Professional Documents
Culture Documents
pressures acting on the casing inner and outer diameter A slotted ring model is used to calculate the casing hoop
surfaces: stress increase in the remaining wall section of worn casing
ro
(Fig. 7), where W represents the casing wear depth. The loss
2(Pi ri Po ro ) = 2 dr (2)
of hoop stress plus the exposure of internal pressure on the
ri
worn-out wall portion of a worn casing, comparing with a
API (American Petroleum Institute) has adopted the Balow casing without wear, would be equivalent to a hoop force F:
equation to represent casing burst strength,6 with an
approximation of casing yield under internal pressure, and ri + w
called it as internal yield pressure (the maximum pressure (7)
differential of internal pressure minus external pressure to start
F= ( P + )dr
ri
i
is at the outer diameter fiber of the remaining wall section, and 2. Worn casing full yield burst strength, when the average
the average hoop stress is at the middle of the remaining wall hoop stress in the middle of the remaining wall of worn casing
section. The average and maximum hoop stresses increases as reaches the casing material yield strength:
the casing wear increases, but the minimum hoop stress
decreases as the casing wear increases due to bending. ri + w + ro
,w r = (15)
=y
2
Figure 10 shows a comparison of the derived maximum hoop
stress of the worm casing by drillstring with the maximum
hoop stress by a uniform wear model (calculated from 3. Worn casing ductile tensile rupture burst strength, when the
Equation 1, with new casing inner diameter = ri + w after average hoop stress in the middle of the remaining wall of
wear), on a 9 5/8 53.5# T-95 casing. It is shown that without worn casing reaches the casing material tensile strength:
including the local bending stress the maximum hoop stress at
the remaining wall of worm casing by drillstring is almost the ri + w + ro (16)
same as the maximum hoop stress calculated by uniform- ,w r = = ult
2
worn model. With considering the local bending, the
maximum hoop stress at the remaining wall of worm casing
by drillstring can become very high for large casing wear Figure 14 shows the calculated worn casing burst strength
cases. from the above equations 14 to 16, for a 9 7/8 casing (actual
wall thickness 0.619, yield strength 134,880 psi, tensile
The Finite Element Analysis (FEA) is conducted to model 9 strength 155,185 psi,), comparing with the previously
5/8, 53.5#, T-95 casing with wear by drillpipe tool-joint published worn casing burst test data on the same casing.6 The
(6.5/8 OD). The casing wear depth and wear angle are full yield and rupture burst strengths reduce linearly as casing
calculated based on the wear percentage, as listed in Fig. 11. wear increases, but the initial yield burst strength reduces
more and non-linearly due to the local bending at the worn
section. The rupture burst strength is seen very close to the
Figure 12 shows the FEA modeling result on a 30% wear case
previously published worn casing burst test data.6
for 1000 psi casing internal pressure and zero external
pressure. The maximum hoop stress occurs at the inner
Figure 15 shows the initial yield burst strength of the
diameter fiber of the worn section is about 21,000 psi, and the
crescent-worn casing by drillstring (with and without
minimum hoop stress about 2,800 psi at the outer diameter
considering the local bending at the worn casing section),
fiber of the worn section.
comparing with the initial yield burst strength from a
uniform-worn casing model (calculated from Equation 1,
The worn casing deformation is also studied by FEA modeling
with new casing inner diameter = ri + w after wear), and as
on the 9 5/8, 53.5#, T-95 worn casing. For a 50% wear casing
well as the API casing burst strength linearly-reduced by
and under 1000 psi internal pressure and zero external
casing wear (it is also a uniform wear model). It is seen that
pressure, the original round shape of casing at zero internal
the initial yield burst strength of crescent-worn casing
pressure will be deformed into a slightly oval shape as
without considering the local bending is almost the same as
shown in Fig. 13, due to a weaker worn section under higher
that from the uniform-worn casing model. The API burst
tension and bending loads (the shown deformation is 50 times
strength (87.5% min. wall) further reduced by linear reduction
larger than actual for easy observation).
(uniform-worn casing model) gives a safe prediction on
the initial yield burst strength of crescent-worn casing with
Based on the above analysis and derivation, the worn casing
the local bending being considered on low casing wear
burst strength could be defined when the casing yields or
condition (about less than 20% wear).
ruptures in the remaining wall section of worn casing. The
worn casing yield burst strength can be determined through
Conclusions
the von Mises yield criterion for casing triaxial stresses
1. Analytic and Finite Element Analysis (FEA) modeling is
condition:
conducted to develop a hoop stress equation for the
thinner portion of crescent-worn casing by drillstring,
2, w + r2 + a2 2, w r2 2, w a2 r2 a2 = y (13) which gives a hoop stress similar to that from a uniform-
worn model when local bending at the worn section is
When considering only casing hoop stress and 100% wall ignored, but a higher max. hoop stress than that from a
thickness casing, the worn casing burst strength could be uniform-worn model when local bending is considered.
calculated as follows. 2. Casing burst strength can be estimated by a linear
reduction starting from casing full-yield or rupture burst
1. Worn casing initial yield burst strength, when the maximum strength by the wear percentage for casing worn by
hoop stress at the inner diameter fiber of the remaining wall of drillstring under sweet service condition, which gives a
worn casing reaches the casing material yield strength: reduced casing burst strength higher than that from a
linear reduction starting from API burst strength.
3. For sour service condition, casing burst strength of worn
, w (r = ri + w) = y (14)
casing by drillstring may be reduced more by a non-linear
4 SPE 94304
Po Po
Pi
Pi
ro ri
ro ri
2 t = Pi Di
2 t = Pi Di
(a) (b)
Fig. 3 Casing hoop stress and internal pressure balance on casing without wear.
6 SPE 94304
10000
5000
0
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
Casing wall thickness, in.
(a) (b)
Fig. 5 Casing hoop stress balances with internal pressure on worn casing.
SPE 94304 9
(a) (b)
Fig. 6 Casing hoop stress balances with internal pressure on casing without wear.
w w F F
ri ro ri ro
Pi
= Pi
t t
Fig. 7 Casing wear slotted ring model on hoop stress pressure balance.
M M
w F F w F F
ri ro ro
ri
Pi Pi
t t
Fig. 8 Casing wear slotted ring model on force and moment balance.
8 SPE 94304
25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
-5000
Casing Wear, %
Figure 9 Worn casing hoop stress in the remaining wall section.
25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Casing Wear, %
Casing A B C
Casing Wear Wear Depth Eccentricity Wear angle
(%) (in.) (in.) (deg.)
Pi (internal pressure) 0 0 0.955 0
Drillpipe tool-joint Ro 5 0.0273 0.982 23.77
10 0.0545 1.010 33.15
20 0.1090 1.064 45.62
30 0.1635 1.119 54.42
Ri B
C 40 0.2180 1.173 61.26
50 0.2725 1.228 66.82
60 0.3270 1.282 71.46
Rt
70 0.3815 1.337 75.41
80 0.4360 1.391 78.80
A 90 0.4905 1.446 81.76
100 0.5450 1.500 84.34
1 NODAL SOLUTION
APR 4 2004
STEP=1
13:36:50
SUB =10
TIME=1
S1 (AVG)
DMX =.004864
SMN =2809
SMX =21066
MX
MN
14,000
11,000
8,000
5,000
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Casing w ear, %
11,000
8,000
5,000
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Casing wear, %