Pald 2009

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ASME PALD-2009
(Revision of ASME PALD-2005)
Safety Standard
for Portable
Automotive
Lifting Devices
A N A M E R I C A N N AT I O N A L STA N DA R D
Copyright c 2010 by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers.

No reproduction may be made of this material without written consent of ASME.
Copyrighted material licensed to Stanford University by Thomson Scientific (www.techstreet.com), downloaded on Oct-05-2010 by Stanford University User. No further reproduction or distribution is permitted. Uncontrolled wh

INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
ASME PALD-2009
(Revision of ASME PALD-2005)
Safety Standard
for Portable
Automotive
Lifting Devices
A N A M E R I C A N N AT I O N A L S TA N D A R D

Date of Issuance: May 21, 2010
The next edition of this Standard is scheduled for publication in 2012. There will be no addenda
issued to this edition.
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CONTENTS
Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
Committee Roster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
Summary of Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
General Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Part 1 Hydraulic Hand Jacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Part 2 Transmission Jacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Part 3 Engine Stands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Part 4 Vehicle Support Stands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Part 5 Emergency Tire Changing Jacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Part 6 Upright-Type Mobile Lifts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Part 7 Service Jacks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Part 8 Wheel Dollies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Part 9 Shop Cranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Part 10 Swing-Type Mobile Lifts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Part 11 Scissors-Type Mobile Lifts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Part 12 Auxiliary Stands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Part 13 Automotive Ramps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Part 14 High-Reach Supplementary Stands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Part 15 Forklift Jacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Part 16 High-Reach Fixed Stands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Part 17 Vehicle Transport Lifts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Part 18 Attachments, Adapters, and Accessories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Figures
1-1 Typical Single-Stage Hydraulic Hand Jack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1-2 Typical Wheeled Pneumatic/Hydraulic Hand Jack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1-3 Typical Pneumatic/Hydraulic Hand Jack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1-4 Typical Multiple-Stage Hydraulic Hand Jack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2-1 Typical Hydraulic Transmission Jack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2-2 Typical Pneumatic/Hydraulic Transmission Jacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3-1 Typical T-Style Single-Post Engine Stand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3-2 Typical H-Style Single-Post Engine Stand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3-3 Typical Twin-Post Engine Stand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
4-1 Typical Vehicle Support Stands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
4-2 Horizontal Dimensions and Vertical Heights for Stability Considerations . . . . . 18
4-3 Application of Load for Off-Center Load Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4-4 Application of Load for Centered Load Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
iii
5-1 Typical Screw Jack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
5-2 Typical Bumper Jack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
5-3 Typical Scissors Jack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
5-4 Typical Frame Jack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
5-5 Stability Test Compound Slope (Down Grade) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
5-6 Stability Test Compound Slope (Up Grade) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
6-1 Typical Upright-Type Mobile Lift . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
7-1 Typical Hydraulic Service Jacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
7-2 Typical Pneumatic/Hydraulic Service Jacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
7-3 Saddle Periphery Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
7-4 Saddle Periphery Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
8-1 Typical Wheel Dollies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
9-1 Typical Shop Cranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
10-1 Typical Swing-Type Mobile Lift . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
11-1 Typical Scissors-Type Mobile Lift . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
12-1 Typical Auxiliary Stands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
12-2 Application of Load for Proof Load Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
13-1 Typical Automotive Ramps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
13-2 Typical Test Area for Off-Center Load Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
13-3 Typical Test Area for Proof Load Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
14-1 Typical High-Reach Supplementary Stands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
14-2 Stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
14-3 Proof Load Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
15-1 Typical Forklift Jack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
16-1 Typical High-Reach Fixed Stand Saw Horse Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
16-2 Typical High-Reach Fixed Stand Tripod Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
16-3 Application of Load for Off-Center Load Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
16-4 Application of Load for Centered Load Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
17-1 Typical Vehicle Transport Lifts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Mandatory Appendix
I References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Nonmandatory Appendix
A Metric Units Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
iv
FOREWORD
This ASME Standard, Safety Standard for Portable Automotive Lifting Devices, has been
developed under the procedures for ASME Codes and Standards development committees. This
Standard had its beginning in June 1979 when the Jack Institute addressed the B30 Committee
on Cableways, Cranes, Derricks, Hoists, Hooks, Jacks, and Slings. The Jack Institute requested
the B30 Committee either to develop a standard for automotive jacks or to include this equipment
as part of the revision of B30.1, Jacks. The B30 Committee declined this request.
As a result, the Jack Institute petitioned ANSI in July 1979 for the formation of a committee
to promulgate safety and/or performance standards for portable automotive lifting devices,
requesting the designation of ASME as sponsor of the project.
In September 1979, ASMEs Policy Board, Codes and Standards, approved sponsorship of the
committee to operate under the procedures developed by ASME and accredited by ANSI. A
nominating committee was appointed to recommend a proposed membership to the ASME Safety
Codes and Standards Committee for approval. The membership was approved at the beginning
of May 1980.
The inaugural meeting of the ASME Committee on Portable Automotive Lifting Devices (PALD)
was held in July 1980. The committee determined that the format of this Standard would be such
that separate volumes, each complete as to design, marking, identification, testing, operation,
inspection, and maintenance, would cover the different types of equipment included in the PALD
scope. In the 1993 edition the various volumes were combined into one Standard with common
requirements in one place and the information that is specific to a particular type of equipment
set out in succeeding Parts. This allowed for greater consistency in requirements and eliminated
redundancy.
The 1997 edition was a further revision and consolidation of the 1993 edition and includes a
Part covering automotive ramps.
The 2003 edition is a revision of the 1997 edition, and includes a Part covering forklift jacks.
This Standard presents a coordinated set of rules that may serve as a guide to manufacturers,
to government and other regulatory bodies, to municipal authorities, and to commercial users
responsible for the inspection, maintenance, and instruction in the use of the equipment falling
within its scope.
This edition of the Standard, which was approved by the ASME Committee on Portable
Automotive Lifting Devices and by ASME, was approved by ANSI and designated as an American
National Standard on September 19, 2005.
Safety codes and standards are intended to enhance public health and safety. Revisions result
from committee consideration of factors such as technological advances, new data, and changing
environmental and industry needs. Revisions do not imply that previous editions were inadequate.
ASME PALD-2009 was approved by the American National Standards Institute on
November 13, 2009.
v
ASME PALD COMMITTEE
Portable Automotive Lifting Devices
(The following is the roster of the Committee at the time of approval of this Standard.)
STANDARDS COMMITTEE OFFICERS
D. A. Alexander, Chair
R. D. Claypool, Vice Chair
T. W. Schellens, Secretary
STANDARDS COMMITTEE PERSONNEL
D. A. Alexander, Alexander Professional Services

R. D. Claypool, Shinn Fu Co. of America, Inc.
V. Fletcher, Blitz USA
E. R. Garrastacho, Rally Manufacturing, Inc.
K. S. Guerra, Sears Holdings Corp.
V. J. Hakim, General Motors Vehicle Structure and Safety
Integration
F. G. Heath, Heath & Associates
R. Joos, SPX Corp.
J. Barrios, Alternate, SPX Corp.
G. A. Kattleman, Parker Services/Sentry Insurance
S. McKee, Gray Manufacturing Co., Inc.
D. J. Renard, Allied International
S. A. Sargent, Consumer Testing Laboratories, Inc.
J. Willis, Alternate, Consumer Testing Laboratories, Inc.
T. W. Schellens, The American Society of Mechanical Engineers
D. W. Soos, Intertek
vi
PREFACE
GENERAL units are to be regarded as the standard. The SI units

in the text have been directly (soft) converted from the
This Standard is one of many safety standards on
customary units.
various subjects that have been formulated under the
general auspices of The American Society of Mechanical
Engineers (ASME). One purpose of the Standard is to PROPOSING REVISIONS
serve as a guide to governmental authorities having
jurisdiction over subjects within the scope of the Comments on the Standards requirements and sug-
Standard. It is expected, however, that the Standard will gestions for its improvement, based on experience in
find a major application in industry, serving as a guide the application of the rules, may be sent to the PALD
to manufacturers, suppliers, purchasers, and operators Committee.
of the equipment. If adopted for governmental use, the Suggestions for changes to the Standard should be
references to other national standards in this Standard submitted to the Secretary of the Committee on Portable
may be changed to refer to the corresponding regula- Automotive Lifting Devices, ASME, Three Park Avenue,
tions of the governmental authorities. New York, NY 10016-5990, and should be in accordance
The use of portable automotive lifting devices is sub- with the following format:
ject to certain hazards that cannot be precluded by (a) cite the specific part or section and paragraph
mechanical means, but only by the exercise of intelli- designation
gence, care, and common sense. It is therefore essential (b) indicate the suggested change (addition, deletion,
to have personnel involved in the use and operation revision, etc.)
of equipment who are careful, competent, trained, and (c) briefly state the reason or evidence for the sug-
qualified in the safe operation of the equipment and gested change
its proper use when servicing motor vehicles and their (d) submit suggested changes to more than one para-
components. Examples of hazards are dropping, tipping, graph in the order in which the paragraphs appear in
or slipping of motor vehicles or their components caused the Standard
primarily by improperly securing loads, overloading, The PALD Committee will consider each suggested
off-centered loads, use on other than hard level surfaces, change in a timely manner according to its procedures.
and using equipment for a purpose for which it was not
designed.
The PALD Committee fully realizes the importance INTERPRETATIONS
of proper size, strength, and stability as safety factors
in the design of this equipment. This equipment is used Upon request, the PALD Committee will render an
on various motor vehicles and their components under interpretation of any requirement of the Standard. Inter-
variable working conditions. These conditions have pretations can only be rendered in response to a written
been considered to provide safety and flexibility in its request sent to the Secretary of the PALD Committee at
use. The requirements given in this Standard must be the address shown above.
interpreted accordingly and judgment should be used The request for interpretation should be clear and
in determining their application. unambiguous. It is further recommended that the
inquirer submit any request using the following format.
MANDATORY AND ADVISORY RULES Subject: Cite the applicable part or section and
paragraph number, and provide a con-
Mandatory rules of this Standard are characterized cise description.
by use of the word shall. If a provision is of an advisory
nature, it is indicated by use of the word should and is Edition: Cite the applicable edition of the perti-
a recommendation to be considered, the advisability of nent standard for which the interpreta-
which depends on the facts in each situation. tion is being requested.
Question: Phrase the question as a request for an
interpretation of a specific requirement
SI (METRIC) CONVERSIONS
suitable for general understanding and
This Standard contains SI (metric) units as well as use, not as a request for approval of a
customary units. The values stated in U.S. Customary proprietary design or situation. The
vii
inquirer also may include any plans or which may inadvertently change the intent of the origi-
drawings that are necessary to explain nal request.
the question; however, they should not ASME procedures provide for reconsideration of any
contain proprietary names or interpretation when or if additional information that
information. might affect an interpretation is available. Further, per-
sons aggrieved by an interpretation may appeal to the
cognizant ASME committee or subcommittee. ASME
Requests that are not in this format will be rewritten does not approve, certify, rate, or endorse any
in this format by the Committee before being answered, item, construction, proprietary device, or activity.
viii
ASME PALD-2009
SUMMARY OF CHANGES
Following approval by the ASME PALD Committee and ASME, and after public review,
ASME PALD-2009 was approved by the American National Standards Institute on November
13, 2009.
ASME PALD-2009 includes the following changes identified by a margin note, (09).
Page Location Change
1 Introduction Purpose revised

3, 4 General Requirements (1) Paragraphs 1.3, 2.1, and 2.2 revised
(2) New section 5 added
(3) Old section 5 redesignated as section
6
5 1-2.3 Revised
6 Fig. 1-1 Revised
9 2-2 (1) Paragraph 2-2.4 revised
(2) Paragraph 2-2.6 deleted and
subsequent paragraph redesignated
11 Fig. 2-2 Revised
13 3-2.2 Revised
3-2.3 Revised
3-2.4 Revised
15 3-4 (1) New para. 3-4.1.3 added and
subsequent paragraphs redesignated
(2) Newly redesignated 3-4.1.4 revised
16, 19 4-2.7 Revised
4-3.1 (1) Subparagraph (e) revised
(2) Subparagraph (g) added
4-3.2 Subparagraph (a) revised
4-4.1 Revised
4-4.1.1 Revised
20 5-1.2 Subparagraph (c) revised
(2) Paragraph 5-2.4 revised
23 5-4.1.4 Revised
24 Fig. 5-5 Added
Fig. 5-6 Added
ix
Page Location Change

6-2.5 Newly redesignated para. 6-2.5 revised
27 7-2.3 Revised
30 7-4 Title revised
7-4.1.3(a) Footnote 1 revised
31 7-4.1.5 Revised
32 8-2.4 Revised
8-3 Title revised
34 8-4.1.1.1 Revised
8-4.1.1.2 Revised
35 9-2.4 Revised
38 10-2.4 Revised
40 11-2.4 Revised
43 12-2.5 Revised
12-4.1.1 Revised
47 13-4.1.2 Revised
49 14-2.7 Revised
14-3 Title revised
50 14-4.1.1 Revised
51, 52 15-2 (1) Paragraph 15-2.3 deleted

(2) Newly redesignated 15-2.3 revised
and subsequent paragraph
redesignated
15-3.2 Title revised
15-4.1.4 Revised
15-4.1.5 Revised
53 16-2.8 Revised
56 16-4.1.2 Revised
57, 59 17-1.3 Revised
17-2 (1) Paragraph 17-2.4 deleted

(2) Newly redesignated paragraph 17-2.5
revised and subsequent paragraphs
redesignated
60 17-4.1.3 Revised
x
ASME PALD-2009
SAFETY STANDARD FOR PORTABLE AUTOMOTIVE LIFTING

DEVICES
Introduction
SCOPE industrial use such as those within the scope of

ASME B30.1, Jacks.
The scope of this Standard is the standardization of
safety and performance requirements for portable auto-
motive lifting equipment including: PURPOSE (09)
(a) hydraulic hand jacks
(b) transmission jacks This Standard is designed to
(c) engine stands (a) guard against and mitigate injury, and otherwise
(d) vehicle support stands provide for the protection of life, limb, and property by
(e) emergency tire changing jacks prescribing safety requirements
(f) upright type mobile lifts (b) provide direction to purchasers, owners, employ-
(g) service jacks ers, supervisors, and others concerned with, or responsi-
ble for, its application
(h) wheel dollies
(i) shop cranes (c) guide governmental and other regulatory bodies
in the development, promulgation, and enforcement of
(j) swing type mobile lifts
appropriate safety directives
(k) scissors type mobile lifts
(l) auxiliary stands
(m) automotive ramps DEFINITIONS
(n) high reach supplementary stands
(o) fork lift jacks adapter: a device attached to the lift platform of a PALD
(p) high reach fixed stands which is used to support and/or stabilize those compo-
nents for which it is especially designed.
(q) vehicle transport lifts
(r) attachments, adapters, and accessories alteration: any change to a PALD other than maintenance,
This Standard may include requirements for safety, repair, or replacement.
health, design, production, construction, maintenance, appointed: assigned specific responsibilities by the
performance, or operation of equipment, and/or qualifi- employer or the employers representative.
cation of personnel.
appropriate means: the use of any device, such as blocking,
cribbing, or vehicle support stands, which adequately
APPLICATION supports a vehicle off the ground by providing a stable
This Standard applies to the design, construction, support preventing the vehicle from tipping over or
marking, operation, maintenance, and owner/operator falling down to the ground.
inspection of the portable automotive lifting devices approved: accepted as satisfactory by a duly constituted
listed previously, used during automotive service, main- administrative or regulatory authority.
tenance, and storage. Operation and maintenance
authorized: approved by a duly constituted administra-
instructions in this Standard are intended for general
tive or regulatory authority.
application. The equipment manufacturer or supplier
shall be consulted for specific operating and mainte- authorized personnel: persons who have been instructed
nance instructions. in the operation and/or maintenance of the PALD and
This Standard does not apply to similar lifting devices designated by the owner to use or maintain the
designed and manufactured for other commercial or equipment.
1
ASME PALD-2009
authorized service center: an independent service facility overload: a load that exceeds the rated capacity of the
designated by the manufacturer to repair and test PALDs PALD.
it has manufactured. PALD: any one of the various types of portable automo-
base: see definition for each PALD. tive lifting devices listed in the scope of this Standard.
controls, operating: the mechanisms which must be pawl: a pivoted component that, when engaged with the
manipulated by the operator to govern the starting, stop- teeth of a ratchet, prevents undesired movement.
ping, direction of motion, acceleration, speed, and retar- pneumatic power source: a device that utilizes compressed
dation of the moving member(s) of the PALD. air as the force transmitting medium.
designated: selected or assigned by the employer or the portable: not permanently fixed in one location and able
employers representative as being competent to per- to be moved from one work place to another.
form specific duties. proof load: a load, greater than the rated capacity, applied
extender: an optional device supplied by the manufac- centrally to the lifting or attaching points of the PALD
turer to mechanically increase the PALDs height, prior to confirm the integrity of the structure.
to applying the load. qualified personnel: individuals with characteristics or
filler plug: a removable component to allow maintaining abilities gained through training or experience or both,
proper fluid level in the PALD. as measured against established requirements, such as
standards or tests, that enable them to perform a
frame: see definition for each PALD. required function.
functional damage: any detrimental permanent deforma- raised height: the distance from the ground to the top of
tion of the PALDs structure that results in the loss of the saddle at the full extension of the PALD.
sealing capability to its hydraulic and/or pneumatic
components, loss of load, or failure to meet or exceed ratchet: a toothed member for engagement with the pawl.
the design qualification limits established in Section 4 rated capacity: the maximum published operating load
of each Part. that the PALD is designated to lift, support, or transport
throughout its range of travel.
internal load limiting device: a device that limits the lifting
capacity of the PALD. repair: the process of rehabilitation or replacement of
parts that are the same as the original for the purpose of
lift point: the location at which the PALDs lifting member ensuring performance in accordance with the applicable
or saddle contacts the vehicle component as designated requirements.
by the vehicle manufacturer.
saddle: the portion of the PALD which comes in contact
lifting member: the moving portion of a PALD upon with and/or engages the vehicle or vehicle component.
which saddles (if any) are mounted.
stability: a measure of resistance to tipping while
load: the total superimposed weight of force to be over- under load.
come by the PALD.
supplier: a company that controls the performance speci-
manufacturer: a company that produces goods by hand fication and/or design of the products distributed to
or machinery, often on a large scale. the general public.
mobile: describes a lift that is readily movable from one travel: linear extending or retracting movement of the
work area to another without a load. PALD.
2
ASME PALD-2009
General Requirements
1 PRODUCT MARKING AND IDENTIFICATION 3 OPERATION, MAINTENANCE, AND INSPECTION

