Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report

Surveillance Summaries / Vol. 65 / No. 9 August 12, 2016

Sexual Identity, Sex of Sexual Contacts, and

Health-Related Behaviors Among Students
in Grades 912 United States
and Selected Sites, 2015

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
 Surveillance Summaries

CONTENTS
Introduction.............................................................................................................2
Methods.....................................................................................................................3
Results........................................................................................................................5
Discussion.............................................................................................................. 77
Limitations............................................................................................................. 80
Conclusions........................................................................................................... 81
References.............................................................................................................. 81

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 Surveillance Summaries

Sexual Identity, Sex of Sexual Contacts,

and Health-Related Behaviors Among Students
in Grades 912 United States and Selected Sites, 2015
Laura Kann, PhD1
Emily OMalley Olsen, MSPH1
Tim McManus, MS1
William A. Harris, MM1
Shari L. Shanklin, MPH1
Katherine H. Flint, MA2
Barbara Queen, MS3
Richard Lowry, MD1
David Chyen, MS1
Lisa Whittle, MPH1
Jemekia Thornton, MPA1
Connie Lim, MPA1
Yoshimi Yamakawa, MPH1
Nancy Brener, PhD1
Stephanie Zaza, MD1
1Division of Adolescent and School Health, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, CDC
2ICF International, Rockville, Maryland
3Westat, Rockville, Maryland

Abstract
Problem: Sexual identity and sex of sexual contacts can both be used to identify sexual minority youth. Significant health disparities
exist between sexual minority and nonsexual minority youth. However, not enough is known about health-related behaviors that
contribute to negative health outcomes among sexual minority youth and how the prevalence of these health-related behaviors
compare with the prevalence of health-related behaviors among nonsexual minorities.
Reporting Period: September 2014December 2015.
Description of the System: The Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS) monitors six categories of priority health-
related behaviors among youth and young adults: 1) behaviors that contribute to unintentional injuries and violence; 2) tobacco
use; 3) alcohol and other drug use; 4) sexual behaviors related to unintended pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections,
including human immunodeficiency virus infection; 5) unhealthy dietary behaviors; and 6) physical inactivity. In addition, YRBSS
monitors the prevalence of obesity and asthma and other priority health-related behaviors. YRBSS includes a national school-
based Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) conducted by CDC and state and large urban school district school-based YRBSs
conducted by state and local education and health agencies. For the 2015 YRBSS cycle, a question to ascertain sexual identity
and a question to ascertain sex of sexual contacts was added for the first time to the national YRBS questionnaire and to the
standard YRBS questionnaire used by the states and large urban school districts as a starting point for their YRBS questionnaires.
This report summarizes results for 118 health-related behaviors plus obesity, overweight, and asthma by sexual identity and sex
of sexual contacts from the 2015 national survey, 25 state surveys, and 19 large urban school district surveys conducted among
students in grades 912.
Results: Across the 18 violence-related risk behaviors nationwide, the prevalence of 16 was higher among gay, lesbian, and bisexual
students than heterosexual students and the prevalence of 15 was higher among students who had sexual contact with only the
same sex or with both sexes than students who had sexual contact with only the opposite sex. Across the 13 tobacco use-related
risk behaviors, the prevalence of 11 was higher among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students than heterosexual students and the
prevalence of 10 was higher among students who had sexual contact with only the same sex or with both sexes than students who
had sexual contact with only the opposite sex. Similarly, across the 19 alcohol or other drug use-related risk behaviors, the prevalence
of 18 was higher among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students than
heterosexual students and the prevalence of 17 was higher among
Corresponding author: Laura Kann, PhD, Division of Adolescent and students who had sexual contact with only the same sex or with
School Health, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD,
and TB Prevention. Telephone: 404-718-8132; E-mail: lkk1@cdc.gov. both sexes than students who had sexual contact with only the
opposite sex. This pattern also was evident across the six sexual

US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 1
 Surveillance Summaries

risk behaviors. The prevalence of five of these behaviors was higher among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students than heterosexual
students and the prevalence of four was higher among students who had sexual contact with only the same sex or with both sexes
than students who had sexual contact with only the opposite sex. No clear pattern of differences emerged for birth control use,
dietary behaviors, and physical activity.
Interpretation: The majority of sexual minority students cope with the transition from childhood through adolescence to
adulthood successfully and become healthy and productive adults. However, this report documents that sexual minority students
have a higher prevalence of many health-risk behaviors compared with nonsexual minority students.
Public Health Action: To reduce the disparities in health-risk behaviors among sexual minority students, it is important to raise
awareness of the problem; facilitate access to education, health care, and evidence-based interventions designed to address priority
health-risk behaviors among sexual minority youth; and continue to implement YRBSS at the national, state, and large urban
school district levels to document and monitor the effect of broad policy and programmatic interventions on the health-related
behaviors of sexual minority youth.

Introduction sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including HIV infection;

Sexual identity and sex of sexual contacts can both be used to
identify sexual minority youth. Sexual minority youth include
those who identify as gay, lesbian, and bisexual and those who
are not sure about their sexual identity as well as those who
have sexual contact with only the same sex or with both sexes.
Dissonance between sexual identity and sex of sexual contact
occurs, particularly among youth (17). Some youth who
identify as heterosexual, gay, lesbian, or bisexual and some
youth who are not sure of their sexual identity might not
have had any sexual contact. Some youth who have had sexual
contact with only the same sex or with both sexes might identify
as heterosexual and some youth who have had sexual contact
with only the opposite sex might identify as gay, lesbian, or
bisexual or be not sure of their sexual identity. Sexual identity
and sex of sexual contacts can change throughout the life span.
Significant health disparities exist between sexual minority
and nonsexual minority youth (7,8). More specifically,
violence, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection,
sexually transmitted infections, and pregnancy occur more
frequently among sexual minority youth than nonsexual
minority youth. In addition, some sexual minority youth
struggle with stigma, discrimination, family disapproval, and
social rejection. However, not enough is known about health-
related behaviors that contribute to negative health outcomes
among sexual minority youth and how the prevalence of these
health-related behaviors compare with the prevalence of health-
related behaviors among nonsexual minority youth (8).
CDC developed the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System
(YRBSS) to monitor six categories of priority health-related
behaviors that contribute to the leading causes of mortality
and morbidity among youth and adults in the United States:
1) behaviors that contribute to unintentional injuries and
violence; 2) tobacco use; 3) alcohol and other drug use;
4) sexual behaviors related to unintended pregnancy and
5) unhealthy dietary behaviors; and 6) physical inactivity. These
behaviors frequently are interrelated and are established during
childhood and adolescence and extend into adulthood. YRBSS
also monitors obesity, overweight, asthma, and other priority
health-related behaviors. YRBSS includes school-based national,
state, and large urban school district Youth Risk Behavior
Surveys (YRBS) conducted among representative samples of
students in grades 912. Additional information about the
YRBSS is available at http://www.cdc.gov/yrbs.
Since 1995, the need for data on the priority health-related
behaviors of high school students by sexual minority subgroup
has been recognized by an increasing number of states and large
urban school districts (Table 1). With CDC support, these
states and large urban school districts began adding at least one
of two questions to their YRBS questionnaire to ascertain sexual
identity and/or sex of sexual contacts and to generate estimates
of priority health-related behaviors by sexual identity and sex
of sexual contacts. For the 1997 YRBSS cycle, a question on
sexual identity and a question on sex of sexual contacts were
placed on the YRBS Optional Question List for the first time
indicating CDCs support for the use of these questions. Results
from seven states and six large urban school districts that used
these questions during 20012009 were then summarized in
a previous MMWR Surveillance Summary (9). For the 2015
YRBSS cycle, on the basis of substantial support from the
state and large urban school district YRBS coordinators, the
two questions ascertaining sexual minority status were added
for the first time to the standard YRBS questionnaire used by
the states and large urban school districts as a starting point
for their YRBS questionnaires. The two questions also were
added to the national YRBS questionnaire for the first time.
This report provides the first national estimates of the
percentage of high school students who are gay, lesbian,
and bisexual or are not sure of their sexual identity and the
percentage of high school students who have had sexual contact

2 MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
 Surveillance Summaries
with only the same sex or with both sexes. In addition, this
report summarizes results for 118 health-related behaviors
plus obesity, overweight, and asthma from the 2015 national
YRBS by sexual identity and sex of sexual contacts. Results
from 25 state and 19 large urban school district surveys that
added at least one of the questions to ascertain sexual minority
status and had weighted data for the 2015 YRBSS cycle also
are included in this report. However, seven states (Colorado,
Georgia, Iowa, New Jersey, Ohio, Texas, and Wisconsin) and
two large urban school districts (Chicago and Shelby County)
that added at least one of the questions to ascertain sexual
minority status, but had unweighted data, are not included
in this report. Among the 25 states and 19 large urban school
districts included in this report, two state and one large urban
school district surveys were conducted during fall 2014; the
national survey, 22 state, and 16 large urban school district
surveys were conducted during spring 2015; and one state
and two large urban school district surveys were conducted
during fall 2015.
Methods
Detailed information about the methodology of the
national, state, and large urban school district YRBSs has been
described elsewhere (10). Information also is available at http://
www.cdc.gov/yrbs.
Sampling
National Youth Risk Behavior Survey
The sampling frame for the 2015 national YRBS consisted
of all regular public* and private schools with students in at
least one of grades 912 in the 50 states and the District of
Columbia. The sampling frame was based on the Market Data
Retrieval (MDR) database (11), which includes information
on both public and private schools, and the most recent
data from the Common Core of Data from the National
Center for Education Statistics (12). A three-stage cluster
sample design produced a nationally representative sample of
students in grades 912 who attend public and private schools.
The first-stage sampling frame consisted of 1,259 primary
sampling units (PSUs), consisting of counties, subareas of
large counties, or groups of smaller, adjacent counties. The
1,259 PSUs were categorized into 16 strata according to their
metropolitan statistical area (MSA) status (e.g., urban city)
* Might include charter schools and public alternative, special education, or
vocational schools.
Might include religious and other private schools, but does not include private
alternative, special education, or vocational schools.
US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
and the percentages of black and Hispanic students in the
PSUs. From the 1,259 PSUs, 54 were sampled with probability
proportional to overall school enrollment size for the PSU.
In the second stage of sampling, 180 schools with any of
grades 912 were sampled with probability proportional to
school enrollment size from within the 54 PSUs. The third
stage of sampling consisted of random sampling in each of
grades 912, one or two classrooms from either a required
subject (e.g., English or social studies) or a required period (e.g.,
homeroom or second period). All students in sampled classes
were eligible to participate. Schools, classes, and students that
refused to participate were not replaced.
State and Large Urban School District Youth Risk
Behavior Surveys
In 2015, a two-stage cluster sample design was used to
produce a representative sample of public school students in
grades 912 in the 25 states and 19 large urban school districts
that asked at least one of two questions to ascertain sexual
minority status. In the first sampling stage, schools with any
of grades 912 were sampled with probability proportional to
school enrollment size in 23 states and three large urban school
districts; all schools with any of grades 912 were invited to
participate in two states and 16 large urban school districts. In
the second sampling stage, intact classes from either a required
subject (e.g., English or social studies) or a required period
(e.g., homeroom or second period) were sampled randomly in
24 states and 18 large urban school districts, and all students
in the sampled classes were eligible to participate. In one state
and one large urban school district, all students in sampled
schools were eligible to participate.
Data Collection Procedures and
Questionnaires
Survey procedures for the national, state, and large urban
school district surveys were designed to protect students privacy
by allowing for anonymous and voluntary participation. Before
survey administration, local parental permission procedures
were followed. Students completed the self-administered
questionnaire during one class period and recorded their
responses directly on a computer-scannable booklet or answer
sheet. CDCs Institutional Review Board approved the protocol
for the national YRBS.
The 2015 standard YRBS questionnaire contained 89
questions. This questionnaire was used as the starting point
for the state and large urban school district questionnaires.
Includes regular public schools and might include charter schools; public
alternative, special education, or vocational schools; and schools overseen by
the Bureau of Indian Education.
MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 3
 Surveillance Summaries
States and large urban school districts could add and/or delete
questions from the standard questionnaire. Only two states and
three large urban school districts used the 2015 YRBS standard
questionnaire without modifications. This report presents
state and large urban school district results only from selected
questions on the 2015 standard questionnaire.
The 2015 national YRBS questionnaire contained
99 questions including all 89 questions on the standard
questionnaire. This report presents national results (along
with state and large urban school district results) for selected
questions on the 2015 standard questionnaire, plus national
only results from eight additional questions measuring usual
method of marijuana use, ever use of hallucinogenic drugs,
consumption of sports drinks, consumption of water, muscle
strengthening exercises, indoor tanning device use, having had
a sunburn, and avoidance of foods because eating the food
could cause an allergic reaction.
Two questions on the standard questionnaire and national
questionnaire measured sexual minority status. Sexual identity
was ascertained with the following question: Which of
the following best describes you? Response options were
heterosexual (straight), gay or lesbian, bisexual, and not
sure. All 25 states and 19 large urban school districts included
this question. Sex of sexual contacts was ascertained with:
During your life, with whom have you had sexual contact?
Response options were I have never had sexual contact,
females, males, and females and males. No definition
was provided for sexual contact. All but two (Arizona and
North Dakota) of the 25 states and all 19 large urban school
districts included this question.
Except for six demographic questions (sex, grade in
school, age, Hispanic ethnicity, race, and sexual identity)
and three questions assessing height, weight, and asthma,
all the remaining questions on the standard questionnaire
and the national questionnaire measured behaviors practiced
or experienced by the students (referred to as behaviors).
Skip patterns, which occur when a particular response to one
question indicates to the respondents that they should not
answer one or more subsequent questions, were not included
in any YRBS questionnaire to protect students privacy by
ensuring all students took about the same amount of time
to complete the questionnaire. All questions (except for two
questions assessing height and weight and the race question)
were multiple choice with a maximum of eight mutually
exclusive response options and only one possible answer per
respondent. Information about the reliability of the standard
questionnaire has been published elsewhere (13). The wording
of each question, including recall periods, response options,
and operational definitions are available in the 2015 standard
and national YRBS questionnaires at http://www.cdc.gov/yrbs.
4 MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Data Processing Procedures and
Response Rates
For the 2015 national YRBS, 15,713 questionnaires were
completed in 125 public and private schools. The national data
set was cleaned and edited for inconsistencies. Missing data
were not statistically imputed. Among the 15,713 completed
questionnaires, 89 failed quality control and were excluded
from analysis, resulting in 15,624 usable questionnaires
(Table 2). The school response rate was 69%, the students
response rate was 86%, and the overall response rate was 60%**.
Data from each state and large urban school district survey
were cleaned and edited for inconsistencies with the same
procedures used for the national data set. The percentage
of completed questionnaires that failed quality control
checks and were excluded from analysis ranged from 0.2%
to 5.3% (median: 0.8%) across the 25 states and from 0.3%
to 6.4% (median: 1.6%) across the 19 large urban school
districts. The student sample sizes ranged from 1,452 to
55,596 (median: 2,899) across the states and from 1,052 to
10,419 (median: 2,181) across the large urban school districts
(Table 2). Among the states, the school response rates ranged
from 70% to 100%, student response rates ranged from 66%
to 90%, and overall response rates ranged from 60% to 82%.
Among the large urban school districts, the school response
rates ranged from 90% to 100%, student response rates ranged
from 66% to 88%, and overall response rates ranged from
64% to 88%.
To obtain a sufficient sample size for analyses of health-
related behaviors by sexual identity subgroups, students who
selected gay or lesbian or bisexual were combined into a
single subgroup and are referred to as gay, lesbian, and bisexual
students as appropriate. Students who selected heterosexual
(straight) are referred to as heterosexual students and
students who selected not sure are referred to as not sure
students. Sex of sexual contact was computed from During
your life, with whom have you had sexual contact? and What
is your sex? (response options were female and male). To
obtain a sufficient sample size for analyses of health-related
behaviors by sex of sexual contact subgroups, students who had
sexual contact with only the same sex or with both sexes were
combined into a single subgroup and are referred to as students
who had sexual contact with only the same sex or with both
sexes. Students who had sexual contact with only the opposite
sex are referred to as students who had sexual contact with
only the opposite sex. Students who selected I have never had
A questionnaire that fails quality control has <20 remaining responses after
editing or has the same answer to 15 consecutive questions.
** Overall response rate = (number of participating schools/number of eligible
sampled schools) x (number of usable questionnaires/number of eligible
students sampled).
 Surveillance Summaries
sexual contact are referred to as students who had no sexual
contact. Students who had no sexual contact were excluded
from analyses on sexual behaviors, female students who had
sexual contact with only females were excluded from analyses
on condom use and birth control use, and male students who
had sexual contact with only males were excluded from analyses
on birth control use.
Race/ethnicity was computed from two questions: 1) Are
you Hispanic or Latino? (response options were yes
and no), and 2) What is your race? (response options
were American Indian or Alaska Native, Asian, black
or African American, Native Hawaiian or other Pacific
Islander, and white). For the second question, students
could select more than one response option. For this report,
students were classified as Hispanic/ Latino and are referred
to as Hispanic if they answered yes to the first question,
regardless of how they answered the second question. Students
who answered no to the first question and selected only
black or African American to the second question were
classified as black or African American and are referred to as
black. Students who answered no to the first question and
selected only white to the second question were classified,
and are referred to, as white. Race/ethnicity was classified
as missing for students who did not answer the first question
and for students who answered no to the first question but
did not answer the second question.
Students were classified as having obesity or being overweight
based on their body mass index (kg/m2) (BMI), which was
calculated from self-reported height and weight. The BMI
values were compared with sex- and age-specific reference data
from the 2000 CDC growth charts (14). Obesity was defined
as a BMI of 95th percentile for age and sex. Overweight was
defined as a BMI of 85th percentile and <95th percentile for
age and sex. These classifications are not intended to diagnose
obesity or overweight in individual students, but to provide
population-level estimates of obesity and overweight.
Weighting
For the national YRBS, a weight based on student sex, race/
ethnicity, and grade was applied to each record to adjust for
school and student nonresponse and oversampling of black and
Hispanic students. The overall weights were scaled so that the
weighted count of students equals the total sample size, and
the weighted proportions of students in each grade match the
national population proportions. Therefore, weighted estimates
are representative of all students in grades 912 attending
public and private schools in the United States.
Data from states and large urban school districts that had a
representative sample of students, appropriate documentation,
US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
and an overall response rate of 60% were weighted. A weight
was applied to each record to adjust for school and student
nonresponse and the distribution of students by grade, sex,
and race/ethnicity in each jurisdiction, such that the weighted
count of students equals the student population in each
jurisdiction. Data from 25 states and 19 large urban school
districts were weighted. The weighted prevalence estimates are
representative of all students in grades 912 attending public
schools in each jurisdiction.
Analytic Methods
Statistical analyses were conducted on weighted data using
SAS (15) and SUDAAN (16) software to account for the
complex sampling designs. Prevalence estimates and confidence
intervals were computed for all variables and all data sets. In
addition, for the national YRBS data, t tests (17) were used to
determine pairwise differences between sexual identity and sex
of sexual contact subgroups. Differences between prevalence
estimates were considered statistically significant if the t test
p value was <0.05 for main effects (sexual identity and sex of
sexual contacts) and for interactions (sex by sexual identity,
sexual identity by sex, sex by sex of sexual contacts, and sex of
sexual contacts by sex). In the results section, only statistically
significant differences in national YRBS prevalence estimates
are reported in the following order: sexual identity, sex by
sexual identity, sexual identity by sex, sex of sexual contacts,
sex by sex of sexual contacts, and sex of sexual contacts by sex.
Results
Nationwide, 88.8% of students identified as heterosexual,
2.0% identified as gay or lesbian, 6.0% identified as bisexual,
and 3.2% were not sure of their sexual identity (Table 3).
Across 25 states, from 84.4% to 91.1% (median: 87.4%)
of students identified as heterosexual, from 0.8% to 4.4%
(median: 2.7%) identified as gay or lesbian, from 4.8% to
8.1% (median 6.4%) identified as bisexual, and from 2.8%
to 4.9% (median: 4.0%) were not sure of their sexual identity.
Across 19 large urban school districts, from 77.6% to 89.7%
(median: 86.0%) of students identified as heterosexual, from
1.4% to 7.6% (median: 3.1%) identified as gay or lesbian,
from 4.3% to 10.8% (median: 6.5%) identified as bisexual,
and from 3.2% to 5.8% (median: 4.5%) were not sure of their
sexual identity.
Nationwide, 48.0% of students had had sexual contact with
only the opposite sex, 1.7% had had sexual contact with only
the same sex, 4.6% had had sexual contact with both sexes,
and 45.7% had had no sexual contact (Table 4). Across 23
states, from 36.8% to 51.5% (median: 45.7%) of students
MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 5
 Surveillance Summaries

had had sexual contact with only the opposite sex, from 1.0% 84.5% to 92.9% (median: 88.8%) identified as heterosexual;
to 3.9% (median: 2.9%) had had sexual contact with only from 3.3% to 10.2% (median: 5.9%) identified as gay, lesbian,
the same sex, from 3.2% to 6.1% (median: 4.7%) had had or bisexual; and from 3.1% to 6.6% (median: 4.7%) were not
sexual contact with both sexes, and from 39.1% to 56.8% sure of their sexual identity.
(median: 46.9%) had had no sexual contact. Across 19 large
urban school districts, from 30.2% to 53.4% (median: 45.7%) Behaviors that Contribute to
of students had had sexual contact with only the opposite sex,
from 1.8% to 8.2% (median: 3.8%) had had sexual contact
Unintentional Injuries
with only the same sex, from 2.7% to 9.0% (median: 5.3%) Rarely or Never Wore a Bicycle Helmet
had had sexual contact with both sexes, and from 33.5% to
Among the students nationwide who had ridden a bicycle
64.3% (median: 44.1%) had had no sexual contact.
during the 12 months before the survey, 81.4% of all those
Nationwide, among students who had sexual contact with
students; 81.2% of the heterosexual students; 80.9% of the
only the opposite sex, 95.7% identified as heterosexual; 2.8%
gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and 77.5% of the not sure
identified as gay, lesbian, or bisexual; and 1.5% were not sure of
students had rarely or never worn a bicycle helmet (Table 6).
their sexual identity (Table 5). Across 23 states, among students
The prevalence was higher among heterosexual male (82.6%)
who had sexual contact with only the opposite sex, from 91.7%
than heterosexual female (79.5%) students.
to 96.2% (median: 94.2%) identified as heterosexual; from
Across 16 states, the prevalence of having rarely or never
2.1% to 5.9% (median: 4.0%) identified as gay, lesbian, or
worn a bicycle helmet ranged from 53.0% to 92.7%
bisexual; and from 1.0% to 3.5% (median: 2.1%) were not
(median: 85.0%) among heterosexual students; from 60.5%
sure of their sexual identity. Across 19 large urban school
to 93.8% (median: 87.0%) among gay, lesbian, and bisexual
districts, among students who had sexual contact with only
students; and from 41.4% to 92.4% (median: 78.0%) among
the opposite sex, from 90.6% to 96.0% (median: 93.0%)
not sure students. Across 16 large urban school districts, the
identified as heterosexual; from 2.3% to 6.8% (median: 4.4%)
prevalence ranged from 54.7% to 97.2% (median: 88.4%)
identified as gay, lesbian, or bisexual; and from 1.3% to 3.9%
among heterosexual students; from 64.9% to 92.1%
(median: 2.4%) were not sure of their sexual identity.
(median: 84.6%) among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students;
Nationwide, among students who had sexual contact with
and from 40.1% to 94.6% (median: 79.5%) among not
only the same sex or with both sexes, 25.0% identified as
sure students.
heterosexual; 61.4% identified as gay, lesbian, or bisexual;
Among the students nationwide who had ridden a bicycle
and 13.6% were not sure of their sexual identity. Across 23
during the 12 months before the survey, 89.1% of the students
states, among students who had sexual contact with only
who had sexual contact with only the opposite sex, 87.9% of
the same sex or with both sexes, from 12.9% to 43.9%
the students who had sexual contact with only the same sex
(median: 28.2%) identified as heterosexual; from 45.6%
or with both sexes, and 72.3% of the students who had no
to 72.4% (median: 62.1%) identified as gay, lesbian, or
sexual contact had rarely or never worn a bicycle helmet. The
bisexual; and from 6.9% to 15.8% (median: 11.2%) were
prevalence of having rarely or never worn a bicycle helmet was
not sure of their sexual identity. Across 19 large urban school
higher among students who had sexual contact with only the
districts, among students who had sexual contact with
opposite sex (89.1%) and students who had sexual contact
only the same sex or with both sexes, from 9.9% to 47.1%
with only the same sex or with both sexes (87.9%) than
(median: 34.1%) identified as heterosexual; from 45.8% to
students who had no sexual contact (72.3%). Among female
81.2% (median: 55.0%) identified as gay, lesbian, or bisexual;
students, the prevalence was higher among those who had
and from 5.1% to 18.2% (median: 9.1%) were not sure of
sexual contact with only males (87.0%) and those who had
their sexual identity.
sexual contact with only females or with both sexes (90.3%)
Nationwide, among students who had no sexual contact,
than those who had no sexual contact (72.2%). Among male
90.8% identified as heterosexual; 5.8% identified as gay,
students, the prevalence was higher among those who had
lesbian, or bisexual; and 3.3% were not sure of their sexual
sexual contact with only females (90.3%) than those who had
identity. Across 23 states, among students who had no sexual
no sexual contact (72.4%). The prevalence also was higher
contact, from 88.4% to 94.8% (median: 90.5%) identified as
among male students who had sexual contact with only females
heterosexual; from 2.3% to 7.1% (median: 5.3%) identified as
(90.3%) than female students who had sexual contact with
gay, lesbian, or bisexual; and from 1.7% to 5.3% (median: 4.1%)
only males (87.0%).
were not sure of their sexual identity. Across 19 large urban
school districts, among students who had no sexual contact, from

