Proceedings of IJPGC2003:

International Joint Power Generation Conference

June 15-19, 2003, Atlanta, Georgia, USA

IJPGC2003-40143

DEVELOPING TURBULENCE ON THE PROPAGATION OF FLAMES IN METHANE-

AIR PREMIXTURE

M. Z. Haq
Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh
Tel. : (8802) 9665636
Fax. : (8802) 8613046
e-mail : zahurul@me.buet.ac.bd

ABSTRACT combustion, a large portion of the total combustion time is

In spark ignition engines, initial flame kernel is wrinkled by
a progressively increasing bandwidth of turbulence length
scales until eventually the size of the flame kernel is sufficient
for it to experience the entire turbulence spectrum. In the
present study, an effective r.m.s. turbulence velocity as a
function of time, estimated by integrating the non-dimensional
power spectrum density function for isotropic turbulence, is
utilized in the analysis of the statistical distribution of flame
front curvatures and turbulent burning velocities of flames
propagating in methane-air premixtures. The distribution of
flame front curvatures shows these to become more dispersed as
the effective turbulence velocity increases, and results in
increased burning of premixtures. A decrease in the Markstein
number also results in a further increase in curvature dispersion
and enhanced burning, in line with the flame stability analysis.
Keywords: Premixed flame, Turbulence spectrum, Flame
front curvature, Turbulent burning velocity.
INTRODUCTION
In a turbulent premixture inside the engine cylinder, spark
initiates reaction and a propagating flame front capable of
overcoming the high geometric stretch. As the flame kernel
grows and the influence of the geometric stretch is superseded
by stretch due to aerodynamic strain, the flame is, at first,
wrinkled by only the smallest scales of turbulence [1,2]. When
the flame ball is small relative to the average eddy size, the high
frequency, smaller eddies are most effective in shearing and
wrinkling the flame front, and eddies larger than the flame
kernel mostly propel the flame around [3]. The size of the eddy
interacting with the initial flame kernel plays an important role
in the early flame development. Although most of the mass in
the combustion chamber burns in the later stage of the
occupied by the early flame growth [4]. It is now widely
accepted that the early flame development is an important factor
affecting the cycle-to-cycle variations in the engine [5,6].
As the kernel continues to grow it becomes progressively
wrinkled by the larger length scales with an associated increase
in the turbulent burning velocity as a result of the contribution
of an increasingly larger portion of the turbulence spectrum [1].
During this period, turbulent velocity effective in wrinkling the
flame is u'k (u'k u'), where u is the r.m.s. turbulent velocity.
After sufficient time, eventually the size of the kernel is
sufficient for it to experience the entire turbulence spectrum.
The effect of turbulence (embodied in u'k) on flame wrinkling is
then fully developed and equal to u' [2]. However, a reverse
effect, ``de-developing turbulence", might occur as the flame
approaches the walls - such that only progressively smaller
scales of turbulence affect the flame propagation [7].
It is now widely recognized that turbulent flames in spark-
ignited engines can be treated as array of laminar flamelets with
no turbulence structure residing within them, and the flame
front is considered as an interface separating cold reactants and
the burned combustion products [8]. Flamelet combustion
corresponds to chemical reaction occurring at fast time scales
and short length scales relative to turbulence. In this situation,
the flame is confined to a relatively thin layer and the dominant
effects of turbulence is to increase the flame surface area and to
strain the local flame [9]. Consequently, the effect of strain have
been widely used to correlated the turbulent burning velocity.
However, flame front curvature strongly influences the
distribution of fast diffusing radicals such as H, the
concentration of which increases in regions of negative
curvature, as a consequence of flame focusing [10]. This
results in a further increase in local displacement speed of the