1.1 Rated Capacity 3.1 Operation
All PALDs shall have the rated capacity marked in a The owner and/or operator shall have an understand-
prominent location on the PALD by casting imprint, ing of the product, its operating characteristics, and
metal stamp, or use of durable materials and attachment safety operating instructions before operating the PALD.
methods. Safety information shall be emphasized and understood.
If the operator is not fluent in English, the product and
1.2 Identification safety instructions shall be read to and discussed with
Each PALD shall include identification or identifying the operator in the operators native language by the
marks of the original manufacturer or supplier by cast- purchaser/owner or his designee, making sure that the
ing imprint, metal stamp, or use of durable materials operator comprehends their contents.
and attachment methods. The manufacturer or supplier
shall be able to identify the date of manufacture of each 3.2 Maintenance
PALD. The PALD shall be maintained in accordance with the
product instructions.
(09) 1.3 Safety Markings
Each PALD shall include safety signs and/or labels 3.3 Inspection
developed by the manufacturer or supplier. The signs
(a) Visual inspection shall be made before each use
and/or labels shall be affixed by use of durable materials
of the PALD by checking for abnormal conditions, such
and attachment methods to each PALD in a location
as cracked welds, leaks, and damaged, loose, or miss-
visible to the operator. The ANSI Z535 series of stan-
ing parts.
dards containing guidelines for product safety signs
shall be followed. (b) Other inspections shall be made per product
Examples of safety markings for specific types of operating instructions.
PALDs are shown in section 3 of each Part of this (c) Each PALD shall be inspected immediately if the
Standard. device is believed to have been subjected to an abnormal
load or shock. It is recommended that this inspection
be made by a manufacturers or suppliers authorized
2 PRODUCT INSTRUCTIONS AND SAFETY repair facility.
MESSAGES (d) Owners and/or operators should be aware that
repair of this equipment may require specialized knowl-
(09) 2.1 Product Instructions edge and facilities. It is recommended that an annual
Each PALD shall be provided with operators instruc- inspection of the PALD be made by a manufacturers
tions. ANSI Z535.6 shall be followed. The instructions or supplier s authorized repair facility and that any
shall specify the proper operating procedures and basic defective parts, decals, or safety labels or signs be
function of the components. The instructions shall con- replaced with manufacturers or suppliers specified
tain the recommended replacement fluid, maintenance, parts. A list of authorized repair facilities is available
and inspection procedures and intervals, as applicable. from the manufacturer or supplier.
Copy conveying the intent of section 3 shall be included
with the instructions. 3.4 Damaged Equipment
Any PALD that appears to be damaged in any way,
(09) 2.2 Safety Messages is found to be worn, or operates abnormally SHALL BE
The instructions shall convey the safety markings and REMOVED FROM SERVICE UNTIL REPAIRED. It is
messages shown in section 3 of the applicable Part of recommended that necessary repairs be made by a man-
this Standard, but need not be verbatim or limited to ufacturer s or supplier s authorized repair facility if
those listed. repairs are permitted by the manufacturer or supplier.
3
ASME PALD-2009
3.5 Alterations 4.2 Durability Assessment

Because of potential hazards associated with this type In the design of all PALDs, consideration shall be
of equipment, no alterations shall be made to the given to the anticipated useful life of each product, and
product. the cumulative effects of repeated use and other poten-
tial changes in properties.
3.6 Attachments and Adapters
Only attachments and/or adapters supplied by the 5 DESIGN (09)
manufacturer shall be used. 5.1 Electrical Components
All PALDs utilizing electrical power at a minimum
shall meet the following requirements:
4 QUALITY ASSURANCE (a) provide over current protection. The protection
4.1 Quality Systems shall not be automatically resetting
(b) meet an applicable national standard, such as
Producers of Portable Automotive Lifting Devices UL 201 or UL 2089
shall adhere to a planned, written system of policies and (c) provide a means to permit controlled lowering if
procedures which will assure consistent and continuing electrical power fails
conformance to the requirements of this Standard.
Conformance to this Standard shall be demonstrated by
the testing requirements set forth herein. ISO/IEC Guide
6 EFFECTIVE DATE (09)
22 General Criteria for Supplier s Declaration of The effective date of this Standard shall be 12 mo after
Conformance may be used as a guide. the date of issuance.
4
ASME PALD-2009
Part 1
Hydraulic Hand Jacks
1-1 SCOPE, CLASSIFICATION, AND 1-2.3 Proof Load (09)

ILLUSTRATIONS All hydraulic hand jacks shall be capable of per-
1-1.1 Scope forming the proof load test of paras. 1-4.1.1, 1-4.1.4, and
1-4.1.5 with a proof load of 150% of rated capacity.
This Part applies to self-contained hydraulic hand
jacks designed for lifting but not sustaining loads in 1-2.4 Carrying Handle
either the vertical (primary) or horizontal (secondary) If provided, the carrying handle shall be affixed and
directions. This Part does not include hydraulic bumper capable of sustaining 150% of the jacks weight.
jacks and their assorted attachments.
1-1.2 Classification 1-3 SAFETY MARKINGS AND MESSAGES

Hydraulic, self-contained jacks with or without inter- Examples of safety markings and messages are speci-
nal load limiting devices are the classifications covered fied in paras. 1-3.1 and 1-3.2.
by this Part.
1-3.1 Safety Markings
1-1.3 Illustrations Safety markings shall conform to the ANSI Z535 series
Figures 1-1 through 1-4 show typical jacks covered by of standards.
this Part and are not intended to be all-inclusive. (a) Study, understand, and follow all instructions
before operating this device.
1-1.4 Definitions (b) Do not exceed rated capacity.
jack, hydraulic hand: portable self-contained device con- (c) Use only on hard, level surfaces.
sisting of a ram, saddle, and hydraulic pump. (d) Lifting device only. Immediately after lifting, sup-
port the vehicle with appropriate means.
pump, hydraulic: a device consisting of a pump, pump (e) Failure to heed these markings may result in per-
handle, reservoir, and release valve, and utilizing a rela- sonal injury and/or property damage.
tively incompressible fluid, such as oil, as the force trans-
mitting means. 1-3.2 Safety Messages
Additional safety messages include the following.
1-2 DESIGN (a) Lift only on areas of the vehicle as specified by
the vehicle manufacturer.
1-2.1 Operating Controls (b) No alterations shall be made to this product.
Operating controls shall be designed in such a manner (c) Only attachments and/or adapters supplied by
that they are readily visible and accessible to the operator the manufacturer shall be used.
and so that the operator will not be subjected to pinch
points, sharp edges, or snagging hazards. The operation 1-4 DESIGN QUALIFICATION TESTING
of controls should be clear to the operator either by
position, function, labeling, or combination thereof. The
1-4.1 Proof Tests
pump handle shall be capable of being operated to the For each design or design change that may affect the
jacks rated capacity without sustaining functional dam- jacks ability to meet this Standard, sample jacks built
age. The release system shall require intentional positive to design specifications shall be proof tested. To conform
action by the operator for release to prevent accidental with this Standard, the jacks shall perform to design
lowering. specifications and no functional damage shall occur, nor
shall operational characteristics be detrimentally
1-2.2 Travel Limit affected. Multiple rated jacks shall be tested at the full
extension of the first stage and last stage.
Each hand jack shall be provided with a positive
means to prevent the load from being raised, lowered, 1-4.1.1 Angular Load Test. A proof load as defined
or moved beyond the design limit of travel. in para. 1-2.3 shall be applied to the saddle of the jack
5
ASME PALD-2009
(09) Fig. 1-1 Typical Single-Stage Hydraulic Hand Jack
Saddle
Extender
Ram
Actuating
Carrying handle
handle receptacle
Release
valve
6
ASME PALD-2009
Fig. 1-2 Typical Wheeled Pneumatic/Hydraulic Hand Jack

Release
mechanism
Handle
Pneumatic
operation actuator
Pneumatic
quick coupler
Saddle
Fig. 1-3 Typical Pneumatic/Hydraulic Hand Jack

Saddle
Pneumatic
quick coupler
Carrying
handle
Actuating handle Pneumatic

receptacle operation actuator
Release
valve
7
ASME PALD-2009
Fig. 1-4 Typical Multiple-Stage Hydraulic Hand Jack

Saddle
Extender
Second stage ram
First stage ram
Actuating handle
receptacle
Release
valve
with the extender fully extended, if so equipped, and the jack must have been supporting no less than 100%
the jack at its full extension while the jacks vertical axis of its rated capacity and no more than 125% of its rated
is at a 5 deg angle relative to the axis of the applied load. capacity.
1-4.1.2 Load-Limiting Device Test 1-4.1.3 Release Valve Test. A load equal to or
(a) Hand jacks equipped with internal load-limiting greater than the rated capacity shall be applied to the
devices shall be pumped against a measured load until saddle with the jack at its full extension. The release
the load-limiting device is activated, at which time the valve shall be operated to control the rate of descent to
jack must have been supporting no less than 100% of no more than 1.0 in./sec (25.4 mm/s).
its rated capacity and no more than 125% of its rated
capacity. 1-4.1.4 Load-Sustaining Test. A proof load as
(b) Hand jacks with multiple stage hydraulics defined in para. 1-2.3 shall be applied to the saddle of
equipped with internal load-limiting devices shall be the jack with the extender fully extended, if so equipped.
pumped against a measured load, with the final stage The load shall not lower more than 0.125 in. (3.18 mm)
extended at least 1 in. (25.4 mm) above its low height, in the first minute nor a total of 0.1875 in. (4.76 mm) in
until the load-limiting device is activated, at which time 10 min.
8
ASME PALD-2009
Part 2
Transmission Jacks
2-1 SCOPE, CLASSIFICATION, AND 2-2 DESIGN (09)