6 MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
 Surveillance Summaries
Across 16 states, the prevalence of having rarely or never worn
a bicycle helmet ranged from 62.5% to 96.0% (median: 90.7%)
among students who had sexual contact with only the opposite
sex, from 68.0% to 95.9% (median: 86.9%) among students
who had sexual contact with only the same sex or with both
sexes, and from 40.8% to 88.2% (median: 78.2%) among
students who had no sexual contact. Across 16 large urban
school districts, the prevalence ranged from 72.2% to 97.4%
(median: 92.1%) among students who had sexual contact with
only the opposite sex, from 59.2% to 96.2% (median: 85.0%)
among students who had sexual contact with only the same sex
or with both sexes, and from 40.3% to 97.4% (median: 84.2%)
among students who had no sexual contact.
Rarely or Never Wore a Seatbelt
Nationwide, 6.1% of all students; 5.5% of heterosexual
students; 8.7% of gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and
10.2% of not sure students rarely or never wore a seatbelt
when riding in a car driven by someone else (Table 7). The
prevalence of having rarely or never worn a seatbelt was higher
among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students (8.7%) and not sure
students (10.2%) than heterosexual students (5.5%). Among
female students, the prevalence was higher among lesbian and
bisexual students (8.4%) than heterosexual students (4.3%)
and not sure students (4.9%). Among male students, the
prevalence was higher among not sure students (15.1%) than
heterosexual students (6.6%). The prevalence also was higher
among heterosexual male students (6.6%) than heterosexual
female students (4.3%) and higher among not sure male
students (15.1%) than not sure female students (4.9%).
Across 20 states, the prevalence of having rarely or never worn
a seatbelt ranged from 3.2% to 10.5% (median: 6.1%) among
heterosexual students; from 4.4% to 19.5% (median: 10.4%)
among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and from 4.4% to
27.3% (median: 10.9%) among not sure students. Across 17
large urban school districts, the prevalence ranged from 4.0%
to 20.4% (median: 7.0%) among heterosexual students; from
4.0% to 29.6% (median: 13.2%) among gay, lesbian, and
bisexual students; and from 6.8% to 31.1% (median: 12.4%)
among not sure students.
Nationwide, 7.3% of students who had sexual contact with
only the opposite sex, 12.5% of students who had sexual
contact with only the same sex or with both sexes, and 3.0%
of students who had no sexual contact rarely or never wore
a seatbelt. The prevalence of having rarely or never worn a
seatbelt was higher among students who had sexual contact
with only the same sex or with both sexes (12.5%) than
students who had sexual contact with only the opposite sex
(7.3%) and students who had no sexual contact (3.0%) and
higher among students who had sexual contact with only the
US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
opposite sex (7.3%) than students who had no sexual contact
(3.0%). Among female students, the prevalence was higher
among those who had sexual contact with only females or
with both sexes (10.7%) than those who had sexual contact
with only males (5.9%) and those who had no sexual contact
(2.4%) and higher among those who had sexual contact with
only males (5.9%) than those who had no sexual contact
(2.4%). Among male students, the prevalence was higher
among those who had sexual contact with only males or with
both sexes (18.1%) than those who had sexual contact with
only females (8.4%) and those who had no sexual contact
(3.7%) and higher among those who had sexual contact with
only females (8.4%) than those who had no sexual contact
(3.7%). The prevalence also was higher among male students
who had sexual contact with only females (8.4%) than female
students who had sexual contact with only males (5.9%) and
higher among male students who had sexual contact with only
males or with both sexes (18.1%) than female students who had
sexual contact with only females or with both sexes (10.7%).
Across 18 states, the prevalence of having rarely or never worn
a seatbelt ranged from 4.1% to 14.4% (median: 8.3%) among
students who had sexual contact with only the opposite sex,
from 7.8% to 23.3% (median: 13.8%) among students who
had sexual contact with only the same sex or with both sexes,
and from 2.0% to 6.9% (median: 3.5%) among students who
had no sexual contact. Across 17 large urban school districts,
the prevalence ranged from 4.4% to 22.9% (median: 8.4%)
among students who had sexual contact with only the opposite
sex, from 4.2% to 28.3% (median: 12.9%) among students
who had sexual contact with only the same sex or with both
sexes, and from 3.1% to 16.1% (median: 4.9%) among
students who had no sexual contact.
Rode with a Driver Who Had Been
Drinking Alcohol
Nationwide, 20.0% of all students; 20.0% of heterosexual
students; 20.5% of gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and
21.5% of not sure students had ridden in a car or other vehicle
one or more times during the 30 days before the survey with a
driver who had been drinking alcohol (Table 8). The prevalence
of having ridden with a driver who had been drinking alcohol
did not vary significantly by sexual identity subgroup.
Across 21 states, the prevalence of having ridden with a
driver who had been drinking alcohol ranged from 13.4% to
21.0% (median: 17.2%) among heterosexual students; from
18.3% to 32.2% (median: 24.9%) among gay, lesbian, and
bisexual students; and from 14.1% to 49.2% (median: 25.8%)
among not sure students. Across 18 large urban school
districts, the prevalence ranged from 13.0% to 30.7%
(median: 20.6%) among heterosexual students; from 14.9%
MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 7
 Surveillance Summaries
to 39.5% (median: 26.4%) among gay, lesbian, and bisexual
students; and from 17.9% to 41.0% (median: 28.4%) among
not sure students.
Nationwide, 25.4% of students who had sexual contact
with only the opposite sex, 28.1% of students who had sexual
contact with only the same sex or with both sexes, and 13.1%
of students who had no sexual contact had ridden with a driver
who had been drinking alcohol. The prevalence of having ridden
with a driver who had been drinking alcohol was higher among
students who had sexual contact with only the opposite sex
(25.4%) and students who had sexual contact with only the
same sex or with both sexes (28.1%) than students who had no
sexual contact (13.1%). Among female students, the prevalence
was higher among those who had sexual contact with only males
(25.4%) and those who had sexual contact with only females
or with both sexes (27.2%) than those who had no sexual
contact (14.4%). Among male students, the prevalence was
higher among those who had sexual contact with only females
(25.5%) and those who had sexual contact with only males or
with both sexes (30.8%) than those who had no sexual contact
(11.7%). The prevalence also was higher among female students
who had no sexual contact (14.4%) than male students who
had no sexual contact (11.7%).
Across 20 states, the prevalence of having ridden with a
driver who had been drinking alcohol ranged from 19.0%
to 27.4% (median: 22.9%) among students who had sexual
contact with only the opposite sex, from 18.1% to 40.0%
(median: 30.0%) among students who had sexual contact with
only the same sex or with both sexes, and from 6.2% to 15.1%
(median: 11.7%) among students who had no sexual contact.
Across 18 large urban school districts, the prevalence ranged
from 20.5% to 34.3% (median: 27.3%) among students who
had sexual contact with only the opposite sex, from 17.8%
to 45.8% (median: 32.5%) among students who had sexual
contact with only the same sex or with both sexes, and from
8.5% to 19.3% (median: 14.5%) among students who had
no sexual contact.
Drove When Drinking Alcohol
Among the students nationwide who drove a car or other
vehicle during the 30 days before the survey, 7.8% of all
those students; 7.4% of the heterosexual students; 7.8% of
the gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and 16.7% of the
not sure students had driven a car or other vehicle one or
more times when they had been drinking alcohol during the
30 days before the survey (Table 9). The prevalence of having
driven a car or other vehicle when they had been drinking
alcohol was higher among not sure students (16.7%) than
heterosexual students (7.4%) and gay, lesbian, and bisexual
students (7.8%). Among female students, the prevalence was
8 MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
higher among not sure students (14.5%) than heterosexual
students (5.6%) and lesbian and bisexual students (6.1%).
Among male students, the prevalence was higher among not
sure students (17.4%) than heterosexual students (9.0%). The
prevalence also was higher among heterosexual male students
(9.0%) than heterosexual female students (5.6%).
Across 23 states, the prevalence of having driven a car or
other vehicle when they had been drinking alcohol ranged
from 3.6% to 9.3% (median: 6.4%) among heterosexual
students; from 2.3% to 21.9% (median: 11.1%) among gay,
lesbian, and bisexual students; and from 6.8% to 26.7%
(median: 15.8%) among not sure students. Across 18 large
urban school districts, the prevalence ranged from 2.4% to
9.9% (median: 5.9%) among heterosexual students; from 2.4%
to 21.7% (median: 10.1%) among gay, lesbian, and bisexual
students; and from 6.8% to 35.6% (median: 15.3%) among
not sure students.
Among the students nationwide who drove a car or other
vehicle during the 30 days before the survey, 11.0% of the
students who had sexual contact with only the opposite sex,
13.9% of the students who had sexual contact with only the
same sex or with both sexes, and 2.1% of the students who had
no sexual contact had driven a car or other vehicle when they
had been drinking alcohol. The prevalence of having driven a
car or other vehicle when they had been drinking alcohol was
higher among students who had sexual contact with only the
opposite sex (11.0%) and students who had sexual contact with
only the same sex or with both sexes (13.9%) than students
who had no sexual contact (1.5%). Among female students,
the prevalence was higher among those who had sexual contact
with only males (8.5%) and those who had sexual contact with
only females or with both sexes (11.1%) than those who had
no sexual contact (1.5%). Among male students, the prevalence
was higher among those who had sexual contact with only males
or with both sexes (21.9%) than those who had sexual contact
with only females (12.8%) and those who had no sexual contact
(2.7%) and higher among those who had sexual contact with
only females (12.8%) than those who had no sexual contact
(2.7%). The prevalence also was higher among male students
who had sexual contact with only females (12.8%) than female
students who had sexual contact with only males (8.5%).
Across 21 states, the prevalence of having driven a car or
other vehicle when they had been drinking alcohol ranged
from 5.0% to 13.7% (median: 9.4%) among students who had
sexual contact with only the opposite sex, from 7.6% to 28.0%
(median: 16.7%) among students who had sexual contact with
only the same sex or with both sexes, and from 0.4% to 3.0%
(median: 1.3%) among students who had no sexual contact.
Across 18 large urban school districts, the prevalence ranged
from 3.7% to 16.0% (median: 8.6%) among students who had
 Surveillance Summaries
sexual contact with only the opposite sex, from 7.6% to 29.8%
(median: 14.8%) among students who had sexual contact with
only the same sex or with both sexes, and from 0.0% to 2.4%
(median: 1.4%) among students who had no sexual contact.
Texted or E-Mailed While Driving
Among the students nationwide who drove a car or other
vehicle during the 30 days before the survey, 41.5% of all
those students; 42.6% of the heterosexual students; 30.3%
of the gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and 40.3% of the
not sure students had texted or e-mailed while driving a car
or other vehicle on at least 1 day during the 30 days before
the survey (Table 10). The prevalence of having texted or
e-mailed while driving was higher among heterosexual students
(42.6%) than gay, lesbian, or bisexual students (30.3%).
Among female students, the prevalence was higher among
heterosexual students (41.7%) than lesbian or bisexual students
(30.4%). Among male students, the prevalence was higher
among heterosexual students (43.2%) than gay and bisexual
students (30.3%).
Across 23 states, the prevalence of having texted or e-mailed
while driving ranged from 25.2% to 58.3% (median: 37.2%)
among heterosexual students; from 22.7% to 54.1%
(median: 36.9%) among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students;
and from 26.9% to 55.5% (median: 40.9%) among not sure
students. Across 18 large urban school districts, the prevalence
ranged from 13.0% to 38.9% (median: 31.1%) among
heterosexual students; from 17.1% to 45.2% (median: 32.2%)
among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and from 18.0% to
48.0% (median: 31.7%) among not sure students.
Among the students nationwide who drove a car or other
vehicle during the 30 days before the survey, 53.7% of the
students who had sexual contact with only the opposite sex,
43.5% of the students who had sexual contact with only the
same sex or with both sexes, and 24.0% of the students who
had no sexual contact had texted or e-mailed while driving.
The prevalence was higher among students who had sexual
contact with only the opposite sex (53.7%) than students who
had sexual contact with only the same sex or with both sexes
(43.5%) and students who had no sexual contact (24.0%) and
higher among students who had sexual contact with only the
same sex or with both sexes (43.5%) than students who had no
sexual contact (24.0%). Among female students, the prevalence
was higher among those who had sexual contact with only
males (55.3%) than those who had sexual contact with only
females or with both sexes (42.0%) and those who had no
sexual contact (22.3%) and higher among those who had
sexual contact with only females or with both sexes (42.0%)
than those who had no sexual contact (22.3%). Among male
students, the prevalence was higher among those who had
US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
sexual contact with only females (52.5%) and those who had
sexual contact with only males and with both sexes (47.3%)
than those who had no sexual contact (25.7%).
Across 22 states, the prevalence of having texted or e-mailed
while driving ranged from 33.5% to 65.4% (median: 48.3%)
among students who had sexual contact with only the opposite
sex, from 30.9% to 61.8% (median: 46.9%) among students
who had sexual contact with only the same sex or with both
sexes, and from 11.9% to 34.6% (median: 20.5%) among
students who had no sexual contact. Across 18 large urban
school districts, the prevalence ranged from 18.2% to 48.5%
(median: 35.6%) among students who had sexual contact with
only the opposite sex, from 23.7% to 56.3% (median: 41.0%)
among students who had sexual contact with only the same sex
or with both sexes, and from 4.6% to 25.0% (median: 15.7%)
among students who had no sexual contact.
Behaviors that Contribute to Violence
Carried a Weapon
Nationwide, 16.2% of all students; 16.0% of heterosexual
students; 18.9% of gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and
14.7% of not sure students had carried a weapon (e.g., gun,
knife, or club) on at least 1 day during the 30 days before the
survey (Table 11). Among female students, the prevalence of
having carried a weapon was higher among lesbian and bisexual
students (16.0%) than heterosexual students (6.2%). The
prevalence also was higher among heterosexual male students
(24.5%) than heterosexual female students (6.2%) and higher
among not sure male students (20.0%) than not sure female
students (10.9%).
Across 20 states, the prevalence of having carried a weapon
ranged from 9.0% to 28.5% (median: 17.1%) among
heterosexual students; from 8.1% to 39.6% (median: 21.7%)
among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and from 8.3% to
36.3% (median: 21.2%) among not sure students. Across 19
large urban school districts, the prevalence ranged from 7.0%
to 19.5% (median: 11.4%) among heterosexual students; from
6.1% to 31.6% (median: 19.5%) among gay, lesbian, and
bisexual students; and from 9.4% to 36.2% (median: 17.9%)
among not sure students.
Nationwide, 20.8% of students who had sexual contact
with only the opposite sex, 18.8% of students who had sexual
contact with only the same sex or with both sexes, and 10.7%
of students who had no sexual contact had carried a weapon.
The prevalence of having carried a weapon was higher among
students who had sexual contact with only the opposite sex
(20.8%) and students who had sexual contact with only
the same sex or with both sexes (18.8%) than students who
MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 9
 Surveillance Summaries
had no sexual contact (10.7%). Among female students, the
prevalence was higher among those who had sexual contact
with only females or with both sexes (17.9%) than those who
had sexual contact with only males (8.7%) and those who had
no sexual contact (4.2%) and higher among those who had
sexual contact with only males (8.7%) than those who had no
sexual contact (4.2%). Among male students, the prevalence
was higher among those who had sexual contact with only
females (30.4%) than those who had sexual contact with
only males and with both sexes (21.5%) and those who had
no sexual contact (17.6%). The prevalence also was higher
among male students who had sexual contact with only females
(30.4%) than female students who had sexual contact with
only males (8.7%) and higher among male students who had
no sexual contact (17.6%) than female students who had no
sexual contact (4.2%).
Across 19 states, the prevalence of having carried a weapon
ranged from 12.9% to 32.0% (median: 21.7%) among
students who had sexual contact with only the opposite sex,
from 14.2% to 39.2% (median: 26.2%) among students
who had sexual contact with only the same sex or with both
sexes, and from 5.6% to 25.8% (median: 10.8%) among
students who had no sexual contact. Across 19 large urban
school districts, the prevalence ranged from 11.5% to 27.0%
(median 17.6%) among students who had sexual contact with
only the opposite sex, from 7.7% to 31.8% (median: 21.9%)
among students who had sexual contact with only the same sex
or with both sexes, and from 3.2% to 9.2% (median: 5.3%)
among students who had no sexual contact.
Carried a Gun
Nationwide, 5.3% of all students; 5.2% of heterosexual
students; 4.1% of gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and
4.6% of not sure students had carried a gun on at least 1 day
during the 30 days before the survey (Table 12). Among female
students, the prevalence of having carried a gun was higher
among lesbian and bisexual students (3.1%) than heterosexual
students (1.3%). Among male students, the prevalence was
higher among heterosexual students (8.5%) than gay and
bisexual students (4.8%). The prevalence also was higher
among heterosexual male students (8.5%) than heterosexual
female students (1.3%) and higher among not sure male
students (8.0%) than not sure female students (1.7%).
Across 15 states, the prevalence of having carried a gun
ranged from 2.6% to 11.2% (median: 5.3%) among
heterosexual students; from 1.5% to 13.2% (median: 6.2%)
among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and from 2.1%
to 16.6% (median: 6.6%) among not sure students. Across
15 large urban school districts, the prevalence ranged from
1.9% to 5.7% (median: 3.9%) among heterosexual students;
10 MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
from 1.9% to 9.9% (median: 4.6%) among gay, lesbian, and
bisexual students; and from 0.4% to 21.5% (median: 6.7%)
among not sure students.
Nationwide, 6.7% of students who had sexual contact with
only the opposite sex, 6.8% of students who had sexual contact
with only the same sex or with both sexes, and 3.0% of students
who had no sexual contact had carried a gun. The prevalence
of having carried a gun was higher among students who had
sexual contact with only the opposite sex (6.7%) and students
who had sexual contact with only the same sex or with both
sexes (6.8%) than students who had no sexual contact (3.0%).
Among female students, the prevalence was higher among those
who had sexual contact with only females or with both sexes
(5.5%) than those who had sexual contact with only males
(1.4%) and those who had no sexual contact (0.7%). Among
male students, the prevalence was higher among those who
had sexual contact with only females (10.9%) and those who
had sexual contact with only males or with both sexes (11.2%)
than those who had no sexual contact (5.4%). The prevalence
also was higher among male students who had sexual contact
with only females (10.9%) than female students who had sexual
contact with only males (1.4%), higher among male students
who had sexual contact with only males or with both sexes
(11.2%) than female students who had sexual contact with
only females or with both sexes (5.5%), and higher among
male students who had no sexual contact (5.4%) than female
students who had no sexual contact (0.7%).
Across 14 states, the prevalence of having carried a gun
ranged from 3.5% to 11.8% (median: 7.6%) among students
who had sexual contact with only the opposite sex, from 4.2%
to 20.9% (median: 10.8%) among students who had sexual
contact with only the same sex or with both sexes, and from
1.0% to 10.4% (median: 3.2%) among students who had
no sexual contact. Across 15 large urban school districts, the
prevalence ranged from 2.8% to 10.4% (median: 6.0%) among
students who had sexual contact with only the opposite sex,
from 4.7% to 11.9% (median: 6.2%) among students who
had sexual contact with only the same sex or with both sexes,
and from 0.4% to 1.7% (median: 1.0%) among students who
had no sexual contact.
Carried a Weapon on School Property
Nationwide, 4.1% of all students; 3.7% of heterosexual
students; 6.2% of gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and
7.1% of not sure students had carried a weapon (e.g., gun,
knife, or club) on school property on at least 1 day during
the 30 days before the survey (Table 13). The prevalence of
having carried a weapon on school property was higher among
gay, lesbian, and bisexual students (6.2%) than heterosexual
students (3.7%). Among female students, the prevalence was
 Surveillance Summaries
higher among lesbian and bisexual students (5.5%) and not
sure students (4.4%) than heterosexual students (1.4%). The
prevalence also was higher among heterosexual male students
(5.7%) than heterosexual female students (1.4%) and higher
among not sure male students (10.1%) than not sure female
students (4.4%).
Across 23 states, the prevalence of having carried a
weapon on school property ranged from 1.5% to 10.1%
(median: 3.8%) among heterosexual students; from 1.3%
to 15.9% (median: 7.6%) among gay, lesbian, and bisexual
students; and from 0.2% to 16.6% (median: 9.5%) among
not sure students. Across 17 large urban school districts, the
prevalence ranged from 1.8% to 8.0% (median: 2.7%) among
heterosexual students; from 1.3% to 17.3% (median: 7.6%)
among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and from 2.1% to
17.0% (median: 8.1%) among not sure students.
Nationwide, 5.5% of students who had sexual contact
with only the opposite sex, 8.1% of students who had sexual
contact with only the same sex or with both sexes, and 1.7%
of students who had no sexual contact had carried a weapon
on school property. The prevalence of having carried a weapon
on school property was higher among students who had sexual
contact with only the opposite sex (5.5%) and students who
had sexual contact with only the same sex or with both sexes
(8.1%) than students who had no sexual contact (1.7%).
Among female students, the prevalence was higher among
those who had sexual contact with only females and with both
sexes (6.5%) than those who had sexual contact with only
males (2.2%) and those who had no sexual contact (0.8%) and
higher among those who had sexual contact with only males
(2.2%) than those who had no sexual contact (0.8%). Among
male students, the prevalence was higher among those who
had sexual contact with only females (8.1%) and those who
had sexual contact with only males or with both sexes (12.8%)
than those who had no sexual contact (2.5%). The prevalence
also was higher among male students who had sexual contact
with only females (8.1%) than female students who had sexual
contact with only males (2.2%), higher among male students
who had sexual contact with only males or with both sexes
(12.8%) than female students who had sexual contact with
only females or with both sexes (6.5%), and higher among
male students who had no sexual contact (2.5%) than female
students who had no sexual contact (0.8%).
Across 21 states, the prevalence of having carried a weapon on
school property ranged from 2.6% to 14.5% (median: 5.6%)
among students who had sexual contact with only the opposite
sex, from 2.5% to 18.6% (median: 11.8%) among students
who had sexual contact with only the same sex or with
both sexes, and from 0.6% to 5.7% (median: 1.4%) among
students who had no sexual contact. Across 17 large urban
US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
school districts, the prevalence ranged from 2.4% to 10.1%
(median: 4.3%) among students who had sexual contact with
only the opposite sex, from 1.7% to 21.6% (median: 9.4%)
among students who had sexual contact with only the same sex
or with both sexes, and from 0.5% to 3.6% (median: 1.0%)
among students who had no sexual contact.
Threatened or Injured with a Weapon on
School Property
Nationwide, 6.0% of all students; 5.1% of heterosexual
students; 10.0% of gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and
12.6% of not sure students had been threatened or injured
with a weapon (e.g., a gun, knife, or club) on school property
one or more times during the 12 months before the survey
(Table 14). The prevalence of having been threatened or injured
with a weapon on school property was higher among gay,
lesbian, and bisexual students (10.0%) and not sure students
(12.6%) than heterosexual students (5.1%). Among female
students, the prevalence was higher among lesbian and bisexual
students (9.1%) than heterosexual students (3.8%). Among
male students, the prevalence was higher among gay and
bisexual students (11.6%) and not sure students (17.2%) than
heterosexual students (6.2%). The prevalence also was higher
among heterosexual male students (6.2%) than heterosexual
female students (3.8%).
Across 21 states, the prevalence of having been threatened or
injured with a weapon on school property ranged from 3.5% to
8.4% (median: 5.3%) among heterosexual students; from 6.7%
to 23.1% (median: 13.3%) among gay, lesbian, and bisexual
students; and from 4.0% to 18.9% (median: 11.8%) among
not sure students. Across 18 large urban school districts, the
prevalence ranged from 3.5% to 12.6% (median: 5.8%) among
heterosexual students; from 6.7% to 20.6% (median: 11.5%)
among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and from 3.6% to
31.4% (median: 13.5%) among not sure students.
Nationwide, 7.2% of students who had sexual contact with
only the opposite sex, 13.0% of students who had sexual
contact with only the same sex or with both sexes, and 2.9%
of students who had no sexual contact had been threatened or
injured with a weapon on school property. The prevalence of
having been threatened or injured with a weapon on school
property was higher among students who had sexual contact
with only the same sex or with both sexes (13.0%) than
students who had sexual contact with only the opposite sex
(7.2%) and students who had no sexual contact (2.9%) and
higher among students who had sexual contact with only the
opposite sex (7.2%) than students who had no sexual contact
(2.9%). Among female students, the prevalence was higher
among those who had sexual contact with only females or
with both sexes (10.6%) than those who had sexual contact
MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 11
 Surveillance Summaries
with only males (4.9%) and those who had no sexual contact
(2.8%) and higher among those who had sexual contact with
only males (4.9%) than those who had no sexual contact
(2.8%). Among male students, the prevalence was higher
among those who had sexual contact with only males or with
both sexes (20.4%) than those who had sexual contact with
only females (8.9%) and those who had no sexual contact
(3.1%) and higher among those who had sexual contact with
only females (8.9%) than those who had no sexual contact
(3.1%). The prevalence also was higher among male students
who had sexual contact with only females (8.9%) than female
students who had sexual contact with only males (4.9%) and
higher among male students who had sexual contact with only
males or with both sexes (20.4%) than female students who had
sexual contact with only females or with both sexes (10.6%).
Across 20 states, the prevalence of having been threatened
or injured with a weapon on school property ranged from
5.0% to 10.7% (median: 7.3%) among students who had
sexual contact with only the opposite sex, from 6.2% to 25.0%
(median: 15.7%) among students who had sexual contact with
only the same sex or with both sexes, and from 1.5% to 4.3%
(median: 2.8%) among students who had no sexual contact.
Across 18 large urban school districts, the prevalence ranged
from 4.2% to 10.6% (median: 8.3%) among students who had
sexual contact with only the opposite sex, from 9.8% to 22.2%
(median: 14.2%) among students who had sexual contact with
only the same sex or with both sexes, and from 1.8% to 5.6%
(median: 2.8%) among students who had no sexual contact.
In a Physical Fight
Nationwide, 22.6% of all students; 21.7% of heterosexual
students; 28.4% of gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and
34.5% of not sure students had been in a physical fight one or
more times during the 12 months before the survey (Table 15).
The prevalence of having been in a physical fight was higher
among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students (28.4%) and not sure
students (34.5%) than heterosexual students (21.7%). Among
female students, the prevalence was higher among lesbian and
bisexual students (30.0%) and not sure students (26.1%) than
heterosexual students (14.2%). Among male students, the
prevalence was higher among not sure students (44.2%) than
heterosexual students (28.3%). The prevalence also was higher
among heterosexual male students (28.3%) than heterosexual
female students (14.2%) and higher among not sure male
students (44.2%) than not sure female students (26.1%).
Across 22 states, the prevalence of physical fighting ranged
from 13.0% to 24.1% (median: 18.6%) among heterosexual
students; from 19.9% to 39.4% (median: 29.9%) among gay,
lesbian, and bisexual students; and from 15.7% to 32.9%
(median: 22.7%) among not sure students. Across 19 large
12 MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
urban school districts, the prevalence ranged from 13.3% to
37.0% (median: 21.4%) among heterosexual students; from
20.3% to 53.5% (median: 34.1%) among gay, lesbian, and
bisexual students; and from 14.1% to 55.5% (median: 26.6%)
among not sure students.
Nationwide, 30.1% of students who had sexual contact
with only the opposite sex, 37.0% of students who had sexual
contact with only the same sex or with both sexes, and 12.9%
of students who had no sexual contact had been in a physical
fight. The prevalence of having been in a physical fight was
higher among students who had sexual contact with only
the same sex or with both sexes (37.0%) than students who
had sexual contact with only the opposite sex (30.1%) and
students who had no sexual contact (12.9%) and higher among
students who had sexual contact with only the opposite sex
(30.1%) than students who had no sexual contact (12.9%).
Among female students, the prevalence was higher among
those who had sexual contact with only females or with both
sexes (36.3%) than those who had sexual contact with only
males (20.5%) and those who had no sexual contact (9.1%)
and higher among those who had sexual contact with only
males (20.5%) than those who had no sexual contact (9.1%).
Among male students, the prevalence was higher among those
who had sexual contact with only females (37.7%) and those
who had sexual contact with only males or with both sexes
(39.4%) than those who had no sexual contact (17.0%). The
prevalence also was higher among male students who had sexual
contact with only females (37.7%) than female students who
had sexual contact with only males (20.5%) and higher among
male students who had no sexual contact (17.0%) than female
students who had no sexual contact (9.1%).
Across 21 states, the prevalence of physical fighting ranged
from 19.1% to 32.9% (median: 25.8%) among students who
had sexual contact with only the opposite sex, from 26.1%
to 44.9% (median: 36.1%) among students who had sexual
contact with only the same sex or with both sexes, and from
6.9% to 16.4% (median: 10.5%) among students who had
no sexual contact. Across 19 large urban school districts, the
prevalence ranged from 23.8% to 44.0% (median: 31.3%)
among students who had sexual contact with only the opposite
sex, from 28.1% to 56.6% (median: 35.8%) among students
who had sexual contact with only the same sex or with both
sexes, and from 6.9% to 27.1% (median: 11.9%) among
students who had no sexual contact.
Injured in a Physical Fight
Nationwide, 2.9% of all students; 2.5% of heterosexual
students; 4.9% of gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and
8.7% of not sure students nationwide had been in a physical
fight one or more times during the 12 months before the
 Surveillance Summaries
survey in which they were injured and had to be treated by
a doctor or nurse (Table 16). The prevalence of having been
injured in a physical fight was higher among gay, lesbian, and
bisexual students (4.9%) and not sure students (8.7%) than
heterosexual students (2.5%). Among female students, the
prevalence was higher among lesbian and bisexual students
(4.6%) than heterosexual students (1.3%). Among male
students, the prevalence was higher among not sure students
(13.8%) than heterosexual students (3.4%). The prevalence
also was higher among heterosexual male students (3.4%) than
heterosexual female students (1.3%) and higher among not sure
male students (13.8%) than not sure female students (3.1%).
Across 17 states, the prevalence of having been injured in a
physical fight ranged from 1.4% to 3.0% (median: 2.2%) among
heterosexual students; from 1.7% to 8.9% (median: 6.9%)
among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and from 0.6%
to 10.4% (median: 4.8%) among not sure students. Across
14 large urban school districts, the prevalence ranged from
1.7% to 9.0% (median: 2.9%) among heterosexual students;
from 2.5% to 14.1% (median: 6.4%) among gay, lesbian, and
bisexual students; and from 1.7% to 21.8% (median: 4.3%)
among not sure students.
Nationwide, 3.7% of students who had sexual contact with
only the opposite sex, 8.6% of students who had sexual contact
with only the same sex or with both sexes, and 1.1% of students
who had no sexual contact had been injured in a physical fight.
The prevalence of having been injured in a physical fight was
higher among students who had sexual contact with only the
same sex or with both sexes (8.6%) than students who had sexual
contact with only the opposite sex (3.7%) and students who had
no sexual contact (1.1%) and higher among students who had
sexual contact with only the opposite sex (3.7%) than students
who had no sexual contact (1.1%). Among female students,
the prevalence was higher among those who had sexual contact
with only females or with both sexes (7.5%) than those who had
sexual contact with only males (1.7%) and those who had no
sexual contact (0.7%) and higher among those who had sexual
contact with only males (1.7%) than those who had no sexual
contact (0.7%). Among male students, the prevalence was higher
among those who had sexual contact with only males or with
both sexes (11.9%) than those who had sexual contact with only
females (5.2%) and those who had no sexual contact (1.4%)
and higher among those who had sexual contact with only
females (5.2%) than those who had no sexual contact (1.4%).
The prevalence also was higher among male students who had
sexual contact with only females (5.2%) than female students
who had sexual contact with only males (1.7%) and higher
among male students who had no sexual contact (1.4%) than
female students who had no sexual contact (0.7%).
US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Across 17 states, the prevalence of having been injured in
a physical fight ranged from 2.0% to 4.9% (median: 3.1%)
among students who had sexual contact with only the opposite
sex, from 3.3% to 13.6% (median: 8.3%) among students who
had sexual contact with only the same sex or with both sexes,
and from 0.0% to 1.5% (median: 1.0%) among students who
had no sexual contact. Across 14 large urban school districts,
the prevalence ranged from 2.7% to 7.8% (median: 4.2%)
among students who had sexual contact with only the opposite
sex, from 4.0% to 14.7% (median: 8.1%) among students who
had sexual contact with only the same sex or with both sexes,
and from 0.3% to 3.8% (median: 0.9%) among students who
had no sexual contact.
In a Physical Fight on School Property
Nationwide, 7.8% of all students; 7.1% of heterosexual
students; 11.2% of gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and
14.6% of not sure students had been in a physical fight on
school property one or more times during the 12 months
before the survey (Table 17). The prevalence of having been
in a physical fight on school property was higher among
gay, lesbian, and bisexual students (11.2%) and not sure
students (14.6%) than heterosexual students (7.1%). Among
female students, the prevalence was higher among lesbian
and bisexual students (10.4%) and not sure students (9.5%)
than heterosexual students (4.0%). Among male students, the
prevalence was higher among not sure students (19.1%) than
heterosexual students (9.7%). The prevalence also was higher
among heterosexual male students (9.7%) than heterosexual
female students (4.0%) and higher among not sure male
students (19.1%) than not sure female students (9.5%).
Across 22 states, the prevalence of having been in a physical
fight on school property ranged from 4.2% to 10.2%
(median: 6.6%) among heterosexual students; from 5.4%
to 22.5% (median: 12.0%) among gay, lesbian, and bisexual
students; and from 3.9% to 20.2% (median: 9.5%) among
not sure students. Across 16 large urban school districts, the
prevalence ranged from 5.1% to 16.5% (median: 7.1%) among
heterosexual students; from 8.7% to 23.1% (median: 13.6%)
among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and from 2.7% to
24.3% (median: 10.3%) among not sure students.
Nationwide, 9.6% of students who had sexual contact with
only the opposite sex, 15.6% of students who had sexual
contact with only the same sex or with both sexes, and 4.1%
of students who had no sexual contact had been in a physical
fight on school property. The prevalence of having been in a
physical fight on school property was higher among students