1 Copyright 2003 by ASME

flame and plays a significant role in turbulent flame
propagation. Therefore, recently the analyses of turbulent flame
in the flamelet regimes have involved the various spatial
statistical properties of the flame surface [11]. Hence, the flame
surface area, flame curvature and orientation statistics provide a
complete geometrical description of the turbulent flame surface
propagation [12].
Using Laser sheet imaging techniques, it is possible to
visualize the turbulent flame surfaces, derive the statistics of
curvatures of flame fronts and profile the distribution of burned
and unburned gases at all stages of the flame explosion. The
paper reports the effects of developing turbulence on the
propagation of flames in the methane-air premixture at 300 K
using planar laser sheet images. The sequence of two-
dimensional images are analyzed to derive the statistics of flame
front curvatures and turbulent burning velocities for r.m.s.
turbulence intensities of 0.6 and 1.2 m/s, at two initial pressures
of 0.1 and 0.5 MPa. Experimental conditions of present study
are summarized in Table 1.
After a sequence of image processing steps, clear cross
sectional view of the flame, identified as the frontier between
the bright, unburned, and the dark, burned regions in the
illuminated zone, were obtained. A front tracking algorithm
was used to obtain the front coordinates from the images with a
spatial resolution of 0.32 mm/pixel. Flame front coordinates
were analyzed to measure turbulent burning parameters.
Shown in Fig. 1 are flame images obtained from an
explosion of stoichiometric methane-air mixture at an initial
pressure of 0.1 MPa, initial temperature of 300 K. The flame
front wrinkling caused by different length scales and the
persistence of history are clearly visible. Shown in Fig. 2 are
flame images obtained from explosions at different initial
conditions where the effects of effective turbulence and
Markstein number are evident. Hence, Markstein number is
defined to account for the sensitivity of a flame to stretch and
lower values of Markstein numbers are strongly related to the
early onset of instability of flames propagating in laminar
premixtures [13].

Table 1. Initial conditions and mixture properties of

methane-air premixtures at 300 K.
P U u b ul
(MPa) (m/s) (Kg/m3) (Kg/m3) (m/s) (mm) (mm)
0.1 0.8 0.6 1.12 0.167 0.265 0.142 2.93 (1) (4)
0.1 1.0 0.6 1.11 0.148 0.36 0.142 2.93
0.1 1.0 0.6 1.11 0.148 0.36 0.085 2.07
0.5 1.0 1.2 5.55 0.732 0.195 0.043 1.31
0.5 1.0 1.2 5.55 0.732 0.195 0.025 0.926
(5) (8)
EXPERIMENTAL AND ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES
Methane-air premixtures were ignited in a 380 mm
diameter, spherical, stainless steel vessel that is capable of
withstanding temperatures and pressures generated from
explosions with initial pressures up to 1.5 MPa and
temperatures up to 600 K. It has extensive optical access (9) (12)
through three pairs of orthogonal windows of 150 mm diameter.
A copper vapor laser, model CU15-A, made by Oxford Lasers,
operating simultaneously at wavelengths of 510.6 nm (green)
and 578.2 (dark yellow), was used as a light source. A light
sheet of thickness of 0.5 mm was generated using a combination (13) (16)
of spherical and cylindrical lenses and passed along a vertical
plane just in front of the spark plug located in the center of the
vessel and was Mie scattered from smoke particle seeds. The
particles either evaporated, sublimed or burned as it crossed the
flame front and consequently did not scatter lights, and so
provided a planar section of the complex, three-dimensional, (17) (20)
flame front geometry. The scattered lights were imaged Figure 1. Flame images for the propagation in methane-air
perpendicular to the incident light and the images were recorded premixture with an isotropic r.m.s. turbulent velocity of 0.6 m/s.
and stored using a Kodak Ektapro HS Motion Analyzer, Model Time interval between the images is 0.67 ms and real size of the
4540, capable of recording 256x256 pixel digital images, 4500 full frame image is 128 mm.
images per second. A 510.6 nm interference filter was attached
to the camera lens to prevent flame generated light from
obscuring the sheet images.

2 Copyright 2003 by ASME


(a) P = 0.1 MPa, = 1.0,
u = 0.6 m/s, Mab = 21.7
(c) P = 0.1 MPa, = 1.0,
u = 1.2 m/s, Mab = 21.7
(b) P = 0.1 MPa, = 0.8,
u = 0.6 m/s, Mab = 11.8
(d) P = 0.5 MPa, = 1.0,
u = 1.2 m/s, Mab = -19.3
dm
= 4Ri2 u u t (3)
dt
,where, Ri is a mean general radius associated with the turbulent
burning velocity ut, u is the unburned gas density and m is the
mass of the gas changing from unburned to burned. However,
problem arises in defining burned and unburned and, also in
selecting the most appropriate value of Ri. In the present study,
a thin planar sheet cutting the mean spherical flame kernel is
considered. This is shown in Fig. 3. and the general radius, Ri,
lies between a root radius, Rr and a tip radius, Rt. The
circumference of radius Rr embraces the burned gas entirely,
whilst the circumference of radius Rt has nothing but unburned
gas outside it. It is also necessary to define masses of unburned
and burned gas associated with the different zones. Let mui be
the mass of unburned gas within the general perimeter of radius
Ri, muo is the mass of unburned gas outside perimeter Ri but
within that of Rt, mbi is the mass of burned gas inside the
perimeter of Ri, mbo is the mass of burned gas outside the
perimeter of Ri but within Rt, and mu is the mass remaining
outside Rt. The definitions of masses are also shown in Fig. 3.