ILLUSTRATIONS
2-2.1 Operating Controls
2-1.1 Scope
Operating controls shall be designed in such a manner
This Part applies to transmission jacks that are used that they are readily visible and accessible to the operator
to remove and install transmissions and differential and so that the operator will not be subjected to pinch
assemblies from automobiles and trucks. points, sharp edges, or snagging hazards. The operation
2-1.2 Classification
Hydraulic, pneumatic, and mechanical are the classifi- release system shall require intentional positive action
cations for which this Part applies. When a combination by the operator for release to prevent accidental
of these force transmitting means is used, each system lowering.
shall be tested to conform with this Part.
2-2.2 Lift Platform Assembly
2-1.3 Illustrations
Figures 2-1 and 2-2 show typical transmission jacks The lift platform assembly shall be equipped with
covered by this Part and are not intended to be all- load restraints and adapters and shall be capable of
inclusive. sustaining a proof load, as defined in para. 2-2.6, at any
angle within the designed tilt range to a maximum of
2-1.4 Definitions 10 deg in all directions. Provision shall be made to pro-
hibit separation of the jack and the lift platform assembly
controls, tilt: controls provided to adjust the angular posi-
when the lift platform assembly is loaded.
tion of the lift platform assembly about two principal
independent axes (longitudinal and transverse).
2-2.3 Tilt Control
jack, hydraulic transmission: a device that utilizes a
hydraulic pump to raise and lower an automotive trans- When tilt control adjustment mechanisms are pro-
mission into position for assembly and disassembly. vided, they shall require intentional positive action by
the operator to change the angle of tilt.
jack, mechanical transmission: a transmission jack that uti-
lizes mechanical means, such as levers, cables, gears, 2-2.4 Proof Load
screws, ratchets, and pawls.
All transmission jacks shall be capable of performing
jack, pneumatic transmission: a transmission jack that the proof load test of para. 2-4.1.3 with a proof load of
employs compressed air as the force transmitting 150% of rated capacity.
medium.
jack, transmission: a mobile lifting device having a lift
platform assembly suited to retaining an automotive 2-2.5 Travel Limit
transmission, and other driveline components such as
Each transmission jack shall be provided with a posi-
transfer cases and transaxles, and designed to support
tive means to prevent the load from being raised or
and stabilize the component during its installation or
lowered beyond the design limit of travel.
removal from a vehicle.
lift platform assembly: the portion of the PALD that con- 2-2.6 Adapters
tacts the transmission or differential assembly and
includes the brackets, adapters, and load restraints pro- All adapters manufactured specifically for a jack shall
vided by the manufacturer. be capable of performing their intended function with
that jack. All adapters shall be capable of supporting a
load restraint: a device supplied by the manufacturer to proof load of 150% of the load they are designed to
retain the load on the lift platform. support with the lift platform at any angle within the
mechanism, tilt: a device that allows the lifting member designed tilt range to a maximum of 10 deg in all
to be angularly adjusted relative to the horizontal plane. directions.
9
ASME PALD-2009
Fig. 2-1 Typical Hydraulic Transmission Jack
Lift platform
assembly
Tilt controls
Actuating
handle
2-3 SAFETY MARKINGS AND MESSAGES (b) Only attachments and/or adapters supplied by
the manufacturer shall be used.
Examples of safety markings and messages are speci-
fied in paras. 2-3.1 and 2-3.2.
2-4 DESIGN QUALIFICATION TESTING
Safety markings shall conform to the ANSI Z535 series 2-4.1 Proof Tests
of standards. For each design or design change that may affect the
(a) Study, understand, and follow all instructions jacks ability to meet this Standard, sample jacks built
before operating this device. to design specifications shall be proof tested. To conform
(b) Do not exceed rated capacity. with this Standard, the jacks shall perform to design
(c) Use only on hard, level surfaces. specifications and no functional damage shall occur, nor
(d) Adequately support the vehicle before starting shall operational characteristics be detrimentally
repairs. affected.
(e) Failure to heed these markings may result in per-
sonal injury and/or property damage. 2-4.1.1 Loaded Operational Test. A deadweight
(f) Use of this product is limited to the removal, instal- load not less than the rated capacity of the jack and
lation, and transportation in the lowered position, of configured such that the entire load is above the lifting
transmissions, transfer cases, and transaxles. platform shall be centrally located and restrained by the
lifting platform and the following operational tests shall
2-3.2 Safety Messages be conducted.
Additional safety messages include the following: 2-4.1.1.1 Release Mechanism Test. With the jack
(a) No alterations shall be made to this product. fully extended, the release mechanism shall be operated
10
ASME PALD-2009
Fig. 2-2 Typical Pneumatic/Hydraulic Transmission Jacks (09)
Lift platform
assembly
Actuating
handle
Lift platform
assembly
Steer
handle
Pneumatic
actuating
pedal
Release mechanism
Hydraulic
actuating
pedal
11
ASME PALD-2009
to control the rate of descent to no more than 1.0 in./sec greatest instability. The jack shall not lose the load or
(25.4 mm/s). tip over.
2-4.1.1.2 Tilting Test. The jack shall support the 2-4.1.1.5 Load-Sustaining Test. With the lift plat-
form at its maximum height, the jack shall sustain the
deadweight load, as defined in para. 2-4.1.1, with the lift
load and shall not lower more than 0.125 in. (3.18 mm)
platform at maximum height with the lift arm positioned
in the first minute nor a total of 0.1875 in. (4.76 mm) in
such that the horizontal distance between the center of
10 min.
the pivot point and the vertical centerline of the saddle
is greatest. The jack shall be moved forwards and back- 2-4.1.2 Load-Limiting Device Test
wards at least 1 ft (300 mm) without tipping over. The (a) Hydraulic transmission jacks with a single-stage
force to move the jack shall be applied closely beneath hydraulic cylinder equipped with internal load-limiting
the lift platform. The center of gravity of the deadweight devices shall be pumped against a measured load with
load shall be as listed in the table below as defined by the lifting platform within 1.0 in. (25.4 mm) above its
the jacks rated capacity. low height until the load-limiting device is activated, at
which time the jack must have been supporting no less
Load CG Above the Lift Platform, than 100% of its rated capacity and no more than 125%
Capacity, lb (kg) in. (mm) of its rated capacity.
500 (227) 5.5 (139.7) (b) Hydraulic transmission jacks with multiple-stage
1,000 (454) 7.5 (190.5) hydraulics equipped with internal load-limiting devices
2,000 (907) 10 (254.0) shall be pumped against a measured load with final
4,000 (1 814) 13 (330.2) stage extended 1.0 in. (25.4 mm) to 2.0 in. (51 mm) above
its low height until the load-limiting device is activated,
2-4.1.1.3 Mobility Test. The jack, with the lift plat-
at which time the jack must have been supporting no
form at the lowest possible lift height, shall be moved
less than 100% of its rated capacity and no more than
in any direction over the floor surface. The jack shall,
125% of its rated capacity.
while loaded as above, be moved at 1.5 ft/sec
(c) Hydraulic transmission jacks equipped with lift
(457 mm/s) to 2.0 ft/sec (610 mm/s) across a 0.5 in.
arms and internal load-limiting devices shall be pumped
(12.7 mm) high, 15 deg slope rise in the floor, and a
against a measured load with the lift arm in the hori-
0.5 in. (12.7 mm) drop to the floor, at an approach angle
zontal position until the load-limiting device is acti-
that will bring only one caster or wheel at a time in
vated, at which time the jack must have been supporting
contact with the rise and drop. The jack shall traverse
100% of its rated capacity and no more than 125% of its
the rise and drop without loss of load or tipping over.
rated capacity.
2-4.1.1.4 Stability Test. The jack, with the lift plat- 2-4.1.3 Proof Load Test. A proof load, as defined
form at the lowest possible lift height, shall be moved in para. 2-2.6, shall be applied centrally to the lifting
at 1.5 ft/sec (457 mm/s) to 2.0 ft/sec (610 mm/s) against platform of the jack. The load shall be lifted and sus-
a 2.0 in. (51 mm) high vertical rise 90 deg to the direction tained throughout the lifting range. For purposes of this
of movement at an approach angle that will bring two test, any internal load limiting device may be
wheels or casters in contact with the rise at the point of deactivated.
12
ASME PALD-2009
Part 3
Engine Stands
3-1 SCOPE, CLASSIFICATION, AND and so that the operator will not be subjected to pinch
ILLUSTRATIONS points, sharp edges, or snagging hazards. The operation
3-1.1 Scope
position, function, labeling, or combination thereof.
This Part applies to self-contained portable engine Stands shall be equipped with a handle or friction device
stands, designed primarily to support an automobile to permit controlled rotation of the mounting plate. The
engine while being rebuilt or repaired. This Part does release system shall require intentional positive action
not apply to permanently mounted engine stands. by the operator for release to prevent unintentional rota-
tion of the load.
This Part applies to self-contained portable engine 3-2.2 Proof Load (09)
stands of single- or twin-post construction. Engine stands shall be capable of performing the proof
load test of para. 3-4.1.4 with a proof load of 200% of
3-1.3 Illustrations
rated capacity.
Figures 3-1 through 3-3 show typical engine stands
covered by this Part and are not intended to be all- 3-2.3 Rotational Locking Device (09)
inclusive.
The stand shall be equipped with a means to prevent
3-1.4 Definitions rotation of the mounting plate and shall require inten-
tional positive action by the operator to activate the
attachments: a means to adapt to various automotive device. Friction-type locking devices shall be functional
components and engine bolt patterns through the use in at least six equal rotational increments. The loaded
of separate adapters or adjustable arms that fasten to a rotational locking device shall remain functional in any
mounting plate. position provided during the test of para. 3-4.1.4.
engine stand: an automotive engine mounting device,
equipped with suitable means to support, rotate, and 3-2.4 Special Purpose Attachments/Adapters (09)
lock the engine in a working position. All special purpose attachments/adapters shall be
frame: a structure consisting of at least one upright col- capable of supporting a proof load of 200% of the load
umn, equipped with a means to accept a mechanical they are designed to support.
rotating mechanism.
mechanical rotating mechanism: a device which provides 3-3 SAFETY MARKINGS AND MESSAGES
controlled rotation of the mounting plate.
mounting attachments: a means to adapt to various engine
bolt patterns through the use of separate adapters or
adjustable arms that fasten to the mounting plate. 3-3.1 Safety Markings
plate, mounting: a component of the PALD lifting or rotat- Safety markings shall conform to the ANSI Z535 series
ing mechanism equipped with slots or holes to accept of standards.
the use of mounting attachments or direct mounting of (a) Study, understand, and follow all instructions
an automotive component. before operating this device.
rotational locking device: a means to prevent unintentional (b) Do not exceed rated capacity.
movement of the mounting plates. (c) Use only on hard level surface.
(d) Lock mounting plate rotating mechanism before
3-2 DESIGN applying a load.
(e) Assure load is centered and secured to mounting
3-2.1 Operating Controls attachments.
Operating controls shall be designed in such a manner (f) Failure to heed these markings may result in per-
that they are readily visible and accessible to the operator sonal injury and/or property damage.
13
ASME PALD-2009
Fig. 3-1 Typical T-Style Single-Post Engine Stand
Rotational
locking device
Actuating handle
Mounting plate
Mechanical
rotating
mechanism
Frame
Single Post
Fig. 3-2 Typical H-Style Single-Post Engine Stand Fig. 3-3 Typical Twin-Post Engine Stand
Mounting plate Rotational
locking device
Mechanical
rotating
mechanism
Actuating
handle
Frame
Twin Post
14
ASME PALD-2009
3-3.2 Safety Messages at an approach angle that will bring only one caster or
Additional safety messages include the following: wheel at a time in contact with the rise and drop. The
(a) Off-center loads may make the load and handle stand shall traverse the rise and drop without loss of
rotate in either direction when the rotational locking load or tipping over.
device is released. 3-4.1.2 Stability Test. The stand, while loaded to
(b) Release rotational locking devices slowly and rated capacity, shall be moved at 1.5 ft/sec (457 mm/s)
carefully. to 2.0 ft/sec (610 mm/s) against a 2.0 in. (51 mm) high
(c) No alterations shall be made to this product. vertical rise 90 deg to the direction of movement at an
(d) Only attachments and/or adapters supplied by approach angle that will bring two wheels or casters
the manufacturer shall be used. into contact with the rise at the point of greatest instabil-
ity. The stand shall not lose the load or tip over.
(09) 3-4 DESIGN QUALIFICATION TESTING 3-4.1.3 Rotating Mechanism Test. The mounting
plate, while loaded to rated capacity, shall be rotated
3-4.1 Proof Tests throughout the range of rotation. This shall be per-
For each design or design change that may affect the formed using the supplied actuating handle.
stands ability to meet this Standard, sample stands built 3-4.1.4 Rotational Locking Device Test. The rota-
to design specifications shall be proof tested. The load tional locking device, while fully engaged, shall be sub-
shall be positioned a minimum of 14.5 in. (368 mm) jected to a torsional load not less than 150 lbf (667 N).
from the mounting plate and as close as possible to the The load shall be applied to the rotating handle located
rotational axis of the mounting plate. To conform with 1.0 ft (305 mm) off the centerline of the rotational mecha-
this Standard, the stands shall perform to design specifi- nisms normal axis. The device shall sustain the load
cations and no functional damage shall occur, nor shall without radial movement.
operational characteristics be detrimentally affected.
3-4.1.5 Proof Load Test. A horizontally constrained
3-4.1.1 Mobility Test. The stand, while loaded to vertical load, as described in para. 3-2.2, shall be applied
rated capacity, shall be moved in any direction for which to the stand for 10 min. The centerline of the rotational
the stand was designed. The stand shall, while loaded axis shall not exceed a total of 5 deg permanent deforma-
as above, be moved at 1.5 ft/sec (457 mm/s) to 2.0 ft/sec tion from the initially established angle of the rotational
(610 mm/s) across a 0.5 in. (12.7 mm) high, 15 deg slope axis. A preload of no more than 100% of rated capacity
rise in the floor, and a 0.5 in. (12.7 mm) drop to the floor, may be applied to establish the initial condition.
15
ASME PALD-2009
Part 4
Vehicle Support Stands
4-1 SCOPE, CLASSIFICATION, AND ILLUSTRATION 4-2.3 Locking Device

4-1.1 Scope The locking device shall prevent adjustment of the
This Part applies to stands used for supporting types column height after the load has been applied. If the
of vehicles, as recommended by the stand manufacturer column is supported by means of a locking pin, the pin
or supplier, at predetermined heights for the purpose must be secured to the stand to prevent its loss.
of maintenance or storage. This Part does not include
auxiliary stands used as supports for vehicle compo-
nents or other special usage. Operating controls shall be designed in such a manner
that they are readily visible and accessible to the operator
4-1.2 Classification and so that the operator will not be subjected to pinch
This Part applies to vehicle-support stands with or points, sharp edges, or snagging hazards. The operation
without an adjustable column, used for support at one of controls should be clear to the operator either by
end only. position, function, labeling, or combination thereof.
4-1.3 Illustration 4-2.5 Saddle

Figure 4-1 shows typical vehicle support stands cov- The saddle configuration shall be such as to aid in
ered by this Part and is not intended to be all-inclusive. the proper positioning, supporting, and retaining of
the load.
4-1.4 Definitions
base: that portion of the stand that rests on the ground 4-2.6 Stability
and holds the adjustable column in an upright position. The stands shall be designed so that the minimum
In the case of fixed height stands, which do not have horizontal distance from the projected edge of the saddle
adjustable columns, the entire stand (except for the sad- to the nearest edge of the base shall be at least 8% of
dle) is considered to be the base. the maximum extended vertical height when the column
locking device: the mechanism used to hold the column is moved by hand to remove all slack in the direction
in the selected height position. of the vertical measurement. See Fig. 4-2, in which the
horizontal dimension is shown as H and the vertical
vehicle support stands: devices for supporting a vehicle
height as V.
at fixed heights, but lacking the means for raising and
lowering the vehicle. 4-2.7 Proof Load (09)
All vehicle support stands shall be capable of per-
4-2 Design forming the proof load test of para. 4-4.1.2 with a load
4-2.1 Base of 200% of rated capacity.
The base may be of any configuration that provides
the equivalent of three or more points of contact with 4-3 SAFETY MARKINGS AND MESSAGES
the ground. A circular, triangular, or polygonal base
shape (see Fig. 4-2) is considered equivalent to the above. Examples of safety markings and messages are speci-
The upper portion of the base structure shall be designed fied in paras. 4-3.1 and 4-3.2.
to house and guide the column or support the saddle
4-3.1 Safety Markings (09)
in the case of fixed height stands.
Safety markings shall conform to the ANSI Z535 series
4-2.2 Column of standards.
A means shall be provided to prevent the inadvertent (a) Study, understand, and follow all instructions
separation of the column from the base. In the fully before operating this device.
retracted position, the lower end of the column shall not (b) Do not exceed rated capacity.
extend below the plane made where the base contacts the (c) Use only on hard level surface.
ground. (d) Center load on saddle.
16

Fig. 4-1 Typical Vehicle Support Stands
ASME PALD-2009
17

ASME PALD-2009
18
Horizontal Dimensions and Vertical Heights for Stability Considerations Fig. 4-2
ASME PALD-2009
Fig. 4-3 Application of Load for Off-Center Fig. 4-4 Application of Load for Centered Load Test
Load Test
(e) Use as a matched pair only. 4-4.1.1 Off-Center Load Test. A horizontally con- (09)
(f) Failure to heed these markings may result in per- strained vertical load equal to rated capacity shall be
sonal injury and/or property damage. applied. The column shall be moved by hand to remove
(g) Stands are not to be used to simultaneously sup- all slack laterally toward the point of load application,
port both ends of a vehicle. in both the fully extended position and fully retracted
position for at least 10 min on the lug or edge of the
(09) 4-3.2 Safety Messages saddle as shown in Fig. 4-3. The saddles ability to retain
Additional safety messages include the following: the load shall not be adversely affected by this test.
A permanent reduction in height, measured after the
(a) Stands are not to be used to simultaneously sup-
removal of the load, at the point of load contact as shown
port both ends of a vehicle.
in Fig. 4-4 shall not exceed 0.125 in. (3.18 mm). The test
(b) No alterations shall be made to this product.
shall be repeated on all lugs and edges. A preload of
no more than 100% of rated capacity may be applied to
4-4 DESIGN QUALIFICATION TESTING establish initial overall height.
(09) 4-4.1 Proof Tests 4-4.1.2 Proof Load Test. A proof load, as defined
For each design or design change that may affect the in para. 4-2.7, shall be applied centrally to the saddle,
stands ability to meet this Standard, sample stands built with the column in both the fully extended and the fully
to design specifications shall be proof tested. To conform retracted position, with the base resting on a hard level
with this Standard, the stands shall perform to design surface. The load shall be applied as shown in Fig. 4-4
specifications and no functional damage shall occur, nor for at least 10 min. A permanent reduction in overall
shall operational characteristics be detrimentally height, measured after the removal of the load, at the
affected. For stands that incorporate multiple load hold- point of load contact shall not exceed 0.125 in. (3.18 mm).
ing devices within a single assembly, each device shall A preload of no more than 100% of rated capacity may
be tested independently. be applied to establish initial overall height.
19
ASME PALD-2009
Part 5
Emergency Tire Changing Jacks
5-1 SCOPE, CLASSIFICATION, AND ILLUSTRATION (b) Figure 5-2 shows a typical bumper jacks covered
by this Part and is not intended to be all-inclusive.
5-1.1 Scope
(c) Figure 5-3 shows a typical scissors jack covered
This Part applies to self-contained, emergency, tire by this Part and is not intended to be all-inclusive.
changing jacks designed for lifting one wheel clear of (d) Figure 5-4 shows a typical frame jack covered by
the ground for emergency tire changing, and for mount- this Part and is not intended to be all-inclusive.
ing tire chains, on passenger cars, vans, and light duty
5-1.4 Definitions
trucks.
bumper adapter: that portion of the jack that engages
(09) 5-1.2 Classification the vehicle manufacturers specified lift point on the
The classifications for which this Part applies are the bumper.
following: durability test: a test to verify the jacks minimum cycle
(a) mechanical screw jacks consisting of concentric life and its load lifting and sustaining capabilities.
telescoping screws, or a single screw, that actuate a front and rear GAWR (passenger car): the passenger car
rocker panel adaptor, extended and retracted by a gear front and rear Gross Axle Weight Rating as supplied
system, for engaging a vehicle frame or unibody by the vehicle manufacturer. This is model specific. In
(b) mechanical bumper jacks consisting of a lever addition, the GAWR includes the sum of the weight
actuated ratchet or a screw and nut system, for engaging reactions shared by the appropriate wheels of the
a vehicle bumper system following:
(c) scissors jacks (mechanical, hydraulic or pneumatic (a) the vehicle weight
actuation) consisting of linkages united by pivotal joints (b) all fluid weight
for engaging a vehicle frame or unibody (c) the sum of the weights of all options weighing
(d) mechanical frame jacks consisting of a lever actu- 5 lbm (2.27 kg) or more
ated ratchet for engaging a vehicle frame or unibody (d) the total luggage or cargo weight
(e) the total passenger load
5-1.3 Illustrations front and rear GAWR (truck): the maximum load carrying
(a) Figure 5-1 shows a typical screw jack covered by capacity of the front and rear axle systems as supplied by
this Part and is not intended to be all-inclusive. the vehicle manufacturer. This rating is model specific.
Fig. 5-1 Typical Screw Jack
20
ASME PALD-2009
Fig. 5-2 Typical Bumper Jack
Fig. 5-3 Typical Scissors Jack
Saddle
Screw
Handle
receptacle
Base
Jack handle
21
ASME PALD-2009
Fig. 5-4 Typical Frame Jack (b) The jack may have a detachable handle, saddle or
rocker panel adapter so configured to enable proper
engagement with the vehicle frame or unibody at the
lift points recommended by the vehicle manufacturer.
(c) The jack shall be capable of lifting and sustaining
its rated capacity throughout its range of travel.
(d) Jack design shall accommodate the path of travel
of the vehicle manufacturer s recommended jacking
points throughout the full range of travel.
(e) It shall not be possible to assemble the jack
incorrectly.
(f) Each jack shall be provided with a positive means
GVWR (truck): the maximum Gross Vehicle Weight to prevent inadvertent disassembly.
Rating of a fully loaded vehicle as supplied by the vehi- (g) The projected area of the base shall be sufficient to
cle manufacturer. This is predicated on the equipment result in a maximum bearing pressure of 50 psi (7.25 kPa)
ratings of the front and rear axles, but is always less when the jack is loaded to rated capacity.
than the arithmetic sum of the front and rear GAWRs.
maximum GVWR (passenger car): the passenger car maxi- 5-2.3 Travel Limits
mum Gross Vehicle Weight Rating as supplied by the Each jack shall be provided with a positive means to
manufacturer. This is model specific and usually prevent the load from being raised or lowered beyond
includes the sum of the following: the designed limit of travel.
(a) the vehicle base weight
(b) all fluid weight 5-2.4 Proof Load
(c) the sum of the weights of all options weighing Each jack shall be capable of performing the proof
5 lbm (2.27 kg) or more load test of para. 5-4.1.6 with a proof load of 200% of
(d) the total luggage or cargo weight rated capacity.
(e) the total passenger load
(f) the same added factor or similar fixed weight 5-2.5 Hinge Points
that was assigned to either the front or rear to account All hinge points shall be designed and assembled to
for the additive effect of small weight increases not antic- resist lateral movement detrimental to the jacks
ipated during the model run performance.
rocker panel adapter: that portion of the jack that engages
the vehicle manufacturers specified lift point on the 5-2.6 Lubrication
rocker panel. The jack shall be lubricated by the manufacturer.
(09) 5-2 DESIGN 5-3 SAFETY MARKINGS AND MESSAGES