who had sexual contact with only the same sex or with both
sexes (15.6%) than students who had sexual contact with only
the opposite sex (9.6%) and students who had no sexual
MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 13
 Surveillance Summaries
contact (4.1%) and higher among students who had sexual
contact with only the opposite sex (9.6%) than students who
had no sexual contact (4.1%). Among female students, the
prevalence was higher among those who had sexual contact
with only females or with both sexes (13.4%) than those who
had sexual contact with only males (5.9%) and those who had
no sexual contact (2.3%) and higher among those who had
sexual contact with only males (5.9%) than those who had no
sexual contact (2.3%). Among male students, the prevalence
was higher among those who had sexual contact with only
males or with both sexes (22.2%) than those who had sexual
contact with only females (12.5%) and those who had no
sexual contact (6.0%) and higher among those who had sexual
contact with only females (12.5%) than those who had no
sexual contact (6.0%). The prevalence also was higher among
male students who had sexual contact with only females
(12.5%) than female students who had sexual contact with
only males (5.9%), higher among male students who had sexual
contact with only males or with both sexes (22.2%) than female
students who had sexual contact with only females or with
both sexes (13.4%), and higher among male students who had
no sexual contact (6.0%) than female students who had no
sexual contact (2.3%).
Across 20 states, the prevalence of having been in a physical
fight on school property ranged from 5.6% to 13.9%
(median: 9.2%) among students who had sexual contact with
only the opposite sex, from 9.7% to 25.5% (median: 14.2%)
among students who had sexual contact with only the same sex
or with both sexes, and from 2.1% to 5.3% (median: 3.4%)
among students who had no sexual contact. Across 16 large
urban school districts, the prevalence ranged from 7.2% to
18.7% (median: 10.6%) among students who had sexual
contact with only the opposite sex, from 11.0% to 21.6%
(median: 16.8%) among students who had sexual contact with
only the same sex or with both sexes, and from 2.4% to 9.0%
(median: 3.8%) among students who had no sexual contact.
Did Not Go to School Because of Safety Concerns
Nationwide, 5.6% of all students; 4.6% of heterosexual
students; 12.5% of gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and
10.8% of not sure students had not gone to school on at least
1 day during the 30 days before the survey because they felt
they would be unsafe at school or on their way to or from
school (i.e., did not go to school because of safety concerns)
(Table 18). The prevalence of not having gone to school
because of safety concerns was higher among gay, lesbian,
and bisexual students (12.5%) and not sure students (10.8%)
than heterosexual students (4.6%). Among female students,
the prevalence was higher among lesbian and bisexual students
(10.8%) and not sure students (11.1%) than heterosexual
14 MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
students (5.1%). Among male students, the prevalence
was higher among gay and bisexual students (15.5%) than
heterosexual students (4.1%). The prevalence also was higher
among heterosexual female students (5.1%) than heterosexual
male students (4.1%).
Across 24 states, the prevalence of not having gone to
school because of safety concerns ranged from 3.5% to 7.2%
(median: 5.0%) among heterosexual students; from 6.5% to
23.6% (median: 13.8%) among gay, lesbian, and bisexual
students; and from 6.7% to 21.3% (median: 13.6%) among
not sure students. Across 18 large urban school districts, the
prevalence ranged from 3.5% to 10.0% (median: 7.4%) among
heterosexual students; from 8.2% to 22.8% (median: 15.2%)
among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and from 5.3% to
30.8% (median: 17.5%) among not sure students.
Nationwide, 5.8% of students who had sexual contact with
only the opposite sex, 11.9% of students who had sexual contact
with only the same sex or with both sexes, and 3.4% of students
who had no sexual contact had not gone to school because of
safety concerns. The prevalence of not having gone to school
because of safety concerns was higher among students who had
sexual contact with only the same sex or with both sexes (11.9%)
than students who had sexual contact with only the opposite sex
(5.8%) and students who had no sexual contact (3.4%) and
higher among students who had sexual contact with only the
opposite sex (5.8%) than students who had no sexual contact
(3.4%). Among female students, the prevalence was higher
among those who had sexual contact with only females or with
both sexes (11.5%) than those who had sexual contact with only
males (6.0%) and those who had no sexual contact (4.5%).
Among male students, the prevalence was higher among those
who had sexual contact with only males or with both sexes
(13.2%) than those who had sexual contact with only females
(5.7%) and those who had no sexual contact (2.3%) and higher
among those who had sexual contact with only females (5.7%)
than those who had no sexual contact (2.3%). The prevalence
also was higher among female students who had no sexual contact
(4.5%) than male students who had no sexual contact (2.3%).
Across 23 states, the prevalence of not having gone to
school because of safety concerns ranged from 3.1% to 9.1%
(median: 6.6%) among students who had sexual contact with
only the opposite sex, from 8.8% to 25.0% (median: 14.7%)
among students who had sexual contact with only the same sex
or with both sexes, and from 2.1% to 6.5% (median: 3.6%)
among students who had no sexual contact. Across 18 large
urban school districts, the prevalence ranged from 4.2%
to 12.2% (median: 8.4%) among students who had sexual
contact with only the opposite sex, from 6.2% to 24.1%
(median: 16.0%) among students who had sexual contact with
 Surveillance Summaries
only the same sex or with both sexes, and from 2.6% to 8.1%
(median: 5.2%) among students who had no sexual contact.
Electronically Bullied
Nationwide, 15.5% of all students; 14.2% of heterosexual
students; 28.0% of gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and
22.5% of not sure students had been electronically bullied,
counting being bullied through e-mail, chat rooms, instant
messaging, websites, or texting, during the 12 months
before the survey (Table 19). The prevalence of having been
electronically bullied was higher among gay, lesbian, and
bisexual students (28.0%) and not sure students (22.5%) than
heterosexual students (14.2%). Among female students, the
prevalence was higher among lesbian and bisexual students
(30.5%) than heterosexual students (20.6%) and not sure
students (20.4%). Among male students, the prevalence was
higher among gay and bisexual students (22.4%) and not sure
students (22.3%) than heterosexual students (8.7%). The
prevalence also was higher among heterosexual female students
(20.6%) than heterosexual male students (8.7%) and higher
among lesbian and bisexual female students (30.5%) than gay
and bisexual male students (22.4%).
Across 24 states, the prevalence of having been electronically
bullied ranged from 9.6% to 17.8% (median: 12.8%) among
heterosexual students; from 22.6% to 46.1% (median: 27.1%)
among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and from 16.2% to
37.3% (median: 23.5%) among not sure students. Across 19
large urban school districts, the prevalence ranged from 6.4%
to 14.8% (median: 9.4%) among heterosexual students; from
12.0% to 28.7% (median: 20.8%) among gay, lesbian, and
bisexual students; and from 8.5% to 30.1% (median: 20.6%)
among not sure students.
Nationwide, 17.4% of students who had sexual contact
with only the opposite sex, 31.9% of students who had sexual
contact with only the same sex or with both sexes, and 11.5%
of students who had no sexual contact had been electronically
bullied. The prevalence of having been electronically bullied
was higher among students who had sexual contact with only
the same sex or with both sexes (31.9%) than students who
had sexual contact with only the opposite sex (17.4%) and
students who had no sexual contact (11.5%) and higher among
students who had sexual contact with only the opposite sex
(17.4%) than students who had no sexual contact (11.5%).
Among female students, the prevalence was higher among
those who had sexual contact with only females or with both
sexes (32.2%) than those who had sexual contact with only
males (26.3%) and those who had no sexual contact (15.7%)
and higher among those who sexual contact with only males
(26.3%) than those who had no sexual contact (15.7%).
Among male students, the prevalence was higher among those
US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
who had sexual contact with only males and with both sexes
(31.1%) than those who had sexual contact with only females
(10.6%) and those who had no sexual contact (7.1%) and
higher among those who had sexual contact with only females
(10.6%) than those who had no sexual contact (7.1%). The
prevalence also was higher among female students who had
sexual contact with only males (26.3%) than male students
who had sexual contact with only females (10.6%) and higher
among female students who had no sexual contact (15.7%)
than male students who had no sexual contact (7.1%).
Across 23 states, the prevalence of having been electronically
bullied ranged from 12.1% to 23.0% (median: 16.4%) among
students who had sexual contact with only the opposite sex,
from 24.5% to 48.0% (median: 30.9%) among students
who had sexual contact with only the same sex or with both
sexes, and from 7.1% to 14.8% (median: 10.0%) among
students who had no sexual contact. Across 19 large urban
school districts, the prevalence ranged from 6.8% to 15.5%
(median: 11.3%) among students who had sexual contact with
only the opposite sex, from 11.7% to 33.4% (median: 21.5%)
among students who had sexual contact with only the same sex
or with both sexes, and from 4.5% to 9.9% (median: 8.0%)
among students who had no sexual contact.
Bullied on School Property
Nationwide, 20.2% of all students; 18.8% of heterosexual
students; 34.2% of gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and
24.9% of not sure students had been bullied on school
property during the 12 months before the survey (Table 20).
The prevalence of having been bullied on school property was
higher among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students (34.2%) then
heterosexual students (18.8%) and not sure students (24.9%)
and higher among not sure students (24.9%) than heterosexual
students (18.8%). Among female students, the prevalence was
higher among lesbian and bisexual students (37.2%) than
heterosexual students (23.2%) and not sure students (19.1%).
Among male students, the prevalence was higher among gay
and bisexual students (26.3%) and not sure students (31.7%)
than heterosexual students (15.0%). The prevalence also was
higher among heterosexual female students (23.2%) than
heterosexual male students (15.0%), higher among lesbian and
bisexual female students (37.2%) than gay and bisexual male
students (26.3%), and higher among not sure male students
(31.7%) than not sure female students (19.1%).
Across 23 states, the prevalence of having been bullied on
school property ranged from 12.4% to 23.4% (median: 17.0%)
among heterosexual students; from 25.0% to 48.8%
(median: 34.3%) among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students;
and from 14.0% to 45.4% (median: 30.1%) among not sure
students. Across 19 large urban school districts, the prevalence
MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 15
 Surveillance Summaries
ranged from 9.3% to 16.7% (median: 13.0%) among
heterosexual students; from 13.8% to 37.6% (median: 23.2%)
among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and from 17.4% to
35.0% (median: 25.4%) among not sure students.
Nationwide, 21.2% of students who had sexual contact with
only the opposite sex, 34.1% of students who had sexual contact
with only the same sex or with both sexes, and 17.4% of
students who had no sexual contact had been bullied on school
property. The prevalence of having been bullied on school
property was higher among students who had sexual contact
with only the same sex or with both sexes (34.1%) than students
who had sexual contact with only the opposite sex (21.2%) and
students who had no sexual contact (17.4%) and higher among
students who had sexual contact with only the opposite sex
(21.2%) than students who had no sexual contact (17.4%).
Among female students, the prevalence was higher among those
who had sexual contact with only females or with both sexes
(34.0%) than those who had sexual contact with only males
(27.3%) and those who had no sexual contact (20.7%) and
higher among those who had sexual contact with only males
(27.3%) than those who had no sexual contact (20.7%). Among
male students, the prevalence was higher among those who had
sexual contact with only males or with both sexes (34.4%) than
those who had sexual contact with only females (16.5%) and
those who had no sexual contact (13.9%). The prevalence also
was higher among female students who had sexual contact with
only males (27.3%) than male students who had sexual contact
with only females (16.5%) and higher among female students
who had no sexual contact (20.7%) than male students who
had no sexual contact (13.9%).
Across 22 states, the prevalence of having been bullied on
school property ranged from 12.9% to 27.6% (median: 18.5%)
among students who had sexual contact with only the opposite
sex, from 28.2% to 51.5% (median: 34.5%) among students
who had sexual contact with only the same sex or with both
sexes, and from 12.2% to 21.3% (median: 16.4%) among
students who had no sexual contact. Across 19 large urban
school districts, the prevalence ranged from 9.0% to 17.9%
(median: 13.7%) among students who had sexual contact with
only the opposite sex, from 17.5% to 33.6% (median: 24.0%)
among students who had sexual contact with only the same sex
or with both sexes, and from 8.8% to 16.0% (median: 12.7%)
among students who had no sexual contact.
Forced to Have Sexual Intercourse
Nationwide, 6.7% of all students; 5.4% of heterosexual
students; 17.8% of gay, lesbian, and bisexual students;
and 12.6% of not sure students had ever been physically
forced to have sexual intercourse when they did not want
to (Table 21). The prevalence of having ever been forced to
16 MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
have sexual intercourse was higher among gay, lesbian, and
bisexual students (17.8%) and not sure students (12.6%)
than heterosexual students (5.4%) and higher among not sure
students (12.6%) than heterosexual students (5.4%). Among
female students, the prevalence was higher among lesbian and
bisexual students (21.1%) than heterosexual students (8.8%)
and not sure students (9.8%). Among male students, the
prevalence was higher among gay and bisexual students (8.0%)
and not sure students (13.5%) than heterosexual students
(2.5%). The prevalence also was higher among heterosexual
female students (8.8%) than heterosexual male students
(2.5%) and higher among lesbian and bisexual female students
(21.1%) than gay and bisexual male students (8.0%).
Across 24 states, the prevalence of having ever been forced
to have sexual intercourse ranged from 4.5% to 8.6%
(median: 6.2%) among heterosexual students; from 9.9%
to 34.0% (median: 19.7%) among gay, lesbian, and bisexual
students; and from 6.7% to 23.0% (median: 15.7%) among
not sure students. Across 17 large urban school districts, the
prevalence ranged from 4.4% to 10.4% (median: 7.0%) among
heterosexual students; from 12.5% to 26.7% (median: 18.4%)
among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and from 2.6% to
22.1% (median: 14.2%) among not sure students.
Nationwide, 9.0% of students who had sexual contact with
only the opposite sex, 25.2% of students who had sexual contact
with only the same sex or with both sexes, and 1.4% of students
who had no sexual contact had ever been physically forced to
have sexual intercourse. The prevalence of having ever been
forced to have sexual intercourse was higher among students
who had sexual contact with only the same sex or with both
sexes (25.2%) than students who had sexual contact with only
the opposite sex (9.0%) and students who had no sexual contact
(1.4%) and higher among students who had sexual contact
with only the opposite sex (9.0%) than students who had no
sexual contact (1.4%). Among female students, the prevalence
was higher among those who had sexual contact with only
females or with both sexes (28.1%) than those who had sexual
contact with only males (15.8%) and those who had no sexual
contact (1.8%) and higher among those who had sexual contact
with only males (15.8%) than those who had no sexual contact
(1.8%). Among male students, the prevalence was higher among
those who had sexual contact with only males or with both
sexes (16.0%) than those who had sexual contact with only
females (3.7%) and those who had no sexual contact (1.0%)
and higher among those who had sexual contact with only
females (3.7%) than those who had no sexual contact (1.0%).
The prevalence also was higher among female students who
had sexual contact with only males (15.8%) than male students
who had sexual contact with only females (3.7%), higher among
female students who had sexual contact with only females or
 Surveillance Summaries
with both sexes (28.1%) than male students who had sexual
contact with only males or with both sexes (16.0%), and higher
among female students who had no sexual contact (1.8%) than
male students who had no sexual contact (1.0%).
Across 22 states, the prevalence of having ever been forced
to have sexual intercourse ranged from 7.2% to 13.0%
(median: 9.8%) among students who had sexual contact with
only the opposite sex, from 19.7% to 39.1% (median: 27.0%)
among students who had sexual contact with only the same sex
or with both sexes, and from 0.7% to 4.9% (median: 2.6%)
among students who had no sexual contact. Across 17 large
urban school districts, the prevalence ranged from 7.4% to
13.1% (median: 10.2%) among students who had sexual
contact with only the opposite sex, from 14.4% to 29.4%
(median: 20.6%) among students who had sexual contact with
only the same sex or with both sexes, and from 1.9% to 6.7%
(median: 3.6%) among students who had no sexual contact.
Physical Dating Violence
Among the students nationwide who dated or went out with
someone during the 12 months before the survey, 9.6% of all
those students; 8.3% of the heterosexual students; 17.5% of
the gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and 24.5% of the not
sure students had been physically hurt on purpose (counting
being hit, slammed into something, or injured with an object
or weapon) by someone they were dating or going out with
one or more times during the 12 months before the survey
(i.e., physical dating violence) (Table 22). The prevalence of
physical dating violence was higher among gay, lesbian, and
bisexual students (17.5%) and not sure students (24.5%) than
heterosexual students (8.3%). Among female students, the
prevalence was higher among lesbian and bisexual students
(16.9%) than heterosexual students (10.7%). Among male
students, the prevalence was higher among gay and bisexual
students (19.9%) and not sure students (30.5%) than
heterosexual students (6.2%). The prevalence also was higher
among heterosexual female students (10.7%) than heterosexual
male students (6.2%).
Across 24 states, the prevalence of physical dating violence
ranged from 5.6% to 12.4% (median: 7.2%) among
heterosexual students; from 11.2% to 31.8% (median: 20.6%)
among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and from 6.0% to
32.2% (median: 21.1%) among not sure students. Across 19
large urban school districts, the prevalence ranged from 5.0%
to 10.0% (median: 7.5%) among heterosexual students; from
11.8% to 26.1% (median: 20.8%) among gay, lesbian, and
bisexual students; and from 3.0% to 35.2% (median: 16.9%)
among not sure students.
Among the students nationwide who dated or went out with
someone during the 12 months before the survey, 10.8% of
US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
the students who had sexual contact with only the opposite
sex, 23.5% of the students who had sexual contact with only
the same sex or with both sexes, and 3.0% of the students who
had no sexual contact had experienced physical dating violence.
The prevalence of physical dating violence was higher among
students who had sexual contact with only the same sex or with
both sexes (23.5%) than students who had sexual contact with
only the opposite sex (10.8%) and students who had no sexual
contact (3.0%) and higher among students who had sexual
contact with only the opposite sex (10.8%) than those who had
no sexual contact (3.0%). Among female students, the prevalence
was higher among those who had sexual contact with only
females or with both sexes (21.4%) than those who had sexual
contact with only males (14.1%) and those who had no sexual
contact (4.1%) and higher among those who had sexual contact
with only males (14.1%) than those who had no sexual contact
(4.1%). Among male students, the prevalence was higher among
those who had sexual contact with only males or with both sexes
(31.9%) than those who had sexual contact with only females
(8.2%) and those who had no sexual contact (1.9%) and higher
among those who had sexual contact with only females (8.2%)
than those who had no sexual contact (1.9%). The prevalence
also was higher among female students who had sexual contact
with only males (14.1%) than male students who had sexual
contact with only females (8.2%), higher among male students
who had sexual contact with only males or with both sexes
(31.9%) than female students who had sexual contact with only
females or with both sexes (21.4%), and higher among female
students who had no sexual contact (4.1%) than male students
who had no sexual contact (1.9%).
Across 23 states, the prevalence of physical dating violence
ranged from 7.1% to 15.7% (median: 10.2%) among students
who had sexual contact with only the opposite sex, from
12.6% to 41.2% (median: 24.5%) among students who had
sexual contact with only the same sex or with both sexes, and
from 1.2% to 3.8% (median: 2.7%) among students who had
no sexual contact. Across 19 large urban school districts, the
prevalence ranged from 5.9% to 12.6% (median: 9.4%) among
students who had sexual contact with only the opposite sex,
from 10.4% to 27.4% (median: 21.9%) among students who
had sexual contact with only the same sex or with both sexes,
and from 1.0% to 6.6% (median: 3.9%) among students who
had no sexual contact.
Sexual Dating Violence
Among the students nationwide who dated or went out
with someone during the 12 months before the survey, 10.6%
of all those students; 9.1% of the heterosexual students;
22.7% of the gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and 23.8%
of the not sure students had been forced to do sexual things
MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 17
 Surveillance Summaries
(counting being kissed, touched, or physically forced to have
sexual intercourse) they did not want to do by someone they
were dating or going out with one or more times during the
12 months before the survey (i.e., sexual dating violence)
(Table 23). The prevalence of sexual dating violence was higher
among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students (22.7%) and not sure
students (23.8%) than heterosexual students (9.1%). Among
female students, the prevalence was higher among lesbian and
bisexual students (22.6%) then heterosexual students (14.5%).
Among male students, the prevalence was higher among gay
and bisexual students (20.9%) and not sure students (21.7%)
than heterosexual students (4.3%). The prevalence also was
higher among heterosexual female students (14.5%) than
heterosexual male students (4.3%).
Across 21 states, the prevalence of sexual dating violence
ranged from 6.2% to 11.3% (median: 8.5%) among
heterosexual students; from 13.7% to 31.8% (median: 20.6%)
among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and from 11.7% to
39.3% (median: 23.7%) among not sure students. Across 19
large urban school districts, the prevalence ranged from 5.8%
to 11.7% (median: 7.8%) among heterosexual students; from
11.6% to 33.3% (median: 20.2%) among gay, lesbian, and
bisexual students; and from 16.7% to 45.6% (median: 23.1%)
among not sure students.
Among the students nationwide who dated or went out with
someone during the 12 months before the survey, 10.5% of
the students who had sexual contact with only the opposite
sex, 27.0% of the students who had sexual contact with only
the same sex or with both sexes, and 5.9% of the students who
had no sexual contact experienced sexual dating violence. The
prevalence of sexual dating violence was higher among students
who had sexual contact with only the same sex or with both sexes
(27.0%) than students who had sexual contact with only the
opposite sex (10.5%) and students who had no sexual contact
(5.9%) and higher among students who had sexual contact with
only the opposite sex (10.5%) than students who had no sexual
contact (5.9%). Among female students, the prevalence was
higher among those who had sexual contact with only females
or with both sexes (28.4%) than those who had sexual contact
with only males (16.5%) and those who had no sexual contact
(9.7%) and higher among those who had sexual contact with
only males (16.5%) than those who had no sexual contact
(9.7%). Among male students, the prevalence was higher among
those who had sexual contact with only males or with both sexes
(21.2%) than those who had sexual contact with only females
(5.6%) and those who had no sexual contact (1.9%) and higher
among those who had sexual contact with only females (5.6%)
than those who had no sexual contact (1.9%). The prevalence
also was higher among female students who had sexual contact
with only males (16.5%) than male students who had sexual
18 MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
contact with only females (5.6%) and higher among female
students who had no sexual contact (9.7%) than male students
who had no sexual contact (1.9%).
Across 21 states, the prevalence of sexual dating violence
ranged from 7.6% to 15.1% (median: 10.2%) among students
who had sexual contact with only the opposite sex, from
15.8% to 36.1% (median: 26.3%) among students who had
sexual contact with only the same sex or with both sexes, and
from 1.9% to 7.4% (median: 4.2%) among students who had
no sexual contact. Across 19 large urban school districts, the
prevalence ranged from 6.1% to 13.3% (median: 9.7%) among
students who had sexual contact with only the opposite sex,
from 10.8% to 36.0% (median: 22.5%) among students who
had sexual contact with only the same sex or with both sexes,
and from 2.0% to 8.1% (median: 4.4%) among students who
had no sexual contact.
Felt Sad or Hopeless
During the 12 months before the survey, 29.9% of all
students; 26.4% of heterosexual students; 60.4% of gay,
lesbian, and bisexual students; and 46.5% of not sure students
nationwide had felt so sad or helpless almost every day for
2 or more weeks in a row that they stopped doing some usual
activities (Table 24). The prevalence of having felt sad or
hopeless was higher among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students
(60.4%) than heterosexual students (26.4%) and not sure
students (46.5%) and higher among not sure students (46.5%)
than heterosexual students (26.4%). Among female students,
the prevalence was higher among lesbian and bisexual students
(66.5%) than heterosexual students (35.5%) and not sure
students (49.7%) and higher among not sure students (49.7%)
than heterosexual students (35.5%). Among male students,
the prevalence was higher among gay and bisexual students
(43.9%) and not sure students (40.5%) than heterosexual
students (18.6%). The prevalence also was higher among
heterosexual female students (35.5%) than heterosexual male
students (18.6%) and higher among lesbian and bisexual female
students (66.5%) than gay and bisexual male students (43.9%).
Across 25 states, the prevalence of having felt sad or hopeless
ranged from 20.5% to 29.6% (median: 24.7%) among
heterosexual students; from 47.0% to 71.3% (median: 59.8%)
among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and from 28.0% to
61.8% (median: 44.6%) among not sure students. Across 19
large urban school districts, the prevalence ranged from 22.5%
to 31.0% (median: 26.1%) among heterosexual students; from
44.2% to 65.0% (median: 52.9%) among gay, lesbian, and
bisexual students; and from 27.7% to 56.5% (median: 44.5%)
among not sure students.
Nationwide, 32.9% of students who had sexual contact with
only the opposite sex, 62.7% of students who had sexual contact
 Surveillance Summaries
with only the same sex or with both sexes, and 22.3% of students
who had no sexual contact had felt sad or hopeless. The
prevalence of having felt sad or hopeless was higher among
students who had sexual contact with only the same sex or with
both sexes (62.7%) than students who had sexual contact with
only the opposite sex (32.9%) and students who had no sexual
contact (22.3%) and higher among students who had sexual
contact with only the opposite sex (32.9%) than students who
had no sexual contact (22.3%). Among female students, the
prevalence was higher among those who had sexual contact with
only females or with both sexes (66.3%) than those who had
sexual contact with only males (44.3%) and those who had no
sexual contact (30.7%) and higher among those who had sexual
contact with only males (44.3%) than those who had no sexual
contact (30.7%). Among male students, the prevalence was
higher among those who had sexual contact with only males or
with both sexes (51.6%) than those who had sexual contact with
only females (24.1%) and those who had no sexual contact
(13.4%) and higher among those who had sexual contact with
only females (24.1%) than those who had no sexual contact
(13.4%). The prevalence also was higher among female students
who had sexual contact with only males (44.3%) than male
students who had sexual contact with only females (24.1%),
higher among female students who had sexual contact with only
females or with both sexes (66.3%) than male students who had
sexual contact with only males or with both sexes (51.6%), and
higher among female students who had no sexual contact
(30.7%) than male students who had no sexual contact (13.4%).
Across 23 states, the prevalence of having felt sad or hopeless
ranged from 25.8% to 36.1% (median: 31.8%) among
students who had sexual contact with only the opposite sex,
from 40.8% to 72.0% (median: 58.9%) among students
who had sexual contact with only the same sex or with both
sexes, and from 17.1% to 26.3% (median: 21.2%) among
students who had no sexual contact. Across 19 large urban
school districts, the prevalence ranged from 25.7% to 32.8%
(median: 31.0%) among students who had sexual contact with
only the opposite sex, from 44.8% to 65.7% (median: 50.7%)
among students who had sexual contact with only the same sex
or with both sexes, and from 18.9% to 29.9% (median: 23.9%)
among students who had no sexual contact.
Seriously Considered Attempting Suicide
Nationwide, 17.7% of all students; 14.8% of heterosexual
students; 42.8% of gay, lesbian, or bisexual students; and
31.9% of not sure students had seriously considered attempting
suicide during the 12 months before the survey (Table 25). The
prevalence of having seriously considered attempting suicide
was higher among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students (42.8%)
than heterosexual students (14.8%) and not sure students
US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(31.9%) and higher among not sure students (31.9%) than
heterosexual students (14.8%). Among female students, the
prevalence was higher among lesbian and bisexual students
(46.6%) than heterosexual students (19.6%) and not sure
students (32.6%) and higher among not sure students (32.6%)
than heterosexual students (19.6%). Among male students,
the prevalence was higher among gay and bisexual students
(32.7%) and not sure students (30.9%) than heterosexual
students (10.6%). The prevalence also was higher among
heterosexual female students (19.6%) than heterosexual male
students (10.6%) and higher among lesbian and bisexual female
students (46.6%) than gay and bisexual male students (32.7%).
Across 24 states, the prevalence of having seriously considered
attempting suicide ranged from 10.4% to 16.5% (median:
12.8%) among heterosexual students; from 32.6% to 55.4%
(median: 42.1%) among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students;
and from 23.3% to 44.0% (median: 30.8%) among not sure
students. Across 19 large urban school districts, the prevalence
ranged from 8.4% to 15.4% (median: 11.6%) among
heterosexual students; from 27.0% to 43.4% (median: 38.4%)
among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and from 17.5% to
39.9% (median: 29.2%) among not sure students.
Nationwide, 19.7% of students who had sexual contact with
only the opposite sex, 44.5% of students who had sexual contact
with only the same sex or with both sexes, and 12.0% of students
who had no sexual contact had seriously considered attempting
suicide. The prevalence of having seriously considered attempting
suicide was higher among students who had sexual contact with
only the same sex or with both sexes (44.5%) than students
who had sexual contact with only the opposite sex (19.7%)
and students who had no sexual contact (12.0%) and higher
among students who had sexual contact with only the opposite
sex (19.7%) than students who had no sexual contact (12.0%).
Among female students, the prevalence was higher among those
who had sexual contact with only females and with both sexes
(45.6%) than those who had sexual contact with only males
(26.2%) and those who had no sexual contact (16.5%) and
higher among those who had sexual contact with only males
(26.2%) than those who had no sexual contact (16.5%). Among
male students, the prevalence was higher among those who had
sexual contact with only males and with both sexes (41.2%)
than those who had sexual contact with only females (14.6%)
and those who had no sexual contact (7.3%) and higher among
those who had sexual contact with only females (14.6%) than
those who had no sexual contact (7.3%). The prevalence also
was higher among female students who had sexual contact with
only males (26.2%) than male students who had sexual contact
with only females (14.6%) and higher among female students
who had no sexual contact (16.5%) than male students who
had no sexual contact (7.3%).
MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 19
 Surveillance Summaries
Across 22 states, the prevalence of having seriously
considered attempting suicide ranged from 14.3% to 23.3%
(median: 17.0%) among students who had sexual contact with
only the opposite sex, from 32.0% to 55.0% (median: 41.5%)
among students who had sexual contact with only the same sex
or with both sexes, and from 7.5% to 14.7% (median: 10.2%)
among students who had no sexual contact. Across 19 large
urban school districts, the prevalence ranged from 10.5%
to 19.5% (median: 15.2%) among students who had sexual
contact with only the opposite sex, from 25.8% to 44.6%
(median: 35.0%) among students who had sexual contact with
only the same sex or with both sexes, and from 5.7% to 14.6%
(median: 10.8%) among students who had no sexual contact.
Made a Suicide Plan
During the 12 months before the survey, 14.6% of all
students; 11.9% of heterosexual students; 38.2% of gay,
lesbian, and bisexual students; and 27.9% of not sure students
had made a plan about how they would attempt suicide
(Table 26). The prevalence of having made a suicide plan was
higher among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students (38.2%) than
heterosexual students (11.9%) and not sure students (27.9%)
and higher among not sure students (27.9%) than heterosexual
students (11.9%). Among female students, the prevalence was
higher among lesbian and bisexual students (42.0%) than
heterosexual students (15.7%) and not sure students (29.3%)
and higher among not sure students (29.3%) than heterosexual
students (15.7%). Among male students, the prevalence was
higher among gay and bisexual students (27.0%) and not sure
students (23.6%) than heterosexual students (8.6%). The
prevalence also was higher among heterosexual female students
(15.7%) than heterosexual male students (8.6%) and higher
among lesbian and bisexual female students (42.0%) than gay
and bisexual male students (27.0%).
Across 23 states, the prevalence of having made a suicide
plan ranged from 8.3% to 15.4% (median: 11.3%) among
heterosexual students; from 29.0% to 51.9% (median: 37.4%)
among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and from 18.8% to
40.8% (median: 27.7%) among not sure students. Across 16
large urban school districts, the prevalence ranged from 6.8%
to 15.4% (median: 11.0%) among heterosexual students; from
25.3% to 44.3% (median: 31.8%) among gay, lesbian, and
bisexual students; and from 8.5% to 39.0% (median: 26.3%)
among not sure students.
Nationwide, 15.6% of students who had sexual contact
with only the opposite sex, 39.6% of students who had sexual
contact with only the same sex or with both sexes, and 10.1%
of students who had no sexual contact had made a suicide plan.
The prevalence of having made a suicide plan was higher among
students who had sexual contact with only the same sex or
20 MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
with both sexes (39.6%) than students who had sexual contact
with only the opposite sex (15.6%) and students who had no
sexual contact (10.1%) and higher among students who had
sexual contact with only the opposite sex (15.6%) than students
who had no sexual contact (10.1%). Among female students,
the prevalence was higher among those who had sexual contact
with only females or with both sexes (41.5%) than those who
had sexual contact with only males (21.2%) and those who had
no sexual contact (13.7%) and higher among those who had
sexual contact with only males (21.2%) than those who had no
sexual contact (13.7%). Among male students, the prevalence
was higher among those who had sexual contact with only males
or with both sexes (33.8%) than those who had sexual contact
with only females (11.2%) and those who had no sexual contact
(6.3%) and higher among those who had sexual contact with
only females (11.2%) than those who had no sexual contact
(6.3%). The prevalence also was higher among female students
who had sexual contact with only males (21.2%) than male
students who had sexual contact with only females (11.2%)
and higher among female students who had no sexual contact
(13.7%) than male students who had no sexual contact (6.3%).
Across 21 states, the prevalence of having made a suicide
plan ranged from 11.7% to 19.8% (median: 15.0%) among
students who had sexual contact with only the opposite sex,
from 24.9% to 44.4% (median: 35.7%) among students who
had sexual contact with only the same sex or with both sexes,
and from 6.6% to 12.8% (median: 9.0%) among students who
had no sexual contact. Across 16 large urban school districts,
the prevalence ranged from 9.5% to 18.9% (median: 13.3%)
among students who had sexual contact with only the opposite