Figure 2. Flame images at different initial conditions.

Estimation of Flame Front Curvature

Analytically, the flame front curvature, H, can be calculated
using flame front coordinates (x,y), as:
d 2 y / dx 2
H=
[1 + (dy / dx ) ] 3/ 2
(1)
2

However, the use of an independent variable, s, has been

reported to provide improvement over this procedure [12]
because the flame curvature then may be analyzed regardless of
the slope and complexities of the flame surface. Hence, s, is the
distance along the flame front from a fixed origin located on it.
The curvature, H, is obtained from [12,14]
1/ 2
d 2 x 2 d 2 y 2
H = 2 + 2 (2)
ds ds Figure 3. Definition of reference radii and associated masses
Hence, the flame curvature is defined being positive if the flame for a flame image.
element is convex towards the reactant gases. The flame
coordinates obtained from digital images required some In the flame images, the proportions of circumference
smoothing of the flame edge. In the present study, the Savitzky- occupied by unburned and burned gases were measured around
Golay algorithm [15] is used for data smoothing and numerical the circumference for all the full range of radii at different
differentiation. instants during each explosions. From these flame images,
values of average volume fractions occupied by unburned gas at
Estimation of Turbulent Burning Velocity the different spherical radii r, (r) were estimated. The
For a spherical flame propagation, a mass rate of burning assumption of isotropy enables these values to be expressed
can be expressed in the form: solely as a function of r.

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Hence, the mass of unburned gas within any general radius Ri, the elapsed time, tk, measured from ignition, the corresponding
mui , is value of k is given by:
2
Ri
k=
m ui ( Ri ) = 4 u ( r ) r dr 2 (4) (11)
u' t k
o , and, Kolmogorov length scale, , is defined as
= ( 3 / )
1/ 4
The mass of unburned gas outside this general radius Ri, muo, is
Rt
(12)
, where is the specific rate of dissipation of turbulent kinetic
muo ( Ri ) = 4 u (r ) r 2 dr (5)
energy and is the kinematic viscosity. Kolmogorov length
Ri scale is related to the Taylor macro-scale, , as
Similarly, the mass of burned gas within any general radius Ri,
= 15 1 / 4 R1 / 2 (13)
mbi, is
Ri , where R is the Reynolds number based on Taylor scale and is
mbi ( Ri ) = 4 b (1 (r ))r dr 2 (6) related to integral length scale, L, as
A
o = (14)
The mass of burned gas outside the general radius Ri, mbo, is L R
Rt , where A is a numeric constant. Scott [16] suggested the value
mbo ( Ri ) = 4 b (1 (r ))r 2 dr (7) of A = 16 1.5, and it gives a good fit to the measurements,
Ri
over a wide range of the data [17].
Mass conservation implies that: The non-dimensional turbulence power spectrum, S ( k ) ,
dmui dmuo dmbi dmbo dmu (8) measured over a wide range of physical situations, reveals that
+ + + + =0 the spectra at the higher wave-numbers collapse to a universal
dt dt dt dt dt form of k-5/3 and, as the Reynolds number decreases, the spectra
In the present study, the value of Ri is defined such that the show shorter ranges of universal behavior [17]. Scott [16]
volume of unburned gas inside the circumference of radius Rv, produced a correlation for S (k ) as a function of k and R :
is equal to that is burned gas outside that circumference.
Hence, the value of Rv is estimated by equating mui(Ri)/u from 0.01668R2.5 + 3.74R0.9 70R0.1
S (k ) =
Rt 1 + (0.127R1.5 k ) 5 / 3 + (1.15R0.622 k ) 4 + (1.27 R0.357 k ) 7
Eq. (4) and 4 (1 (r ))r dr from Eq. (7), computing its
2
(15)
Ri The good agreement between Eq. (15) and the data of other
value by Bisection method [15]. A turbulent burning velocity is researches are seen in Fig. 4, where the symbols are the
defined at Rv such that it measures the mass rate of production measured values reported in [17] and the lines corresponds to
of burned gas, which is related to the pressure development in the values obtained from the correlation.
engine cylinders, and is given by:
d
(mbi + mbo ) = 4Rv2 u u t
7
10
Symbols R
(9) 10
6
2980
dt 5 2000
10
4 850
10 308
Estimation of Effective r.m.s. Turbulent Velocity 3
10 170
At any instant, the effective r.m.s. turbulence velocity, u'k,
S(k )