Operating controls shall be designed in such a manner fied in paras. 5-3.1 and 5-3.2.
and so that the operator will not be subjected to pinch 5-3.1 Safety Markings
points, sharp edges, or snagging hazards. The operation
of standards.
The jack shall include marking to identify those vehi-
handle shall be capable of being operated to the jacks
cles with which the jack must be used.
rated capacity without sustaining functional damage.
To prevent accidental lowering, the jack shall require (a) Study, understand, and follow all instructions
intentional positive action by the operator for lowering before operating this device.
the load. (b) Do not exceed rated capacity.
Reciprocating handles shall require no more than (c) Use only on hard level surface.
100 lbf (444 N) to operate and rotating handles shall (d) Use only for emergency tire changing or mounting
require no more than 30 lbf (133 N) to operate. tire chains.
(e) Never get beneath the vehicle when it is supported
5-2.2 Design Requirement by the jack.
(a) The minimum jack rated capacity shall be equal (f) If vehicle is pushed off of jack, discard jack. Do
to 50% of the GVWR of the intended vehicle. not reuse.
22
ASME PALD-2009
(g) Failure to heed these markings may result in per- car in which the jacks maximum rated capacity is equal
sonal injury and/or property damage. to 50% of the GVWR.
On vans and light duty trucks, the rear axle shall be
5-3.2 Safety Messages loaded to its rear GAWR. Additional weight shall be
Additional safety messages include the following: added to the front of the vehicle to attain front GAWR.
(a) Activate the hazard warning flasher, turn off igni- The test vehicle shall be raised on a hard level surface
tion, set parking brake, move automatic shift selector to from a flat tire position to a 2.0 in. (51 mm) ground
park position. In case of a manual transmission, move clearance, with an inflated maximum size tire/wheel
gear selector into reverse position. In addition, the wheel combination. This test shall be performed with the trans-
diagonally opposite from the wheel being lifted shall mission in neutral, the parking brake released and wheel
be chocked in both directions. chocks stowed. A force of 50 lbf (222 N) shall be applied
(b) Place jack only at points of the vehicle as specified in a longitudinal direction to the vehicle, forward for
by the vehicle manufacturer. 30 sec and rearward for 30 sec. The same force shall
(c) Follow tire changing procedure or tire chain then be applied in the transverse direction to the raised
mounting procedure specified in the vehicle manufac- side of the vehicle, at least 30.0 in. (762 mm) above the
turers owners manual. pavement near the jacking point, inward for 30 sec and
(d) No alterations shall be made to this product. outward for 30 sec. This test shall be performed at each
jacking point recommended by the vehicle manufac-
turer. This stability test shall then be repeated on the
5-4 DESIGN QUALIFICATION TESTING same unloaded vehicle. Inability of the jack to support
5-4.1 Proof Tests the vehicle during this test constitutes failure.
For each design or design change that may affect the 5-4.1.4 Stability Test (Compound Slope). A new jack (09)
jacks ability to meet this Standard, sample jacks built assembly shall be tested on an appropriately loaded
to design specifications shall be proof tested. To conform passenger car in which the jacks maximum rated capac-
with this Standard, the jacks shall perform to design ity is equal to 50% of the GVWR.
specifications and no functional damage shall occur, nor On vans and light duty trucks, the rear axle shall be
shall operational characteristics be detrimentally loaded to its rear GAWR. Additional weight shall be
affected. added to the front of the vehicle to attain front GAWR.
5-4.1.1 Laboratory Test. A new jack assembly shall The test vehicle shall be raised on a hard level surface
be used to raise a load applied to the saddle, bumper from a flat tire position to a 2.0 in. (51 mm) ground
adapter or rocker panel adapter, through contact with clearance, with an inflated, vehicle manufacturer recom-
a fixture simulating the vehicle jacking point. For mended, maximum size tire/wheel combination. This
mechanical screw jacks and mechanical bumper jacks test shall be performed with the automatic transmission
the load shall be equal to or greater than the rated capac- in park or the manual transmission in the lowest gear,
ity throughout 28 lifts. For scissors jacks and mechanical the parking brake set and wheel chocks deployed, if
frame jacks, the load shall be equal to the load specified supplied by the vehicle manufacturer. Park the test vehi-
by the height-weight curve 10% throughout 28 lifts. cle with the front driver side upgrade at a 45 deg angle
The operating handle force shall be measured during on a 4 deg (7%) grade. See Figs. 5-5 and 5-6.
this test. A force of 100 lbf (444 N) shall be applied in a longitu-
dinal direction to the vehicle, forward for 30 sec and
5-4.1.2 Vehicle Test. A new jack assembly shall be
rearward for 30 sec. The same force shall then be applied
tested on an appropriately loaded passenger car in
to the raised side of the vehicle, at least 30.0 in. (762 mm)
which the jackss maximum rated capacity is equal to
50% of the GVWR. above the pavement near the jacking point, inward for
On vans and light duty trucks, the rear axle shall be 30 sec and outward for 30 sec. This test shall be per-
loaded to its rear GAWR. Additional weight shall be formed at each jacking point recommended by the vehi-
added to the front of the vehicle to attain front GAWR. cle manufacturer. Inability of the jack to support the
The test vehicle shall be raised on a hard level surface vehicle during this test constitutes failure.
from a flat tire position to a 2.0 in. (51 mm) ground Repeat these tests with the front driver side parked
clearance, with an inflated maximum size tire/wheel downgrade at a 45 deg angle on a 7% grade. Inability of
combination, for a total of 28 lifts, with an equal number the jack to support the vehicle during this test constitutes
of lifts at each jacking point recommended by the vehicle failure.
manufacturer.
5-4.1.5 Proof Load Test. For mechanical screw jacks
5-4.1.3 Stability Test (Push Off). A new jack assem- and mechanical bumper jacks, a proof load, as defined
bly shall be tested on an appropriately loaded passenger in para. 5-2.4, shall be applied to the saddle, bumper
23
ASME PALD-2009
(09) Fig. 5-5 Stability Test Compound Slope (Down Grade)
4.00 deg
(09) Fig. 5-6 Stability Test Compound Slope (Up Grade)
4.00 deg
adapter or rocker panel adapter. The load shall be lifted, For scissors jacks and mechanical frame jacks, the jack
sustained, and lowered throughout the range of travel. shall sustain a proof load, applied to the saddle, for
Should the originally supplied handle not be capable of 10 min equal to 150% of the rated capacity based on the
activating the jack mechanism, a substitute handle may height to weight curve at the following positions: 35%,
be used for the performance of this test. Inability of the 60%, and 100% of the range of travel. Inability of the
jack to return, unloaded, to within 0.5 in. (12.7 mm) of jack to return, unloaded, to within 0.5 in. (12.7 mm) of
the fully raised, pretest, position at the completion of the fully raised, pretest, position at the completion of
this test constitutes failure. this test constitute failure.
24
ASME PALD-2009
Part 6
Upright-Type Mobile Lifts
6-1 SCOPE, CLASSIFICATION, AND ILLUSTRATION Fig. 6-1 Typical Upright-Type Mobile Lift
6-1.1 Scope
This Part applies to hydraulic, pneumatic, and
Operating
mechanical upright-type mobile lifts characterized by a controls
pair of laterally spaced lifting members that raise and
lower in unison, and are so arranged as to contact the
vehicle at two points across its axis of symmetry on the
bumper, bumper supports, or frame members for the
purpose of raising the wheels of one end of the vehicle
free of the ground.
Saddle
Hydraulic (with and without internal load limiting
devices), pneumatic (with and without dynamic Saddle
restraints), and mechanical are the three classifications
for which this Part applies.
6-1.3 Illustration Base
Figure 6-1 shows a typical upright-type mobile lift Lifting member

covered by this Part; it is not intended to be all-inclusive.
6-1.4 Definitions
thereof. The release system shall require intentional posi-
base: the stationary portion of a lift to which lifting mem- tive action by the operator for release to prevent acciden-
bers are attached. tal lowering.
dynamic restraint: a device used to prevent the lifting
member from extending to its full stroke in an unre- 6-2.2 Travel Limits
strained manner if the load is suddenly removed from Each lift shall be provided with a positive means to
the lift. prevent the load from being raised or moved beyond
lift, hydraulic: a lift that is actuated by a hydraulic power the design limit of travel.
source.
6-2.3 Proof Load
lift, pneumatic: lift that is actuated by a pneumatic power
source. All upright mobile lifts shall be capable of performing
the proof load test of para. 6-4.1.6 with a proof load of
load limiting device: device that limits the lifting capacity 150% of rated capacity.
of the lift.
6-2.4 Secondary Load Holding Means
(09) 6-2 DESIGN Lifts shall be equipped with a device to prevent
unrestricted lowering of the load in the event of loss of
6-2.1 Operating Controls pressure.
that they are readily visible and accessible to the opera- 6-2.5 Saddles
tor, and so that the operator will not be subjected to The saddles shall have raised protrusions, such as a
pinch points, sharp edges, or snagging hazards. The tang or rail, on the leading and trailing edges to act as
operation of controls should be clear to the operator a load restraint. Means shall be incorporated to limit the
either by position, function, labeling, or combination outward lateral adjustment of the saddles.
25
ASME PALD-2009
6-3 SAFETY MARKINGS AND MESSAGES load be removed. The load shall be removed in such a
manner that the vertical height of the lifting member
shall not change until the load is completely removed.
The lift shall not leave the ground more than 1.0 ft
6-3.1 Safety Markings (305 mm). The lifting member, saddles, and attachments
shall remain affixed to the lift assembly.
of standards. 6-4.1.2 Load-Limiting Device Test. Lifts equipped
(a) Study, understand, and follow all instructions with internal load-limiting devices shall be raised
before operating this device. against a measured load until the load-limiting device
(b) Do not exceed rated capacity. is activated, at which time the lift must have been sup-
(c) Use only on hard level surface. porting no less than 100% of its rated capacity and no
(d) Load saddles equally. more than 125% of its rated capacity.
(e) Lifting device only. Immediately after lifting, sup-
6-4.1.3 Load-Sustaining Test. A load not less than
port the vehicle with appropriate means.
the rated capacity shall be applied to the lifting member
(f) Failure to heed these markings may result in per-
at approximately 100% of its lifting range with the sec-
sonal injury and/or property damage.
ondary load holding means deactivated. The load shall
6-3.2 Safety Messages not lower more than 0.125 in. (3.18 mm) in the first
minute, nor a total of 0.1875 in. (4.76 mm) in 10 min.
Additional safety messages include the following:
(a) Only attachments and/or adapters supplied by 6-4.1.4 Secondary Load Holding Means Test. Lifts
the manufacturer shall be used. shall be loaded to not less than rated capacity and oper-
(b) Lift only on areas of the vehicle as specified by ated to raise the load. When the internal pressure is
the vehicle manufacturer. released, the secondary load holding means shall auto-
(c) No alterations shall be made to this product. matically stop the lift and hold the load within a descent
of 7.0 in. (178 mm).
6-4 DESIGN QUALIFICATION TESTING 6-4.1.5 Release Test. A load not less than the rated
6-4.1 Proof Tests capacity shall be applied to the lifting member at approx-
imately 100% of its lifting range. The release mechanism
For each design or design change that may affect the
shall be operated to control the rate of descent to no
lifts ability to meet this Standard, sample lifts built to
more than 3.0 in./sec (76 mm/s).
design specifications shall be proof tested. To conform
with this Standard, the lifts shall perform to design speci- NOTE: In normal use, a rate of descent greater than 3.0 in./sec
fications and no functional damage shall occur, nor shall (76 mm/s) is expected.
6-4.1.6 Proof Load Test. A proof load as defined in
6-4.1.1 Instantaneous Load Loss Test. Pneumatic para 6-2.4 shall be applied to the saddles. The load shall
lifts shall be loaded to rated capacity and the lifting be lifted, sustained, and lowered throughout the range
member raised to a height determined to provide the of travel at full extension of all saddles. For purposes
maximum momentum to the lifting member, should the of this test, any load-limiting device may be deactivated.
26
ASME PALD-2009
Part 7
Service Jacks
7-1 SCOPE, CLASSIFICATION, AND 7-2 DESIGN

ILLUSTRATIONS
7-1.1 Scope Operating controls shall be designed in such a manner
This Part applies to self-contained service jacks used and so that the operator will not be subjected to pinch
for lifting, but not sustaining, a partial vehicular load. points, sharp edges, or snagging hazards. The operation
7-1.2 Classification position, function, labeling, or combination thereof. The
release system shall require intentional positive action
Hydraulic, pneumatic, pneumatic/hydraulic, and by the operator for release to prevent accidental
mechanical are the four classifications for which this lowering.
Part applies.
7-2.2 Travel Limits
7-1.3 Illustrations Each jack shall be provided with a positive means to
prevent the load from being raised or lowered beyond
Figures 7-1 and 7-2 show typical jacks covered by this the designed limit of travel.
Part and are not intended to be all-inclusive.
7-2.3 Proof Load (09)
7-1.4 Definitions All service jacks shall be capable of performing the
proof load test of para. 7-4.1.5 with a proof load of 150%
jack, hydraulic service: a device in which the lift arm is
of rated capacity.
actuated by a hydraulic pump.
jack, mechanical service: a service jack in which the lift
7-2.4 Saddle Periphery
arm is actuated by mechanical means such as levers, The jack shall be designed to ensure that the saddle
cables, gears, screws, ratchets, and pawls. remains within 3 deg parallel (before and after per-
forming each saddle periphery test of 7-4.1.4) to the
jack, pneumatic/hydraulic service: a service jack in which surface that the jack is supported by throughout the
the lift arm is actuated by a mechanism that utilizes a entire lifting range. The saddle periphery, throughout
relatively incompressible fluid, such as oil, as the force the entire lifting range, shall not move outside the imagi-
transmitting means, actuated by a pneumatic power nary perimeter established by lines connecting center-
source. lines of the front and rear wheels and/or caster pivot
jack, pneumatic service: a service jack in which the lift points (see Fig. 7-3).
arm is actuated by a mechanism that utilizes compressed
air as the force transmitting medium. 7-3 SAFETY MARKINGS AND MESSAGES
jack, service: a self-contained device designed for lifting, Examples of safety markings and messages are speci-
but not sustaining, a partial vehicular load, consisting fied in paras. 7-3.1 and 7-3.2.
of a frame with wheels and/or swivel casters supporting
a mechanism that actuates a pivoting lift arm equipped 7-3.1 Safety Markings
with a saddle. Safety markings shall conform to the ANSI Z535 series
of standards.
lift arm: the main lifting member through which the force
(a) Study, understand, and follow all instructions
is transferred from the power unit to the saddle.
saddle periphery: the highest points of contact between (b) Do not exceed rated capacity.
the saddle and the load on the outermost edge of the (c) Use only on hard level surface.
saddle, including any upward protrusion such as lugs, (d) Lifting device only. Immediately after lifting, sup-
lips, or tangs. port the vehicle with appropriate means.
27
ASME PALD-2009
Fig. 7-1 Typical Hydraulic Service Jacks
Saddle
Actuating
Lift arm handle
Lift arm/frame axle
Saddle
Lift arm
Actuating
handle
Lift arm/frame axle
Operating control
28
ASME PALD-2009
Fig. 7-2 Typical Pneumatic/Hydraulic Service Jacks
Release Actuating handle

mechanism
Pneumatic operation actuator
Lift arm
Saddle
Lift arm/
frame axle
Actuating handle
Pneumatic operation actuator
Saddle
Lift arm
29
ASME PALD-2009
Fig. 7-3 Saddle Periphery Limits Fig. 7-4 Saddle Periphery Test
(e) Do not move or dolly the vehicle while on the jack.