sex, from 18.2% to 37.6% (median: 30.9%) among students
who had sexual contact with only the same sex or with both
sexes, and from 4.6% to 12.9% (median: 9.8%) among
students who had no sexual contact.
Attempted Suicide
Nationwide, 8.6% of all students; 6.4% of heterosexual
students; 29.4% of gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and
13.7% of not sure students had attempted suicide one or more
times during the 12 months before the survey (Table 27). The
prevalence of having attempted suicide was higher among
gay, lesbian, and bisexual students (29.4%) than heterosexual
students (6.4%) and not sure students (13.7%) and higher
among not sure students (13.7%) than heterosexual students
(6.4%). Among female students, the prevalence was higher
among lesbian and bisexual students (32.8%) than heterosexual
students (8.4%) and not sure students (11.7%). Among
male students, the prevalence was higher among gay and
bisexual students (19.4%) and not sure students (16.0%)
than heterosexual students (4.5%). The prevalence also was
 Surveillance Summaries
higher among heterosexual female students (8.4%) than
heterosexual male students (4.5%) and higher among lesbian
and bisexual female students (32.8%) than gay and bisexual
male students (19.4%).
Across 23 states, the prevalence of having attempted
suicide ranged from 3.8% to 9.5% (median: 6.8%) among
heterosexual students; from 19.7% to 37.4% (median: 26.5%)
among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and from 9.4% to
27.8% (median: 18.0%) among not sure students. Across 19
large urban school districts, the prevalence ranged from 4.3%
to 15.9% (median: 7.1%) among heterosexual students; from
20.7% to 37.8% (median: 26.1%) among gay, lesbian, and
bisexual students; and from 11.8% to 40.8% (median: 19.3%)
among not sure students.
Nationwide, 9.7% of students who had sexual contact with
only the opposite sex, 27.6% of students who had sexual
contact with only the same sex or with both sexes, and 4.2%
of students who had no sexual contact had attempted suicide.
The prevalence of having attempted suicide was higher among
students who had sexual contact with only the same sex or with
both sexes (27.6%) than students who had sexual contact with
only the opposite sex (9.7%) and students who had no sexual
contact (4.2%) and higher among students who had sexual
contact with only the opposite sex (9.7%) than students who had
no sexual contact (4.2%). Among female students, the prevalence
was higher among those who had sexual contact with only
females or with both sexes (31.0%) than those who had sexual
contact with only males (13.1%) and those who had no sexual
contact (6.1%) and higher among those who had sexual contact
with only males (13.1%) than those who had no sexual contact
(6.1%). Among male students, the prevalence was higher among
those who had sexual contact with only males or with both sexes
(17.0%) than those who had sexual contact with only females
(6.9%) and those who had no sexual contact (2.3%) and higher
among those who had sexual contact with only females (6.9%)
than those who had no sexual contact (2.3%). The prevalence
also was higher among female students who had sexual contact
with only males (13.1%) than male students who had sexual
contact with only females (6.9%), higher among female students
who had sexual contact with only females or with both sexes
(31.0%) than male students who had sexual contact with only
males or with both sexes (17.0%), and higher among female
students who had no sexual contact (6.1%) than male students
who had no sexual contact (2.3%).
Across 21 states, the prevalence of having attempted suicide
ranged from 6.2% to 13.5% (median: 9.7%) among students
who had sexual contact with only the opposite sex, from
18.9% to 40.3% (median: 28.7%) among students who had
sexual contact with only the same sex or with both sexes, and
from 2.3% to 6.2% (median: 4.2%) among students who had
US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
no sexual contact. Across 19 large urban school districts, the
prevalence ranged from 7.4% to 18.9% (median: 9.7%) among
students who had sexual contact with only the opposite sex,
from 19.8% to 42.6% (median: 28.6%) among students who
had sexual contact with only the same sex or with both sexes,
and from 1.9% to 12.5% (median: 5.6%) among students
who had no sexual contact.
Suicide Attempt Treated by a Doctor or Nurse
Nationwide, 2.8% of all students; 2.0% of heterosexual
students; 9.4% of gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and 4.7%
of not sure students nationwide had made a suicide attempt
during the 12 months before the survey that resulted in an
injury, poisoning, or overdose that had to be treated by a doctor
or nurse (Table 28). The prevalence of having made a suicide
attempt that resulted in an injury, poisoning, or overdose
that had to be treated by a doctor or nurse was higher among
gay, lesbian, and bisexual students (9.4%) than heterosexual
students (2.0%) and not sure students (4.7%) and higher
among not sure students (4.7%) than heterosexual students
(2.0%). Among female students, the prevalence was higher
among lesbian and bisexual students (10.3%) than heterosexual
students (2.6%) and not sure students (3.8%). Among male
students, the prevalence was higher among gay and bisexual
students (7.0%) than heterosexual students (1.5%). The
prevalence also was higher among heterosexual female students
(2.6%) than heterosexual male students (1.5%).
Across 21 states, the prevalence of having made a suicide
attempt that resulted in an injury, poisoning, or overdose that
had to be treated by a doctor or nurse ranged from 1.1% to
9.0% (median: 2.3%) among heterosexual students; from 5.8%
to 15.5% (median: 9.3%) among gay, lesbian, and bisexual
students; and from 1.6% to 12.3% (median: 7.5%) among
not sure students. Across 17 large urban school districts, the
prevalence ranged from 1.3% to 6.1% (median: 2.5%) among
heterosexual students; from 4.1% to 15.9% (median: 11.2%)
among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and from 0.0% to
19.5% (median: 8.7%) among not sure students.
Nationwide, 3.4% of students who had sexual contact with
only the opposite sex, 11.0% of students who had sexual
contact with only the same sex or with both sexes, and 0.9%
of students who had no sexual contact nationwide had made
a suicide attempt that resulted in an injury, poisoning, or
overdose that had to be treated by a doctor or nurse. The
prevalence of having made a suicide attempt that resulted in
an injury, poisoning, or over dose that had to be treated by a
doctor or nurse was higher among students who had sexual
contact with only the same sex or with both sexes (11.0%) than
students who had sexual contact with only the opposite sex
(3.4%) and students who had no sexual contact (0.9%) and
MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 21
 Surveillance Summaries
higher among students who had sexual contact with only the
opposite sex (3.4%) than students who had no sexual contact
(0.9%). Among female students, the prevalence was higher
among those who had sexual contact with only females or with
both sexes (12.4%) than those who had sexual contact with
only males (4.2%) and those who had no sexual contact (1.3%)
and higher among those who had sexual contact with only
males (4.2%) than those who had no sexual contact (1.3%).
Among male students, the prevalence was higher among those
who had sexual contact with only females (2.8%) and those
who had sexual contact with only males or with both sexes
(6.5%) than those who had no sexual contact (0.4%). The
prevalence also was higher among female students who had
sexual contact with only females or with both sexes (12.4%)
than male students who had sexual contact with only males
or with both sexes (6.5%) and higher among female students
who had no sexual contact (1.3%) than male students who
had no sexual contact (0.4%).
Across 20 states, the prevalence of having made a suicide
attempt that resulted in an injury, poisoning, or overdose
that had to be treated by a doctor or nurse ranged from 2.1%
to 10.3% (median: 3.3%) among students who had sexual
contact with only the opposite sex, from 6.1% to 19.6%
(median: 12.7%) among students who had sexual contact with
only the same sex or with both sexes, and from 0.4% to 6.2%
(median: 1.1%) among students who had no sexual contact.
Across 17 large urban school districts, the prevalence ranged
from 2.2% to 6.4% (median: 3.4%) among students who had
sexual contact with only the opposite sex, from 3.8% to 17.4%
(median: 11.2%) among students who had sexual contact with
only the same sex or with both sexes, and from 0.2% to 3.4%
(median: 1.5%) among students who had no sexual contact.
Tobacco Use
Ever Tried Cigarette Smoking
Nationwide, 32.3% of all students; 30.5% of heterosexual
students; 50.4% of gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and
39.5% of not sure students had ever tried cigarette smoking
(even one or two puffs) (i.e., ever tried cigarette smoking)
(Table 29). The prevalence of having ever tried cigarette
smoking was higher among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students
(50.4%) than heterosexual students (30.5%) and not sure
students (39.5%) and higher among not sure students (39.5%)
than heterosexual students (30.5%). Among female students,
the prevalence was higher among lesbian and bisexual students
(53.3%) than heterosexual students (27.1%) and not sure
students (40.5%) and higher among not sure students (40.5%)
than heterosexual students (27.1%). Among male students,
22 MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
the prevalence was higher among gay and bisexual students
(43.0%) than heterosexual students (33.5%). The prevalence
also was higher among heterosexual male students (33.5%)
than heterosexual female students (27.1%) and higher among
lesbian and bisexual female students (53.3%) than gay and
bisexual male students (43.0%).
Across 20 states, the prevalence of having ever tried cigarette
smoking ranged from 19.8% to 45.8% (median: 32.3%) among
heterosexual students; from 36.0% to 64.5% (median: 56.2%)
among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and from 22.0% to
56.7% (median: 37.7%) among not sure students. Across 15
large urban school districts, the prevalence ranged from 19.2%
to 32.1% (median: 24.2%) among heterosexual students; from
28.7% to 53.3% (median: 42.8%) among gay, lesbian, and
bisexual students; and from 20.4% to 46.8% (median: 31.6%)
among not sure students.
Nationwide, 46.0% of students who had sexual contact
with only the opposite sex, 63.2% of students who had sexual
contact with only the same sex or with both sexes, and 14.6%
of students who had no sexual contact had ever tried cigarette
smoking. The prevalence of having ever tried cigarette smoking
was higher among students who had sexual contact with only
the same sex or with both sexes (63.2%) than students who
had sexual contact with only the opposite sex (46.0%) and
students who had no sexual contact (14.6%) and higher among
students who had sexual contact with only the opposite sex
(46.0%) than students who had no sexual contact (14.6%).
Among female students, the prevalence was higher among
those who had sexual contact with only females or with both
sexes (63.7%) than those who had sexual contact with only
males (43.0%) and those who had no sexual contact (14.2%)
and higher among those who had sexual contact with only
males (43.0%) than those who had no sexual contact (14.2%).
Among male students, the prevalence was higher among those
who had sexual contact with only males or with both sexes
(61.6%) than those who had sexual contact with only females
(48.3%) and those who had no sexual contact (14.9%) and
higher among those who had sexual contact with only females
(48.3%) than those who had no sexual contact (14.9%). The
prevalence also was higher among male students who had sexual
contact with only females (43.0%) than female students who
had sexual contact with only males (43.0%).
Across 18 states, the prevalence of having ever tried cigarette
smoking ranged from 30.6% to 59.8% (median: 46.4%)
among students who had sexual contact with only the opposite
sex, from 51.6% to 76.6% (median: 66.1%) among students
who had sexual contact with only the same sex or with both
sexes, and from 8.4% to 23.8% (median: 15.1%) among
students who had no sexual contact. Across 15 large urban
school districts, the prevalence ranged from 27.9% to 47.9%
 Surveillance Summaries
(median: 35.5%) among students who had sexual contact with
only the opposite sex, from 37.2% to 61.4% (median: 49.3%)
among students who had sexual contact with only the same sex
or with both sexes, and from 8.2% to 20.9% (median: 12.1%)
among students who had no sexual contact.
Smoked a Whole Cigarette Before Age 13 Years
Nationwide, 6.6% of all students; 5.8% of heterosexual
students; 12.8% of gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and
10.9% of not sure students had smoked a whole cigarette for
the first time before age 13 years (Table 30). The prevalence of
having smoked a whole cigarette before age 13 years was higher
among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students (12.8%) and not sure
students (10.9%) than heterosexual students (5.8%). Among
female students, the prevalence was higher among lesbian and
bisexual students (12.8%) and not sure students (8.9%) than
heterosexual students (3.7%). The prevalence also was higher
among heterosexual male students (7.7%) than heterosexual
female students (3.7%).
Across 23 states, the prevalence of having smoked a whole
cigarette before age 13 years ranged from 3.7% to 11.4%
(median: 6.1%) among heterosexual students; from 8.3%
to 28.8% (median: 14.7%) among gay, lesbian, and bisexual
students; and from 5.5% to 27.6% (median: 12.9%) among
not sure students. Across 16 large urban school districts, the
prevalence ranged from 2.7% to 11.9% (median: 4.8%) among
heterosexual students; from 7.8% to 24.5% (median: 11.3%)
among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and from 4.3% to
21.5% (median: 10.4%) among not sure students.
Nationwide, 9.0% of students who had sexual contact with
only the opposite sex, 16.4% of students who had sexual contact
with only the same sex or with both sexes, and 2.3% of students
who had no sexual contact had smoked a whole cigarette before
age 13 years. The prevalence having smoked a whole cigarette
before age 13 years was higher among students who had sexual
contact with only the same sex or with both sexes (16.4%)
than students who had sexual contact with only the opposite
sex (9.0%) and students who had no sexual contact (2.3%) and
higher among students who had sexual contact with only the
opposite sex (9.0%) than students who had no sexual contact
(2.3%). Among female students, the prevalence was higher
among those who had sexual contact with only females or with
both sexes (15.2%) than those who had sexual contact with only
males (6.1%) and those who had no sexual contact (1.9%) and
higher among those who had sexual contact with only males
(6.1%) than those who had no sexual contact (1.9%). Among
male students, the prevalence was higher among those who had
sexual contact with only males or with both sexes (20.0%) than
those who had sexual contact with only females (11.3%) and
those who had no sexual contact (2.7%) and higher among those
US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
who had sexual contact with only females (11.3%) than those
who had no sexual contact (2.7%). The prevalence also was
higher among male students who had sexual contact with only
females (11.3%) than female students who had sexual contact
with only males (6.1%).
Across 21 states, the prevalence of having smoked a whole
cigarette before age 13 years ranged from 5.7% to 17.0%
(median: 9.2%) among students who had sexual contact with
only the opposite sex, from 11.5% to 34.6% (median: 21.7%)
among students who had sexual contact with only the same sex
or with both sexes, and from 1.0% to 4.9% (median: 2.3%)
among students who had no sexual contact. Across 16 large
urban school districts, the prevalence ranged from 4.6%
to 12.5% (median: 8.0%) among students who had sexual
contact with only the opposite sex, from 8.9% to 21.7%
(median: 14.5%) among students who had sexual contact with
only the same sex or with both sexes, and from 0.7% to 5.1%
(median: 1.9%) among students who had no sexual contact.
Current Cigarette Use
Nationwide, 10.8% of all students; 9.8% of heterosexual
students; 19.2% of gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and
14.7% of not sure students had smoked cigarettes on at
least 1 day during the 30 days before the survey (i.e., current
cigarette use) (Table 31). The prevalence of current cigarette
use was higher among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students
(19.2%) than heterosexual students (9.8%). Among female
students, the prevalence was higher among lesbian and bisexual
students (20.7%) than heterosexual students (7.9%) and not
sure students (10.5%). The prevalence also was higher among
heterosexual male students (11.5%) than heterosexual female
students (7.9%).
Across 25 states, the prevalence of current cigarette
use ranged from 3.5% to 16.3% (median: 9.1%) among
heterosexual students; from 14.3% to 34.2% (median: 20.8%)
among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and from 0.7% to
34.7% (median: 14.9%) among not sure students. Across 18
large urban school districts, the prevalence ranged from 3.2%
to 8.8% (median: 4.8%) among heterosexual students; from
8.6% to 24.5% (median: 12.7%) among gay, lesbian, and
bisexual students; and from 6.4% to 19.8% (median: 11.4%)
among not sure students.
Nationwide, the prevalence of current cigarette use was
16.3% among students who had sexual contact with only the
opposite sex, 26.6% among students who had sexual contact
with only the same sex or with both sexes, and 3.3% among
students who had no sexual contact. The prevalence of current
cigarette use was higher among students who had sexual
contact with only the same sex or with both sexes (26.6%)
than students who had sexual contact with only the opposite
MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 23
 Surveillance Summaries
sex (16.3%) and students who had no sexual contact (3.3%)
and higher among students who had sexual contact with only
the opposite sex (16.3%) than students who had no sexual
contact (3.3%). Among female students, the prevalence was
higher among those who had sexual contact with only females
or with both sexes (24.4%) than those who had sexual contact
with only males (14.4%) and those who had no sexual contact
(2.9%) and higher among those who had sexual contact with
only males (14.4%) than those who had no sexual contact
(2.9%). Among male students, the prevalence was higher
among those who had sexual contact with only males or with
both sexes (33.3%) than those who had sexual contact with
only females (17.8%) and those who had no sexual contact
(3.7%) and higher among those who had sexual contact with
only females (17.8%) than those who had no sexual contact
(3.7%). The prevalence also was higher among male students
who had sexual contact with only females (17.8%) than female
students who had sexual contact with only male students
(14.4%) and higher among male students who had sexual
contact with only male students or with both sexes (33.3%)
than female students who had sexual contact with only female
students or with both sexes (24.4%).
Across 23 states, the prevalence of current cigarette use
ranged from 5.8% to 25.9% (median: 15.3%) among students
who had sexual contact with only the opposite sex, from
23.2% to 47.2% (median: 30.6%) among students who had
sexual contact with only the same sex or with both sexes, and
from 0.7% to 5.2% (median: 2.5%) among students who had
no sexual contact. Across 18 large urban school districts, the
prevalence ranged from 5.0% to 15.7% (median: 8.1%) among
students who had sexual contact with only the opposite sex,
from 10.9% to 23.9% (median: 16.7%) among students who
had sexual contact with only the same sex or with both sexes,
and from 0.6% to 2.8% (median: 1.4%) among students who
had no sexual contact.
Current Frequent Cigarette Use
Nationwide, 3.4% of all students; 2.7% of heterosexual
students; 7.3% of gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and 8.2%
of not sure students had smoked cigarettes 20 or more days
during the 30 days before the survey (i.e., current frequent
cigarette use) (Table 32). The prevalence of current frequent
cigarette use was higher among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students
(7.3%) and not sure students (8.2%) than heterosexual students
(2.7%). Among female students, the prevalence was higher
among lesbian and bisexual students (7.7%) than heterosexual
students (2.4%). Among male students, the prevalence was
higher among not sure students (13.2%) than heterosexual
students (3.0%). The prevalence also was higher among not sure
male students (13.2%) than not sure female students (4.3%).
24 MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Across 25 states, the prevalence of current frequent cigarette
use ranged from 1.0% to 6.5% (median: 2.4%) among
heterosexual students; from 0.9% to 13.4% (median: 6.4%)
among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and from 0.2%
to 19.1% (median: 6.1%) among not sure students. Across
18 large urban school districts, the prevalence ranged from
0.4% to 1.6% (median: 1.0%) among heterosexual students;
from 0.0% to 7.8% (median: 2.6%) among gay, lesbian, and
bisexual students; and from 1.2% to 12.4% (median: 3.6%)
among not sure students.
Nationwide, the prevalence of current frequent cigarette
use was 5.0% among students who had sexual contact with
only the opposite sex, 14.1% among students who had sexual
contact with only the same sex or with both sexes, and 0.3%
among students who had no sexual contact. The prevalence of
current frequent cigarette use was higher among students who
had sexual contact with only the same sex or with both sexes
(14.1%) than students who had sexual contact with only the
opposite sex (5.0%) and students who had no sexual contact
(0.3%) and higher among students who had sexual contact with
only the opposite sex (5.0%) than students who had no sexual
contact (0.3%). Among female students, the prevalence was
higher among those who had sexual contact with only females
or with both sexes (11.6%) than those who had sexual contact
with only males (4.6%) and those who had no sexual contact
(0.4%) and higher among those who had sexual contact with
only males (4.6%) than those who had no sexual contact (0.4%).
Among male students, the prevalence was higher among those
who had sexual contact with only males (21.9%) than those
who had sexual contact with only females (5.2%) and those who
had no sexual contact (0.2%) and higher among those who had
sexual contact with only females (5.2%) than those who had no
sexual contact (0.2%). The prevalence also was higher among
male students who had sexual contact with only males or with
both sexes (21.9%) than female students who had sexual contact
with only females or with both sexes (11.6%).
Across 23 states, the prevalence of current frequent cigarette
use ranged from 1.4% to 10.2% (median: 4.3%) among
students who had sexual contact with only the opposite sex,
from 5.9% to 18.9% (median: 12.0%) among students who
had sexual contact with only the same sex or with both sexes,
and from 0.0% to 1.3% (median: 0.5%) among students who
had no sexual contact. Across 18 large urban school districts,
the prevalence ranged from 0.8% to 3.0% (median: 1.9%)
among students who had sexual contact with only the opposite
sex, from 0.5% to 7.6% (median: 5.5%) among students who
had sexual contact with only the same sex or with both sexes,
and from 0.0% to 0.5% (median: 0.1%) among students who
had no sexual contact.
 Surveillance Summaries
Smoked More Than 10 Cigarettes per Day
Among the students nationwide who currently smoked
cigarettes, 7.9% of all those students; 6.3% of the heterosexual
students; 7.7% of the gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and
27.7% of the not sure students had smoked more than 10
cigarettes per day on the days they smoked during the 30 days
before the survey (Table 33). The prevalence of having smoked
more than 10 cigarettes per day was higher among not sure
students (27.7%) than heterosexual students (6.3%) and gay,
lesbian, and bisexual students (7.7%).
Across 19 states, the prevalence of having smoked more than
10 cigarettes per day on the days they smoked ranged from
1.2% to 14.6% (median: 7.1%) among heterosexual students;
from 5.7% to 17.0% (median: 8.6%) among gay, lesbian, and
bisexual students; and from 15.6% to 32.8% (median: 28.9%)
among not sure students. Across 15 large urban school districts,
the prevalence ranged from 0.0% to 12.8% (median: 6.2%)
among heterosexual students. The range and median are not
available for gay, lesbian, and bisexual students and not sure
students because less than five large urban school districts had
enough students in these subgroups for this variable to produce
stable estimates.
Among the students nationwide who currently smoked
cigarettes, 6.5% of the students who had sexual contact with
only the opposite sex, 17.1% of the students who had sexual
contact with only the same sex or with both sexes, and 1.9% of
the students who had no sexual contact had smoked more than
10 cigarettes per day on the days they smoked. The prevalence
of having smoked more than 10 cigarettes per day was higher
among students who had sexual contact with only the same
sex or with both sexes (17.1%) than students who had sexual
contact with only the opposite sex (6.5%) and students who had
no sexual contact (1.9%) and higher among students who had
sexual contact with only the opposite sex (6.5%) than students
who had no sexual contact (1.9%). Among female students,
the prevalence was higher among those who had sexual contact
with only females or with both sexes (12.0%) than those who
had sexual contact with only males (4.1%) and those who had
no sexual contact (1.4%). Among male students, the prevalence
was higher among those who had sexual contact with only males
or with both sexes (29.5%) than those who had sexual contact
with only females (8.0%) and those who had no sexual contact
(2.2%) and higher among those who had sexual contact with
only females (8.0%) than those who had no sexual contact
(2.2%). The prevalence also was higher among male students
who had sexual contact with only males or with both sexes
(29.5%) than female students who had sexual contact with
only females or with both sexes (12.0%).
US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Across 18 states, the prevalence of having smoked more
than 10 cigarettes per day on the days they smoked ranged
from 0.9% to 12.7% (median: 7.2%) among students who
had sexual contact with only the opposite sex, from 7.4%
to 24.5% (median: 16.6%) among students who had sexual
contact with only the same sex or with both sexes, and from
0.0% to 13.3% (median: 3.5%) among students who had
no sexual contact. Across 13 large urban school districts, the
prevalence ranged from 0.5% to 14.6% (median: 4.8%) among
students who had sexual contact with only the opposite sex.
The range and median are not available for students who had
sexual contact with only the same sex or with both sexes and
students who had no sexual contact because less than five large
urban school districts had enough students in these subgroups
for this variable to produce stable estimates.
Currently Smoked Cigarettes Daily
Nationwide, 2.3% of all students; 1.9% of heterosexual
students; 4.0% of gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and
7.0% of not sure students had smoked cigarettes on all 30 days
during the 30 days before the survey (i.e., currently smoked
cigarettes daily) (Table 34). The prevalence of having currently
smoked cigarettes daily was higher among gay, lesbian, and
bisexual students (4.0%) and not sure students (7.0%) than
heterosexual students (1.9%). Among female students, the
prevalence was higher among lesbian and bisexual students
(4.2%) than heterosexual students (1.7%). Among male
students, the prevalence was higher among not sure students
(12.2%) than heterosexual students (2.0%) and gay and
bisexual students (3.5%). The prevalence also was higher
among not sure male students (12.2%) than not sure female
students (3.4%).
Across 25 states, the prevalence of having currently smoked
cigarettes daily ranged from 0.8% to 4.5% (median: 1.8%) among
heterosexual students; from 0.9% to 10.7% (median: 4.6%)
among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and from 0.2% to
13.8% (median: 5.5%) among not sure students. Across 18 large
urban school districts, the prevalence ranged from 0.3% to 1.2%
(median: 0.7%) among heterosexual students; from 0.0% to 6.0%
(median: 1.7%) among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and
from 0.7% to 12.0% (median: 3.1%) among not sure students.
Nationwide, 3.4% of students who had sexual contact with
only the opposite sex, 9.6% of students who had sexual contact
with only the same sex or with both sexes, and 0.1% of students
who had no sexual contact currently smoked cigarettes daily.
The prevalence of having currently smoked cigarettes daily was
higher among students who had sexual contact with only the
same sex or with both sexes (9.6%) than students who had sexual
contact with only the opposite sex (3.4%) and students who had
no sexual contact (0.1%) and higher among students who had
MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 25
 Surveillance Summaries
sexual contact with only the opposite sex (3.4%) than students
who had no sexual contact (0.1%). Among female students,
the prevalence was higher among those who had sexual contact
with only females or with both sexes (7.3%) than those students
who had sexual contact with only males (3.1%) and those who
had no sexual contact (0.2%) and higher among those who had
sexual contact with only males (3.1%) than those who had no
sexual contact (0.2%). Among male students, the prevalence was
higher among those who had sexual contact with only males
or with both sexes (16.9%) than those who had sexual contact
with only females (3.5%) and those who had no sexual contact
(0.1%) and higher among those who had sexual contact with
only females (3.5%) than those who had no sexual contact
(0.1%). The prevalence also was higher among male students
who had sexual contact with only males or with both sexes
(16.9%) than female students who had sexual contact with only
females or with both sexes (7.3%).
Across 23 states, the prevalence of having smoked cigarettes
daily ranged from 0.9% to 7.9% (median: 3.3%) among
students who had sexual contact with only the opposite sex,
from 4.3% to 16.1% (median: 8.8%) among students who
had sexual contact with only the same sex or with both sexes,
and from 0.0% to 0.7% (median: 0.3%) among students who
had no sexual contact. Across 18 large urban school districts,
the prevalence ranged from 0.5% to 2.1% (median: 1.3%)
among students who had sexual contact with only the opposite
sex, from 0.5% to 7.6% (median: 3.9%) among students who
had sexual contact with only the same sex or with both sexes,
and from 0.0% to 0.5% (median: 0.1%) among students who
had no sexual contact.
Bought Cigarettes in a Store or Gas Station
Among the students nationwide who currently smoked
cigarettes and were aged <18 years, 12.6% of all those students;
13.6% of the heterosexual students; 5.5% of the gay, lesbian,
and bisexual students; and 21.0% of the not sure students had
usually obtained their own cigarettes by buying them in a store
(e.g., convenience store, supermarket, or discount store) or gas
station during the 30 days before the survey (Table 35). The
prevalence of usually obtaining their own cigarettes by buying
them in a store or gas station was higher among heterosexual
students (13.6%) and not sure students (21.0%) than gay,
lesbian, and bisexual students (5.5%). The prevalence also
was higher among heterosexual male students (16.5%) than
heterosexual female students (8.6%).
Across 18 states, the prevalence of usually obtaining their
own cigarettes by buying them in a store or gas station ranged
from 2.3% to 27.0% (median: 13.7%) among heterosexual
students and from 0.0% to 17.7% (median: 5.5%) among gay,
lesbian, and bisexual students. The range and median are not
26 MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
available for not sure students because less than five states had
enough students in this subgroup for this variable to produce
stable estimates. Across 10 large urban school districts, the
prevalence ranged from 13.6% to 68.9% (median: 24.7%)
among heterosexual students. The range and median are not
available for gay, lesbian, and bisexual students and not sure
students because less than five large urban school districts had
enough students in these subgroups for this variable to produce
stable estimates.
Among the students nationwide who currently smoked
cigarettes and were aged <18 years, 13.9% of the students who
had sexual contact with only the opposite sex, 11.7% of the
students who had sexual contact with only the same sex or with
both sexes, and 7.7% of the students who had no sexual contact
had usually obtained their own cigarettes by buying them in a
store or gas station. The prevalence of usually obtaining their
own cigarettes by buying them in a store or gas station was
higher among students who had sexual contact with only the
opposite sex (13.9%) than students who had no sexual contact
(7.7%). The prevalence also was higher among male students
who had sexual contact with only females (17.8%) than female
students who had sexual contact with only males (8.1%).
Across 16 states, the prevalence of usually obtaining their
own cigarettes by buying them in a store or gas station ranged
from 4.0% to 23.7% (median: 13.9%) among students who
had sexual contact with only the opposite sex and from 2.6%
to 20.6% (median: 8.0%) among students who had sexual
contact with only the same sex or with both sexes. The range
and median are not available for students who had no sexual
contact because less than five states had enough students in
this subgroup for this variable to produce stable estimates.
Across nine large urban school districts, the prevalence ranged
from 14.9% to 36.6% (median: 24.2%) among students who
had sexual contact with only the opposite sex. The range and
median are not available for students who had sexual contact
with only the same sex or with both sexes and students who
had no sexual contact because less than five large urban school
districts had enough students in these subgroups for this
variable to produce stable estimates.
Bought Cigarettes on the Internet
Among the students nationwide who currently smoked
cigarettes and were aged <18 years, 1.0% of all those students;
1.0% of the heterosexual students; 0.3% of the gay, lesbian,
and bisexual students; and 1.3% of the not sure students had
usually obtained their own cigarettes by buying them on the
Internet during the 30 days before the survey (Table 36). The
prevalence of usually obtaining their own cigarettes by buying
them on the Internet did not vary significantly by sexual
identity subgroup.
 Surveillance Summaries
Across 18 states, the prevalence of usually obtaining their
own cigarettes by buying them on the Internet ranged from
0.0% to 3.8% (median: 0.7%) among heterosexual students
and from 0.0% to 8.2% (median: 0.9%) among gay, lesbian,
and bisexual students. The range and median are not available
for not sure students because less than five states had enough
students in this subgroup for this variable to produce
stable estimates. Across 10 large urban school districts, the
prevalence ranged from 0.0% to 3.5% (median: 1.7%) among
heterosexual students. The range and median are not available
for gay, lesbian, and bisexual students and not sure students
because less than five large urban school districts had enough
students in these subgroups for this variable to produce
stable estimates.
Among the students nationwide who currently smoked
cigarettes and were aged <18 years, 1.3% of the students who
had sexual contact with only the opposite sex, 0.1% of the
students who had sexual contact with only the same sex or
with both sexes, and 0.0% of the students who had no sexual
contact had usually obtained their own cigarettes by buying
them on the Internet. The prevalence of usually obtaining
their own cigarettes by buying them on the Internet was higher
among students who had sexual contact with only the opposite
sex (1.3%) than students who had no sexual contact (0.0%).
Across 16 states, the prevalence of usually obtaining their
own cigarettes by buying them on the Internet ranged from
0.0% to 3.7% (median: 0.7%) among students who had sexual
contact with only the opposite sex and from 0.0% to 15.7%
(median: 2.3%) among students who had sexual contact with
only the same sex or with both sexes. The range and median are
not available for students who had no sexual contact because
less than five states had enough students in this subgroup to
produce stable estimates. Across 9 large urban school districts,
the prevalence ranged from 0.0% to 3.4% (median: 2.4%)
among students who had sexual contact with only the opposite
sex. The range and median are not available for students who
had sexual contact with only the same sex or with both sexes
and students who had no sexual contact because less than
five large urban school districts had enough students in these
subgroups for this variable to produce stable estimates.
Tried to Quit Smoking Cigarettes
Among the students nationwide who currently smoked
cigarettes, 45.4% of all those students; 44.6% of the
heterosexual students; 52.7% of the gay, lesbian, and bisexual
students; and 41.0% of the not sure students had tried to quit
smoking cigarettes during the 12 months before the survey
(Table 37). The prevalence of having tried to quit smoking
cigarettes was higher among heterosexual female students
(51.0%) than heterosexual male students (40.9%) and higher
US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
among lesbian and bisexual female students (60.2%) than gay
and bisexual male students (24.8%).
Across 18 states, the prevalence of having tried to quit smoking
cigarettes ranged from 33.9% to 59.2% (median: 47.9%)
among heterosexual students and from 45.1% to 75.2%
(median: 50.8%) among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students. The
range and median are not available for not sure students because
less than five states had enough students in this subgroup for
this variable to produce stable estimates. Across 14 large urban
school districts, the prevalence ranged from 33.7% to 83.9%
(median: 49.8%) among heterosexual students. The range and
median are not available for gay, lesbian, and bisexual students
and not sure students because less than five large urban school
districts had enough students in these subgroups for this variable
to produce stable estimates.
Among the students nationwide who currently smoked
cigarettes, 44.8% of the students who had sexual contact
with only the opposite sex, 45.9% of the students who had
sexual contact with only the same sex or with both sexes, and
51.8% of the students who had no sexual contact had tried
to quit smoking cigarettes. The prevalence of having tried to
quit smoking cigarettes was higher among female students
who had sexual contact with only male students (52.3%)