2 130
10
was estimated by the integral of the dimensional power spectral 1
72
10
density function, from the highest frequency to a threshold 0
10
frequency given by the reciprocal of the elapsed time from -1
10
ignition [2]. Scott [16] improved the non-dimensional power -2
spectrum by replacing dimensional frequency with a 10
-3
10
dimensionless wave number, k , defined as: 10
-4
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
0

k = k (10) k

,where k is the wave number and is the Kolmogorov length Figure 4. Generalized psd function showing the spectrum of
scale. The wave number provides the link to the time scale. At turbulent energy.

4 Copyright 2003 by ASME

 At an elapsed time of tk, the r.m.s. turbulent velocity EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
effective in wrinkling the flame front, u'k , is given by: Shown in Fig. 7 are the probability density functions (pdfs)
1/ 2 of curvature of a stoichiometric methane-air flames at three
15 0.5

different elapsed times. The pdfs are symmetric with respect to
u k' = u ' S ( k ) d k (16) a very small negative mean value. The width (variance)
R k
increased with time, commensurate with increased flame
Values of u'k are obtained at different values of k by wrinkling.
From such flame curvature pdfs, reported in Fig. 7, it is
numerical integration of Eq. (16) using Eq. (15). Shown in Fig. possible to compute the positive, negative, and overall mean
1
5 are such variations of u'k/u' plotted against k for a range of flame curvatures H+, H- and Ho. Shown in Fig. 8(a) are the
values H+, Ho and H- plotted against elapsed time for three
values of R. Hence, the values of u'k/u' for different tk are
different explosions at u' = 0.6 m/s. The positive and negative
computed and are plotted in Fig. 6 for the experimental
values of curvature clearly increase with time, while the mean
conditions of the present study. It is evident in Fig. 6 that the
remains close to zero. Shown in Fig. 8(b) are the values of
flames are not fully developed turbulence even after 15 ms
variance of curvature, obtained from these explosions.
elapsed time from ignition and it emphasizes the role of
developing turbulence effects in modeling of turbulent flame
P = 0.1 MPa, T = 300K, u' = 0.6m/s, = 1.0
propagation in engines.
2.5 Symbol Elapsed time
6.0 ms
1.0
R = 50 10.0 ms
0.9 2.0 14.0 ms
R = 2000
0.8 R = 100
1.5

pdf of H
0.7 R = 250
u'k / u'

0.6 1.0
0.5
0.5
0.4 R = 1000
0.3 R = 750 0.0
0.2 R = 500
0.1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

0.0 -1
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Flame front curvature, H (mm )
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
-1
k Figure 7. Curvature pdfs for a developing methane-air flame
front at three different elapsed times..
Figure 5. Development of effective r.m.s. turbulent velocity.
P = 0.1 MPa, T = 300 K, u' = 0.6 m/s, = 1.0
P = 0.1 MPa P = 0.5 MPa (a)
0.2
+
0.1 H
0.4 u' = 1.2 m/s
H (mm )
-1

0.0
o
H
0.3 -0.1
_
H
u'k /u'

-0.2
0.2 u' = 0.6 m/s
0.08
Variance of H

(b)
0.06
0.1
0.04
0.02
0.0 0.00
0.0 2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0

Elapsed time, tk (ms) Elapsed time, tk (ms)

Figure 6. Temporal development of the effective r.m.s. Figure 8. (a) Positive, negative and mean flame curvatures, (b)
turbulent velocity for the initial conditions. Variance of pdf of curvatures, plotted as a function of elapsed
time from ignition.