7-3.2 Safety Messages
(a) Lift only on areas of the vehicle as specified by
the vehicle manufacturer.
(09) 7-4 DESIGN QUALIFICATION TESTING

7-4.1 Proof Tests
jacks ability to meet this Standard, sample jacks built
to design specifications shall be proof tested. To conform
with this Standard, the jacks shall perform to design
specifications and no functional damage shall occur, nor
affected. Prior to each test below, the jack shall be placed
on a smooth, flat surface with the rear wheels or casters
in contact with the surface and loaded with sufficient
force to remove all vertical play in the wheels or casters.
7-4.1.1 Load-Limiting Device Test. Service jacks
equipped with internal load-limiting devices shall be
pumped against a measured load with the lift arm in
the horizontal position until the load-limiting device
is activated, at which time the jack must have been
(b) full extension
supporting no less than 100% of the rated capacity nor
(c) a position measured midway between points (a)
more than 125% of rated capacity.
and (b)
7-4.1.2 Load-Sustaining Test. A load not less than The release mechanism shall be operated through 1 in.
the rated capacity shall be applied centrally to the saddle (25.4 mm) of travel to control the rate of descent to no
of the jack with the lift arm in the horizontal position. more than 1.0 in./sec (25.4 mm/s) at each specified
The load shall not lower more than 18 in. (3.18 mm) in point.
the first minute, nor a total of 0.1875 in. (4.76 mm) in
10 min. 7-4.1.4 Saddle Periphery Test. The lift point of the
jack at the saddle shall be divided, using imaginary
7-4.1.3 Release Mechanism Test. A load not less lines, into segments as shown in Fig. 7-4, sketches (a),
than the jacks rated capacity shall be applied centrally (b), and (c). Lift point No. 1 of the saddle periphery
to the saddle and the test performed at three points: (see Definitions in Introduction) shall be loaded to rated
(09) (a) lift arm horizontal1 capacity, the load to be applied over a contact area not
1
greater than 1.0 in.2 (645 mm2). The jack shall be tested
For jacks with arched or curved lifting arms, the measurement throughout the range of the jack. The load shall be
for determining when the lift arm is in the horizontal position
shall be taken when the number one saddle lug is in its forward removed and the jack checked for compliance with para.
most position. 7-2.4. The procedure shall be repeated until all remaining
30
ASME PALD-2009
lift points of the saddle periphery have been tested in 7-4.1.5 Proof Load Test. A proof load as defined in (09)
lift point Nos. 2 through 4. The orientation of the lift para. 7-2.3 shall be applied centrally to the saddle of the
points of saddles that are neither square nor circular jack. The load shall be lifted throughout the lifting range.
shall be rotated for each successive test to provide the For purposes of this test, any internal load limiting
maximum distance from the saddle centerline to the device may be deactivated. This test shall be repeated
load point on the segment line. This test shall be repeated with the extender in the fully extended position with
with the extender in the fully extended position and/or the adapter in place.
with the adapter in place.
31
ASME PALD-2009
Part 8
Wheel Dollies
8-1 SCOPE, CLASSIFICATION, AND ILLUSTRATION and shall be designed so that the operator will not be
subjected to pinch points, sharp edges, or snagging haz-
8-1.1 Scope
ards. The operation of controls should be clear to the
This Part applies to hydraulic and mechanical wheel operator either by position, function, labeling, or combi-
dollies characterized by a pair of laterally spaced lifting nation thereof. The release system shall require inten-
members that raise and lower in unison and are so tional positive action by the operator for release to
arranged as to contact the vehicle wheel(s) at two areas prevent accidental lowering.
on its circumference for the purpose of raising, remov-
ing, transporting, and replacing wheel and tire 8-2.2 Travel Limit
assemblies. Each wheel dolly shall be provided with a positive
8-1.2 Classification means to prevent the load from being raised or lowered
beyond the design limit of travel.
Hydraulic and mechanical are the two classifications
for which this Part applies. 8-2.3 Overload Capacity
8-1.3 Illustration All wheel dollies shall be designed to meet the require-
ments of para. 8-2.4 as minimum overload capacity.
Figure 8-1 shows typical wheel dollies covered by this
Part and is not intended to be all-inclusive. 8-2.4 Proof Load (09)
8-1.4 Definitions Wheel dollies shall be capable of performing the proof

load test of para. 8-4.1.2 with a proof load of 200% of
lift: a PALD characterized by a pair of laterally spaced
rated capacity.
lifting members that raise and lower in unison, used to
raise the wheels of one end of the vehicle free of the 8-2.5 Rollers
ground.
The lifting member shall be equipped with rollers to
lifting frame: the stationary portion of a wheel dolly to permit the rotation of wheel assemblies for the purpose
which the lifting member is attached and on which it of aligning bolt holes to their mating wheel studs.
operates.
load restraint: a device supplied by the manufacturer to 8-2.6 Load Restraint
retain the load on the lift platform. The load restraint shall be so designed and positioned
rollers: mechanisms attached to the lifting member that as to prevent the inadvertent loss of the load during
rotate about the lifting member. operation and movement of the wheel dolly.
wheel dolly: a PALD characterized by a pair of laterally 8-2.7 Tilt Mechanism
spaced lifting members that are used to raise, remove,
transport, and replace automotive wheel and tire When a tilt mechanism is provided, it shall be so
assemblies. designed to allow the lifting member to be adjusted
relative to the horizontal plane, and it shall require inten-
wheel dolly, hydraulic: a wheel dolly that employs a tional positive action by the operator to change the angle
hydraulic pump. of tilt.
wheel dolly, mechanical: a wheel dolly that employs
mechanical means such as cables, gears, screws, or
chains as the force transmitting medium.
8-3 SAFETY MARKINGS AND MESSAGES (09)

8-2 DESIGN fied in paras. 8-3.1 and 8-3.2.
8-2.1 Operating Controls 8-3.1 Safety Markings

Operating controls shall be designed in such a manner Safety markings shall conform to the ANSI Z535 series
that they are readily visible and accessible to the operator of standards.
32

Fig. 8-1 Typical Wheel Dollies
ASME PALD-2009
33
ASME PALD-2009
(a) Study, understand, and follow all instructions than 0.125 in. (3.18 mm) in the first minute, nor a total
before operating this device. of 0.1875 in. (4.76 mm) in 10 min.
(b) Do not exceed rated capacity.
8-4.1.1.2 Release Test. The load, as defined in (09)
(c) Use only on hard level surface.
para. 8-4.1.1, shall be applied to the lifting member at
(d) Before moving, lower the load to the lowest possi-
full height. The release mechanism shall be operated to
ble point.
control the rate of descent to no more than 3.0 in./sec
(e) Failure to heed these markings may result in per-
(76 mm/s).
8-4.1.1.3 Tilt Mechanism Test (If So Equipped).
With the wheel dolly loaded as defined in para. 8-4.1.1
Additional safety messages include the following: and with the lift member at its maximum height, the tilt
(a) Apply load as close to the vertical portion of the mechanism shall be manipulated throughout its entire
lifting member as possible. range of adjustment.
(b) Before moving the load, assure that the load is
centered and secured with a load restraint device. 8-4.1.1.4 Mobility Test. The wheel dolly, while
(c) No alterations shall be made to this product. loaded as defined in para. 8-4.1.1, shall be moved at
1.5 ft/sec (457 mm/s) to 2.0 ft/sec (610 mm/s) across
a 0.5 in. (12.7 mm) high, 15 deg slope rise in the floor,
8-4 DESIGN QUALIFICATION TESTING and a 0.5 in. (12.7 mm) drop to the floor, at an approach
8-4.1 Proof Tests angle that will bring only one caster or wheel at a time
in contact with the rise and drop. The wheel dolly shall
not lose the load or tip over.
wheel dollys ability to meet this Standard, sample wheel
dollies built to design specifications shall be proof tested. 8-4.1.1.5 Stability Test. The wheel dolly, while
To conform with this Standard, the wheel dolly shall loaded as defined in para. 8-4.1.1, shall be moved at
perform to design specifications and no functional dam- 1.5 ft/sec (457 mm/s) to 2.0 ft/sec (610 mm/s) against
age shall occur, nor shall operational characteristics be a 2.0 in. (51 mm) high vertical rise 90 deg to the direction
detrimentally affected. of movement at an approach angle that will bring one
8-4.1.1 Operational Test. A static load, not less than or two wheels or casters in contact with the rise at the
the rated capacity of the wheel dolly, shall be applied point of greatest instability. The wheel dolly shall not
centrally between the rollers with the load center of lose the load or tip over.
gravity approximately 1.0 ft (305 mm) from the vertical 8-4.1.2 Proof Load Test. A proof load as defined in
portion of the lifting member. The load center of gravity
para. 8-2.4 shall be applied to the lifting member. The
shall be not less than 27.0 in. (686 mm) from the floor.
load shall be applied centrally between the rollers and
(09) 8-4.1.1.1 Load-Sustaining Test. The load, as located midway between the front and rear of the lifting
defined in para. 8-4.1.1, shall be applied to the lifting member. The load shall be lifted throughout the range
member at full height. The load shall not lower more of travel.
34
ASME PALD-2009
Part 9
Shop Cranes
9-1 SCOPE, CLASSIFICATION, AND ILLUSTRATION sling: an assembly to be used for lifting when connected
to a lifting mechanism at the slings upper end and when
9-1.1 Scope supporting a load at the slings lower end.
This Part applies to self-contained shop cranes charac-
terized by a pair of laterally spaced legs, an upright 9-2 DESIGN
mast, pivoting boom with a boom extension and hook,
and a power unit to move the boom up and down at a 9-2.1 Operating Controls
pivot point for the purpose of raising, removing, trans- Operating controls shall be designed in such a manner
porting in the lowered position, and replacing automo- that they are readily visible and accessible to the operator
bile engines/transmissions and other components. This and so that the operator will not be subjected to pinch
Part applies to shop cranes of 8,000 lbm (3 636 kg) capac- points, sharp edges, or snagging hazards. The operation
ity or less. of controls should be clear to the operator either by
9-1.2 Classification release system shall require intentional positive action
Hydraulic and pneumatic/hydraulic are the two clas- by the operator for release to prevent accidental
sifications for which this Part applies. lowering.
9-2.2 Travel Limit

9-1.3 Illustration
Each shop crane shall be provided with a positive
Figure 9-1 shows typical shop cranes covered by this
means to prevent the load from being raised or lowered
Part and is not intended to be all-inclusive.
beyond the design limit of travel.
9-1.4 Definitions 9-2.3 Overload Capacity
base: the structure of a shop crane to which the upright All shop cranes shall be designed to meet the require-
mast and leg extensions are attached. ments of para. 9-2.4 as minimum overload capacity.
boom: the pivoting portion of the PALD to which the
hydraulic unit is attached to raise and lower loads.
All shop cranes shall be capable of performing the
boom extension: that integral portion of the boom that proof load test of para. 9-4.1.6 with a proof load of 150%
provides adjustment of the effective boom length. of rated capacity.
leg extension: that integral portion of the leg that provides
adjustment of the effective leg length. 9-2.5 Load Hook
load hook: a device at the end of the boom extension to The shop crane shall be provided with a load hook
which the load is applied. and/or chain at the end of the boom extension that is
capable of sustaining the proof loads of the unit. The
mast, upright: the upright structure mounted to the base load hook shall be provided with a latching mechanism.
to which the boom is attached.
shop crane: a PALD characterized by a pair of laterally 9-3 SAFETY MARKINGS AND MESSAGES
spaced legs, an upright mast, pivoting boom with a
boom extension, and hook which is used to raise and Examples of safety markings and messages are speci-
remove automotive components for service. fied in paras. 9-3.1 and 9-3.2.
shop crane, hydraulic: a shop crane that is actuated by a 9-3.1 Safety Markings
hydraulic pump. Safety markings shall conform to the ANSI Z535 series
shop crane, pneumatic/hydraulic: a crane in which the of standards.
boom is actuated by a mechanism that utilizes a rela- (a) Study, understand, and follow all instructions
tively incompressible fluid, such as oil, as the force trans- before operating this device.
mitting means, actuated by a pneumatic power source. (b) Do not exceed rated capacity.
35
ASME PALD-2009
Fig. 9-1 Typical Shop Cranes
Boom Boom extension
Load
Actuating hook
handle
Hydraulic
unit
Base
Boom
Boom extension
Hydraulic
unit
Load hook
Base
36
ASME PALD-2009
(c) Use only on hard level surface. 9-4.1.3 Load-Limiting Device Test. Shop cranes
(d) Before moving, lower the load to the lowest possi- equipped with internal load-limiting devices shall be
ble point. pumped against a measured load with the boom in the
(e) Failure to heed these markings may result in per- horizontal position until the load-limiting device is acti-
sonal injury and/or property damage. vated, at which time the jack must have been supporting
no less than 100% of its rated capacity and no more than
9-3.2 Safety Messages 125% of its rated capacity.
Additional safety messages include the following: 9-4.1.4 Mobility Test. The shop crane, with rated
(a) Use only slings or chains with a rated capacity load center of gravity 2.0 ft (610 mm) off the floor and
greater than the weight of the load being lifted. boom in the horizontal position, shall be moved forward
(b) Do not allow load to swing or drop violently while in a direction parallel to the boom at a minimum of
lowering or moving. 1.5 ft/sec (457 mm/s) to 2.0 ft/sec (610 mm/s) across
(c) No alterations shall be made to this product. a 0.5 in. (12.7 mm) high, 15 deg slope rise in the floor,
and a 0.5 in. (12.7 mm) drop to the floor, at an approach
angle that will bring only one caster or wheel at a time
9-4 DESIGN QUALIFICATION TESTING in contact with the rise and drop. The shop crane shall
9-4.1 Proof Tests traverse the rise and drop without loss of load or tip-
ping over.
shop cranes ability to meet this Standard, sample shop 9-4.1.5 Stability Test. The shop crane, with rated
cranes built to design specifications shall be proof tested. load center of gravity 2.0 ft (610 mm) below the hook
To conform with this Standard, the shop crane shall and boom in the fully raised position, shall be moved
perform to design specification and no functional dam- forward in a direction parallel to the boom at 5.0 in./sec
age shall occur, nor shall operational characteristics be (127 mm/s) to 7.0 in./sec (178 mm/s) against a 2.0 in.
detrimentally affected. The tests below shall be per- (51 mm) high vertical rise 90 deg to the direction of
formed with the boom at the fully extended and fully movement that will bring the front wheels or casters in
retracted positions. contact with the vertical rise. The shop crane shall not
lose the load or tip over. The test shall be repeated with
9-4.1.1 Load-Sustaining Test. A load not less than the movement in the opposite direction.
the rated capacity shall be applied to the hook with the
boom in the horizontal position. The load shall not lower 9-4.1.6 Proof Load Test. A proof load as defined in
more than 0.125 in. (3.18 mm) in the first minute, nor a para. 9-2.4 shall be applied to the boom extension. The
total of 0.1875 in. (4.76 mm) in 10 min. load shall be lifted throughout the range of travel with
the load located on the hook at the end of the boom
9-4.1.2 Release Mechanism Test. A load not less extension. For this test, any internal load limiting device
than the rated capacity shall be applied to the hook with may be deactivated.
the boom at its maximum lifting height. The release
mechanism shall be operated to control the rate of
descent to no more than 3.0 in./sec (76 mm/s). 9-5 ATTACHMENT AND ADAPTERS
NOTE: In normal use, a rate of descent greater than 3.0 in./sec Slings and/or chains used in conjunction with a shop
(76 mm/s) is expected. crane shall have a rated capacity greater than the weight
of the object being lifted.
37
ASME PALD-2009
Part 10
Swing-Type Mobile Lifts
10-1 SCOPE, CLASSIFICATION, AND Fig. 10-1 Typical Swing-Type Mobile Lift
ILLUSTRATION
10-1.1 Scope
This Part applies to pneumatic swing-type mobile lifts
characterized by a pair of laterally spaced lifting mem-
bers that raise and lower in unison, and are so arranged
as to contact the vehicle at two points across its axis of
symmetry on the bumper, bumper supports, axle, or
frame members for the purpose of raising the wheels
of one end of a vehicle free of the ground.
Pneumatic is the only classification for which this Part
applies.
10-1.3 Illustration
Figure 10-1 shows a typical swing-type mobile lift
covered by this Part and is not intended to be all- 10-2.3 Overload Capacity
inclusive. All lifts shall be designed to meet the requirements
of para. 10-2.4 as minimum overload capacity.
10-1.4 Definitions
base: the stationary portion of a lift to which lifting mem- 10-2.4 Proof Load (09)
bers are attached. All swing type mobile lifts shall be capable of per-
dynamic restraint: a device used to prevent the lifting forming the proof load test of para. 10-4.1.5 with a proof
member from extending to its full stroke in an unre- load of 150% of rated capacity.
strained manner if the load is suddenly removed from
the lift. 10-2.5 Secondary Load Holding Means
lift, pneumatic: a lift that is actuated by a pneumatic Lifts shall be equipped with a device to prevent
power source. unrestricted lowering of the load in the event of loss of
air pressure.
10-2 DESIGN 10-2.6 Saddles