than male students who had sexual contact with only female
students (40.1%), higher among female students who had
sexual contact with only females or with both sexes (52.8%)
than male students who had sexual contact with only males or
with both sexes (30.8%), and higher among female students
who had no sexual contact (63.0%) than male students who
had no sexual contact (42.8%).
Across 16 states, the prevalence of having tried to quit
smoking cigarettes ranged from 33.8% to 61.0% (median:
50.5%) among students who had sexual contact with only the
opposite sex, from 41.2% to 68.5% (median: 52.3%) among
students who had sexual contact with only the same sex or
with both sexes, and from 36.9% to 63.1% (median: 51.4%)
among students who had no sexual contact. Across 13 large
urban school districts, the prevalence ranged from 35.1%
to 70.6% (median: 48.4%) among students who had sexual
contact with only the opposite sex. The range and median are
not available for students who had sexual contact with only the
same sex or with both sexes and students who had no sexual
contact because less than five large urban school districts had
enough students in these subgroups for this variable to produce
stable estimates.
Current Smokeless Tobacco Use
Nationwide, 7.3% of all students; 7.2% of heterosexual
students; 6.1% of gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and
10.0% of not sure students had used smokeless tobacco
MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 27
 Surveillance Summaries
(e.g., chewing tobacco, snuff, or dip) on at least 1 day during
the 30 days before the survey (i.e., current smokeless tobacco
use) (Table 38). The prevalence of current smokeless tobacco
use was higher among heterosexual male students (11.6%)
than heterosexual female students (1.9%), higher among gay
and bisexual male students (12.1%) than lesbian and bisexual
female students (3.3%), and higher among not sure male
students (18.0%) than not sure female students (3.7%).
Across 22 states, the prevalence of current smokeless tobacco
use ranged from 3.0% to 12.9% (median: 6.3%) among
heterosexual students; from 0.0% to 21.0% (median: 9.5%)
among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and from 2.2% to
17.0% (median: 9.6%) among not sure students. Across 15
large urban school districts, the prevalence ranged from 1.8%
to 5.3% (median: 3.1%) among heterosexual students; from
2.9% to 18.6% (median: 10.6%) among gay, lesbian, and
bisexual students; and from 3.0% to 28.7% (median: 10.1%)
among not sure students.
Nationwide, the prevalence of current smokeless tobacco
use was 11.3% among students who had sexual contact with
only the opposite sex, 8.7% among students who had sexual
contact with only the same sex or with both sexes; and 2.1%
among students who had no sexual contact. The prevalence
of smokeless tobacco use was higher among students who had
sexual contact with only the opposite sex (11.3%) and students
who had sexual contact with only the same sex or with both
sexes (8.7%) than students who had no sexual contact (2.1%).
Among female students, the prevalence was higher among those
who had sexual contact with only males (3.4%) and those who
had sexual contact with only females or with both sexes (4.9%)
than those who had no sexual contact (0.4%). Among male
students, the prevalence was higher among those who had
sexual contact with only females (17.4%) and those who had
sexual contact with only males or with both sexes (20.2%) than
those who had no sexual contact (3.9%). The prevalence also
was higher among male students who had sexual contact with
only females (17.4%) than female students who had sexual
contact with only males (3.4%), higher among male students
who had sexual contact with only males or with both sexes
(20.2%) than female students who had sexual contact with
only females or with both sexes (4.9%), and higher among
male students who had no sexual contact (3.9%) than female
students who had no sexual contact (0.4%).
Across 20 states, the prevalence of current smokeless tobacco
use ranged from 4.1% to 19.5% (median: 10.0%) among
students who had sexual contact with only the opposite sex,
from 4.5% to 24.8% (median: 12.9%) among students who
had sexual contact with only the same sex or with both sexes,
and from 0.6% to 4.2% (median: 1.6%) among students who
had no sexual contact. Across 15 large urban school districts,
28 MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
the prevalence ranged from 2.6% to 7.6% (median: 4.2%)
among students who had sexual contact with only the opposite
sex, from 5.5% to 22.0% (median: 11.9%) among students
who had sexual contact with only the same sex or with both
sexes, and from 0.1% to 1.2% (median: 0.5%) among students
who had no sexual contact.
Current Cigar Use
Nationwide, 10.3% of all students; 9.8% of heterosexual
students; 13.4% of gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and
16.7% of not sure students had smoked cigars, cigarillos, or
little cigars on at least 1 day during the 30 days before the survey
(i.e., current cigar use) (Table 39). The prevalence of current
cigar use was higher among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students
(13.4%) and not sure students (16.7%) than heterosexual
students (9.8%). Among female students, the prevalence was
higher among lesbian and bisexual students (11.2%) than
heterosexual students (5.4%). Among male students, the
prevalence was higher among not sure students (25.1%) than
heterosexual students (13.5%). The prevalence also was higher
among heterosexual male students (13.5%) than heterosexual
female students (5.4%) and higher among not sure male
students (25.1%) than not sure female students (10.2%).
Across 21 states, the prevalence of current cigar use ranged
from 5.7% to 12.4% (median: 9.8%) among heterosexual
students; from 6.6% to 28.5% (median: 16.1%) among gay,
lesbian, and bisexual students; and from 3.2% to 26.9%
(median: 15.3%) among not sure students. Across 16 large
urban school districts, the prevalence ranged from 2.9% to
11.1% (median: 6.8%) among heterosexual students; from
7.8% to 28.5% (median: 17.3%) among gay, lesbian, and
bisexual students; and from 4.8% to 25.1% (median: 14.9%)
among not sure students.
Nationwide, the prevalence of current cigar use was 15.5%
among students who had sexual contact with only the opposite
sex (15.5%), 19.4% among students who had sexual contact
with only the same sex or with both sexes, and 3.0% among
students who had no sexual contact. The prevalence of current
cigar use was higher among students who had sexual contact
with only the same sex or with both sexes (19.4%) than students
who had sexual contact with only the opposite sex (15.5%)
and students who had no sexual contact (3.0%) and higher
among students who had sexual contact with only the opposite
sex (15.5%) than students who had no sexual contact (3.0%).
Among female students, the prevalence was higher among
those who had sexual contact with only females or with both
sexes (16.4%) than those who had sexual contact with only
males (9.2%) and those who had no sexual contact (1.5%) and
higher among those who had sexual contact with only males
(9.2%) than those who had no sexual contact (1.5%). Among
 Surveillance Summaries
male students, the prevalence was higher among those who
had sexual contact with only females (20.4%) and those who
had sexual contact with only males or with both sexes (28.5%)
than those who had no sexual contact (4.5%). The prevalence
also was higher among male students who had sexual contact
with only female students (20.4%) than female students who
had sexual contact with only male students (9.2%), higher
among male students who had sexual contact with only males
or with both sexes (28.5%) than female students who had
sexual contact with only females or with both sexes (16.4%)
and higher among male students who had no sexual contact
(4.5%) than female students who had no sexual contact (1.5%).
Across 19 states, the prevalence of current cigar use ranged
from 9.2% to 19.7% (median: 15.0%) among students who
had sexual contact with only the opposite sex, from 16.0%
to 35.1% (median: 23.9%) among students who had sexual
contact with only the same sex or with both sexes, and from
1.4% to 4.5% (median: 2.5%) among students who had no
sexual contact. Across 16 large urban school districts, the
prevalence ranged from 5.3% to 18.9% (median: 11.7%)
among students who had sexual contact with only the opposite
sex, from 13.4% to 30.4% (median: 22.6%) among students
who had sexual contact with only the same sex or with both
sexes, and from 1.0% to 3.9% (median: 1.7%) among students
who had no sexual contact.
Ever Used Electronic Vapor Products
Nationwide, 44.9% of all students; 44.2% of heterosexual
students; 53.5% of gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and
43.6% of not sure students had ever used electronic vapor
products (including e-cigarettes, e-cigars, e-pipes, vape pipes,
vaping pens, e-hookahs, and hookah pens) (i.e., ever used
electronic vapor products) (Table 40). The prevalence of
having ever used electronic vapor products was higher among
gay, lesbian, and bisexual students (53.5%) than heterosexual
students (44.2%) and not sure students (43.6%). Among
female students, the prevalence was higher among lesbian and
bisexual students (58.9%) than heterosexual students (41.4%)
and not sure students (46.4%). The prevalence also was higher
among heterosexual male students (46.5%) than heterosexual
female students (41.4%) and higher among lesbian and
bisexual female students (58.9%) than gay and bisexual male
students (40.1%).
Across 21 states, the prevalence of having ever used electronic
vapor products ranged from 30.0% to 53.0% (median: 44.6%)
among heterosexual students; from 38.3% to 70.2%
(median: 52.3%) among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students;
and from 23.6% to 66.1% (median: 40.1%) among not sure
students. Across 16 large urban school districts, the prevalence
ranged from 28.7% to 48.4% (median: 39.0%) among
US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
heterosexual students; from 41.5% to 65.5% (median: 53.7%)
among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and from 25.5% to
47.3% (median: 35.6%) among not sure students.
Nationwide, the prevalence of having ever used electronic
vapor products was 62.0% among students who had sexual
contact with only the opposite sex, 67.8% among students
who had sexual contact with only the same sex or with both
sexes, and 24.1% among students who had no sexual contact.
The prevalence of having ever used electronic vapor products
was higher among students who had sexual contact with only
the same sex or with both sexes (67.8%) than students who
had sexual contact with only the opposite sex (62.0%) and
students who had no sexual contact (24.1%) and higher among
students who had sexual contact with only the opposite sex
(62.0%) than students who had no sexual contact (24.1%).
Among female students, the prevalence was higher among
those who had sexual contact with only females or with both
sexes (70.0%) than those who had sexual contact with only
males (60.4%) and those who had no sexual contact (24.1%)
and higher among those who had sexual contact with only
males (60.4%) than those who had no sexual contact (24.1%).
Among male students, the prevalence was higher among those
who had sexual contact with only females (63.2%) and
those who had sexual contact with only males or with both
sexes (61.4%) than those who had no sexual contact (24.2%).
Across 19 states, the prevalence of having ever used electronic
vapor products ranged from 44.3% to 71.8% (median: 61.3%)
among students who had sexual contact with only the opposite
sex, from 53.8% to 79.2% (median: 67.8%) among students
who had sexual contact with only the same sex or with both
sexes, and from 11.4% to 36.2% (median: 24.0%) among
students who had no sexual contact. Across 16 large urban
school districts, the prevalence ranged from 36.2% to 66.5%
(median: 56.1%) among students who had sexual contact with
only the opposite sex, from 46.8% to 72.0% (median: 61.3%)
among students who had sexual contact with only the same sex
or with both sexes, and from 17.9% to 30.1% (median: 23.0%)
among students who had no sexual contact.
Current Electronic Vapor Product Use
Nationwide, 24.1% of all students; 23.4% of heterosexual
students; 29.2% of gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and
26.8% of not sure students had used electronic vapor products
(including e-cigarettes, e-cigars, e-pipes, vape pipes, vaping
pens, e-hookahs, and hookah pens) on at least 1 day during
the 30 days before the survey (i.e., current electronic vapor
product use) (Table 41). The prevalence of current electronic
vapor product use was higher among gay, lesbian, and bisexual
students (29.2%) than heterosexual students (23.4%). Among
female students, the prevalence was higher among lesbian and
MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 29
 Surveillance Summaries
bisexual students (31.5%) than heterosexual students (21.0%)
and not sure students (22.9%). The prevalence also was higher
among heterosexual male students (25.4%) than heterosexual
female students (21.0%) and higher among lesbian and
bisexual female students (31.5%) than gay and bisexual male
students (23.2%).
Across 23 states, the prevalence of current electronic vapor
product use ranged from 14.8% to 29.4% (median: 23.3%)
among heterosexual students; from 20.9% to 49.5%
(median: 35.9%) among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students;
and from 11.8% to 43.4% (median: 22.4%) among not sure
students. Across 19 large urban school districts, the prevalence
ranged from 10.4% to 24.6% (median: 15.8%) among
heterosexual students; from 19.7% to 49.0% (median: 26.9%)
among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and from 9.2% to
32.6% (median: 18.9%) among not sure students.
Nationwide, the prevalence of current electronic vapor
product use was 34.8% among students who had sexual contact
with only the opposite sex, 40.1% among students who had
sexual contact with only the same sex or with both sexes,
and 10.8% among students who had no sexual contact. The
prevalence of current electronic vapor product use was higher
among students who had sexual contact with only the same
sex or with both sexes (40.1%) than students who had sexual
contact with only the opposite sex (34.8%) and students who
had no sexual contact (10.8%) and higher among students who
had sexual contact with only the opposite sex (34.8%) than
students who had no sexual contact (10.8%). Among female
students, the prevalence was higher among those who had
sexual contact with only females or with both sexes (38.7%)
than those who had sexual contact with only males (32.5%)
and those who had no sexual contact (10.8%) and higher
among those who had sexual contact with only males (32.5%)
than those who had no sexual contact (10.8%). Among male
students, the prevalence was higher among those who had
sexual contact with only females (36.7%) and those who had
sexual contact with only males or with both sexes (44.5%) than
those who had no sexual contact (10.7%). The prevalence also
was higher among male students who had sexual contact with
only females (36.7%) than female students who had sexual
contact with only males (32.5%).
Across 21 states, the prevalence of current electronic vapor
product use ranged from 22.5% to 42.4% (median: 34.8%)
among students who had sexual contact with only the opposite
sex, from 31.8% to 59.2% (median: 43.3%) among students
who had sexual contact with only the same sex or with both
sexes, and from 4.5% to 14.0% (median: 10.2%) among
students who had no sexual contact. Across 19 large urban
school districts, the prevalence ranged from 13.3% to 36.4%
(median: 24.1%) among students who had sexual contact with
30 MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
only the opposite sex, from 23.0% to 41.7% (median: 34.1%)
among students who had sexual contact with only the same sex
or with both sexes, and from 4.2% to 13.0% (median: 8.8%)
among students who had no sexual contact.
Current Cigarette or Cigar Use
Nationwide, 16.0% of all students; 14.7% of heterosexual
students; 24.8% of gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and
21.1% of not sure students reported current cigarette or cigar
use (Table 42). The prevalence of current cigarette or cigar use
was higher among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students (24.8%)
than heterosexual students (14.7%). Among female students,
the prevalence was higher among lesbian and bisexual students
(24.3%) than heterosexual students (10.6%) and not sure
students (13.5%). Among male students, the prevalence was
higher among not sure students (31.5%) than heterosexual
students (18.2%). The prevalence also was higher among
heterosexual male students (18.2%) than heterosexual female
students (10.6%) and higher among not sure male students
(31.5%) than not sure female students (13.5%).
Across 21 states, the prevalence of current cigarette or cigar
use ranged from 8.8% to 21.5% (median: 13.9%) among
heterosexual students; from 21.1% to 43.7% (median: 30.2%)
among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and from 5.8% to
38.2% (median: 20.7%) among not sure students. Across 15
large urban school districts, the prevalence ranged from 5.0%
to 14.7% (median: 9.4%) among heterosexual students; from
13.1% to 34.6% (median: 22.7%) among gay, lesbian, and
bisexual students; and from 9.0% to 33.7% (median: 19.1%)
among not sure students.
Nationwide, the prevalence of current cigarette or cigar use
was 23.9% among students who had sexual contact with only
the opposite sex, 32.1% among students who had sexual contact
with only the same sex or with both sexes, and 4.9% among
students who had no sexual contact. The prevalence of current
cigarette or cigar use was higher among students who had sexual
contact with only the same sex or with both sexes (32.1%) than
students who had sexual contact with only the opposite sex
(23.9%) and students who had no sexual contact (4.9%) and
higher among students who had sexual contact with only the
opposite sex (23.9%) than students who had no sexual contact
(4.9%). Among female students, the prevalence was higher
among those who had sexual contact with only females or with
both sexes (28.9%) than those who had sexual contact with only
males (19.1%) and those who had no sexual contact (3.8%) and
higher among those who had sexual contact with only males
(19.1%) than those who had no sexual contact (3.8%). Among
male students, the prevalence was higher among those who had
sexual contact with only males or with both sexes (41.8%) than
those who had sexual contact with only females (27.6%) and
 Surveillance Summaries
those who had no sexual contact (6.2%) and higher among those
who had sexual contact with only females (27.6%) than those
who had no sexual contact (6.2%). The prevalence also was
higher among male students who had sexual contact with only
females (27.6%) than female students who had sexual contact
with only males (19.1%), higher among male students who had
sexual contact with only males or with both sexes (41.8%) than
female students who had sexual contact with only females or
with both sexes (28.9%) and higher among male students who
had no sexual contact (6.2%) than female students who had no
sexual contact (3.8%).
Across 19 states, the prevalence of current cigarette or cigar
use ranged from 14.5% to 34.2% (median: 23.2%) among
students who had sexual contact with only the opposite sex,
from 24.7% to 53.8% (median: 41.7%) among students who
had sexual contact with only the same sex or with both sexes,
and from 2.3% to 7.3% (median: 4.0%) among students who
had no sexual contact. Across 15 large urban school districts,
the prevalence ranged from 8.9% to 25.3% (median: 14.5%)
among students who had sexual contact with only the opposite
sex, from 19.8% to 40.7% (median: 29.7%) among students
who had sexual contact with only the same sex or with both
sexes, and from 1.2% to 5.5% (median: 2.7%) among students
who had no sexual contact.
Current Cigarette, Cigar, or Smokeless Tobacco Use
Nationwide, 18.5% of all students; 17.5% of heterosexual
students; 25.7% of gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and
22.7% of not sure students reported current cigarette, cigar,
or smokeless tobacco use (Table 43). The prevalence of current
cigarette, cigar, or smokeless tobacco use was higher among
gay, lesbian, and bisexual students (25.7%) than heterosexual
students (17.5%). Among female students, the prevalence
was higher among lesbian and bisexual students (24.9%) than
heterosexual students (11.4%) and not sure students (13.7%).
Among male students the prevalence was higher among not
sure students (35.0%) than heterosexual students (22.8%). The
prevalence also was higher among heterosexual male students
(22.8%) than heterosexual female students (11.4%) and higher
among not sure male students (35.0%) than not sure female
students (13.7%).
Across 21 states, the prevalence of current cigarette, cigar,
or smokeless tobacco use ranged from 10.8% to 26.9%
(median: 16.5%) among heterosexual students; from 22.7%
to 48.2% (median: 32.7%) among gay, lesbian, and bisexual
students; and from 6.6% to 43.1% (median: 23.6%) among
not sure students. Across 15 large urban school districts, the
prevalence ranged from 5.8% to 16.0% (median: 10.4%) among
heterosexual students; from 13.9% to 37.4% (median: 23.8%)
US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and from 9.0% to
33.9% (median: 20.3%) among not sure students.
Nationwide, the prevalence of current cigarette, cigar, or
smokeless tobacco use was 28.1% among students who had sexual
contact with only the opposite sex, 32.9% among students who
had sexual contact with only the same sex or with both sexes, and
6.0% among students who had no sexual contact. The prevalence
of current cigarette, cigar, or smokeless tobacco use was higher
among students who had sexual contact with only the opposite sex
(28.1%) and students who had sexual contact with only the same
sex or with both sexes (32.9%) than students who had no sexual
contact (6.0%). Among female students, the prevalence was higher
among those who had sexual contact with only females or with both
sexes (29.3%) than those who had sexual contact with only males
(20.3%) and those who had no sexual contact (4.0%) and higher
among those who had sexual contact with only males (20.3%) than
those who had no sexual contact (4.0%). Among male students,
the prevalence was higher among those who had sexual contact
with only males or with both sexes (43.9%) than those who had
sexual contact with only females (34.1%) and those who had no
sexual contact (8.1%) and higher among those who had sexual
contact with only females (34.1%) than those who had no sexual
contact (8.1%). The prevalence also was higher among male
students who had sexual contact with only females (34.1%) than
female students who had sexual contact with only males (20.3%),
higher among male students who had sexual contact with only
males or with both sexes (43.9%) than female students who had
sexual contact with only females or with both sexes (29.3%), and
higher among male students who had no sexual contact (8.1%)
than female students who had no sexual contact (4.0%).
Across 19 states, the prevalence of current cigarette, cigar,
or smokeless tobacco use ranged from 17.7% to 41.0%
(median: 26.9%) among students who had sexual contact with
only the opposite sex, from 25.7% to 56.4% (median: 44.2%)
among students who had sexual contact with only the same sex
or with both sexes, and from 2.6% to 9.3% (median: 5.1%)
among students who had no sexual contact. Across 15 large
urban school districts, the prevalence ranged from 9.9% to
27.4% (median: 16.0%) among students who had sexual
contact with only the opposite sex, from 20.8% to 44.4%
(median: 31.0%) among students who had sexual contact with
only the same sex or with both sexes, and from 1.6% to 5.9%
(median: 2.8%) among students who had no sexual contact.
Current Cigarette, Cigar, Smokeless Tobacco, or
Electronic Vapor Product Use
Nationwide, 31.4% of all students; 30.3% of heterosexual
students; 40.5% of gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and
33.7% of not sure students reported current cigarette, cigar,
smokeless tobacco, or electronic vapor product use (Table 44).
MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 31
 Surveillance Summaries
The prevalence of current cigarette, cigar, smokeless tobacco,
or electronic vapor product use was higher among gay, lesbian,
and bisexual students (40.5%) than heterosexual students
(30.3%). Among female students, the prevalence was higher
among lesbian and bisexual students (41.1%) than heterosexual
students (25.5%) and not sure students (27.7%). The
prevalence also was higher among heterosexual male students
(34.4%) than heterosexual female students (25.5%) and higher
among not sure male students (42.1%) than not sure female
students (27.7%).
Across 21 states, the prevalence of current cigarette, cigar,
smokeless tobacco, or electronic vapor product use ranged
from 22.7% to 38.0% (median: 29.3%) among heterosexual
students; from 34.4% to 63.5% (median: 45.5%) among gay,
lesbian, and bisexual students; and from 17.3% to 55.4%
(median: 32.0%) among not sure students. Across 15 large
urban school districts, the prevalence ranged from 18.3% to
30.3% (median: 22.3%) among heterosexual students; from
28.2% to 60.8% (median: 42.4%) among gay, lesbian, and
bisexual students; and from 13.4% to 38.5% (median: 31.6%)
among not sure students.
Nationwide, the prevalence of current cigarette, cigar, smokeless
tobacco, or electronic vapor product use was 45.0% among
students who had sexual contact with only the opposite sex,
50.6% among students who had sexual contact with only the
same sex or with both sexes, and 13.9% among students who
had no sexual contact. The prevalence of current cigarette, cigar,
smokeless tobacco, or electronic vapor product use was higher
among students who had sexual contact with only the opposite
sex (45.0%) and students who had sexual contact with only the
same sex or with both sexes (50.6%) than students who had no
sexual contact (13.9%). Among female students, the prevalence
was higher among those who had sexual contact with only
females or with both sexes (48.2%) than those who had sexual
contact with only males (40.1%) and those who had no sexual
contact (12.7%) and higher among those who had sexual contact
with only males (40.1%) than those who had no sexual contact
(12.7%). Among male students, the prevalence was higher among
those who had sexual contact with only the opposite sex (48.9%)
and those who had sexual contact with only males or with both
sexes (57.9%) than those who had no sexual contact (15.2%).
The prevalence also was higher among male students who had
sexual contact with only females (48.9%) than female students
who had sexual contact with only males (40.1%) and higher
among male students who had no sexual contact (15.2%) than
female students who had no sexual contact (12.7%).
Across 19 states, the prevalence of current cigarette, cigar,
smokeless tobacco, or electronic vapor product use ranged
from 34.5% to 54.4% (median: 43.6%) among students
who had sexual contact with only the opposite sex, from
32 MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
49.3% to 71.8% (median: 57.1%) among students who had
sexual contact with only the same sex or with both sexes, and
from 7.0% to 16.3% (median: 13.1%) among students who
had no sexual contact. Across 15 large urban school districts,
the prevalence ranged from 23.0% to 43.8% (median: 31.3%)
among students who had sexual contact with only the opposite
sex, from 38.5% to 56.5% (median: 48.4%) among students
who had sexual contact with only the same sex or with both
sexes, and from 9.4% to 14.3% (median: 10.2%) among
students who had no sexual contact.
Alcohol and Other Drug Use
Ever Drank Alcohol
Nationwide, 63.2% of all students; 62.5% of heterosexual
students; 75.3% of gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and
62.7% of not sure students had had at least one drink of alcohol
on at least 1 day during their life (i.e., ever drank alcohol)
(Table 45). The prevalence of having ever drunk alcohol was
higher among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students (75.3%) than
heterosexual (62.5%) and not sure students (62.7%). Among
female students, the prevalence was higher among lesbian and
bisexual students (79.4%) than heterosexual students (63.8%)
and not sure students (60.6%). The prevalence also was higher
among lesbian and bisexual female students (79.4%) than gay
and bisexual male students (64.7%).
Across 17 states, the prevalence of having ever drunk alcohol
ranged from 50.4% to 64.4% (median: 59.5%) among
heterosexual students; from 65.9% to 82.7% (median: 74.4%)
among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and from 43.1% to
76.2% (median: 55.0%) among not sure students. Across 17
large urban school districts, the prevalence ranged from 43.1%
to 62.3% (median: 53.9%) among heterosexual students; from
57.6% to 79.4% (median: 72.5%) among gay, lesbian, and
bisexual students; and from 32.1% to 71.5% (median: 54.2%)
among not sure students.
Nationwide, 80.7% of students who had sexual contact with
only the opposite sex, 86.7% of students who had sexual contact
with only the same sex or with both sexes, and 43.2% of students
who had no sexual contact ever drank alcohol. The prevalence of
having ever drunk alcohol was higher among students who had
sexual contact with only the same sex or with both sexes (86.7%)
than students who had sexual contact with only the opposite sex
(80.7%) and students who had no sexual contact (43.2%) and
higher among students who had sexual contact with only the
opposite sex (80.7%) than students who had no sexual contact
(43.2%). Among female students, the prevalence was higher
among those who had sexual contact with only females or with
both sexes (88.3%) than those who had sexual contact with only
 Surveillance Summaries
males (83.8%) and those who had no sexual contact (45.2%)
and higher among those who had sexual contact with only males
(83.8%) than those who had no sexual contact (45.2%). Among
male students, the prevalence was higher among those who had
sexual contact with only females (78.3%) and those who had
sexual contact with only males or with both sexes (82.0%) than
those who had no sexual contact (41.1%). The prevalence also
was higher among female students who had sexual contact with
only males (83.8%) than male students who had sexual contact
with only females (78.3%).
Across 16 states, the prevalence of having ever drunk alcohol
ranged from 69.8% to 84.0% (median: 78.6%) among
students who had sexual contact with only the opposite sex,
from 79.2% to 91.0% (median: 84.1%) among students
who had sexual contact with only the same sex or with both
sexes, and from 31.9% to 46.3% (median: 38.8%) among
students who had no sexual contact. Across 17 large urban
school districts, the prevalence ranged from 56.6% to 78.9%
(median: 71.5%) among students who had sexual contact with
only the opposite sex, from 70.3% to 87.2% (median: 80.0%)
among students who had sexual contact with only the same sex
or with both sexes, and from 28.8% to 47.3% (median: 38.3%)
among students who had no sexual contact.
Drank Alcohol Before Age 13 Years
Nationwide, 17.2% of all students; 16.3% of heterosexual
students; 24.5% of gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and
22.9% of not sure students had drunk alcohol (other than a
few sips) for the first time before age 13 years (Table 46). The
prevalence of having drunk alcohol for the first time before age
13 years was higher among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students
(24.5%) and not sure students (22.9%) than heterosexual
students (16.3%). Among female students, the prevalence was
higher among lesbian and bisexual students (24.5%) and not
sure students (19.4%) than heterosexual students (12.9%). The
prevalence also was higher among heterosexual male students
(19.3%) than heterosexual female students (12.9%).
Across 25 states, the prevalence of having drunk alcohol for
the first time before age 13 years ranged from 9.4% to 19.5%
(median: 13.8%) among heterosexual students; from 15.2%
to 35.7% (median: 23.7%) among gay, lesbian, and bisexual
students; and from 13.2% to 41.0% (median: 20.8%) among
not sure students. Across 19 large urban school districts, the
prevalence ranged from 13.9% to 19.4% (median: 15.6%)
among heterosexual students; from 21.5% to 39.4%
(median: 27.2%) among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students;
and from 10.3% to 31.5% (median: 24.7%) among not
sure students.
Nationwide, 20.5% of students who had sexual contact
with only the opposite sex, 32.5% of students who had sexual
US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
contact with only the same sex or with both sexes, and 11.4%
of students who had no sexual contact had drunk alcohol for the
first time before age 13 years. The prevalence of having drunk
alcohol for the first time before age 13 years was higher among
students who had sexual contact with only the same sex or with
both sexes (32.5%) than students who had sexual contact with
only the opposite sex (20.5%) and students who had no sexual
contact (11.4%) and higher among students who had sexual
contact with only the opposite sex (20.5%) than students who
had no sexual contact (11.4%). Among female students, the
prevalence was higher among those who had sexual contact
with only females or with both sexes (30.6%) than those who
had sexual contact with only males (15.5%) and those who had
no sexual contact (10.4%) and higher among those who had
sexual contact with only males (15.5%) than those who had no
sexual contact (10.4%). Among male students, the prevalence
was higher among those who had sexual contact with only males
or with both sexes (38.1%) than those who had sexual contact
with only females (24.4%) and those who had no sexual contact
(12.5%) and higher among those who had sexual contact with
only females (24.4%) than those who had no sexual contact
(12.5%). The prevalence also was higher among male students
who had sexual contact with only females (24.4%) than female
students who had sexual contact with only males (15.5%).
Across 23 states, the prevalence of having drunk alcohol for
the first time before age 13 years ranged from 12.7% to 24.6%
(median: 19.4%) among students who had sexual contact with
only the opposite sex, from 17.3% to 41.8% (median: 33.7%)
among students who had sexual contact with only the same sex
or with both sexes, and from 4.9% to 13.4% (median: 8.8%)
among students who had no sexual contact. Across 19 large
urban school districts, the prevalence ranged from 17.2%
to 25.7% (median: 20.9%) among students who had sexual
contact with only the opposite sex, from 22.0% to 38.8%
(median: 31.2%) among students who had sexual contact with
only the same sex or with both sexes, and from 9.4% to 14.1%
(median: 11.4%) among students who had no sexual contact.
Current Alcohol Use
Nationwide, 32.8% of all students; 32.1% of heterosexual
students; 40.5% of gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and
34.6% of not sure students had had at least one drink of
alcohol on a least 1 day during the 30 days before the survey
(i.e., current alcohol use) (Table 47). The prevalence of current
alcohol use was higher among gay, lesbian, and bisexual
students (40.5%) than heterosexual students (32.1%). Among
female students, the prevalence was higher among lesbian and
bisexual students (41.8%) than heterosexual students (32.3%).
Across 25 states, the prevalence of current alcohol use ranged
from 23.1% to 34.2% (median: 28.6%) among heterosexual
MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 33
 Surveillance Summaries
students; from 27.8% to 50.5% (median: 40.1%) among gay,
lesbian, and bisexual students; and from 20.2% to 53.6%
(median: 26.8%) among not sure students. Across 19 large
urban school districts, the prevalence ranged from 17.7% to
37.4% (median: 23.3%) among heterosexual students; from
21.1% to 51.6% (median: 37.1%) among gay, lesbian, and
bisexual students; and from 13.4% to 42.2% (median: 24.3%)
among not sure students.
Nationwide, the prevalence of current alcohol use was 48.2%
among students who had sexual contact with only the opposite
sex, 53.7% among students who had sexual contact with only
the same sex or with both sexes, and 15.1% among students
who had no sexual contact. The prevalence of current alcohol
use was higher among students who had sexual contact with
only the same sex or with both sexes (53.7%) than students
who had sexual contact with only the opposite sex (48.2%)
and students who had no sexual contact (15.1%) and higher
among students who had sexual contact with only the opposite
sex (48.2%) than students who had no sexual contact (15.1%).
Among female students, the prevalence was higher among those
who had sexual contact with only the opposite sex (48.6%) and
those who had sexual contact with only females or with both
sexes (53.6%) than those who had no sexual contact (16.9%).
Among male students, the prevalence was higher among those
who had sexual contact with only female students (47.9%) and
those who had sexual contact with only males or with both
sexes (53.9%) than those who had no sexual contact (13.3%).
The prevalence also was higher among female students who
had no sexual contact (16.9%) than male students who had
no sexual contact (13.3%).
Across 23 states, the prevalence of current alcohol use ranged
from 35.2% to 49.4% (median: 44.9%) among students who
had sexual contact with only the opposite sex, from 42.1%
to 65.3% (median: 53.7%) among students who had sexual
contact with only the same sex or with both sexes, and from
7.6% to 16.4% (median: 11.4%) among students who had
no sexual contact. Across 19 large urban school districts, the
prevalence ranged from 23.0% to 52.7% (median: 36.3%)
among students who had sexual contact with only the opposite
sex, from 36.2% to 67.6% (median: 48.0%) among students
who had sexual contact with only the same sex or with both
sexes, and from 6.5% to 23.0% (median: 12.0%) among
students who had no sexual contact.
Someone Gave Alcohol to Them
Among the students nationwide who currently drank
alcohol, 44.1% of all those students; 45.3% of the heterosexual
students; 41.4% of the gay, lesbian, and bisexual students;
and 35.2% of the not sure students had usually obtained the
alcohol they drank by someone giving it to them during the
34 MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
30 days before the survey (Table 48). The prevalence of usually
obtaining the alcohol they drank by someone giving it to them
was higher among heterosexual students (45.3%) than not
sure students (35.2%). Among male students, the prevalence
was higher among heterosexual students (40.8%) than not
sure students (24.7%). The prevalence also was higher among
heterosexual female students (50.6%) than heterosexual male
students (40.8%).
Across 22 states, the prevalence of usually obtaining the
alcohol they drank by someone giving it to them ranged
from 32.7% to 47.1% (median: 41.6%) among heterosexual
students; from 27.2% to 53.7% (median: 36.5%) among gay,
lesbian, and bisexual students; and from 13.6% to 51.6%
(median: 30.2%) among not sure students. Across 14 large
urban school districts, the prevalence ranged from 29.8% to