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 The influence of u'k and Markstein numbers are clearly Equation (18) also has been verified using experimental data
revealed in Fig. 9, which shows an increasing variance of H as and an example is shown in Fig. 11, where the values of dRv/dt
u'k is increased. For similar Markstein numbers, the magnitude are plotted as function of ut(Rv) u/b, using data obtained from
of variance of H are similar, however lower values of Markstein four different explosions of stoichiometric methane-air
numbers are associated with the higher variance of the curvature premixtures at u = 0.6 m/s. The experimental results satisfies
pdfs. This observation is in line with the flame stability analysis the relationship quite closely; the observed scatter probably
which reports that flames with lower value of Markstein arises from the numerical methods employed in estimating these
numbers to show greater propensity to cellular flame to occur at values.
smaller flame radii [13,18].
Shown in Fig. 10 are the values of normalized turbulent
6
burning velocities defined at Rv, ut(Rv)/ul plotted as a function P = 0.5 MPa, = 1.0, Mab = - 19.3

of normalized effective r.m.s. turbulent velocity, uk/ul for 5

different initial conditions. All these dimensionless data
suggest that, for same values of uk/ul , values of ut(Rv)/ul are 4
increased by with a decrease in Markstein number, and for u' = 0.6 m/s
3 u' = 1.2 m/s

ut /ul
same values of Markstein number the values of ut(Rv)/ul are
found to increase with increase in the values of uk/ul . These 2
all signifies the importance of both the effective r.m.s. velocity P = 0. 1MPa, = 1.0, Mab = 21.7
and Markstein number in the turbulent burning of premixtures. 1
P = 0.1MPa, = 0.8, Mab = 11.8

0.20 0
P = 0.5 MPa, = 1.0, Ma b = - 19.3 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5

u'k /ul
0.15
u' = 1.2 m/s
Variance of H

u' = 0.6 m/s

P = 0.1MPa, = 0.8, Ma b = 11.8 Figure 10. Variation of ut(Rv)/ul with uk/ul for methane-air
0.10
premixtures at different initial conditions.

0.05 P = 0.1 MPa, T = 300 K, u' = 0.6 m/s, = 1.0

5.0
P = 0. 1MPa, = 1.0, Ma b = 21.7
0.00
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 4.5 dRv/ d t = ut(Rv) u/b

Effective turbulence, u'k (m/s)

d Rv/d t (m/s)

4.0

Figure 9. Variance of curvature pdfs of methane-air flame

fronts at different initial conditions of equivalence ratio, , 3.5
pressure and r.m.s. turbulent velocity. Expt. 1
Expt. 2
3.0
Expt. 3
Measured values of turbulent burning velocities and
Expt. 4
turbulent flame speeds can be related analytically when both of 2.5
these values are defined at a reference radius, Rv. Hence, mass 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0

of the burned gas at any time can be written as (4 / 3) R b . 2

v
ut(Rv) u/b (m/s)
Hence, Eq. (9) can be written as:
d 4 3
d
(m bi + m bo ) =
dt 3
R v b = 4R v2 b
dR v
(17)
Figure 11. Relationship between turbulent flame speeds and
dt dt turbulent burning velocities defined at Rv.
Hence, turbulent flame speed dRv/dt is related to turbulent
burning velocity, ut(Rv) by,
dRv u
= ut (18)
dt b

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CONCLUSIONS
The paper reports the effects of developing turbulence on the
propagating flame kernel in isotropic methane-air premixture.
Two dimensional PMS images are analyzed to derive the
statistics of flame front curvatures. The major conclusions of
the study are:
Flame front curvature distributions become more dispersed
with increase in elapsed time from ignition.
Consideration of developing turbulence is important in
determining the pdf of curvature for flame propagation in
turbulent premixture.
For same effective r.m.s. turbulent velocity, flame front
wrinkling are reasonably similar as long as the
corresponding Markstein numbers are similar.
A decrease in Markstein number increases the flame front
curvature dispersion, in line with the flame front stability
studies. A flame with a negative Markstein number is more
wrinkled than a flame with a positive Markstein number.
Turbulent burning velocities increase with increase in
effective r.m.s. turbulent velocity and with decrease in
Markstein numbers.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author acknowledges the friendship and co-operations of
the members of the Combustion Group of the School of
Mechanical Engineering, Leeds University, UK.
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