10-2.1 Operating Controls The saddles shall have raised protrusions, such as a
Operating controls shall be designed in such a manner tang or rail, on the edges to act as a load restraint.
and so that the operator will not be subjected to pinch 10-3 SAFETY MARKINGS AND MESSAGES
of controls should be clear to the operator either by Examples of safety markings and messages are speci-
position, function, labeling, or combination thereof. The fied in paras. 10-3.1 and 10-3.2.
by the operator for release to prevent accidental
lowering. Safety markings shall conform to the ANSI Z535 series
of standards.
10-2.2 Travel Limit (a) Study, understand, and follow all instructions
Each lift shall be provided with a positive means to before operating this device.
prevent the load from being raised or moved beyond (b) Do not exceed rated capacity.
the design limit of travel. (c) Use only on hard level surface.
38
ASME PALD-2009
(d) Load saddles equally. shall not change until the load is completely removed.
(e) Lifting device only. Immediately after lifting, sup- The lift shall not leave the ground more than 1.0 ft
port the vehicle with appropriate means. (305 mm). The lifting member, saddles, and attachments
(f) Failure to heed these markings may result in per- shall remain affixed to the lift assembly.
10-3.2 Safety Messages the rated capacity shall be applied to the lifting member
at approximately 100% of its lifting range with the sec-
Additional safety messages include the following: ondary load holding means deactivated. The load shall
(a) Only attachments and/or adapters supplied by not lower more than 0.125 in. (3.18 mm) in the first
the manufacturer shall be used. minute, nor a total of 0.1875 in. (4.76 mm) in 10 min.
(b) Lift only on areas of the vehicle as specified by
the vehicle manufacturer. 10-4.1.3 Secondary Load Holding Means to Test
(c) No alterations shall be made to this product. Pneumatic Lifts. Lifts shall be loaded to not less than
rated capacity and operated to raise the load. When
the internal air pressure is released, the secondary load
10-4 DESIGN QUALIFICATION TESTING holding means shall automatically stop the lift and hold
10-4.1 Proof Tests the load within a descent of 7.0 in. (178 mm).
For each design or design change that may affect the 10-4.1.4 Release Test. A load not less than the rated
lifts ability to meet this Standard, sample lifts built to capacity shall be applied to the lifting member at approx-
design specifications shall be proof tested. To conform imately 100% of its lifting range. The release mechanism
with this Standard, the lifts shall perform to design speci- shall be operated to control the rate of descent to no
fications and no functional damage shall occur, nor shall more than 3.0 in./sec (76 mm/s).
operational characteristics be detrimentally affected. NOTE: In normal use, a rate of descent greater than 3 in./sec
(76 mm/s) is expected.
10-4.1.1 Instantaneous Load Loss Test. Pneumatic
lifts shall be loaded to rated capacity and the lifting 10-4.1.5 Proof Load Test. A proof load as defined
member raised to a height determined to provide the in para. 10-2.4 shall be applied to the saddles. The load
maximum momentum to the lifting member, should the shall be lifted, sustained, and lowered throughout the
load be removed. The load shall be removed in such a range of travel at full extension of all saddles. For this
manner that the vertical height of the lifting member test, any load-limiting device may be deactivated.
39
ASME PALD-2009
Part 11
Scissors-Type Mobile Lifts
11-1 SCOPE, CLASSIFICATION, AND Fig. 11-1 Typical Scissors-Type Mobile Lift
ILLUSTRATION
11-1.1 Scope
This Part applies to pneumatic and hydraulic scissors-
type mobile lifts characterized by a pair of laterally
spaced lifting members that raise and lower in a scissors
action and are so arranged as to contact the vehicle at
two points across its axis of symmetry on the bumper,
bumper supports, or frame members for the purpose of
raising the wheels of one end of a vehicle free of the
ground.
Pneumatic and hydraulic are the only classifications
for which this Part applies.
11-1.3 Illustration
Figure 11-1 shows a typical scissors-type mobile lift
covered by this Part and is not intended to be all- 11-2.2 Travel Limit
inclusive.
Each lift shall be provided with a positive means to
11-1.4 Definitions prevent the load from being raised or moved beyond
the design limit of travel.
base: the stationary portion of a lift to which lifting mem-
bers are attached. 11-2.3 Overload Capacity
dynamic restraint: a device used to prevent the lifting All lifts shall be designed to meet the requirements
member from extending to its full stroke in an unre- of para. 11-2.4 as minimum overload capacity.
strained manner if the load is suddenly removed from
the lift.
All scissors-type mobile lifts shall be capable of per-
lift, hydraulic: a lift that is actuated by a hydraulic power
forming the proof load test of para. 11-4.1.6 with a proof
source.
load of 150% of rated capacity.
lift, pneumatic: a lift that is actuated by a pneumatic
power source. 11-2.5 Secondary Load Holding Means
Lifts shall be equipped with a device to prevent
unrestricted lowering of the load in the event of loss of
11-2 DESIGN air pressure.
11-2.1 Operating Controls 11-2.6 Saddles
Operating controls shall be designed in such a manner The saddles shall have raised protrusions, such as a
that they are readily visible and accessible to the operator tang or rail, on the edges to act as a load restraint.
and so that the operator will not be subjected to pinch Means shall be incorporated to limit the outward lateral
points, sharp edges, or snagging hazards. The operation adjustment of the saddles.
11-3 SAFETY MARKINGS AND MESSAGES
by the operator for release to prevent accidental Examples of safety markings and messages are speci-
lowering. fied in paras. 11-3.1 and 11-3.2.
40
ASME PALD-2009
11-3.1 Safety Markings shall not change until the load is completely removed.
Safety markings shall conform to the ANSI Z535 series The lift shall not leave the ground more than 1.0 ft
of standards. (305 mm). The lifting member, saddles, and attachments
(a) Study, understand, and follow all instructions shall remain affixed to the lift assembly.
before operating this device. 11-4.1.2 Load-Limiting Device Test. Lifts equipped
(b) Do not exceed rated capacity. with internal load-limiting devices shall be raised
(c) Use only on hard level surface. against a measured load until the load-limiting device
(d) Load saddles equally. is activated, at which time the jack must have been
(e) Lifting device only. Immediately after lifting, sup- supporting no less than 100% of its rated capacity and
port the vehicle with appropriate means. no more than 125% of its rated capacity.
11-3.2 Safety Messages at approximately 100% of its lifting range with the sec-
ondary load holding means deactivated. The load shall
Additional safety messages include the following: not lower more than 0.125 in. (3.18 mm) in the first
(a) Only attachments and/or adapters supplied by minute, nor a total of 0.1875 in. (4.76 mm) in 10 min.
(b) Lift only on areas of the vehicle as specified by 11-4.1.4 Secondary Load Holding Means to Test
the vehicle manufacturer. Pneumatic Lifts. Lifts shall be loaded to not less than
(c) No alterations shall be made to this product. rated capacity and operated to raise the load. When
the internal air pressure is released, the secondary load
holding means shall automatically stop the lift and hold
11-4 DESIGN QUALIFICATION TESTING the load within a descent of 7.0 in. (178 mm).
11-4.1 Proof Tests 11-4.1.5 Release Test. A load not less than the rated
For each design or design change that may affect the capacity shall be applied to the lifting member at approx-
lifts ability to meet this Standard, sample lifts built to imately 100% of its lifting range. The release mechanism
design specifications shall be proof tested. To conform shall be operated to control the rate of descent to no
with this Standard, the lifts shall perform to design speci- more than 3.0 in./sec (76 mm/s).
fications and no functional damage shall occur, nor shall NOTE: In normal use, a rate of descent greater than 3.0 in./sec
operational characteristics be detrimentally affected. (76 mm/s) is expected.
11-4.1.1 Instantaneous Load Loss Test. Pneumatic 11-4.1.6 Proof Load Test. A proof load as defined
lifts shall be loaded to rated capacity and the lifting in para. 11-2.4 shall be applied to the saddles. The load
member raised to a height determined to provide the shall be lifted, sustained, and lowered throughout the
maximum momentum to the lifting member, should the range of travel at full extension of all saddles. For pur-
load be removed. The load shall be removed in such a poses of this test, any internal load-limiting device may
manner that the vertical height of the lifting member be deactivated.
41
ASME PALD-2009
Part 12
Auxiliary Stands
12-1 SCOPE, CLASSIFICATION, AND base: that portion of the stand that rests on the ground
ILLUSTRATION and holds the adjustable column.
12-1.1 Scope freestanding: when initially positioned vertically, without
a load, able to stand in an upright position without the
This Part applies to self-contained auxiliary stands
application of external forces.
designed as a means of partial support for, and the
positioning of, vehicle components during their installa- locking device: the mechanism used to hold the column
tion/removal, but not for use in stabilizing or supporting in the selected height position.
vehicles. This Part does not apply to devices classified
as vehicle support stands (see Part 4), to units whose 12-2 DESIGN
rated capacity is more than 1,500 lbm (680 kg), or to
devices classified as stabilizing stands. 12-2.1 Base
The base may be of any configuration that provides
12-1.2 Classification for a freestanding unit which is capable of being rocked
Mechanical is the only classification to which this Part to assist in the positioning of vehicle components. The
applies, excluding units with a tripod, square, or other upper portion of the base shall be designed to house
base design configuration (e.g., stabilizing stands). and guide the column.
12-1.3 Illustration 12-2.2 Column

Figure 12-1 shows typical auxiliary stands and their A means shall be provided to prevent the inadvertent
components that are covered by this Part and is not separation of the column from the base. In the fully
intended to be all-inclusive. retracted position, the lower end of the column shall not
extend below the plane made where the base contacts the
12-1.4 Definitions ground.
auxiliary stands: self-contained devices designed to be
used as a means of partial support for vehicle compo- 12-2.3 Operating Controls
nents during their installation/removal, but not for use Operating controls shall be designed in such a manner
in supporting vehicles. that they are readily visible and accessible to the operator
Fig. 12-1 Typical Auxiliary Stands
42
ASME PALD-2009
and so that the operator will not be subjected to pinch Fig. 12-2 Application of Load for Proof Load Test
by the operator for release to prevent accidental
lowering.
12-2.4 Saddle
The saddle configuration shall be such as to aid in
the proper positioning and supporting of the load.
(09) 12-2.5 Proof Load
Auxiliary stands shall be capable of performing the
proof load test of para. 12-4.1.1 with a load of 110% of
rated capacity.
All auxiliary stands shall be capable of performing
the proof load test of para. 12-4.1.1 with a proof load of
200% of rated capacity.
12-3 SAFETY MARKINGS AND MESSAGES

12-4.1 Proof Tests
of standards.
stands ability to meet this Standard, sample stands built
to design specifications shall be tested. To conform with
this Standard, the stands shall perform to design specifi-
cations and no functional damage shall occur, nor shall
(d) Adequately support the vehicle before starting
repairs. 12-4.1.1 Proof Load Test. A horizontally con- (09)
(e) Do not use to support or stabilize vehicle. strained vertical load of 200% of rated capacity shall be
(f) Center load on saddle. applied centrally to the saddle, with the column in both
(g) Failure to heed these markings may result in per- the fully extended and the fully retracted positions, with
sonal injury and/or property damage. the base resting on a hard level surface. The load shall
be applied as shown in Fig. 12-2 for at least 10 min.
12-3.2 Safety Messages A permanent reduction in height, measured after the
Additional safety messages include the following: removal of the load, at the point of load contact shall
(a) This stand is intended to provide partial support not exceed 0.125 in. (3.18 mm). A preload of no more
of vehicle components during removal and installation. than 100% of rated capacity may be applied to establish
(b) No alterations shall be made to this product. initial overall height.
43
ASME PALD-2009
Part 13
Automotive Ramps
13-1 SCOPE, CLASSIFICATION, AND 13-2.4 Locating Devices

ILLUSTRATIONS The platform of the ramp shall be equipped with a
13-1.1 Scope device or configuration so that the vehicle operator or
the observer will be able to ascertain that the wheel of
This Part applies to automotive ramps to be used in
the vehicle is in the correct location.
matched pairs to support one end (front or rear) of a
vehicle. They are not to be used to simultaneously sup- 13-2.5 Resistance to Roll-Off
port both ends or one side of a vehicle.
Each ramp shall have an inherent means of resisting
13-1.2 Classification roll-off of a vehicle from the ramp.
This Part applies to load sustaining devices, used in
matched pairs, upon which two front or rear wheels of 13-3 SAFETY MARKINGS AND MESSAGES
a vehicle are driven to elevate either end of the vehicle.
13-1.3 Illustrations fied in paras. 13-3.1 and 13-3.2.
Figures 13-1, 13-2, and 13-3 show typical automotive 13-3.1 Safety Markings
ramps that are covered by this Part and are not intended
to be all-inclusive. Safety markings shall conform to the ANSI Z535 series
of standards.
13-1.4 Definitions (a) Study, understand, and follow all instructions
matched pair: similar height, length, and capacity. before operating this device.
platform: the top section of the ramp that locates and
supports the vehicle tire.
(d) Center load between the sides of the ramp.
ramp height: the maximum vertical distance between the (e) Use as a matched pair to support one end of a
platform and the base. vehicle.
ramp stability: a measure of resistance to tipping and (f) Failure to heed these markings may result in per-
lateral movement while driving on the ramps, driving sonal injury and/or property damage.
off the ramps, and while supporting the load.
13-2 DESIGN Additional safety messages include the following:

(a) Ramps are not to be used to simultaneously sup-
13-2.1 Base port both ends or one side of a vehicle.
The base may be of any configuration that provides (b) Maximum allowable tire width is (manufacturer
ramp stability under proof load and that resists parallel to specify for each set of ramps).
and lateral movement while a vehicle is being driven (c) Do not use other lifting equipment in conjunction
onto and off the ramps. with the ramps.
(d) Do not disconnect brakes, engine, transmission
13-2.2 Stability components, drive train, drive shaft, universal joints, or
The ramps shall be designed such that the width of wheels while the vehicle is on the ramps.
the base is equal to or greater than the height of the (e) Be sure the wheels to be driven on the ramps
ramp platform. The projected edges of the incline and are positioned straight forward in alignment with the
platform shall align with or be within the area of the ramps, and center the two ramps against the tires.
base. (f) Another person, standing clear from vehicle path,
should observe and guide the vehicle operator when
13-2.3 Surfacing ascending and descending the ramps.
The top surface of the inclined portion of the ramps (g) Never accelerate or apply brakes suddenly. Pro-
shall be constructed to provide slip resistance. ceed slowly and cautiously. Once the vehicle reaches
44