46.7% (median: 39.0%) among heterosexual students and
from 19.4% to 48.9% (median: 36.4%) among gay, lesbian,
and bisexual students. The range and median are not available
for not sure students because less than five large urban school
districts had enough students in this subgroup for this variable
to produce stable estimates.
Among the students nationwide who currently drank
alcohol, 42.5% of the students who had sexual contact with
only the opposite sex, 42.8% of the students who had sexual
contact with only the same sex or with both sexes, and 51.3%
of the students who had no sexual contact had usually obtained
the alcohol they drank by someone giving it to them. The
prevalence of usually obtaining the alcohol they drank by
someone giving it to them was higher among students who
had no sexual contact (51.3%) than students who had sexual
contact with only the opposite sex (42.5%) and students who
had sexual contact with only the same sex or with both sexes
(42.8%). Among female students, the prevalence was higher
among those who had no sexual contact (53.3%) than those
who had sexual contact with only females or with both sexes
(44.7%). Among male students, the prevalence was higher
among those who had no sexual contact (48.8%) than those
who had sexual contact with only females (38.2%). The
prevalence also was higher among female students who had
sexual contact with only males (47.9%) than male students
who had sexual contact with only females (38.2%).
Across 19 states, the prevalence of usually obtaining the
alcohol they drank by someone giving it to them ranged from
30.1% to 44.6% (median: 38.3%) among students who had
sexual contact with only the opposite sex, from 21.2% to
54.8% (median: 37.3%) among students who had sexual
contact with only the same sex or with both sexes, and from
39.5% to 56.4% (median: 48.5%) among students who had
no sexual contact. Across 14 large urban school districts, the
prevalence ranged from 21.9% to 45.5% (median: 36.2%)
 Surveillance Summaries
among students who had sexual contact with only the opposite
sex, from 23.3% to 51.7% (median: 36.2%) among students
who had sexual contact with only the same sex or with both
sexes, and from 27.9% to 53.9% (median: 44.8%) among
students who had no sexual contact.
Consumed Five or More Drinks in a Row
Nationwide, 17.7% of all students; 17.3% of heterosexual
students; 21.8% of gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and
17.7% of not sure students had had five or more drinks of
alcohol in a row (i.e., within a couple of hours) on at least
1 day during the 30 days before the survey (Table 49). The
prevalence of having five or more drinks of alcohol in a row
was higher among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students (21.8%)
than heterosexual students (17.3%). Among female students,
the prevalence was higher among lesbian and bisexual students
(20.4%) than heterosexual students (16.0%). Among male
students, the prevalence was higher among gay and bisexual
students (26.2%) than heterosexual students (18.5%). The
prevalence also was higher among heterosexual male students
(18.5%) than heterosexual female students (16.0%).
Across 25 states, the prevalence of having five or more
drinks of alcohol in a row ranged from 11.2% to 19.3%
(median: 14.9%) among heterosexual students; from 15.4%
to 28.6% (median: 21.5%) among gay, lesbian, and bisexual
students; and from 10.1% to 32.5% (median: 17.1%) among
not sure students. Across 19 large urban school districts, the
prevalence ranged from 6.8% to 15.2% (median: 10.6%)
among heterosexual students; from 11.4% to 27.0%
(median: 16.1%) among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students;
and from 4.2% to 26.1% (median: 12.6%) among not
sure students.
Nationwide, 27.5% of students who had sexual contact
with only the opposite sex, 29.9% of students who had sexual
contact with only the same or both sexes, and 6.3% of students
who had no sexual contact had had five or more drinks of
alcohol in a row. The prevalence of having five or more drinks
of alcohol in a row was higher among students who had sexual
contact with only the opposite sex (27.5%) and students who
had sexual contact with only the same sex or with both sexes
(29.9%) than students who had no sexual contact (6.3%).
Among female students, the prevalence was higher among
those who had sexual contact with only males (25.9%) and
those who had sexual contact with only females or with both
sexes (28.4%) than those who had no sexual contact (6.4%).
Among male students, the prevalence was higher among those
who had sexual contact with only females (28.8%) and those
who had sexual contact with only males or with both sexes
(34.7%) than those who had no sexual contact (6.2%).
US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Across 23 states, the prevalence of having five or more
drinks of alcohol in a row ranged from 17.7% to 33.0%
(median: 24.8%) among students who had sexual contact with
only the opposite sex, from 20.6% to 41.1% (median: 33.3%)
among students who had sexual contact with only the same sex
or with both sexes, and from 2.2% to 6.7% (median: 4.5%)
among students who had no sexual contact. Across 19 large
urban school districts, the prevalence ranged from 10.4%
to 25.5% (median: 16.9%) among students who had sexual
contact with only the opposite sex, from 16.2% to 41.3%
(median: 24.0%) among students who had sexual contact with
only the same sex or with both sexes, and from 1.6% to 6.3%
(median: 3.6%) among students who had no sexual contact.
Largest Number of Drinks in a Row Was 10 or More
Nationwide, 4.3% of all students; 4.4% of heterosexual
students; 3.2% of gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and 7.0%
of not sure students reported that the largest number of drinks
that they had had in a row (i.e., within a couple of hours)
during the 30 days before the survey was 10 or more (Table 50).
The prevalence of reporting 10 or more as the largest number
of drinks in a row was higher among not sure students (7.0%)
than gay, lesbian, and bisexual students (3.2%). Among male
students, the prevalence was higher among not sure students
(11.4%) than heterosexual students (6.1%) and gay and
bisexual students (1.5%) and higher among heterosexual
students (6.1%) than gay and bisexual students (1.5%). The
prevalence also was higher among heterosexual male students
(6.1%) than heterosexual female students (2.4%) and higher
among not sure male students (11.4%) than not sure female
students (3.5%).
Across 14 states, the prevalence of reporting 10 or more as
the largest number of drinks in a row ranged from 2.4% to
7.1% (median: 3.4%) among heterosexual students; from 2.3%
to 10.9% (median: 5.2%) among gay, lesbian, and bisexual
students; and from 1.7% to 19.0% (median: 4.0%) among
not sure students. Across 13 large urban school districts, the
prevalence ranged from 0.7% to 3.6% (median: 1.8%) among
heterosexual students; from 0.0% to 5.4% (median: 2.9%)
among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and from 0.3% to
16.4% (median: 4.0%) among not sure students.
Nationwide, 7.4% of students who had sexual contact
with only the opposite sex, 9.3% of students who had sexual
contact with only the same sex or with both sexes, and 0.8%
of students who had no sexual contact reported that the largest
number of drinks that they had had in a row was 10 or more.
The prevalence of reporting 10 or more as the largest number
of drinks in a row was higher among students who had sexual
contact with only the opposite sex (7.4%) and students
who had sexual contact with only the same sex or with both
MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 35
 Surveillance Summaries
sexes (9.3%) than students who had no sexual contact (0.8%).
Among female students, the prevalence was higher among
those who had sexual contact with only females or with both
sexes (8.5%) than those who had sexual contact with only
males (3.9%) and those who had no sexual contact (0.5%)
and higher among those who had sexual contact with only
males (3.9%) than those who had no sexual contact (0.5%).
Among male students, the prevalence was higher among those
who had sexual contact with only females (10.1%) and those
who had sexual contact with only males or with both sexes
(11.7%) than those who had no sexual contact (1.1%). The
prevalence also was higher among male students who had sexual
contact with only females (10.1%) than female students who
had sexual contact with only males (3.9%) and higher among
male students who had no sexual contact (1.1%) than female
students who had no sexual contact (0.5%).
Across 14 states, the prevalence of reporting 10 or more
as the largest number of drinks in a row ranged from 4.0%
to 12.1% (median: 6.6%) among students who had sexual
contact with only the opposite sex, from 5.9% to 16.9%
(median: 9.7%) among students who had sexual contact with
only the same sex or with both sexes, and from 0.3% to 1.7%
(median: 0.7%) among students who had no sexual contact.
Across 13 large urban school districts, the prevalence ranged
from 1.4% to 7.5% (median: 3.8%) among students who had
sexual contact with only the opposite sex, from 0.0% to 11.8%
(median: 6.1%) among students who had sexual contact with
only the same sex or with both sexes, and from 0.0% to 1.0%
(median: 0.3%) among students who had no sexual contact.
Ever Used Marijuana
Nationwide, 38.6% of all students; 37.5% of heterosexual
students; 52.9% of gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and
42.3% of not sure students had used marijuana one or more
times during their life (i.e., ever used marijuana) (Table 51). The
prevalence of having ever used marijuana was higher among
gay, lesbian, and bisexual students (52.9%) than heterosexual
students (37.5%) and not sure students (42.3%). Among
female students, the prevalence was higher among lesbian and
bisexual students (57.1%) than heterosexual students (34.4%)
and not sure students (44.0%) and higher among not sure
students (44.0%) than heterosexual students (34.4%). The
prevalence also was higher among heterosexual male students
(40.2%) than heterosexual female students (34.4%) and higher
among lesbian and bisexual female students (57.1%) than gay
and bisexual male students (41.8%).
Across 20 states, the prevalence of having ever used marijuana
ranged from 30.1% to 41.5% (median: 33.1%) among
heterosexual students; from 48.3% to 62.8% (median: 54.0%)
among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and from 24.9% to
36 MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
52.5% (median: 34.4%) among not sure students. Across 15
large urban school districts, the prevalence ranged from 27.8%
to 44.1% (median: 38.8%) among heterosexual students; from
45.0% to 69.7% (median: 58.1%) among gay, lesbian, and
bisexual students; and from 22.1% to 48.0% (median: 39.1%)
among not sure students.
Nationwide, 57.1% of students who had sexual contact
with only the opposite sex, 69.4% of students who had sexual
contact with only the same sex or with both sexes, and 16.3%
of students who had no sexual contact had ever used marijuana.
The prevalence of having ever used marijuana was higher
among students who had sexual contact with only the same
sex or with both sexes (69.4%) than students who had sexual
contact with only the opposite sex (57.1%) and students who
had no sexual contact (16.3%) and higher among students who
had sexual contact with only the opposite sex (57.1%) than
students who had no sexual contact (16.3%). Among female
students, the prevalence was higher among those who had
sexual contact with only females or with both sexes (71.2%)
than those who had sexual contact with only males (55.5%)
and those who had no sexual contact (15.3%) and higher
among those who had sexual contact with only males (55.5%)
than those who had no sexual contact (15.3%). Among male
students, the prevalence was higher among those who had
sexual contact with only females (58.3%) and those who had
sexual contact with only males or with both sexes (63.7%)
than those who had no sexual contact (17.3%).
Across 19 states, the prevalence of having ever used marijuana
ranged from 48.2% to 67.5% (median: 52.3%) among students
who had sexual contact with only the opposite sex, from 60.1%
to 81.4% (median: 70.1%) among students who had sexual
contact with only the same sex or with both sexes, and from
9.1% to 18.9% (median: 13.1%) among students who had
no sexual contact. Across 15 large urban school districts, the
prevalence ranged from 50.4% to 62.9% (median: 58.5%)
among students who had sexual contact with only the opposite
sex, from 61.5% to 74.6% (median: 68.3%) among students
who had sexual contact with only the same sex or with both
sexes, and from 11.5% to 25.4% (median: 18.1%) among
students who had no sexual contact.
Tried Marijuana Before Age 13 Years
Nationwide, 7.5% of all students; 6.8% of heterosexual
students; 13.9% of gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and
9.9% of not sure students had tried marijuana for the first time
before age 13 years (Table 52). The prevalence of having tried
marijuana before aged 13 years was higher among gay, lesbian,
and bisexual students (13.9%) than heterosexual students
(6.8%). Among female students, the prevalence was higher
among lesbian and bisexual students (13.8%) than heterosexual
 Surveillance Summaries
students (4.3%) and not sure students (6.1%). The prevalence
also was higher among heterosexual male students (9.0%) than
heterosexual female students (4.3%) and higher among not sure
male students (14.6%) than not sure female students (6.1%).
Across 25 states, the prevalence of having tried marijuana before
aged 13 years ranged from 4.3% to 14.3% (median: 6.4%) among
heterosexual students; from 6.1% to 29.3% (median: 14.9%)
among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and from 2.6% to
29.9% (median: 11.1%) among not sure students. Across 18
large urban school districts, the prevalence ranged from 4.7%
to 14.2% (median: 7.4%) among heterosexual students; from
10.7% to 23.4% (median: 16.3%) among gay, lesbian, and
bisexual students; and from 4.0% to 23.2% (median: 13.2%)
among not sure students.
Nationwide, 10.8% of students who had sexual contact with
only the opposite sex, 18.1% of students who had sexual contact
with only the same sex or with both sexes, and 2.3% of students
who had no sexual contact had tried marijuana for the first time
before aged 13 years. The prevalence of having tried marijuana
for the first time before aged 13 years was higher among students
who had sexual contact with only the same sex or with both sexes
(18.1%) than students who had sexual contact with only the
opposite sex (10.8%) and students who had no sexual contact
(2.3%) and higher among students who had sexual contact with
only the opposite sex (10.8%) than students who had no sexual
contact (2.3%). Among female students, the prevalence was
higher among those who had sexual contact with only females or
with both sexes (17.8%) than those who had sexual contact with
only males (6.9%) and those who had no sexual contact (2.0%)
and higher among those who had sexual contact with only males
(6.9%) than those who had no sexual contact (2.0%). Among
male students, the prevalence was higher among those who had
sexual contact with only females (13.8%) and those who had
sexual contact with only males or with both sexes (19.0%) than
those who had no sexual contact (2.7%). The prevalence also was
higher among male students who had sexual contact with only
females (13.8%) than female students who had sexual contact
with only males (6.9%).
Across 23 states, the prevalence of having tried marijuana
before aged 13 years ranged from 7.3% to 23.9%
(median: 10.6%) among students who had sexual contact with
only the opposite sex, from 8.7% to 35.1% (median: 21.3%)
among students who had sexual contact with only the same sex
or with both sexes, and from 0.9% to 6.6% (median: 1.6%)
among students who had no sexual contact. Across 18 large
urban school districts, the prevalence ranged from 8.5% to
20.8% (median: 12.9%) among students who had sexual
contact with only the opposite sex, from 11.7% to 27.2%
(median: 20.5%) among students who had sexual contact with
US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
only the same sex or with both sexes, and from 1.3% to 5.6%
(median: 2.1%) among students who had no sexual contact.
Current Marijuana Use
Nationwide, 21.7% of all students; 20.7% of heterosexual
students; 32.0% of gay, lesbian, and bisexual students;
and 26.0% of not sure students had used marijuana one
or more times during the 30 days before the survey (i.e.,
current marijuana use) (Table 53). The prevalence of current
marijuana use was higher among gay, lesbian, and bisexual
students (32.0%) than heterosexual students (20.7%) and not
sure students (26.0%) and higher among not sure students
(26.0%) than heterosexual students (20.7%). Among female
students, the prevalence was higher among lesbian and bisexual
students (34.3%) than heterosexual students (17.8%) and not
sure students (23.3%) and higher among not sure students
(23.3%) than heterosexual students (17.8%). The prevalence
also was higher among heterosexual male students (23.2%)
than heterosexual female students (17.8%) and higher among
lesbian and bisexual female students (34.3%) than gay and
bisexual male students (25.5%).
Across 25 states, the prevalence of current marijuana use
ranged from 13.9% to 24.4% (median: 17.7%) among
heterosexual students; from 26.0% to 41.9% (median: 32.9%)
among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and from 12.4% to
32.2% (median: 20.9%) among not sure students. Across 19
large urban school districts, the prevalence ranged from 14.7%
to 26.3% (median: 19.8%) among heterosexual students; from
22.1% to 43.9% (median: 35.2%) among gay, lesbian, and
bisexual students; and from 9.1% to 29.1% (median: 21.3%)
among not sure students.
Nationwide, the prevalence of current marijuana use was
32.7% among students who had sexual contact with only the
opposite sex, 43.7% among students who had sexual contact
with only the same sex or with both sexes, and 7.5% among
students who had no sexual contact. The prevalence of current
marijuana use was higher among students who had sexual
contact with only the same sex or with both sexes (43.7%)
than students who had sexual contact with only the opposite
sex (32.7%) and students who had no sexual contact (7.5%)
and higher among students who had sexual contact with only
the opposite sex (32.7%) than students who had no sexual
contact (7.5%). Among female students, the prevalence was
higher among those who had sexual contact with only females
or with both sexes (42.9%) than those who had sexual contact
with only males (29.7%) and those who had no sexual contact
(7.1%) and higher among those who had sexual contact with
only males (29.7%) than those who had no sexual contact
(7.1%). Among male students, the prevalence was higher
among those who had sexual contact with only males or with
MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 37
 Surveillance Summaries
both sexes (45.9%) than those who had sexual contact with
only females (35.1%) and those who had no sexual contact
(7.9%) and higher among those who had sexual contact with
only females (35.1%) than those who had no sexual contact
(7.9%). The prevalence also was higher among male students
who had sexual contact with only females (35.1%) than female
students who had sexual contact with only males (29.7%).
Across 23 states, the prevalence of current marijuana use
ranged from 23.0% to 37.8% (median: 31.4%) among
students who had sexual contact with only the opposite sex,
from 35.4% to 58.0% (median: 44.6%) among students who
had sexual contact with only the same sex or with both sexes,
and from 3.1% to 10.6% (median: 5.5%) among students who
had no sexual contact. Across 19 large urban school districts,
the prevalence ranged from 26.3% to 39.8% (median: 31.4%)
among students who had sexual contact with only the opposite
sex, from 35.9% to 51.4% (median: 41.0%) among students
who had sexual contact with only the same sex or with both
sexes, and from 4.5% to 12.1% (median: 6.6%) among
students who had no sexual contact.
Usually Used Marijuana by Smoking It
Among the students who currently used marijuana, 90.0%
of all those students; 91.5% of the heterosexual students;
85.3% of the gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and 87.3%
of the not sure students usually used marijuana by smoking it
in a joint, bong, pipe, or blunt during the 30 days before the
survey (Table 54). The prevalence of usually using marijuana
by smoking it was higher among heterosexual female students
(93.9%) than heterosexual male students (90.2%).
Among the students who currently used marijuana, 93.0%
of the students who had sexual contact with only the opposite
sex, 87.9% of the students who had sexual contact with only
the same sex or with both sexes, and 88.5% of the students
who had no sexual contact usually used marijuana by smoking
it. The prevalence of usually using marijuana by smoking it
did not vary significantly by sex and sexual contact subgroup.
The question this variable is based on was not included in
the standard questionnaire used in the state and large urban
school district surveys in 2015. Consequently, the range and
median prevalence estimates across states and large urban
school districts for the prevalence of usually using marijuana
by smoking it by sexual minority subgroups are not available.
Ever Used Synthetic Marijuana
Nationwide, 9.2% of all students; 8.6% of heterosexual
students; 14.6% of gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and
14.1% of not sure students had used synthetic marijuana (also
called K2, Spice, fake weed, King Kong, Yucatan
Fire, Skunk, or Moon Rocks) one or more times during
38 MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
their life (i.e., ever used synthetic marijuana) (Table 55). The
prevalence of having ever used synthetic marijuana was higher
among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students (14.6%) and not sure
students (14.1%) than heterosexual students (8.6%). Among
female students, the prevalence was higher among lesbian and
bisexual students (14.3%) than heterosexual students (6.9%)
and not sure students (9.0%). The prevalence also was higher
among heterosexual male students (10.0%) than heterosexual
female students (6.9%).
Across 17 states, the prevalence of having ever used synthetic
marijuana ranged from 5.0% to 12.7% (median: 7.5%) among
heterosexual students; from 10.8% to 27.7% (median: 20.3%)
among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and from 5.4% to
36.1% (median: 15.0%) among not sure students. Across 17
large urban school districts, the prevalence ranged from 3.4%
to 9.6% (median: 7.5%) among heterosexual students; from
8.9% to 28.6% (median: 18.9%) among gay, lesbian, and
bisexual students; and from 4.8% to 26.3% (median: 12.5%)
among not sure students.
Nationwide, 14.0% of students who had sexual contact
with only the opposite sex, 21.6% of students who had
sexual contact with only the same sex or with both sexes,
and 2.2% of students who had no sexual contact had ever
used synthetic marijuana. The prevalence of having ever used
synthetic marijuana was higher among students who had sexual
contact with only the same sex or with both sexes (21.6%)
than students who had sexual contact with only the opposite
sex (14.0%) and students who had no sexual contact (2.2%)
and higher among students who had sexual contact with only
the opposite sex (14.0%) than students who had no sexual
contact (2.2%). Among female students, the prevalence was
higher among those who had sexual contact with only females
or with both sexes (21.4%) than those who had sexual contact
with only males (11.7%) and those who had no sexual contact
(1.9%) and higher among those who had sexual contact with
only males (11.7%) than those who had no sexual contact
(1.9%). Among male students, the prevalence was higher
among those who had sexual contact with only females (15.9%)
and those who had sexual contact with only males or with both
sexes (22.1%) than those who had no sexual contact (2.4%).
The prevalence also was higher among male students who had
sexual contact with only females (15.9%) than female students
who had sexual contact with only males (11.7%).
Across 17 states, the prevalence of having ever used synthetic
marijuana ranged from 9.7% to 20.3% (median: 13.0%)
among students who had sexual contact with only the opposite
sex, from 15.3% to 39.0% (median: 27.6%) among students
who had sexual contact with only the same sex or with
both sexes, and from 0.7% to 2.7% (median: 1.6%) among
students who had no sexual contact. Across 17 large urban
 Surveillance Summaries
school districts, the prevalence ranged from 5.6% to 17.5%
(median: 11.5%) among students who had sexual contact with
only the opposite sex, from 7.8% to 36.6% (median: 19.8%)
among students who had sexual contact with only the same sex
or with both sexes, and from 0.8% to 2.7% (median: 1.9%)
among students who had no sexual contact.
Ever Used Hallucinogenic Drugs
Nationwide, 6.4% of all students; 5.5% of heterosexual
students; 11.5% of gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and
15.7% of not sure students had used hallucinogenic drugs (e.g.,
LSD, acid, PCP, angel dust, mescaline, or mushrooms) one
or more times during their life (i.e., ever used hallucinogenic
drugs) (Table 56). The prevalence of having ever used
hallucinogenic drugs was higher among gay, lesbian, and
bisexual students (11.5%) and not sure students (15.7%) than
heterosexual students (5.5%). Among female students, the
prevalence was higher among lesbian and bisexual students
(10.7%) than heterosexual students (3.5%). Among male
students, the prevalence was higher among gay and bisexual
students (12.8%) and not sure students (25.2%) than
heterosexual students (7.2%). The prevalence also was higher
among heterosexual male students (7.2%) than heterosexual
female students (3.5%) and higher among not sure male
students (25.2%) than not sure female students (7.3%).
Nationwide, 9.6% of students who had sexual contact
with only the opposite sex, 18.3% of students who had
sexual contact with only the same sex or with both sexes,
and 1.1% of students who had no sexual contact had ever
used hallucinogenic drugs. The prevalence of having ever
used hallucinogenic drugs was higher among students who
had sexual contact with only the same sex or with both sexes
(18.3%) than students who had sexual contact with only the
opposite sex (9.6%) and students who had no sexual contact
(1.1%) and higher among students who had sexual contact
with only the opposite sex (9.6%) than students who had no
sexual contact (1.1%). Among female students, the prevalence
was higher among those who had sexual contact with only
females or with both sexes (15.5%) than those who had sexual
contact with only males (5.9%) and those who had no sexual
contact (1.2%) and higher among those who had sexual contact
with only males (5.9%) than those who had no sexual contact
(1.2%). Among male students, the prevalence was higher
among those who had sexual contact with only males or with
both sexes (26.7%) than those who had sexual contact with
only females (12.5%) and those who had no sexual contact
(1.0%) and higher among those who had sexual contact with
only females (12.5%) than those who had no sexual contact
(1.0%). The prevalence also was higher among male students
who had sexual contact with only females (12.5%) than female
US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
students who had sexual contact with only males (5.9%) and
higher among male students who had sexual contact with only
males or with both sexes (26.7%) than female students who had
sexual contact with only females or with both sexes (15.5%).
The question this variable is based on was not included in the
standard questionnaire used in the state and large urban school
district surveys in 2015. Consequently, the range and median
prevalence estimates across states and large urban school
districts for the prevalence of having ever used hallucinogenic
drugs by sexual minority subgroups are not available.
Ever Used Cocaine
Nationwide, 5.2% of all students; 4.2% of heterosexual
students; 10.6% of gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and
13.7% of not sure students had used any form of cocaine
(e.g., powder, crack, or freebase) one or more times during
their life (i.e., ever used cocaine) (Table 57). The prevalence
of having ever used cocaine was higher among gay, lesbian,
and bisexual students (10.6%) and not sure students (13.7%)
than heterosexual students (4.2%). Among female students,
the prevalence was higher among lesbian and bisexual students
(7.3%) and not sure students (7.0%) than heterosexual
students (3.0%). Among male students, the prevalence was
higher among gay and bisexual students (18.1%) and not
sure students (20.5%) than heterosexual students (5.2%).
The prevalence also was higher among heterosexual male
students (5.2%) than heterosexual female students (3.0%),
higher among gay and bisexual male students (18.1%) than
lesbian and bisexual female students (7.3%), and higher
among not sure male students (20.5%) than not sure female
students (7.0%).
Across 24 states, the prevalence of having ever used
cocaine ranged from 2.4% to 8.4% (median: 3.6%) among
heterosexual students; from 3.1% to 20.3% (median: 13.3%)
among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and from 4.9% to
22.6% (median: 13.8%) among not sure students. Across 16
large urban school districts, the prevalence ranged from 1.7%
to 7.0% (median: 4.4%) among heterosexual students; from
8.2% to 22.1% (median: 12.2%) among gay, lesbian, and
bisexual students; and from 5.7% to 20.9% (median: 10.9%)
among not sure students.
Nationwide, 7.2% of students who had sexual contact with
only the opposite sex, 14.8% of students who had sexual
contact with only the same sex or with both sexes, and 0.8%
of students who had no sexual contact had ever used cocaine.
The prevalence of having ever used cocaine was higher among
students who had sexual contact with only the same sex or with
Pellet-sized pieces of highly purified cocaine.
A process in which cocaine is dissolved in ether or sodium hydroxide and the
precipitate is filtered off.
MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 39
 Surveillance Summaries
both sexes (14.8%) than students who had sexual contact with
only the opposite sex (7.2%) and students who had no sexual
contact (0.8%) and higher among students who had sexual
contact with only the opposite sex (7.2%) than students who
had no sexual contact (0.8%). Among female students, the
prevalence was higher among those who had sexual contact
with only females or with both sexes (10.3%) than those who
had sexual contact with only males (5.2%) and those who had
no sexual contact (0.9%) and higher among those who had
sexual contact with only males (5.2%) than those who had no
sexual contact (0.9%). Among male students, the prevalence
was higher among those who had sexual contact with only
males or with both sexes (27.9%) than those who had sexual
contact with only females (8.8%) and those who had no sexual
contact (0.7%) and higher among those who had sexual contact
with only females (8.8%) than those who had no sexual contact
(0.7%). The prevalence also was higher among male students
who had sexual contact with only females (8.8%) than female
students who had sexual contact with only males (5.2%) and
higher among male students who had sexual contact with only
males or with both sexes (27.9%) than female students who had
sexual contact with only females or with both sexes (10.3%).
Across 22 states, the prevalence of having ever used cocaine
ranged from 3.9% to 12.5% (median: 6.2%) among students
who had sexual contact with only the opposite sex, from 7.2%
to 32.1% (median: 18.8%) among students who had sexual
contact with only the same sex or with both sexes, and from
0.3% to 1.9% (median: 0.5%) among students who had no
sexual contact. Across 16 large urban school districts, the
prevalence ranged from 3.2% to 12.3% (median: 7.5%) among
students who had sexual contact with only the opposite sex,
from 8.9% to 27.6% (median: 16.9%) among students who
had sexual contact with only the same sex or with both sexes,
and from 0.3% to 1.6% (median: 0.8%) among students who
had no sexual contact.
Ever Used Ecstasy
Nationwide, 5.0% of all students; 4.1% of heterosexual
students; 10.1% of gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and
13.7% of not sure students had used ecstasy (also called
MDMA) one or more times during their life (i.e., ever used
ecstasy) (Table 58). The prevalence of having ever used ecstasy
was higher among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students (10.1%)
and not sure students (13.7%) than heterosexual students
(4.1%). Among female students, the prevalence was higher
among lesbian and bisexual students (7.5%) than heterosexual
students (3.1%). Among male students, the prevalence was
higher among gay and bisexual students (16.3%) and not
sure students (22.2%) than heterosexual students (4.9%). The
prevalence also was higher among heterosexual male students
40 MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(4.9%) than heterosexual female students (3.1%), higher
among gay and bisexual male students (16.3%) than lesbian
and bisexual female students (7.5%), and higher among not sure
male students (22.2%) than not sure female students (6.1%).
Across 18 states, the prevalence of having ever used
ecstasy ranged from 2.8% to 6.2% (median: 3.9%) among
heterosexual students; from 6.4% to 22.8% (median: 15.2%)
among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and from 5.2% to
28.5% (median: 13.8%) among not sure students. Across 14
large urban school districts, the prevalence ranged from 2.1%
to 6.7% (median: 4.6%) among heterosexual students; from
7.6% to 21.3% (median: 12.5%) among gay, lesbian, and
bisexual students; and from 5.9% to 24.1% (median: 11.6%)
among not sure students.
Nationwide, 7.4% of students who had sexual contact with
only the opposite sex, 15.0% of students who had sexual
contact with only the same sex or with both sexes, and 0.6%
of students who had no sexual contact had ever used ecstasy.
The prevalence of having ever used ecstasy was higher among
students who had sexual contact with only the same sex or with
both sexes (15.0%) than students who had sexual contact with
only the opposite sex (7.4%) and students who had no sexual
contact (0.6%) and higher among students who had sexual
contact with only the opposite sex (7.4%) than students who
had no sexual contact (0.6%). Among female students, the
prevalence was higher among those who had sexual contact
with only females or with both sexes (11.1%) than those who
had sexual contact with only males (5.7%) and those who had
no sexual contact (0.7%) and higher among those who had
sexual contact with only males (5.7%) than those who had no
sexual contact (0.7%). Among male students, the prevalence
was higher among those who had sexual contact with only
males or with both sexes (26.8%) than those who had sexual
contact with only females (8.8%) and those who had no sexual
contact (0.5%) and higher among those who had sexual contact
with only females (8.8%) than those who had no sexual contact
(0.5%). The prevalence also was higher among male students
who had sexual contact with only females (8.8%) than female
students who had sexual contact with only males (5.7%) and
higher among male students who had sexual contact with only
males or with both sexes (26.8%) than female students who had
sexual contact with only females or with both sexes (11.1%).
Across 17 states, the prevalence of having ever used ecstasy
ranged from 5.8% to 11.6% (median: 7.1%) among students
who had sexual contact with only the opposite sex, from 12.7%
to 36.6% (median: 20.8%) among students who had sexual
contact with only the same sex or with both sexes, and from 0.0%
to 1.7% (median: 0.6%) among students who had no sexual
contact. Across 14 large urban school districts, the prevalence
ranged from 3.6% to 11.5% (median: 8.3%) among students
 Surveillance Summaries
who had sexual contact with only the opposite sex, from 8.5%
to 28.4% (median: 16.9%) among students who had sexual
contact with only the same sex or with both sexes, and from
0.3% to 1.5% (median: 0.8%) among students who had no
sexual contact.
Ever Used Heroin
Nationwide, 2.1% of all students; 1.3% of heterosexual
students; 6.0% of gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and
9.3% of not sure students had used heroin (also called smack,
junk, or China White) one or more times during their life
(i.e., ever used heroin) (Table 59). The prevalence of having
ever used heroin was higher among not sure students (9.3%)
than heterosexual students (1.3%) and gay, lesbian, and
bisexual students (6.0%) and higher among gay, lesbian, and
bisexual students (6.0%) than heterosexual students (1.3%).
Among female students, the prevalence was higher among
lesbian and bisexual students (2.9%) than heterosexual students
(0.8%). Among male students, the prevalence was higher
among gay and bisexual students (13.7%) and not sure students
(15.6%) than heterosexual students (1.7%). The prevalence
also was higher among heterosexual male students (1.7%)
than heterosexual female students (0.8%), higher among gay
and bisexual male students (13.7%) than lesbian and bisexual
female students (2.9%), and higher among not sure male
students (15.6%) than not sure female students (2.9%).
Across 22 states, the prevalence of having ever used
heroin ranged from 0.7% to 2.8% (median: 1.6%) among
heterosexual students; from 1.1% to 18.0% (median: 9.2%)
among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and from 2.1%
to 23.6% (median: 8.6%) among not sure students. Across
17 large urban school districts, the prevalence ranged from
1.1% to 4.0% (median: 1.9%) among heterosexual students;
from 2.8% to 21.0% (median: 7.4%) among gay, lesbian, and
bisexual students; and from 4.3% to 25.0% (median: 9.0%)
among not sure students.
Nationwide, 2.2% of students who had sexual contact with
only the opposite sex, 8.9% of students who had sexual contact
with only the same sex or with both sexes, and 0.3% of students
who had no sexual contact had ever used heroin. The prevalence
of having ever used heroin was higher among students who had
sexual contact with only the same sex or with both sexes (8.9%)
than students who had sexual contact with only the opposite
sex (2.2%) and students who had no sexual contact (0.3%) and
higher among students who had sexual contact with only the
opposite sex (2.2%) than students who had no sexual contact
(0.3%). Among female students, the prevalence was higher
among those who had sexual contact with only females or with
both sexes (4.9%) than those who had sexual contact with only
males (1.2%) and those who had no sexual contact (0.4%) and
US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
higher among those who had sexual contact with only males
(1.2%) than those who had no sexual contact (0.4%). Among
male students, the prevalence was higher among those who
had sexual contact with only males or with both sexes (20.6%)
than those who had sexual contact with only females (2.9%)
and those who had no sexual contact (0.2%) and higher among
those who had sexual contact with only females (2.9%) than
those who had no sexual contact (0.2%). The prevalence also
