the and protects the spinal cord
pressure drops. The air pressure inside the bottle is
higher and rushes inside the balloon causing it to expand. S Pelvic girdle Supports the weight of the body
TG32
3. (a) The plant is supported by water. CHAPTER 10
(b) The stem is too soft.
(c) The plant has a soft and hollow stem. Objective Questions
(d) Elodea and water lily 1. B 2. C 3. D 4. A 5. D
4. (a) (i) The tendrils of the plant twine round structures for 6. A 7. B 8. B 9. D 10. A
support. 11. B 12. C 13. C 14. A 15. C
(ii) Cucumber and bitter gourd
Structured Questions
(b) (i) It is supported by water buoyancy.
(ii) Lotus and Elodea 1. (a) The moment of a force is the turning effect of a force.
(c) Both plants have soft and non-woody stems. The plant in (b) The moment of a force depends on the force applied and
(B) is supported by water but the plant in (A) is not. the perpendicular distance from the line of action of the
force to the fulcrum.
CHAPTER 9 (c) Scissors, ice tongs, paper cutter, hammer
2. (a) A lever is a simple machine which turns about a fixed point
Objective Questions called the fulcrum when a force is applied to overcome
1. C 2. D 3. D 4. B 5. C another force known as the load.
6. B 7. A 8. A 9. C 10. B
E
11. A 12. C 13. D 14. D 15. C
Structured Questions
L F
1. (a) The centre of gravity of an object is the point at which the L
force of gravity acts on that object. E
(b) By lowering his centre of gravity and therefore, becoming
more stable on the surfboard. F E
(c) The position of the centre of gravity remains the same.
(d) The base area of a bicycle with four wheels is larger and E
therefore it is more stable.
2. (a) Wide and heavy base
(b) Wide base area and shorter legs
(c) Wide and heavy base
(d) Lower centre of gravity and tyres far apart
(e) Luggage compartment for a heavy base and more
passenger seats in the lower deck F
3. (a) The feet of the turtle are by the sides of the body which L
increases the base area. F : fulcrum
The turtle is shorter compared to the giraffe. Its centre of E : effort (force)
gravity is therefore much lower. L : load
(b) The base of the toy is heavier than the top section of the toy. 3. (a) (i) Third class lever
When it is pushed, the heavy base balances this force and (ii) The effort distance is always shorter than the load
makes sure that the centre of gravity of the toy falls within distance.
the base area of the toy. When the centre of gravity of an (iii) A small movement of the effort can produce a large
object is inside the base area of the object, the object does movement of the load.
not topple over. (b) The broom and ice tongs
4. (a) To show that the position of the centre of gravity affects the 4. (a) To show the relationship between the moment of a force
stability of an object and the product of force and distance.
(b) (i) The position of the centre of gravity (b) Clockwise moment = force x distance = 4 x 1 = 4
(ii) The stability of the objects (c) Anticlockwise moment = force x distance = 1 x 4 = 4
(iii) The base area of the objects (d) When the lever is balanced, the clockwise moment equals
(c) Block B topples first because its centre of gravity is higher. the anticlockwise moment.
(d) A car can be made more stable by having a lower centre of (e) It is applied in levers.
gravity and a larger base area.
TG33