Fig. 13-1 Typical Automotive Ramps
ASME PALD-2009
45

Fig. 13-2 Typical Test Area for Off-Center Load Test
ASME PALD-2009
46
ASME PALD-2009
Fig. 13-3 Typical Test Area for Proof Load Test
the top of the ramps, apply brakes only to prevent design specifications shall be proof tested. To conform
overtravel. with this Part, the ramps shall perform to design specifi-
(h) Place the vehicle in neutral. Release brakes; vehicle cations and no functional damage shall occur, nor shall
should not move. Set emergency brake. Place vehicle in operational characteristics be detrimentally affected. A
park (or in reverse gear for manual transmission). Chock nominally 4.0 in. (102 mm) long by 6.0 in. (152 mm)
wheels on the ground. wide platen shall be used in conjunction with the follow-
(i) Be sure that both tires are properly positioned on ing tests.
the ramps support platform. Using caution in position-
NOTE: Material may be added to the platen to simulate a tire
ing your body clear of danger, shake vehicle sideways
surface and prevent slippage of the platen.
and endways to be sure that vehicle and ramps are
stable. Check that ramps have not become damaged or 13-4.1.1 Off-Center Load Test. A horizontally con-
bent during loading. strained vertical load equal to rated capacity shall be
(j) Supplier may provide information to assist the user applied using the platen, first to the outside edge of the
in the selection of appropriately rated ramps for different platform (one at a time) and second to the outside edges
gross vehicle weights. of the inclined portion of the ramp (one at a time), as
(k) If assembly is required, follow the assembly shown in Fig. 13-2, for a period of 10 min with the base
instructions provided. resting on a hard level surface.
(l) No alterations shall be made to this product.
13-4.1.2 Proof Load Test. A horizontally con- (09)
strained vertical load of 200% of rated capacity shall be
applied for at least 10 min at the midpoint of the ramp
13-4.1 Proof Tests incline using the platen. The load shall then be applied
For each design or design change that may affect the for at least 10 min to the portion of the platform designed
ramps ability to meet this Part, sample ramps built to to receive the tire footprint. See Fig. 13-3.
47
ASME PALD-2009
Part 14
High-Reach Supplementary Stands
14-1 SCOPE, CLASSIFICATION, AND Fig. 14-1 Typical High-Reach Supplementary Stands
ILLUSTRATION
14-1.1 Scope
This Part applies to self-contained high-reach supple-
mentary stands designed to help prevent the tipping/
rocking of a vehicle while the vehicle is engaged on
an automotive lift. This Part does not apply to devices
classified as vehicle support stands (see Part 4) or
devices classified as auxiliary stands (see Part 12).
High-reach supplementary stands with an adjustable
column is the classification for which this Part applies,
excluding products with a convex base configuration
(e.g., auxiliary stands).
14-1.3 Illustration
Figure 14-1 shows typical high-reach supplementary
stands and their components that are covered by this
Standard and is not intended to be all-inclusive. 14-2.2 Column
14-1.4 Definitions A means shall be provided to prevent the inadvertent
separation of the column from the base. In the fully
base: that portion of the stand that rests on the ground
retracted position, the lower end of the column shall not
and holds the adjustable column.
extend below the plane made where the base contacts the
column: that portion of the stand that can be extended ground.
or retracted to vary the overall height.
freestanding: when initially positioned vertically, without 14-2.3 Locking Device
a load, able to stand in an upright position without the The locking device shall prevent adjustment of the
application of external forces. column height after the load has been applied. If the
high-reach supplementary stands: self-contained devices to column is supported by means of a locking pin, the pin
be used to add to the stability of a vehicle on an automo- must be secured to the stand to prevent its loss.
tive lift by helping to prevent the tipping/rocking of
the vehicle upon which work is being performed, but 14-2.4 Operating Controls
not to be used to support vehicles. Operating controls shall be designed in such a manner
locking device: the mechanism used to hold the column that they are readily visible and accessible to the operator
in the selected height position. and so that the operator will not be subjected to pinch
14-2 DESIGN position, function, labeling, or combination thereof. The
14-2.1 Base release system shall require positive action by the opera-
The base may be of any configuration that provides tor for release to prevent accidental lowering.
the equivalent of three or more points of contact with
the ground. A circular, triangular, or polygonal base
14-2.5 Saddle
shape (in plan view) is considered equivalent to the The saddle configuration shall be such as to aid in
above. The upper portion of the base shall be designed the proper centering, positioning, and stabilization of
to house and guide the column. the load.
48
ASME PALD-2009
Fig. 14-2 Stability
14-2.6 Stability 14-3.1 Safety Markings

The stands shall be designed so that the minimum Safety markings shall conform to the ANSI Z535 series
horizontal distance from the projected edge of the saddle of standards.
to the nearest edge of the base shall be at least 4% of (a) Study, understand, and follow all instructions
the maximum extended vertical height. See Fig. 14-2, in before operating this device.
which the horizontal dimension is shown as H and the (b) Do not exceed rated capacity.
vertical height as V. (c) Use only on hard level surface.
(d) Do not use the stand to support a vehicle.
(09) 14-2.7 Proof Load (e) Center load on saddle.
All high-reach supplemental stands shall be capable (f) Use stands in pairs to stabilize the vehicle before
of performing the proof load test of para. 14-4.1.1 with starting repairs.
a load of 200% of rated capacity. (g) Failure to heed these markings may result in per-
(09) 14-3 SAFETY MARKINGS AND MESSAGES 14-3.2 Safety Messages

Examples of safety markings and messages are speci- Additional safety messages include the following: NO
fied in paras. 14-3.1 and 14-3.2. ALTERATIONS SHALL BE MADE TO THIS PRODUCT.
49
ASME PALD-2009
Fig. 14-3 Proof Load Test
14-4 DESIGN QUALIFICATION TESTING 14-4.1.1 Proof Load Test. A static vertical load of (09)
200% of rated capacity shall be applied centrally to the
14-4.1 Proof Tests saddle, with the column in both the fully extended and
For each design or design change that may affect the the fully retracted positions, with the base resting on a
stands ability to meet this Standard, sample stands built hard level surface. The load shall be applied as shown
to design specifications shall be proof tested. To conform in Fig. 14-3 for at least 10 min. A permanent reduction
with this Standard, the stands shall perform to design in height, measured after the removal of the load, at the
specifications and no functional damage shall occur, nor point of load contact shall not exceed 0.125 in. (3.18 mm).
shall operational characteristics be detrimentally A preload of no more than 100% of rated capacity may
affected. be applied to establish initial overall height.
50
ASME PALD-2009
Part 15
Forklift Jacks
15-1 SCOPE, CLASSIFICATION, AND of a frame with wheels supporting a mechanism that
ILLUSTRATION actuates a pivoting lift arm equipped with a saddle that
15-1.1 Scope follows a path (arc) similar to that of the path (arc) of
the vehicle being lifted.
This Part applies to hydraulic walking-beam-type
jacks characterized by a lifting members that raises and primary saddle: saddle located on the lifting member.
lowers in a scissors action and is so arranged as to contact secondary saddle: saddle not located on the lifting
vehicles with low road clearance, on frame members for member.
the purpose of raising the wheels of one end or one side
of a vehicle free of the ground. Some jack designs may
incorporate an auxiliary saddle not located on the lift 15-2 DESIGN (09)
member.
Hydraulic is the only classification for which this Part Operating controls shall be designed in such a manner
applies. that they are readily visible and accessible to the operator
and so that the operator will not be subjected to pinch
15-1.3 Illustration points, sharp edges, or snagging hazards. The operation
Figure 15-1 shows typical forklift jacks covered by this of controls should be clear to the operator either by
Part and is not intended to be all-inclusive. position, function, labeling, or combination thereof. The
15-1.4 Definitions by the operator for release to prevent accidental
base: the stationary portion of a jack to which lifting lowering.
members are attached.
integrated lift point: notch or other means integrated into 15-2.2 Travel Limit
the lift member intended as a lift point. Each jack shall be provided with a positive means to
jack, forklift: a self-contained device designed for lifting, prevent the load from being raised or moved beyond
but not sustaining, a partial vehicular load, consisting the design limit of travel.
Fig. 15-1 Typical Forklift Jack

Release mechanism
Actuating handle
Lift arm
Saddle(s)
Front footpad
51
ASME PALD-2009
15-2.3 Proof Load design or design change that may affect the jacks ability
All forklift jacks shall be capable of performing the to meet this Standard, sample jacks built to design speci-
proof load test of para. 15-4.1.4 with a proof load of fications shall be proof tested. To conform with this
150% of rated capacity. Standard, the jacks shall perform to design specifications
and no functional damage shall occur, nor shall opera-
15-2.4 Saddles tional characteristics be detrimentally affected.
Primary saddles shall have raised protrusions, such 15-4.1.1 Load-Limiting Device Test. Jacks equipped
as a tang, on the surface to act as a load restraint, and/ with internal load-limiting devices shall be raised
or incorporate means intended to engage an edge on against a measured load until the load-limiting device
the load to be lifted. Auxiliary saddles may be separately is activated. The measured load shall be no less than
rated, if so equipped. 100% of rated capacity nor more than 125% of rated
capacity.
15-3 SAFETY MARKINGS AND MESSAGES 15-4.1.2 Load-Sustaining Test. A load not less than
at approximately 100% of its lifting range. The load shall
not lower more than 0.125 in. (3.18 mm) in the first
15-3.1 Safety Markings minute, nor a total of 0.1875 in. (4.76 mm) in 10 min.
If so equipped, secondary saddles shall be separately 15-4.1.3 Release Test. A load not less than the jacks
identified. Safety markings shall conform to the rated capacity shall be applied centrally to the saddle
ANSI Z535 series of standards. and the test performed at three points:
(a) Study, understand, and follow all instructions (a) lift arm horizontal1
before operating this device. (b) full extension
(b) Do not exceed rated capacity. (c) a position measured midway between points (a)
(c) Use only on hard level surfaces. and (b).
(d) Lifting device only. Immediately after lifting, sup- NOTE: In normal use, a rate of descent greater than 1.0 in./sec
port the vehicle with appropriate means. (25.4 mm/s) is expected.
(e) Position this jack perpendicular to the vehicle such
that the load is balanced by the remaining two wheels 15-4.1.4 Proof Load Test. A proof load test as (09)
in contact with surface. defined in para. 15-2.3 shall be applied to the saddle.
(f) Failure to heed these markings may result in per- The load shall be lifted, sustained, and lowered through-
sonal injury and/or property damage. out the range of travel. For purposes of this test, any
internal load limiting device may be deactivated.
(09) 15-3.2 Safety Messages 15-4.1.5 Off-Center Load Test. A vertical load equal (09)
Additional safety messages include the following: to the rated capacity shall be applied and sustained by
means of a 1 in. (25.4 mm) wide rectangular block
(a) Ensure cylinder does not contact vehicle during
through the entire lifting range and maintained for
lifting.
10 min. on each outermost edge at full extension prior
(b) Only attachments and/or adapters supplied by
to lowering.
(c) Lift only on areas of the vehicle as specified by
the vehicle manufacturer. 15-5 ATTACHMENTS AND ADAPTERS
(d) No alterations shall be made to this product.
Only the attachments or adapters supplied by the
manufacturer or supplier for this equipment shall be
15-4 DESIGN QUALIFICATION TESTING used.
15-4.1 Proof Tests
1
For jacks with arched or curved lifting arms, the measurement
Primary, integrated lift points and auxiliary saddles for determining when the lift arm is in the horizontal position
(if so equipped) shall be tested separately. For each shall be taken at the highest point of the lifting arms arch.
52
ASME PALD-2009
Part 16
High-Reach Fixed Stands
16-1 SCOPE, CLASSIFICATION, AND 16-2.2 Column

ILLUSTRATION A means shall be provided to prevent the inadvertent
16-1.1 Scope separation of the column from the base. In the fully
This Part applies to self-contained high-reach fixed retracted position, the lower end of the column shall not
stands designed to support a vehicle after the vehicle extend below the plane made where the base contacts
has been raised by an automotive lift and the automotive the ground. The column and the base juncture shall
lift has been removed. This Part does not apply to be configured to eliminate potential for a pinch point
devices classified as vehicle support stands (see Part 4), between the base and the column when fully retracted.
devices classified as auxiliary stands (see Part 12), or
16-2.3 Locking Device
devices classified as high-reach supplementary stands
(see Part 14). The locking device shall prevent adjustment of the
column height after the load has been applied. If the
16-1.2 Classification column is supported by means of a locking pin, the pin
High-reach fixed stands with or without an adjustable must be secured to the stand to prevent its loss.
column or columns is the classification for which this
Part applies, excluding products with a convex base 16-2.4 Wheels
configuration (e.g., auxiliary stands) and products that If wheels are provided on the base to facilitate reloca-
are designed to be adjustable under load (e.g., high- tion of the stand, then the wheels shall not be subject
reach supplementary stands). to load when the stand is loaded.
16-1.3 Illustration 16-2.5 Operating Controls
Figures 16-1 and 16-2 shows typical high-reach fixed Operating controls shall be designed in such a manner
stands and their components that are covered by this that they are readily visible and accessible to the operator
Standard and is not intended to be all-inclusive. and so that the operator will not be subjected to pinch
16-1.4 Definitions points, sharp edges, or snagging hazards. The operation
base: that portion of the stand that rests on the ground of controls should be clear to the operator either by
and holds the adjustable column. position, function, labeling, or combination thereof. The
release system shall require positive action by the opera-
column: that portion of the stand that can be either fixed
tor for release to prevent accidental lowering.
or extended/retracted to vary the overall height.
freestanding: when initially positioned vertically, without 16-2.6 Saddle
a load, able to stand in an upright position without the The saddle configuration shall be such as to aid in
application of external forces. the proper centering, positioning, and stabilization of
high-reach fixed stands: self-contained devices to be used the load.
to support a vehicle after the vehicle has been raised 16-2.7 Stability
by an automotive lift and the automotive lift has been
removed. The stands shall be designed so that the minimum
horizontal distance from the projected edge of the saddle
locking device: the mechanism used to hold the column
to the nearest edge of the base shall be at least 8% of
in the selected height position.
the maximum extended vertical height when the column
is moved by hand to remove all slack in the direction
16-2 DESIGN
of the vertical measurement. See Fig. 16-2, in which the
16-2.1 Base horizontal dimension is shown as H and the vertical
The base may be of any configuration that provides height is shown as V.
the equivalent of three or more points of contact with
the ground. A circular, triangular, or polygonal base 16-2.8 Proof Load (09)
shape (see Fig. 16-2) is considered equivalent to the All high-reach fixed stands shall be capable of per-
above. The upper portion of the base shall be designed forming the proof load test of para. 16-4.1.2 with a load
to house and guide the column. of 200% of rated capacity.
53
ASME PALD-2009
Fig. 16-1 Typical High-Reach Fixed Stand Saw Horse Type
Top View
Saddle
Column
Locking pin
V
Base
Side View End View
54
ASME PALD-2009
Fig. 16-2 Typical High-Reach Fixed Stand 16-3 SAFETY MARKINGS AND MESSAGES
Tripod Type
Examples of required safety markings and messages
are specified in paras. 16-3.1 and 16-3.2. They need not
be verbatim but shall convey the following.

of standards.
H (c) Use only on hard level surface.
(d) Locate saddle at vehicle manufacturer designated
support points.
Top View
(e) Center load on saddle.
(f) Use a minimum of four stands to support and
stabilize a vehicle, and a minimum of two additional
Saddle
stands for each additional axle assembly, before starting
repairs.
(g) Do not apply horizontal forces or large torque
loads to the vehicle while supported by stands.
(h) Do not start engine while supported on stands.
(i) Ensure stands are stable and vehicle is balanced
before lowering onto stands.
Column (j) Carefully lower vehicle onto all stands
simultaneously.
(k) Failure to heed these markings may result in per-
Locking pin
(a) Only attachments, restraints or adapters supplied
V
by the manufacturer shall be used.