was higher among male students who had sexual contact with
only females (2.9%) than female students who had sexual contact
with only males (1.2%) and higher among male students who
had sexual contact with only males or with both sexes (20.6%)
than female students who had sexual contact with only females
or with both sexes (4.9%).
Across 20 states, the prevalence of having ever used heroin
ranged from 1.6% to 4.4% (median: 2.6%) among students
who had sexual contact with only the opposite sex, from 3.8%
to 27.7% (median: 13.2%) among students who had sexual
contact with only the same sex or with both sexes, and from
0.0% to 0.7% (median: 0.1%) among students who had no
sexual contact. Across 17 large urban school districts, the
prevalence ranged from 1.2% to 5.7% (median: 3.3%) among
students who had sexual contact with only the opposite sex,
from 4.3% to 24.4% (median: 11.1%) among students who
had sexual contact with only the same sex or with both sexes,
and from 0.0% to 0.9% (median: 0.4%) among students who
had no sexual contact.
Ever Used Methamphetamines
Nationwide, 3.0% of all students; 2.1% of heterosexual
students; 8.2% of gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and
10.8% of not sure students had used methamphetamines (also
called speed, crystal, crank, or ice) one or more times
during their life (i.e., ever used methamphetamines) (Table 60).
The prevalence of having ever used methamphetamines was
higher among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students (8.2%)
and not sure students (10.8%) than heterosexual students
(2.1%). Among female students, the prevalence was higher
among lesbian and bisexual students (5.7%) and not sure
students (5.0%) than heterosexual students (1.5%). Among
male students, the prevalence was higher among gay and
bisexual students (14.8%) and not sure students (16.5%) than
heterosexual students (2.5%). The prevalence also was higher
among heterosexual male students (2.5%) than heterosexual
female students (1.5%) and higher among not sure male
students (16.5%) than not sure female students (5.0%).
Across 19 states, the prevalence of having ever
used methamphetamines ranged from 1.2% to 4.4%
(median: 2.1%) among heterosexual students; from 2.9%
to 14.6% (median: 10.8%) among gay, lesbian, and bisexual
MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 41
 Surveillance Summaries
students; and from 3.4% to 22.7% (median: 11.8%) among
not sure students. Across 16 large urban school districts, the
prevalence ranged from 1.0% to 4.6% (median: 2.6%) among
heterosexual students; from 3.5% to 19.5% (median: 10.6%)
among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and from 1.8% to
25.1% (median: 9.8%) among not sure students.
Nationwide, 3.5% of students who had sexual contact
with only the opposite sex, 11.4% of students who had
sexual contact with only the same sex or with both sexes,
and 0.5% of students who had no sexual contact had ever
used methamphetamines. The prevalence of having ever used
methamphetamines was higher among students who had sexual
contact with only the same sex or with both sexes (11.4%)
than students who had sexual contact with only the opposite
sex (3.5%) and students who had no sexual contact (0.5%)
and higher among students who had sexual contact with only
the opposite sex (3.5%) than students who had no sexual
contact (0.5%). Among female students, the prevalence was
higher among those who had sexual contact with only females
or with both sexes (8.5%) than those who had sexual contact
with only males (2.3%) and those who had no sexual contact
(0.7%) and higher among those who had sexual contact with
only males (2.3%) than those who had no sexual contact
(0.7%). Among male students, the prevalence was higher
among those who had sexual contact with only males or with
both sexes (20.4%) than those who had sexual contact with
only females (4.3%) and those who had no sexual contact
(0.3%) and higher among those who had sexual contact with
only females (4.3%) than those who had no sexual contact
(0.3%). The prevalence also was higher among male students
who had sexual contact with only females (4.3%) than female
students who had sexual contact with only males (2.3%) and
higher among male students who had sexual contact with only
males or with both sexes (20.4%) than female students who
had sexual contact with only females or with both sexes (8.5%).
Across 18 states, the prevalence of having ever used
methamphetamines ranged from 2.1% to 6.4% (median: 3.4%)
among students who had sexual contact with only the opposite
sex, from 6.0% to 21.4% (median: 14.8%) among students
who had sexual contact with only the same sex or with
both sexes, and from 0.0% to 0.8% (median: 0.3%) among
students who had no sexual contact. Across 16 large urban
school districts, the prevalence ranged from 1.6% to 6.3%
(median: 4.4%) among students who had sexual contact with
only the opposite sex, from 7.2% to 24.4% (median: 13.2%)
among students who had sexual contact with only the same sex
or with both sexes, and from 0.0% to 0.9% (median: 0.5%)
among students who had no sexual contact.
42 MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Ever Took Steroids Without a Doctors Prescription
Nationwide, 3.5% of all students; 2.6% of heterosexual
students; 9.7% of gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and
9.6% of not sure students had taken steroid pills or shots
without a doctors prescription one or more times during their
life (i.e., ever took steroids without a doctors prescription)
(Table 61). The prevalence of having ever taken steroids
without a doctors prescription was higher among gay, lesbian,
and bisexual students (9.7%) and not sure students (9.6%)
than heterosexual students (2.6%). Among female students,
the prevalence was higher among lesbian and bisexual
students (6.6%) than heterosexual students (2.0%). Among
male students, the prevalence was higher among gay and
bisexual students (16.1%) and not sure students (14.1%) than
heterosexual students (3.0%). The prevalence also was higher
among heterosexual male students (3.0%) than heterosexual
female students (2.0%), higher among gay and bisexual male
students (16.1%) than lesbian and bisexual female students
(6.6%), and higher among not sure male students (14.1%)
than not sure female students (4.5%).
Across 17 states, the prevalence of having ever taken steroids
without a doctors prescription ranged from 1.1% to 4.1%
(median: 2.3%) among heterosexual students; from 4.1%
to 18.9% (median: 9.1%) among gay, lesbian, and bisexual
students; and from 2.2% to 21.3% (median: 10.8%) among
not sure students. Across 12 large urban school districts, the
prevalence ranged from 1.5% to 4.2% (median: 2.3%) among
heterosexual students; from 7.2% to 20.9% (median: 11.5%)
among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and from 4.4% to
22.4% (median: 12.0%) among not sure students.
Nationwide, 4.2% of students who had sexual contact with
only the opposite sex, 12.6% of students who had sexual contact
with only the same sex or with both sexes, and 0.8% of students
who had no sexual contact had ever taken steroid pills or shots
without a doctors prescription. The prevalence of having ever
taken steroids without a doctors prescription was higher among
students who had sexual contact with only the same sex or with
both sexes (12.6%) than students who had sexual contact with
only the opposite sex (4.2%) and students who had no sexual
contact (0.8%) and higher among students who had sexual
contact with only the opposite sex (4.2%) than students who
had no sexual contact (0.8%). Among female students, the
prevalence was higher among those who had sexual contact
with only females or with both sexes (9.7%) than those who
had sexual contact with only males (3.0%) and those who had
no sexual contact (0.9%) and higher among those who had
sexual contact with only males (3.0%) than those who had no
sexual contact (0.9%). Among male students, the prevalence
was higher among those who had sexual contact with only males
 Surveillance Summaries
or with both sexes (20.8%) than those who had sexual contact
with only females (5.1%) and those who had no sexual contact
(0.6%) and higher among those who had sexual contact with
only females (5.1%) than those who had no sexual contact
(0.6%). The prevalence also was higher among male students
who had sexual contact with only females (5.1%) than female
students who had sexual contact with only males (3.0%) and
higher among male students who had sexual contact with only
males or with both sexes (20.8%) than female students who
had sexual contact with only females or with both sexes (9.7%).
Across 16 states, the prevalence of having ever taken steroids
without a doctors prescription ranged from 2.1% to 5.6%
(median: 3.9%) among students who had sexual contact with
only the opposite sex, from 6.4% to 20.0% (median: 14.5%)
among students who had sexual contact with only the same sex
or with both sexes, and from 0.1% to 1.3% (median: 0.4%)
among students who had no sexual contact. Across 12 large
urban school districts, the prevalence ranged from 2.9%
to 6.7% (median: 3.8%) among students who had sexual
contact with only the opposite sex, from 7.4% to 21.2%
(median: 12.4%) among students who had sexual contact with
only the same sex or with both sexes, and from 0.2% to 2.0%
(median: 0.5%) among students who had no sexual contact.
Ever Took Prescription Drugs Without a Doctors
Prescription
Nationwide, 16.8% of all students; 15.5% of heterosexual
students; 27.5% of gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and
24.3% of not sure students had taken prescription drugs (e.g.,
Oxycontin, Percocet, Vicodin, codeine, Adderall, Ritalin, or
Xanax) without a doctors prescription one or more times
during their life (i.e., ever took prescription drugs without a
doctors prescription) (Table 62). The prevalence of having
ever taken prescription drugs without a doctors prescription
was higher among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students (27.5%)
and not sure students (24.3%) than heterosexual students
(15.5%). Among female students, the prevalence was higher
among lesbian and bisexual students (26.4%) and not sure
students (20.9%) than heterosexual students (13.8%). Among
male students, the prevalence was higher among gay and
bisexual students (29.7%) and not sure students (27.2%) than
heterosexual students (17.0%). The prevalence also was higher
among heterosexual male students (17.0%) than heterosexual
female students (13.8%).
Across 21 states, the prevalence of having ever taken
prescription drugs without a doctors prescription ranged
from 9.2% to 17.2% (median: 12.2%) among heterosexual
students; from 17.3% to 35.1% (median: 26.6%) among gay,
lesbian, and bisexual students; and from 15.8% to 38.3%
(median: 24.1%) among not sure students. Across 17 large
US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
urban school districts, the prevalence ranged from 7.3% to
13.5% (median: 11.5%) among heterosexual students; from
10.9% to 30.7% (median: 23.0%) among gay, lesbian, and
bisexual students; and from 10.4% to 31.2% (median: 19.4%)
among not sure students.
Nationwide, 24.0% of students who had sexual contact with
only the opposite sex, 35.0% of students who had sexual contact
with only the same sex or with both sexes, and 7.0% of students
who had no sexual contact had ever taken prescription drugs
without a doctors prescription. The prevalence of having ever
taken prescription drugs without a doctors prescription was
higher among students who had sexual contact with only the
same sex or with both sexes (35.0%) than students who had
sexual contact with only the opposite sex (24.0%) and students
who had no sexual contact (7.0%) and higher among students
who had sexual contact with only the opposite sex (24.0%) than
students who had no sexual contact (7.0%). Among female
students, the prevalence was higher among those who had sexual
contact with only females or with both sexes (32.9%) than those
who had sexual contact with only males (21.5%) and those who
had no sexual contact (7.1%) and higher among those who had
sexual contact with only males (21.5%) than those who had no
sexual contact (7.1%). Among male students, the prevalence
was higher among those who had sexual contact with only males
or with both sexes (41.3%) than those who had sexual contact
with only females (25.8%) and those who had no sexual contact
(6.8%) and higher among those who had sexual contact with only
females (25.8%) than those who had no sexual contact (6.8%).
The prevalence also was higher among male students who had
sexual contact with only females (25.8%) than female students
who had sexual contact with only males (21.5%).
Across 20 states, the prevalence of having ever taken
prescription drugs without a doctors prescription ranged
from 14.0% to 26.1% (median: 19.6%) among students who
had sexual contact with only the opposite sex, from 28.5%
to 47.3% (median: 37.9%) among students who had sexual
contact with only the same sex or with both sexes, and from
2.6% to 6.6% (median: 4.7%) among students who had no
sexual contact. Across 17 large urban school districts, the
prevalence ranged from 10.2% to 24.6% (median: 18.2%)
among students who had sexual contact with only the opposite
sex, from 16.8% to 35.3% (median: 30.2%) among students
who had sexual contact with only the same sex or with both
sexes, and from 3.2% to 6.8% (median: 4.4%) among students
who had no sexual contact.
Ever Used Inhalants
Nationwide, 7.0% of all students; 5.6% of heterosexual
students; 17.3% of gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and
18.1% of not sure students had sniffed glue, breathed the
MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 43
 Surveillance Summaries
contents of aerosol spray cans, or inhaled any paints or sprays
to get high one or more times during their life (i.e., ever used
inhalants) (Table 63). The prevalence of having ever used
inhalants was higher among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students
(17.3%) and not sure students (18.1%) than heterosexual
students (5.6%). Among female students, the prevalence was
higher among lesbian and bisexual students (15.2%) and not
sure students (11.3%) than heterosexual students (5.2%).
Among male students, the prevalence was higher among gay
and bisexual students (21.0%) and not sure students (24.2%)
than heterosexual students (6.0%). The prevalence also was
higher among not sure male students (24.2%) than not sure
female students (11.3%).
Across 20 states, the prevalence of having ever used
inhalants ranged from 2.3% to 8.6% (median: 5.5%) among
heterosexual students; from 8.6% to 28.6% (median: 19.3%)
among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and from 7.3% to
33.1% (median: 17.4%) among not sure students. Across 16
large urban school districts, the prevalence ranged from 4.2%
to 10.1% (median: 5.8%) among heterosexual students; from
3.6% to 25.4% (median: 17.5%) among gay, lesbian, and
bisexual students; and from 9.3% to 30.3% (median: 15.8%)
among not sure students.
Nationwide, 8.2% of students who had sexual contact with only
the opposite sex, 20.3% of students who had sexual contact with
only the same sex or with both sexes, and 3.3% of students who
had no sexual contact had ever used inhalants. The prevalence of
having ever used inhalants was higher among students who had
sexual contact with only the same sex or with both sexes (20.3%)
than students who had sexual contact with only the opposite sex
(8.2%) and students who had no sexual contact (3.3%) and higher
among students who had sexual contact with only the opposite sex
(8.2%) than students who had no sexual contact (3.3%). Among
female students, the prevalence was higher among those who had
sexual contact with only females or with both sexes (18.0%) than
those who had sexual contact with only males (7.2%) and those
who had no sexual contact (3.8%) and higher among those who
had sexual contact with only males (7.2%) than those who had
no sexual contact (3.8%). Among male students, the prevalence
was higher among those who had sexual contact with only males
or with both sexes (26.9%) than those who had sexual contact
with only females (9.0%) and those who had no sexual contact
(2.7%) and higher among those who had sexual contact with only
females (9.0%) than those who had no sexual contact (2.7%).
Across 19 states, the prevalence of having ever used inhalants
ranged from 3.6% to 12.2% (median: 7.7%) among students
who had sexual contact with only the opposite sex, from 11.6% to
29.8% (median: 25.7%) among students who had sexual contact
with only the same sex or with both sexes, and from 0.5% to
4.8% (median: 2.8%) among students who had no sexual contact.
44 MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Across 16 large urban school districts, the prevalence ranged
from 3.6% to 11.7% (median: 8.5%) among students who had
sexual contact with only the opposite sex, from 12.8% to 27.8%
(median: 19.2%) among students who had sexual contact with
only the same sex or with both sexes, and from 1.9% to 6.2%
(median: 3.4%) among students who had no sexual contact.
Ever Injected Any Illegal Drug
Nationwide, 1.8% of all students; 1.1% of heterosexual
students; 5.4% of gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and
7.6% of not sure students had used a needle to inject any illegal
drug into their body one or more times during their life (i.e.,
ever injected any illegal drug) (Table 64). The prevalence of
having ever injected any illegal drug was higher among gay,
lesbian, and bisexual students (5.4%) and not sure students
(7.6%) than heterosexual students (1.1%). Among female
students, the prevalence was higher among lesbian and bisexual
students (3.3%) than heterosexual students (0.5%). Among
male students, the prevalence was higher among gay and
bisexual students (10.1%) and not sure students (15.1%) than
heterosexual students (1.5%). The prevalence also was higher
among heterosexual male students (1.5%) than heterosexual
female students (0.5%), higher among gay and bisexual male
students (10.1%) than lesbian and bisexual female students
(3.3%), and higher among not sure male students (15.1%)
than not sure female students (2.0%).
Across 17 states, the prevalence of having ever injected any
illegal drug ranged from 0.7% to 2.5% (median: 1.5%) among
heterosexual students; from 1.1% to 15.9% (median: 10.3%)
among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and from 2.2% to
16.7% (median: 9.8%) among not sure students. Across 13
large urban school districts, the prevalence ranged from 1.1%
to 3.9% (median: 1.7%) among heterosexual students; from
3.1% to 14.3% (median: 6.6%) among gay, lesbian, and
bisexual students; and from 4.1% to 18.8% (median: 10.0%)
among not sure students.
Nationwide, 1.8% of students who had sexual contact with
only the opposite sex, 7.3% of students who had sexual contact
with only the same sex or with both sexes, and 0.3% of students
who had no sexual contact had ever injected any illegal drug.
The prevalence of having ever injected any illegal drug was
higher among students who had sexual contact with only the
same sex or with both sexes (7.3%) than students who had
sexual contact with only the opposite sex (1.8%) and students
who had no sexual contact (0.3%) and higher among students
who had sexual contact with only the opposite sex (1.8%) than
students who had no sexual contact (0.3%). Among female
students, the prevalence was higher among those who had
sexual contact with only females or with both sexes (4.9%)
than those who had sexual contact with only males (0.8%) and
 Surveillance Summaries
those who had no sexual contact (0.3%). Among male students,
the prevalence was higher among those who had sexual contact
with only males or with both sexes (14.9%) than those who had
sexual contact with only females (2.6%) and those who had no
sexual contact (0.2%) and higher among those who had sexual
contact with only females (2.6%) than those who had no sexual
contact (0.2%). The prevalence also was higher among male
students who had sexual contact with only females (2.6%) than
female students who had sexual contact with only males (0.8%)
and higher among male students who had sexual contact with
only males or with both sexes (14.9%) than female students who
had sexual contact with only females or with both sexes (4.9%).
Across 16 states, the prevalence of having ever injected any
illegal drug ranged from 1.3% to 3.8% (median: 2.5%) among
students who had sexual contact with only the opposite sex,
from 3.3% to 22.5% (median: 13.2%) among students who
had sexual contact with only the same sex or with both sexes,
and from 0.0% to 0.7% (median: 0.4%) among students who
had no sexual contact. Across 13 large urban school districts,
the prevalence ranged from 1.5% to 5.5% (median: 2.7%)
among students who had sexual contact with only the opposite
sex, from 5.1% to 19.0% (median: 8.2%) among students who
had sexual contact with only the same sex or with both sexes,
and from 0.1% to 1.0% (median: 0.5%) among students who
had no sexual contact.
Offered, Sold, or Given an Illegal Drug on
School Property
Nationwide, 21.7% of all students; 20.8% of heterosexual
students; 29.3% of gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and
28.4% of not sure students had been offered, sold, or given
an illegal drug by someone on school property during the
12 months before the survey (Table 65). The prevalence of
having been offered, sold, or given an illegal drug on school
property was higher among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students
(29.3%) and not sure students (28.4%) than heterosexual
students (20.8%). Among female students, the prevalence was
higher among lesbian and bisexual students (29.8%) and not
sure students (25.9%) than heterosexual students (17.1%). The
prevalence also was higher among heterosexual male students
(23.9%) than heterosexual female students (17.1%).
Across 23 states, the prevalence of having been offered,
sold, or given an illegal drug on school property ranged
from 13.7% to 28.3% (median: 23.5%) among heterosexual
students; from 22.3% to 44.9% (median: 32.3%) among gay,
lesbian, and bisexual students; and from 13.8% to 46.4%
(median: 23.9%) among not sure students. Across 16 large
urban school districts, the prevalence ranged from 18.8% to
33.4% (median: 25.5%) among heterosexual students; from
23.7% to 44.6% (median: 34.7%) among gay, lesbian, and
US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
bisexual students; and from 16.5% to 46.1% (median: 29.7%)
among not sure students.
Nationwide, 27.2% of students who had sexual contact with only
the opposite sex, 38.6% of students who had sexual contact with
only the same sex or with both sexes, and 13.2% of students who
had no sexual contact had been offered, sold, or given an illegal
drug on school property. The prevalence of having been offered,
sold, or given an illegal drug on school property was higher among
students who had sexual contact with only the same sex or with
both sexes (38.6%) than students who had sexual contact with only
the opposite sex (27.2%) and students who had no sexual contact
(13.2%) and higher among students who had sexual contact with
only the opposite sex (27.2%) than students who had no sexual
contact (13.2%). Among female students, the prevalence was
higher among those who had sexual contact with only females or
with both sexes (37.1%) than those who had sexual contact with
only males (22.5%) and those who had no sexual contact (11.8%)
and higher among those who had sexual contact with only males
(22.5%) than those who had no sexual contact (11.8%). Among
male students, the prevalence was higher among those who had
sexual contact with only males or with both sexes (43.4%) than
those who had sexual contact with only females (30.8%) and those
who had no sexual contact (14.7%) and higher among those who
had sexual contact with only females (30.8%) than those who
had no sexual contact (14.7%). The prevalence also was higher
among male students who had sexual contact with only females
(30.8%) than female students who had sexual contact with
only males (22.5%).
Across 21 states, the prevalence of having been offered, sold,
or given an illegal drug on school property ranged from 17.6%
to 36.8% (median: 29.0%) among students who had sexual
contact with only the opposite sex, from 26.3% to 46.1%
(median: 37.1%) among students who had sexual contact with
only the same sex or with both sexes, and from 7.7% to 20.7%
(median: 14.6%) among students who had no sexual contact.
Across 16 large urban school districts, the prevalence ranged
from 24.6% to 40.1% (median: 33.5%) among students who
had sexual contact with only the opposite sex, from 29.1%
to 47.2% (median: 40.3%) among students who had sexual
contact with only the same sex or with both sexes, and from
11.9% to 24.7% (median: 18.2%) among students who had
no sexual contact.
MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 45
 Surveillance Summaries
Sexual Behaviors Related to Unintended
Pregnancy and Sexually Transmitted
Infections, Including HIV Infection
Ever Had Sexual Intercourse
Nationwide, 41.2% of all students; 40.9% of heterosexual
students; 50.8% of gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and 31.6%
of not sure students had ever had sexual intercourse (Table 66).
The prevalence of having ever had sexual intercourse was
higher among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students (50.8%) than
heterosexual students (40.9%) and not sure students (31.6%).
Among female students, the prevalence was higher among
lesbian and bisexual students (52.2%) than heterosexual students
(38.2%) and not sure students (28.4%) and higher among
heterosexual students (38.2%) than not sure students (28.4%).
The prevalence also was higher among heterosexual male students
(43.3%) than heterosexual female students (38.2%).
Across 23 states, the prevalence of having ever had sexual
intercourse ranged from 28.9% to 46.2% (median: 38.3%)
among heterosexual students; from 37.5% to 65.1%
(median: 52.8%) among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students;
and from 15.7% to 45.6% (median: 28.6%) among not sure
students. Across 19 large urban school districts, the prevalence
ranged from 24.8% to 51.1% (median: 38.1%) among
heterosexual students; from 37.6% to 61.0% (median: 51.8%)
among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and from 14.8% to
55.3% (median: 27.2%) among not sure students.
Nationwide, 78.5% of students who had sexual contact with
only the opposite sex and 72.4% of students who had sexual
contact with only the same sex or with both sexes had ever
had sexual intercourse (students who had no sexual contact are
excluded from these analyses). The prevalence of having ever had
sexual intercourse was higher among students who had sexual
contact with only the opposite sex (78.5%) than students who
had sexual contact with only the same sex or with both sexes
(72.4%). Among female students, the prevalence was higher
among those who had sexual contact with only males (78.7%)
than those who had sexual contact with only females or with
both sexes (68.8%). The prevalence also was higher among male
students who had sexual contact with only males or with both
sexes (83.5%) than female students who had sexual contact
with only females or with both sexes (68.8%).
Across 21 states, the prevalence of having ever had sexual
intercourse ranged from 68.2% to 99.6% (median: 77.0%)
among students who had sexual contact with only the opposite
sex and from 66.0% to 98.6% (median: 77.8%) among
students who had sexual contact with only the same sex or
with both sexes. Across 19 large urban school districts, the
prevalence ranged from 66.5% to 88.5% (median: 79.5%)
46 MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
among students who had sexual contact with only the opposite
sex and from 49.5% to 83.2% (median: 73.9%) among
students who had sexual contact with only the same sex or
with both sexes.
Had First Sexual Intercourse Before Age 13 Years
Nationwide, 3.9% of all students; 3.4% of heterosexual
students; 7.3% of gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and
8.8% of not sure students had had sexual intercourse for the
first time before age 13 years (Table 67). The prevalence of
having had sexual intercourse before age 13 years was higher
among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students (7.3%) and not sure
students (8.8%) than heterosexual students (3.4%). Among
female students, the prevalence was higher among lesbian
and bisexual students (6.4%) and not sure students (4.6%)
than heterosexual students (1.6%). Among male students, the
prevalence was higher among not sure students (15.2%) than
heterosexual students (5.1%). The prevalence also was higher
among heterosexual male students (5.1%) than heterosexual
female students (1.6%) and higher among not sure male
students (15.2%) than not sure female students (4.6%).
Across 25 states, the prevalence of having had sexual
intercourse before age 13 years ranged from 2.1% to 6.1%
(median: 2.7%) among heterosexual students; from 3.0%
to 14.3% (median: 7.9%) among gay, lesbian, and bisexual
students; and from 3.1% to 14.3% (median: 9.2%) among
not sure students. Across 19 large urban school districts, the
prevalence ranged from 2.1% to 12.6% (median: 5.2%) among
heterosexual students; from 2.6% to 14.9% (median: 8.6%)
among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and from 0.0% to
18.7% (median: 5.8%) among not sure students.
Nationwide, 6.4% of students who had sexual contact with
only the opposite sex and 14.9% of students who had sexual
contact with only the same sex or with both sexes had sexual
intercourse for the first time before age 13 years (students
who had no sexual contact are excluded from these analyses).
The prevalence of having had sexual intercourse before age
13 years was higher among students who had sexual contact
with only the same sex or with both sexes (14.9%) than
students who had sexual contact with only the opposite sex
(6.4%). Among female students, the prevalence was higher
among those who had sexual contact with only females or
with both sexes (11.1%) than those who had sexual contact
with only males (3.0%). Among male students, the prevalence
was higher among those who had sexual contact with only
males or with both sexes (26.6%) than those who had sexual
contact with only females (9.1%). The prevalence also was
higher among male students who had sexual contact with only
females (9.1%) than female students who had sexual contact
with only males (3.0%) and higher among male students who
 Surveillance Summaries
had sexual contact with only males or with both sexes (26.6%)
than female students who had sexual contact with only females
or with both sexes (11.1%).
Across 23 states, the prevalence of having had sexual
intercourse before age 13 years ranged from 4.2% to 13.4%
(median: 5.7%) among students who had sexual contact
with only the opposite sex and from 5.8% to 23.0%
(median: 15.7%) among students who had sexual contact
with only the same sex or with both sexes. Across 19 large
urban school districts, the prevalence ranged from 6.8% to
23.0% (median: 10.5%) among students who had sexual
contact with only the opposite sex and from 7.2% to 23.1%
(median: 13.5%) among students who had sexual contact with
only the same sex or with both sexes.
Had Sexual Intercourse with Four or More Persons
During Their Life
Nationwide, 11.5% of all students; 11.2% of heterosexual
students; 14.7% of gay, lesbian, and bisexual students;
and 12.9% of not sure students had had sexual intercourse
with four or more persons during their life (Table 68). The
prevalence of having had sexual intercourse with four or more
persons was higher among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students
(14.7%) than heterosexual students (11.2%). Among female
students, the prevalence was higher among lesbian and bisexual
students (15.5%) than heterosexual students (7.9%) and not
sure students (7.8%). The prevalence also was higher among
heterosexual male students (14.1%) than heterosexual female
students (7.9%) and higher among not sure male students
(20.9%) than not sure female students (7.8%).
Across 24 states, the prevalence of having had sexual
intercourse with four or more persons ranged from 5.7% to
15.8% (median: 8.9%) among heterosexual students; from
9.0% to 25.3% (median: 15.9%) among gay, lesbian, and
bisexual students; and from 5.4% to 25.5% (median: 11.7%)
among not sure students. Across 18 large urban school
districts, the prevalence ranged from 5.6% to 18.8%
(median: 10.8%) among heterosexual students; from 5.4%
to 24.3% (median: 13.3%) among gay, lesbian, and bisexual
students; and from 4.9% to 20.9% (median: 9.1%) among
not sure students.
Nationwide, 20.9% of students who had sexual contact
with only the opposite sex and 28.3% of students who had
sexual contact with only the same sex or with both sexes had
had sexual intercourse with four or more persons (students
who had no sexual contact are excluded from these analyses).
The prevalence of having had sexual intercourse with four
or more persons was higher among students who had sexual
contact with only the same sex or with both sexes (28.3%) than
students who had sexual contact with only the opposite sex
US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(20.9%). Among female students, the prevalence was higher
among those who had sexual contact with only females or with
both sexes (26.7%) than those who had sexual contact with
only males (15.3%). The prevalence also was higher among
male students who had sexual contact with only females
(25.4%) than female students who had sexual contact with
only males (15.3%).
Across 23 states, the prevalence of having had sexual
intercourse with four or more persons ranged from 11.4%
to 28.6% (median: 17.5%) among students who had sexual
contact with only the opposite sex and from 18.4% to 40.4%
(median: 28.5%) among students who had sexual contact
with only the same sex or with both sexes. Across 18 large
urban school districts, the prevalence ranged from 13.5%
to 32.7% (median: 21.7%) among students who had sexual
contact with only the opposite sex and from 11.2% to 35.8%
(median: 24.8%) among students who had sexual contact with
only the same sex or with both sexes.
Currently Sexually Active
Nationwide, 30.1% of all students; 30.1% of heterosexual
students; 35.1% of gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and
22.9% of not sure students had had sexual intercourse with at
least one person during the 3 months before the survey (i.e.,
currently sexually active) (Table 69). The prevalence of being
currently sexually active was higher among gay, lesbian, and
bisexual students (35.1%) than heterosexual students (30.1%)
and not sure students (22.9%) and higher among heterosexual
students (30.1%) than not sure students (22.9%). Among
female students, the prevalence was higher among lesbian
and bisexual students (36.3%) than heterosexual students
(29.7%) and not sure students (18.1%) and higher among
heterosexual students (29.7%) than not sure students (18.1%).
The prevalence also was higher among not sure male students
(30.7%) than not sure female students (18.1%).
Across 25 states, the prevalence of being currently sexually
active ranged from 21.4% to 34.5% (median: 28.0%) among
heterosexual students; from 27.9% to 51.0% (median: 36.5%)
among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and from 9.7% to
28.7% (median: 21.6%) among not sure students. Across 19
large urban school districts, the prevalence ranged from 17.8%
to 36.6% (median: 26.0%) among heterosexual students; from
23.2% to 46.3% (median: 33.0%) among gay, lesbian, and
bisexual students; and from 8.6% to 36.6% (median: 16.6%)
among not sure students.
Nationwide, 57.6% of students who had sexual contact
with only the opposite sex and 51.9% of students who had
sexual contact with only the same sex or with both sexes were
currently sexually active (students who had no sexual contact
are excluded from these analyses). The prevalence of being
MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 47
 Surveillance Summaries
currently sexually active was higher among students who had
sexual contact with only the opposite sex (57.6%) than students
who had sexual contact with only the same sex or with both
sexes (51.9%). Among female students, the prevalence was
higher among those who had sexual contact with only males
(60.6%) than those who had sexual contact with only females
or with both sexes (49.7%). The prevalence also was higher
among female students who had sexual contact with only males
(60.6%) than male students who had sexual contact with only
females (55.3%).
Across 23 states, the prevalence of being currently sexually
active ranged from 48.6% to 71.1% (median: 55.7%) among
students who had sexual contact with only the opposite sex and
from 43.4% to 73.2% (median: 55.2%) among students who
had sexual contact with only the same sex or with both sexes.
Across 19 large urban school districts, the prevalence ranged
from 45.5% to 64.6% (median: 53.5%) among students who
had sexual contact with only the opposite sex and from 32.0%
to 62.7% (median: 50.6%) among students who had sexual
contact with only the same sex or with both sexes.
Condom Use
Among the currently sexually active students nationwide,
56.9% of all those students; 57.8% of the heterosexual
students; 47.5% of the gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and
52.2% of the not sure students reported that either they or
their partner had used a condom during last sexual intercourse
(Table 70). The prevalence of having used a condom during
last sexual intercourse was higher among heterosexual students
(57.8%) than gay, lesbian, or bisexual students (47.5%). The
prevalence also was higher among heterosexual male students
(62.3%) than heterosexual female students (52.5%).
Across 25 states, the prevalence of having used a condom
during last sexual intercourse ranged from 49.4% to 64.9%
(median: 59.9%) among heterosexual students; from 25.7%
to 72.4% (median: 39.1%) among gay, lesbian, and bisexual
students; and from 32.2% to 52.6% (median: 45.0%) among
not sure students. Across 19 large urban school districts, the
prevalence ranged from 55.5% to 71.5% (median: 63.3%)
among heterosexual students and from 25.2% to 57.2%
(median: 48.5%) among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students. The
range and median are not available for not sure students because
less than five large urban school districts had enough students
in this subgroup for this variable to produce stable estimates.
Among the currently sexually active students nationwide,
58.3% of the students who had sexual contact with only the
opposite sex and 44.7% of the male students who had sexual
contact with only males and the male and female students
who had sexual contact with both sexes had used a condom at
last sexual intercourse (male and female students who had no
48 MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
sexual contact and female students who had sexual contact with
only females are excluded from these analyses). The prevalence
of having used a condom during last sexual intercourse was
higher among students who had sexual contact with only
the opposite sex (58.3%) than male students who had sexual
contact with only males and male and female students who
had sexual contact with both sexes (44.7%). Among female
students, the prevalence was higher among those who had
sexual contact with only males (54.0%) than those who had