Base 16-4.1 Proof Tests
stands ability to meet this Standard, sample stands built
to design specifications shall be proof tested. To conform
with this Standard, the stands shall perform to design
specifications and no functional damage shall occur, nor
affected.
16-4.1.1 Off-Center Load Test. A horizontally

unconstrained vertical load equal to rated capacity shall
be applied, with the column in the fully extended posi-
Side View
tion and fully retracted position for at least 10 min on
the lug or edge of the saddle as shown in Fig. 16-3. The
saddles ability to retain the load shall not be adversely
affected by this test. A permanent reduction in height,
55
ASME PALD-2009
Fig. 16-3 Application of Load for Off-Center Fig. 16-4 Application of Load for Centered
Load Test Load Test
measured after the removal of the load, at the point of saddle, with the column in both the fully extended and
load contact as shown in Fig. 16-3 shall not exceed the fully retracted positions, with the base resting on a
0.125 in. (3.18 mm). The test shall be repeated on all hard level surface. The load shall be applied as shown
lugs and edges. A preload of not more than 100% of in Fig. 16-4 for at least 10 min. A permanent reduction
rated capacity may be applied to establish initial overall in height, measured after the removal of the load, at the
height. point of load contact shall not exceed 0.125 in. (3.18 mm).
A preload of not more than 100% of rated capacity may
(09) 16-4.1.2 Proof Load Test. A static vertical load of
be applied to establish initial overall height.
200% of rated capacity shall be applied centrally to the
56
ASME PALD-2009
Part 17
Vehicle Transport Lifts
17-1 SCOPE, CLASSIFICATION, AND vehicle transport lift: a lift that is equipped with wheels,
ILLUSTRATIONS rollers, or slides, which render it capable of being moved
while the load is in the raised position.
17-1.1 Scope
This Part applies to vehicle transport lifts that are 17-2 DESIGN (09)
used for lifting, transporting, servicing, and storing of
automotive vehicles. It includes only those lifts that raise 17-2.1 Operating Controls
the automotive vehicle clear off the floor. It does not Operating controls shall be designed in such a manner
include those devices which are designed to lift one that they are readily visible and accessible to the operator
end or side of a vehicle, nor does it include stationary and so that the operator will not be subjected to pinch
automotive lifts or automotive lifts that become station- points, sharp edges, or snagging hazards. The operation
ary when loaded. of controls should be clear to the operator either by
17-1.2 Classification release system shall require intentional positive action
by the operator to prevent accidental lowering.
Hydraulic, pneumatic, and mechanical are the classifi-
cations for which this Part applies. When a combination 17-2.2 Lift Platform
of these force transmitting means is used, each system
shall be tested to conform with this Part. A load restraint means shall be provided. The lift
platform shall be designed to minimize slipping or slid-
ing of the load along the platforms horizontal surface.
(09) 17-1.3 Illustration
The lift platform shall be designed in such a manner as
Figure 17-1 shows typical vehicle transport lifts cov- to be capable of sustaining a proof load placed across
ered by this Part and is not intended to be all-inclusive. its intended load contact member(s).
17-1.4 Definitions 17-2.3 Mechanical Load Holding Means

lift, hydraulic: a movable device that utilizes a hydraulic The lift shall be provided with a self-acting mechanical
pump as the force transmitting means to raise and lower means of preventing inadvertent lowering of the load
an automotive vehicle. in the event of failure of the force transmitting means.
Such means shall prevent inadvertent lowering of more
lift, mechanical: a movable device that utilizes mechanical than 3 in. after raising to any position at or above the
lifting means, such as cables, gears, screws, chains or lowest designated storage position. Such means shall
the like as the force transmitting means to raise and automatically reset upon full descent.
lower an automotive vehicle.
17-2.4 Travel Limit
lift platform: the portion of the lift that contacts the auto-
motive vehicle, including any bracket(s), or adapter(s), Each lift shall be provided with a positive means to
provided. prevent the load from being raised or lowered beyond
the design limit of travel.
lift, pneumatic: a movable device that utilizes compressed
air as the force transmitting means to raise and lower 17-2.5 Proof Load
an automotive vehicle. All vehicle transport lifts shall be capable of per-
lifting member: that portion of the lift that activates the forming the proof load test of para. 17-4.1.3 with a proof
lift platform. load of 200% of rated capacity.
load restraint: a device supplied by the manufacturer to 17-2.6 Adapters, Restraints

restrain the load on the lift pad assembly.
All adapters and restraints manufactured specifically
mechanical load holding means: mechanical means of secur- for a lift shall be capable of performing their intended
ing the lift platform in a raised position. function with that lift. All adapters and restraints shall
57

Fig. 17-1 Typical Vehicle Transport Lifts
ASME PALD-2009
58
ASME PALD-2009
be capable of supporting a proof load of 150% of the such that the entire load is upon and above the lift
load they are designed to support. platform shall be centrally located and restrained and
the following operational tests shall be conducted. The
17-3 SAFETY MARKINGS AND MESSAGES mechanical load holding means may be deactivated to
facilitate testing.
Examples of required safety markings and messages
are specified in paras. 17-3.1 and 17-3.2. 17-4.1.1.1 Release Mechanism Test. With the lift
fully extended, the release mechanism shall be operated
17-3.1 Safety Markings to control the initial rate of descent to no more than
Safety markings shall conform to the ANSI Z535 series 1.0 in./sec (25.4 mm/s). With the release mechanism
of standards. fully open, the average rate of descent shall not exceed
(a) Study, understand, and follow all instructions 4 in./sec (100 mm/s).
before operating this device. 17-4.1.1.2 Mobility Test. The lift, with the lift plat-
(b) Do not exceed rated capacity. form at the highest locked height, shall be moved by
(c) Use only on hard, level surfaces. means of the handle provided, in any direction over a
(d) Center load on lift platform. smooth, level floor surface. The lift, while loaded as
(e) Lift only those areas of the automotive vehicle above, shall be moved at 1.5 ft/sec (457 mm/s) to
specified by its manufacturer. 2.0 ft/sec (610 mm/s) across a 0.5 in. (12.7 mm) high,
(f) Immediately after lifting load, ensure lift mechani- 15 deg slope rise in the floor, and a 0.5 in. (12.7 mm)
cal load holding means is engaged. drop to the floor, at an approach angle that will bring
(g) Before moving, lower the load to the lowest possi- each caster or wheel individually into contact with the
ble point. rise and drop. The lift shall traverse the rise and drop
(h) Secure load with appropriate restraint device. without loss of load or tipping over.
(i) Failure to heed these markings may result in per- 17-4.1.1.3 Stability Test. The lift, with the lift plat-
sonal injury and/or property damage. form at the highest locked height, shall be moved by
17-3.2 Safety Messages means of the handle provided, while loaded as above
at 1.5 ft/sec (457 mm/s) to 2.0 ft/sec (610 mm/s) against
Additional safety messages include the following: a 2.0 in. (51 mm) high vertical rise 90 deg to the direction
(a) Use of this product is limited to lifting, lowering, of movement at an approach angle that will bring two
transporting, and storing in the lowered position, loads wheels or casters in simultaneous contact (or the lift
consisting of a single motor vehicle whose lift points base frame in contact) with the rise in the direction of
are compatible with the lift platform. Incompatibility greatest instability. The lift shall not lose the load or
is evident when the loaded vehicle wobbles, appears tip over.
unstable, and/or does not securely engage the lift
platform. 17-4.1.1.4 Horizontal Force Test. With lift raised
(b) Restraining an incompatible load will not make to its highest locked height, a force of 100 lbf (444 N)
the load secure and may cause unexpected loss of load. shall be applied centrally in the lateral and longitudinal
(c) Never work on, around or under a load that is not direction both forward and rearward to the load for
secured and stable. 10 sec. The lift shall not tip over. The lift wheels may
(d) Keep operators and bystanders head, hands and be restrained for this test.
feet away from lift arms when raising and lowering. 17-4.1.1.5 Load-Sustaining Test. With the lift plat-
(e) No alterations shall be made to this product. form at its maximum height, and the mechanical load
(f) Only attachments, restraints, or adapters supplied holding means disengaged, the lift shall sustain the load
by the manufacturer shall be used. and shall not lower more than 0.125 in. (3.18 mm) in
the first minute nor a total of 0.1875 in. (4.76 mm) in
17-4 DESIGN QUALIFICATION TESTING 10 min.
17-4.1 Proof Tests 17-4.1.1.6 Mechanical Load Holding Means Test.

The lift platform shall be raised with the mechanical
load holding means positioned to allow maximum dis-
lifts ability to meet this Standard, sample lifts built to
engaged distance from the nearest downward engage-
design specifications shall be proof tested. To conform
ment. The release valve shall be fully opened to allow
with this Standard, the lift shall perform to design speci-
the maximum rate of descent of the lift. The lift shall
fications and no functional damage shall occur, nor shall
be allowed to free-fall to the nearest engagement. The lift
shall perform to design specifications and no functional
17-4.1.1 Loaded Operational Test. A deadweight damage shall occur, nor shall operational characteristics
load equal to the rated capacity of the lift and configured be detrimentally affected.
59
ASME PALD-2009
17-4.1.2 Load-Limiting Device Test pumped against a measured load with final stage
(a) Hydraulic lifts with a single stage hydraulic cylin- extended 1.0 in. (25.4 mm) to 2.0 in. (51 mm) above its
der equipped with internal load-limiting devices shall be low height until the load-limiting device is activated
pumped against a measured load with the lift platform and the measured load shall be no less than rated capac-
within 1.0 in. (25.4 mm) above its low height until the ity and no more than 125% of its rated capacity.
load-limiting device is activated and the measured load 17-4.1.3 Proof Load Test. A proof load, as defined (09)
shall be no less than rated capacity and no more than in para. 17-2.5, shall be applied centrally across the lift
125% of its rated capacity. platform. The load shall be lifted and lowered through-
(b) Hydraulic lifts with multiple stage hydraulics out the lifting range. For purposes of this test, any inter-
equipped with internal load-limiting devices shall be nal load-limiting device may be deactivated.
60
ASME PALD-2009
Part 18
Attachments, Adapters, and Accessories
18-1 SCOPE, CLASSIFICATION, AND functional damage. To prevent accidental operation, the
ILLUSTRATION handle (if employed), or other operating device, shall
require intentional positive action by the operator to
18-1.1 Scope
move, or reposition the load.
This Part applies to attachments, adapters, and acces-
sories (including below-the-hook devices) that are 18-2.2 Design Requirement
intended to be used in conjunction with one or more of Attachments, adapters, or accessories shall not
the PALDs described herein for the purpose of confor- increase the rated capacity of the host PALD. The attach-
mance of the PALD to the load to be lifted, manipulated ment, adapter, or accessory shall be capable of holding,
or supported. This Part does not apply to those attach- moving, or repositioning its rated capacity throughout
ments, adapters or accessories described elsewhere in its range of travel. It is the responsibility of the manufac-
this Standard that are specific to host PALDs. turer of the attachment, adapter, or accessory that the
Representative devices covered by this Part include, device does not compromise the design integrity of the
but are not limited to: end lift attachments; transmission host PALD. The manufacturer of the attachment,
jack attachments, adapters, or accessories; shop crane adapter, or accessory shall also designate the intended
attachments, adapters, or accessories: drum lift attach- use by stating the applicable make and model of the
ments, adapters or accessories; and load-positioning host PALD.
devices.
18-2.3 Travel Limit
18-1.2 Classification Each attachment, adapter, or accessory shall be pro-
Attachments, adapters, and accessories with or with- vided with a positive means to prevent the load from
out operating controls or adjustment capability are the being moved or repositioned beyond the design limit
classifications covered by this Part. of travel in all possible directions.
18-1.3 Definitions 18-2.4 Proof Load

accessory: a device that, when used with a PALD, pro- Attachments, adapters, or accessories shall be capable
vides an alternative or supplementary function for the of performing the proof load test of para. 18-4.1.3 with
PALD. a proof load of 150% of rated capacity.
adapter: a device that, when connected to a load, facili- 18-2.5 Stability
tates lifting by a PALD. An attachments, adapters, or accessories shall not
attachment: a device that, when connected to a PALD, have loading positions that extend beyond the periph-
facilitates the intended purpose of the host PALD. eral limits of the host device. The host PALD with the
below-the-hook device: an accessory that is used to connect attachment, adapter, or accessory loaded to its rated
a load to shop crane. capacity, shall meet the stability requirements of the host
PALD.
18-2 DESIGN 18-2.6 Lubrication

18-2.1 Operating Controls If needed, the attachment, adapter, or accessory shall
be lubricated by the manufacturer.
and so that the operator will not be subjected to pinch 18-3 SAFETY MARKINGS AND MESSAGES
points, sharp edges, or snagging hazards. The operation Examples of required safety markings and messages
of controls should be clear to the operator either by are specified in paras. 18-3.1 and 18-3.2.
handle (if employed), or other operating device, shall 18-3.1 Safety Markings
be capable of being operated to the rated capacity of Safety markings shall conform to the ANSI Z535 series
the attachment, adapter, or accessory without sustaining of standards.
61
ASME PALD-2009
(a) Study, understand, and follow all instructions attachment, adapter, or accessory shall perform to
before operating this device. design specifications and no functional damage shall
(b) Do not exceed rated capacity. occur, nor shall operational characteristics be detrimen-
(c) Assure load is secured to the device. tally affected.
(d) To be used only with the following PALD (list).
18-4.1.1 Operating Test. The attachment, adapter,
(e) Failure to heed these markings may result in per- or accessory shall be operated in the most adverse posi-
sonal injury and/or property damage. tions, throughout the full range of travel with a con-
18-3.2 Safety Messages nected load equal to the rated capacity.
Additional safety messages include the following: 18-4.1.2 Travel Limit Test. The attachment, adapter,
(a) Release load locking devices (if employed) slowly or accessory shall be operated to the full extent of travel
and carefully. in all possible directions with a connected load equal
(b) No alterations shall be made to this product. to the rated capacity.
18-4.1.3 Proof Load Test. A proof load, as defined
18-4 DESIGN QUALIFICATION TESTING in para. 18-2.4, shall be connected to the attachment,
adapter, or accessory. The attachment, adapter, or acces-
18-4.1 Proof Tests sory shall be capable of holding, moving, and reposition-
For each design or design change that may affect the ing the load throughout the range of travel. Should the
attachments, adapters, or accessorys ability to meet original operating handle (if supplied) not be capable
this Standard, sample attachments, adapters, or accesso- of operating the attachment, adapter, or accessory, a
ries built to design specifications shall be proof tested substitute handle may be used for the performance of
on the host PALD. To conform with this Standard, the this test.
62
ASME PALD-2009
MANDATORY APPENDIX I
REFERENCES
The following are safety standards and codes (unless ANSI Z535.5-1991, Accident Prevention Tags
otherwise noted) referenced within this Standard. It is Publisher: American National Standards Institute
the intent of this Standard to refer to the standards and (ANSI), 25 West 43rd Street, New York, NY 10036
codes listed below in their latest editions when they are (www.ansi.org)
referenced within the Standard.
ASTM B 117-95, Standard Practice for Operating Salt
ANSI Z535.1-1991, Safety Color Code Spray (Fog) Apparatus (not a safety standard)
ANSI Z535.2-1991, Environmental and Facility Safety Publisher: American Society for Testing and Materials
Signs (ASTM International), 100 Barr Harbor Drive,
ANSI Z535.3-1991, Criteria for Safety Symbols P.O. Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959
ANSI Z535.4-1991, Product Safety Signs and Labels (www.astm.org)
63
ASME PALD-2009
NONMANDATORY APPENDIX A
METRIC UNITS CONVERSIONS
1 in. p 25.4 mm
1 lbm p 0.45 kg
1 lbf p 4.448 N
64
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ASME PALD-2009

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STANDARDS COMMITTEE OFFICERS

STANDARDS COMMITTEE PERSONNEL

D. A. Alexander, Alexander Professional Services

GENERAL units are to be regarded as the standard. The SI units

1 Introduction Purpose revised

25 6-2 (1) Paragraph 6-2.3 revised

30 7-4 Title revised

7-4.1.3(a) Footnote 1 revised

8-3 Title revised

14-3 Title revised

51, 52 15-2 (1) Paragraph 15-2.3 deleted

15-3.2 Title revised

57, 59 17-1.3 Revised

17-2 (1) Paragraph 17-2.4 deleted

SAFETY STANDARD FOR PORTABLE AUTOMOTIVE LIFTING

SCOPE industrial use such as those within the scope of

1 PRODUCT MARKING AND IDENTIFICATION 3 OPERATION, MAINTENANCE, AND INSPECTION

3.5 Alterations 4.2 Durability Assessment

1-1 SCOPE, CLASSIFICATION, AND 1-2.3 Proof Load (09)

1-1.2 Classification 1-3 SAFETY MARKINGS AND MESSAGES

(09) Fig. 1-1 Typical Single-Stage Hydraulic Hand Jack

Fig. 1-2 Typical Wheeled Pneumatic/Hydraulic Hand Jack

Fig. 1-3 Typical Pneumatic/Hydraulic Hand Jack

Actuating handle Pneumatic

Fig. 1-4 Typical Multiple-Stage Hydraulic Hand Jack

Second stage ram

First stage ram

2-1 SCOPE, CLASSIFICATION, AND 2-2 DESIGN (09)

Fig. 2-1 Typical Hydraulic Transmission Jack

Fig. 2-2 Typical Pneumatic/Hydraulic Transmission Jacks (09)

Fig. 3-1 Typical T-Style Single-Post Engine Stand

4-1 SCOPE, CLASSIFICATION, AND ILLUSTRATION 4-2.3 Locking Device

4-1.3 Illustration 4-2.5 Saddle

No reproduction may be made of this material without written consent of ASME.

No reproduction may be made of this material without written consent of ASME.

Fig. 5-1 Typical Screw Jack

Fig. 5-2 Typical Bumper Jack

Fig. 5-3 Typical Scissors Jack

(09) 5-2 DESIGN 5-3 SAFETY MARKINGS AND MESSAGES

(09) Fig. 5-5 Stability Test Compound Slope (Down Grade)

(09) Fig. 5-6 Stability Test Compound Slope (Up Grade)

6-1.3 Illustration Base

Figure 6-1 shows a typical upright-type mobile lift Lifting member

7-1 SCOPE, CLASSIFICATION, AND 7-2 DESIGN

Fig. 7-1 Typical Hydraulic Service Jacks

Lift arm/frame axle

Lift arm/frame axle

Fig. 7-2 Typical Pneumatic/Hydraulic Service Jacks

Release Actuating handle

Pneumatic operation actuator

(e) Do not move or dolly the vehicle while on the jack.

(09) 7-4 DESIGN QUALIFICATION TESTING

8-1.4 Definitions Wheel dollies shall be capable of performing the proof

Examples of safety markings and messages are speci-