sexual contact with both sexes (41.8%). The prevalence also
was higher among male students who had sexual contact with
only females (62.1%) than female students who had sexual
contact with only males (54.0%).
Across 23 states, the prevalence of having used a condom
during last sexual intercourse ranged from 50.7% to 65.4%
(median: 59.2%) among students who had sexual contact
with only the opposite sex and from 22.8% to 55.5%
(median: 40.7%) among male students who had sexual contact
with only males and male and female students who had sexual
contact with both sexes. Across 19 large urban school districts,
the prevalence ranged from 55.9% to 70.6% (median: 63.8%)
among students who had sexual contact with only the opposite
sex and from 25.8% to 57.0% (median: 46.2%) among male
students who had sexual contact with only males and male
and female students who had sexual contact with both sexes.
Birth Control Pill Use
Among the currently sexually active students nationwide,
18.2% of all those students; 18.7% of the heterosexual students;
14.8% of the gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and 10.9%
of the not sure students reported that either they or their
partner had used birth control pills to prevent pregnancy before
last sexual intercourse (Table 71). Among female students,
the prevalence of having used birth control pills before last
sexual intercourse was higher among heterosexual students
(22.1%) than lesbian and bisexual students (16.8%). Among
male students, the prevalence was higher among heterosexual
students (15.8%) than gay and bisexual students (8.2%) and
not sure students (4.9%). The prevalence also was higher among
heterosexual female students (22.1%) than heterosexual male
students (15.8%) and higher among lesbian and bisexual female
students (16.8%) than gay and bisexual male students (8.2%).
Across 24 states, the prevalence of having used birth control
pills before last sexual intercourse ranged from 12.9% to 36.3%
(median: 21.9%) among heterosexual students; from 4.4%
to 25.4% (median: 13.4%) among gay, lesbian, and bisexual
students; and from 11.5% to 27.8% (median: 17.6%) among
not sure students. Across 18 large urban school districts, the
prevalence ranged from 6.9% to 18.0% (median: 11.9%)
among heterosexual students and from 1.2% to 27.1%
 Surveillance Summaries
(median: 9.9%) among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students. The
range and median are not available for not sure students because
less than five large urban school districts had enough students
in this subgroup for this variable to produce stable estimates.
Among the currently sexually active students nationwide,
18.6% of the students who had sexual contact with only the
opposite sex and 18.6% of the students who had sexual contact
with both sexes had used birth control pills before last sexual
intercourse (students who had no sexual contact and students
who had sexual contact with only the same sex are excluded
from these analyses). Among male students, the prevalence of
having used birth control pills before last sexual intercourse
was higher among those who had sexual contact with only
females (15.9%) than those who had sexual contact with both
sexes (7.3%). The prevalence also was higher among female
students who had sexual contact with only males (21.7%)
than male students who had sexual contact with only females
(15.9%) and higher among female students who had sexual
contact with both sexes (21.4%) than male students who had
sexual contact with both sexes (7.3%).
Across 23 states, the prevalence of having used birth control
pills before last sexual intercourse ranged from 12.9% to
35.9% (median: 20.3%) among students who had sexual
contact with only the opposite sex and from 3.2% to 32.3%
(median: 17.8%) among students who had sexual contact
with both sexes. Across 18 large urban school districts, the
prevalence ranged from 6.4% to 17.5% (median: 11.9%)
among students who had sexual contact with only the opposite
sex and from 1.7% to 35.7% (median: 12.1%) among students
who had sexual contact with both sexes.
IUD or Implant Use
Among the currently sexually active students nationwide,
3.3% of all those students; 3.1% of the heterosexual students;
3.7% of the gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and 7.0% of the
not sure students reported that either they or their partner had
used an IUD (such as Mirena or ParaGard) or implant (such
as Implanon or Nexplanon) to prevent pregnancy before last
sexual intercourse (Table 72). The prevalence of having used
an IUD or implant before last sexual intercourse was higher
among heterosexual female students (4.2%) than heterosexual
male students (2.1%).
Across 24 states, the prevalence of having used an IUD or
implant before last sexual intercourse ranged from 1.0% to
6.4% (median: 3.3%) among heterosexual students; from 0.0%
to 10.2% (median: 4.2%) among gay, lesbian, and bisexual
students; and from 0.4% to 6.9% (median: 3.6%) among
not sure students. Across 18 large urban school districts, the
prevalence ranged from 0.5% to 17.9% (median: 1.8%) among
heterosexual students and from 0.0% to 15.2% (median: 3.3%)
US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students. The range and
median are not available for not sure students because less than
five large urban school districts had enough students in this
subgroup for this variable to produce stable estimates.
Among the currently sexually active students nationwide,
3.0% of the students who had sexual contact with only the
opposite sex and 6.5% of the students who had sexual contact
with both sexes had used an IUD or implant before last sexual
intercourse (students who had no sexual contact and students
who had sexual contact with only the same sex are excluded
from these analyses). The prevalence of having used an IUD or
implant before last sexual intercourse was higher among female
students who had sexual contact with only males (4.0%) than
male students who had sexual contact with only females (2.2%).
Across 23 states, the prevalence of having used an IUD
or implant before last sexual intercourse ranged from 1.0%
to 6.3% (median: 3.2%) among students who had sexual
contact with only the opposite sex and from 0.0% to 13.5%
(median: 3.3%) among students who had sexual contact
with both sexes. Across 18 large urban school districts, the
prevalence ranged from 0.5% to 16.4% (median: 1.8%) among
students who had sexual contact with only the opposite sex
and from 0.0% to 27.9% (median: 3.1%) among students
who had sexual contact with both sexes.
Shot, Patch, or Birth Control Ring Use
Among the currently sexually active students nationwide,
5.3% of all those students; 5.3% of the heterosexual students;
5.8% of the gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and 6.5% of the
not sure students reported that either they or their partner had
used a shot (such as Depo-Provera), patch (such as OrthoEvra),
or birth control ring (such as NuvaRing) to prevent pregnancy
before last sexual intercourse (Table 73). Among male
students, the prevalence of having used a shot, patch, or birth
control ring before last sexual intercourse was higher among
heterosexual students (2.9%) than gay or bisexual students
(0.3%). The prevalence also was higher among heterosexual
female students (8.0%) than heterosexual male students (2.9%)
and higher among lesbian and bisexual female students (7.4%)
than gay and bisexual male students (0.3%).
Across 24 states, the prevalence of having used a shot, patch,
or birth control ring before last sexual intercourse ranged from
1.5% to 9.5% (median: 5.0%) among heterosexual students;
from 1.4% to 14.6% (median: 6.3%) among gay, lesbian, and
bisexual students; and from 0.0% to 9.8% (median: 3.8%)
among not sure students. Across 18 large urban school districts,
the prevalence ranged from 1.0% to 11.4% (median: 4.5%)
among heterosexual students and from 0.0% to 8.4%
(median: 3.4%) among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students. The
range and median are not available for not sure students because
MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 49
 Surveillance Summaries
less than five large urban school districts had enough students
in this subgroup for this variable to produce stable estimates.
Among the currently sexually active students nationwide,
5.4% of the students who had sexual contact with only the
opposite sex and 5.8% of the students who had sexual contact
with both sexes had used a shot, patch, or birth control ring
before last sexual intercourse (students who had no sexual
contact and students who had sexual contact with only the
same sex are excluded from these analyses). The prevalence
of having used a shot, patch, or birth control ring before last
sexual intercourse was higher among female students who had
sexual contact with only males (8.3%) than male students
who had sexual contact with only females (2.8%) and higher
among female students who had sexual contact with both
sexes (6.8%) than male students who had sexual contact with
both sexes (1.6%).
Across 23 states, the prevalence of having used a shot, patch,
or birth control ring before last sexual intercourse ranged
from 1.4% to 9.1% (median: 5.5%) among students who
had sexual contact with only the opposite sex and from 1.7%
to 19.5% (median: 7.5%) among students who had sexual
contact with both sexes. Across 18 large urban school districts,
the prevalence ranged from 1.3% to 10.6% (median: 4.5%)
among students who had sexual contact with only the opposite
sex and from 0.0% to 14.3% (median: 4.5%) among students
who had sexual contact with both sexes.
Birth Control Pill; IUD or Implant; or Shot, Patch,
or Birth Control Ring Use
Among the currently sexually active students nationwide,
26.8% of all those students; 27.1% of the heterosexual
students; 24.2% of the gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and
24.4% of the not sure students reported that either they or their
partner had used birth control pills; an IUD (such as Mirena
or ParaGard) or implant (such as Implanon or Nexplanon); or
a shot (such as Depo-Provera), patch (such as OrthoEvra), or
birth control ring (such as NuvaRing) to prevent pregnancy
before last sexual intercourse (Table 74). Among male students,
the prevalence of having used birth control pills; an IUD or
implant; or a shot, patch, or birth control ring before last sexual
intercourse was higher among heterosexual students (20.8%)
than gay and bisexual students (9.3%). The prevalence also
was higher among heterosexual female students (34.3%) than
heterosexual male students (20.8%), higher among lesbian and
bisexual female students (28.7%) than gay and bisexual male
students (9.3%), and higher among not sure female students
(35.3%) than not sure male students (14.2%).
Across 24 states, the prevalence of having used birth control
pills; an IUD or implant; or a shot, patch, or birth control ring
before last sexual intercourse ranged from 17.9% to 49.0%
50 MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(median: 30.3%) among heterosexual students; from 8.3%
to 37.9% (median: 26.5%) among gay, lesbian, and bisexual
students; and from 16.2% to 36.8% (median: 23.3%) among
not sure students. Across 18 large urban school districts, the
prevalence ranged from 10.6% to 39.3% (median: 17.0%)
among heterosexual students and from 6.6% to 37.2%
(median: 16.2%) among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students. The
range and median are not available for not sure students because
less than five large urban school districts had enough students
in this subgroup for this variable to produce stable estimates.
Among the currently sexually active students nationwide,
27.1% of the students who had sexual contact with only
the opposite sex and 30.8% of the students who had sexual
contact with both sexes had used birth control pills; an IUD or
implant; or a shot, patch, or birth control ring before last sexual
intercourse (students who had no sexual contact and students
who had sexual contact with only the same sex are excluded
from these analyses). Among male students, the prevalence
of having used birth control pills; an IUD or implant; or a
shot, patch, or birth control ring before last sexual intercourse
was higher among those who had sexual contact with only
females (20.9%) than those who had sexual contact with both
sexes (11.8%). The prevalence also was higher among female
students who had sexual contact with only males (34.0%)
than male students who had sexual contact with only females
(20.9%) and higher among female students who had sexual
contact with both sexes (35.5%) than male students who had
sexual contact with both sexes (11.8%).
Across 23 states, the prevalence of having used birth control
pills; an IUD or implant; or a shot, patch, or birth control
ring before last sexual intercourse ranged from 18.2% to
48.2% (median: 30.0%) among students who had sexual
contact with only the opposite sex and from 13.2% to 47.5%
(median: 32.3%) among students who had sexual contact
with both sexes. Across 18 large urban school districts, the
prevalence ranged from 11.0% to 38.0% (median: 18.0%)
among students who had sexual contact with only the opposite
sex and from 7.7% to 57.3% (median: 21.5%) among students
who had sexual contact with both sexes.
Condom Use and Birth Control Pill; IUD or
Implant; or Shot, Patch, or Birth Control Ring Use
Among the currently sexually active students nationwide,
8.8% of all those students; 8.5% of the heterosexual students;
8.7% of the gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and 16.1% of
the not sure students reported that either they or their partner
had used both a condom during last sexual intercourse and
birth control pills; an IUD (such as Mirena or ParaGard) or
implant (such as Implanon or Nexplanon); or a shot (such as
Depo-Provera), patch (such as OrthoEvra), or birth control
 Surveillance Summaries
ring (such as NuvaRing) to prevent pregnancy before last sexual
intercourse (Table 75). The prevalence of having used both a
condom during last sexual intercourse and birth control pills;
an IUD or implant; or a shot, patch, or birth control ring before
last sexual intercourse was higher among heterosexual female
students (11.4%) than heterosexual male students (5.9%) and
higher among lesbian and bisexual female students (10.1%)
than gay and bisexual male students (3.8%).
Across 24 states, the prevalence of having used both a
condom during last sexual intercourse and birth control pills;
an IUD or implant; or a shot, patch, or birth control ring
before last sexual intercourse ranged from 5.1% to 19.8%
(median: 11.4%) among heterosexual students; from 0.0%
to 16.5% (median: 7.1%) among gay, lesbian, and bisexual
students; and from 1.7% to 21.4% (median: 10.2%) among
not sure students. Across 18 large urban school districts, the
prevalence ranged from 2.7% to 10.5% (median: 6.7%) among
heterosexual students and from 0.0% to 15.8% (median: 5.9%)
among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students. The range and
median are not available for not sure students because less than
five large urban school districts had enough students in this
subgroup for this variable to produce stable estimates.
Among the currently sexually active students nationwide,
8.8% of the students who had sexual contact with only the
opposite sex and 9.8% of the students who had sexual contact
with both sexes had used both a condom during last sexual
intercourse and birth control pills; an IUD or implant; or a
shot, patch, or birth control ring to prevent pregnancy before
last sexual intercourse (students who had no sexual contact and
students who had sexual contact with only the same sex are
excluded from these analyses). The prevalence of having used
both a condom during last sexual intercourse and birth control
pills; an IUD or implant; or a shot, patch, or birth control ring
before last sexual intercourse was higher among female students
who had sexual contact with only males (11.7%) than male
students who had sexual contact with only females (6.1%) and
higher among female students who had sexual contact with
both sexes (11.3%) than male students who had sexual contact
with both sexes (3.9%).
Across 23 states, the prevalence of having used both a condom
during last sexual intercourse and birth control pills; an IUD or
implant; or a shot, patch, or birth control ring before last sexual
intercourse ranged from 5.2% to 19.6% (median: 11.2%)
among students who had sexual contact with only the opposite
sex and from 0.0% to 14.2% (median: 9.3%) among students
who had sexual contact with both sexes. Across 18 large urban
school districts, the prevalence ranged from 2.9% to 9.9%
(median: 6.4%) among students who had sexual contact with
only the opposite sex and from 0.0% to 14.8% (median: 5.4%)
among students who had sexual contact with both sexes.
US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Did Not Use Any Method to Prevent Pregnancy
Among the currently sexually active students nationwide,
13.8% of all those students; 12.4% of the heterosexual
students; 26.4% of the gay, lesbian, and bisexual students;
and 19.4% of the not sure students reported that neither they
nor their partner had used any method to prevent pregnancy
during last sexual intercourse (Table 76). The prevalence of
not having used any method to prevent pregnancy was higher
among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students (26.4%) than
heterosexual students (12.4%). Among female students, the
prevalence was higher among lesbian and bisexual students
(24.9%) than heterosexual students (13.6%). Among male
students, the prevalence was higher among gay and bisexual
students (32.0%) than heterosexual students (11.1%).
Across 24 states, the prevalence of not having used any
method to prevent pregnancy ranged from 5.0% to 17.1%
(median: 10.6%) among heterosexual students; from 18.6%
to 43.9% (median: 31.0%) among gay, lesbian, and bisexual
students; and from 6.4% to 40.8% (median: 18.4%) among
not sure students. Across 18 large urban school districts, the
prevalence ranged from 8.0% to 20.5% (median: 14.1%)
among heterosexual students and from 15.5% to 50.8%
(median: 35.3%) among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students. The
range and median are not available for not sure students because
less than five large urban school districts had enough students
in this subgroup for this variable to produce stable estimates.
Among the currently sexually active students nationwide,
12.0% of the students who had sexual contact with only the
opposite sex and 24.3% of the students who had sexual contact
with both sexes had not used any method to prevent pregnancy
(students who had no sexual contact and students who had
sexual contact with only the same sex are excluded from these
analyses). The prevalence of not having used any method to
prevent pregnancy was higher among students who had sexual
contact with both sexes (24.3%) than students who had sexual
contact with only the opposite sex (12.0%). Among female
students, the prevalence was higher among those who had
sexual contact with both sexes (24.9%) than those who had
sexual contact with only the opposite sex (12.6%).
Across 23 states, the prevalence of not having used any
method to prevent pregnancy ranged from 5.1% to 16.7%
(median: 10.9%) among students who had sexual contact with
only the opposite sex and from 8.3% to 51.0% (median: 21.1%)
among students who had sexual contact with both sexes. Across
18 large urban school districts, the prevalence ranged from
8.2% to 21.0% (median: 14.5%) among students who had
sexual contact with only the opposite sex and from 15.6%
to 41.5% (median: 24.2%) among students who had sexual
contact with both sexes.
MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 51
 Surveillance Summaries
Drank Alcohol or Used Drugs Before Last
Sexual Intercourse
Among the currently sexually active students nationwide,
20.6% of all those students; 20.0% of the heterosexual
students; 22.4% of the gay, lesbian, and bisexual students;
and 44.5% of the not sure students had drunk alcohol or used
drugs before last sexual intercourse (Table 77). The prevalence
of having drunk alcohol or used drugs before last sexual
intercourse was higher among not sure students (44.5%) than
heterosexual students (20.0%) and gay, lesbian, and bisexual
students (22.4%). Among female students, the prevalence was
higher among lesbian and bisexual students (23.5%) and not
sure students (35.8%) than heterosexual students (14.9%).
Among male students, the prevalence was higher among not
sure students (52.5%) than heterosexual students (24.2%)
and gay and bisexual students (17.4%). The prevalence also
was higher among heterosexual male students (24.2%) than
heterosexual female students (14.9%).
Across 24 states, the prevalence of having drunk alcohol or
used drugs before last sexual intercourse ranged from 14.0%
to 23.6% (median: 18.9%) among heterosexual students; from
13.5% to 35.6% (median: 23.4%) among gay, lesbian, and
bisexual students; and from 21.2% to 49.6% (median: 38.5%)
among not sure students. Across 19 large urban school districts,
the prevalence ranged from 12.9% to 26.4% (median: 19.1%)
among heterosexual students and from 7.2% to 35.0%
(median: 21.8%) among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students. The
range and median are not available for not sure students because
less than five large urban school districts had enough students
in this subgroup for this variable to produce stable estimates.
Among the currently sexually active students nationwide,
19.5% of the students who had sexual contact with only the
opposite sex and 31.0% of the students who had sexual contact
with only the same sex or with both sexes had drunk alcohol
or used drugs before last sexual intercourse (students who
had no sexual contact are excluded from these analyses). The
prevalence of having drunk alcohol or used drugs before last
sexual intercourse was higher among students who had sexual
contact with only the same sex or with both sexes (31.0%) than
students who had sexual contact with only the opposite sex
(19.5%). Among female students, the prevalence was higher
among those who had sexual contact with only females or with
both sexes (30.5%) than those who had sexual contact with
only males (14.2%). The prevalence also was higher among
male students who had sexual contact with only females
(24.1%) than female students who had sexual contact with
only males (14.2%).
Across 22 states, the prevalence of having drunk alcohol or
used drugs before last sexual intercourse ranged from 12.9%
52 MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
to 22.5% (median: 17.8%) among students who had sexual
contact with only the opposite sex and from 18.2% to 46.9%
(median: 31.8%) among students who had sexual contact
with only the same sex or with both sexes. Across 19 large
urban school districts, the prevalence ranged from 10.3%
to 25.2% (median: 18.3%) among students who had sexual
contact with only the opposite sex and from 21.2% to 42.3%
(median: 26.9%) among students who had sexual contact with
only the same sex or with both sexes.
Tested for HIV
Nationwide, 10.2% of all students; 9.3% of heterosexual
students; 18.2% of gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and
12.8% of not sure students had ever been tested for HIV, not
including tests done when donating blood (Table 78). The
prevalence of having ever been tested for HIV was higher
among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students (18.2%) than
heterosexual students (9.3%) and not sure students (12.8%).
Among female students, the prevalence was higher among
lesbian and bisexual students (19.0%) than heterosexual
students (9.8%) and not sure students (12.4%). Among male
students, the prevalence was higher among gay and bisexual
students (16.7%) than heterosexual students (8.9%).
Across 21 states, the prevalence of having ever been tested
for HIV ranged from 7.8% to 16.7% (median: 10.4%) among
heterosexual students; from 12.5% to 31.0% (median: 21.1%)
among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and from 2.5% to
23.4% (median: 12.1%) among not sure students. Across 19
large urban school districts, the prevalence ranged from 6.1%
to 36.2% (median: 18.2%) among heterosexual students; from
12.5% to 46.7% (median: 25.1%) among gay, lesbian, and
bisexual students; and from 9.6% to 41.2% (median: 17.8%)
among not sure students.
Nationwide, 13.7% of students who had sexual contact with
only the opposite sex, 23.2% of students who had sexual contact
with only the same sex or with both sexes, and 4.4% of students
who had no sexual contact had ever been tested for HIV. The
prevalence of having ever been tested for HIV was higher among
students who had sexual contact with only the same sex or with
both sexes (23.2%) than students who had sexual contact with
only the opposite sex (13.7%) and students who had no sexual
contact (4.4%) and higher among students who had sexual contact
with only the opposite sex (13.7%) than students who had no
sexual contact (4.4%). Among female students, the prevalence was
higher among those who had sexual contact with only females or
with both sexes (24.1%) than those who had sexual contact with
only males (16.4%) and those who had no sexual contact (3.8%)
and higher among those who had sexual contact with only males
(16.4%) than those who had no sexual contact (3.8%). Among
male students, the prevalence was higher among those who had
 Surveillance Summaries
sexual contact with only males or with both sexes (20.6%) than
those who had sexual contact with only females (11.6%) and those
who had no sexual contact (5.1%) and higher among those who
had sexual contact with only females (11.6%) than those who
had no sexual contact (5.1%). The prevalence also was higher
among female students who had sexual contact with only males
(16.4%) than male students who had sexual contact with only
females (11.6%).
Across 21 states, the prevalence of having ever been tested for
HIV ranged from 10.5% to 23.3% (median: 14.7%) among
students who had sexual contact with only the opposite sex,
from 13.3% to 36.8% (median: 26.2%) among students who
had sexual contact with only the same sex or with both sexes,
and from 2.9% to 9.2% (median: 4.6%) among students who
had no sexual contact. Across 19 large urban school districts,
the prevalence ranged from 10.4% to 49.0% (median: 24.8%)
among students who had sexual contact with only the opposite
sex, from 16.7% to 51.1% (median: 29.5%) among students
who had sexual contact with only the same sex or with both
sexes, and from 2.4% to 20.6% (median: 8.2%) among
students who had no sexual contact.
Dietary Behaviors
Did Not Eat Fruit or Drink 100% Fruit Juices
Nationwide, 5.2% of all students; 4.6% of heterosexual
students; 7.5% of gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and
11.3% of not sure students had not eaten fruit or drunk 100%
fruit juices during the 7 days before the survey (Table 79). The
prevalence of not having eaten fruit or drunk 100% fruit juices
was higher among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students (7.5%)
and not sure students (11.3%) than heterosexual students
(4.6%). Among female students, the prevalence of not having
eaten fruit of drunk 100% fruit juices was higher among
lesbian and bisexual students (6.8%) and not sure students
(12.4%) than heterosexual students (3.6%). The prevalence
also was higher among heterosexual male students (5.5%) than
heterosexual female students (3.6%).
Across 25 states, the prevalence of not having eaten fruit
or drunk 100% fruit juices ranged from 3.3% to 11.8%
(median: 6.5%) among heterosexual students; from 2.3%
to 13.7% (median: 7.8%) among gay, lesbian, and bisexual
students; and from 3.0% to 19.1% (median: 11.5%) among
not sure students. Across 18 large urban school districts, the
prevalence ranged from 3.8% to 12.2% (median: 7.2%) among
heterosexual students; from 2.9% to 11.8% (median: 6.7%)
among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and from 3.7% to
17.2% (median: 11.6%) among not sure students.
US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Nationwide, 4.6% of students who had sexual contact
with only the opposite sex, 8.6% of students who had sexual
contact with only the same sex or with both sexes, and 4.5%
of students who had no sexual contact had not eaten fruit or
drunk 100% fruit juices. The prevalence of not having eaten
fruit or drunk 100% fruit juices was higher among students
who had sexual contact with only the same sex or with both
sexes (8.6%) than students who had sexual contact with only
the opposite sex (4.6%) and students who had no sexual
contact (4.5%). Among female students, the prevalence was
higher among those who had sexual contact with only females
or with both sexes (8.7%) than those who had sexual contact
with only males (3.9%) and those who had no sexual contact
(3.4%). The prevalence also was higher among male students
who had no sexual contact (5.7%) than female students who
had no sexual contact (3.4%).
Across 23 states, the prevalence of not having eaten fruit
or drunk 100% fruit juices ranged from 1.8% to 10.7%
(median: 5.9%) among students who had sexual contact with
only the opposite sex, from 2.3% to 15.1% (median: 7.9%)
among students who had sexual contact with only the same sex
or with both sexes, and from 4.5% to 10.1% (median: 6.4%)
among students who had no sexual contact. Across 18 large
urban school districts, the prevalence ranged from 2.9%
to 10.7% (median: 6.0%) among students who had sexual
contact with only the opposite sex, from 2.3% to 11.0%
(median: 6.6%) among students who had sexual contact with
only the same sex or with both sexes, and from 3.7% to 9.7%
(median: 6.4%) among students who had no sexual contact.
Ate Fruit or Drank 100% Fruit Juices One or
More Times per Day
Nationwide, 63.3% of all students; 64.3% of heterosexual
students; 58.6% of gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and
52.3% of not sure students had eaten fruit or drunk 100%
fruit juices one or more times per day during the 7 days
before the survey (Table 80). The prevalence of having eaten
fruit or drunk 100% fruit juices one or more times per day
was higher among heterosexual students (64.3%) than gay,
lesbian, and bisexual students (58.6%) and not sure students
(52.3%). Among female students, the prevalence was higher
among heterosexual students (62.8%) than not sure students
(52.6%). Among male students, the prevalence was higher
among heterosexual students (65.6%) than gay and bisexual
students (58.2%) and not sure students (53.5%).
Across 25 states, the prevalence of having eaten fruit or
drunk 100% fruit juices one or more times per day ranged
from 49.1% to 68.2% (median: 60.4%) among heterosexual
students; from 40.2% to 67.5% (median: 55.3%) among gay,
lesbian, and bisexual students; and from 44.9% to 66.5%
MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 53
 Surveillance Summaries
(median: 53.7%) among not sure students. Across 18 large
urban school districts, the prevalence ranged from 52.3% to
67.5% (median: 58.2%) among heterosexual students; from
46.1% to 68.9% (median: 56.3%) among gay, lesbian, and
bisexual students; and from 49.5% to 70.7% (median: 57.6%)
among not sure students.
Nationwide, 64.3% of students who had sexual contact
with only the opposite sex, 57.9% of students who had sexual
contact with only the same sex or with both sexes, and 63.7%
of students who had no sexual contact had eaten fruit or drunk
100% fruit juices one or more times per day. The prevalence
of having eaten fruit or drunk 100% fruit juices one or more
times per day was higher among students who had sexual
contact with only the opposite sex (64.3%) and students who
had no sexual contact (63.7%) than students who had sexual
contact with only the same sex or with both sexes (57.9%).
Among female students, the prevalence was higher among
those who had no sexual contact (64.5%) than those who had
sexual contact with only males (60.5%) and those who had
sexual contact with only females or with both sexes (56.3%).
Among male students, the prevalence was higher among those
who had sexual contact with only females (67.2%) than those
who had no sexual contact (62.8%). The prevalence also was
higher among male students who had sexual contact with only
females (67.2%) than female students who had sexual contact
with only males (60.5%).
Across 23 states, the prevalence of having eaten fruit or
drunk 100% fruit juices one or more times per day ranged
from 51.3% to 68.5% (median: 60.8%) among students who
had sexual contact with only the opposite sex, from 45.4%
to 71.6% (median: 58.7%) among students who had sexual
contact with only the same sex or with both sexes, and from
48.3% to 67.8% (median: 58.8%) among students who had
no sexual contact. Across 18 large urban school districts, the
prevalence ranged from 55.7% to 68.1% (median: 60.8%)
among students who had sexual contact with only the opposite
sex, from 49.9% to 67.3% (median: 57.5%) among students
who had sexual contact with only the same sex or with both
sexes, and from 50.3% to 68.6% (median: 56.7%) among
students who had no sexual contact.
Ate Fruit or Drank 100% Fruit Juices Two or
More Times per Day
Nationwide, 31.5% of all students; 31.9% of heterosexual
students; 28.3% of gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and
27.3% of not sure students had eaten fruit or drunk 100%
fruit juices two or more times per day during the 7 days before
the survey (Table 81). Among male students, the prevalence
of having eaten fruit or drunk 100% fruit juices two or more
times per day was higher among heterosexual students (33.7%)
54 MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
than gay and bisexual students (22.7%). The prevalence also
was higher among heterosexual male students (33.7%) than
heterosexual female students (29.8%).
Across 25 states, the prevalence of having eaten fruit or
drunk 100% fruit juices two or more times per day ranged
from 20.0% to 34.5% (median: 29.0%) among heterosexual
students; from 15.7% to 34.6% (median: 28.2%) among gay,
lesbian, and bisexual students; and from 19.3% to 35.7%
(median: 29.1%) among not sure students. Across 18 large
urban school districts, the prevalence ranged from 24.2% to
38.0% (median: 31.9%) among heterosexual students; from
18.8% to 38.8% (median: 31.1%) among gay, lesbian, and
bisexual students; and from 20.4% to 39.0% (median: 32.1%)
among not sure students.
Nationwide, 32.7% of students who had sexual contact
with only the opposite sex, 31.1% of students who had sexual
contact with only the same sex or with both sexes, and 30.6%
of students who had no sexual contact had eaten fruit or drunk
100% fruit juices two or more times per day. Among male
students, the prevalence of having eaten fruit or drunk 100%
fruit juices two or more times per day was higher among those
who had sexual contact with only females (35.8%) than those
who had no sexual contact (30.6%). The prevalence also was
higher among male students who had sexual contact with only
females (35.8%) than female students who had sexual contact
with only males (28.6%).
Across 23 states, the prevalence of having eaten fruit or
drunk 100% fruit juices two or more times per day ranged
from 21.5% to 36.0% (median: 29.8%) among students who
had sexual contact with only the opposite sex, from 16.5%
to 45.8% (median: 29.3%) among students who had sexual
contact with only the same sex or with both sexes, and from
17.8% to 32.6% (median: 28.7%) among students who had
no sexual contact. Across 18 large urban school districts, the
prevalence ranged from 28.5% to 39.0% (median: 34.8%)
among students who had sexual contact with only the opposite
sex, from 23.9% to 41.8% (median: 31.7%) among students
who had sexual contact with only the same sex or with both
sexes, and from 24.4% to 39.3% (median: 29.1%) among
students who had no sexual contact.
Ate Fruit or Drank 100% Fruit Juices Three or
More Times per Day
Nationwide, 20.0% of all students; 20.0% of heterosexual
students; 19.2% of gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and
18.6% of not sure students had eaten fruit or drunk 100%
fruit juices three or more times per day during the 7 days
before the survey (Table 82). Among female students, the
prevalence of having eaten fruit or drunk 100% fruit juices
three or more times per day was higher among lesbian and
 Surveillance Summaries
bisexual students (20.6%) than not sure students (12.8%). The
prevalence also was higher among heterosexual male students
(22.2%) than heterosexual female students (17.6%) and higher
among not sure male students (27.1%) than not sure female
students (12.8%).
Across 25 states, the prevalence of having eaten fruit or
drunk 100% fruit juices three or more times per day ranged
from 13.3% to 22.2% (median: 17.9%) among heterosexual
students; from 10.1% to 24.7% (median: 16.7%) among
gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and from 7.1% to 26.1%
(median: 16.7%) among not sure students. Across 18 large
urban school districts, the prevalence ranged from 17.0% to
24.9% (median: 21.2%) among heterosexual students; from
14.8% to 25.9% (median: 19.8%) among gay, lesbian, and
bisexual students; and from 9.8% to 30.3% (median: 23.7%)
among not sure students.
Nationwide, 21.8% of students who had sexual contact
with only the opposite sex, 24.3% of students who had sexual
contact with only the same sex or with both sexes, and 17.7%
of students who had no sexual contact had eaten fruit or drunk
100% fruit juices three or more times per day. The prevalence
of having eaten fruit or drunk 100% fruit juices three or more
times per day was higher among students who had sexual
contact with only the opposite sex (21.8%) and students who
had sexual contact with only the same sex or with both sexes
(24.3%) than students who had no sexual contact (17.7%).
Among female students, the prevalence was higher among
those who had sexual contact with only females or with both
sexes (22.2%) than those who had no sexual contact (16.7%).
Among male students, the prevalence was higher among those
who had sexual contact with only females (25.0%) and those
who had sexual contact with only males or with both sexes
(30.5%) than those who had no sexual contact (18.7%). The
prevalence also was higher among male students who had
sexual contact with only females (25.0%) than female students
who had sexual contact with only males (17.7%) and higher
among male students who had sexual contact with only males
or with both sexes (30.5%) than female students who had
sexual contact with only females or with both sexes (22.2%).
Across 23 states, the prevalence of having eaten fruit or drunk
100% fruit juices three or more times per day ranged from
13.5% to 25.4% (median: 18.8%) among students who had
sexual contact with only the opposite sex, from 8.7% to 39.5%
(median: 20.4%) among students who had sexual contact with
only the same sex or with both sexes, and from 9.9% to 20.0%
(median: 16.3%) among students who had no sexual contact.
Across 18 large urban school districts, the prevalence ranged
from 19.7% to 28.5% (median: 23.8%) among students who
had sexual contact with only the opposite sex, from 15.9%
to 31.0% (median: 21.7%) among students who had sexual
US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
contact with only the same sex or with both sexes, and from
15.3% to 21.7% (median: 19.2%) among students who had
no sexual contact.
Did Not Eat Vegetables
Nationwide, 6.7% of all students; 6.3% of heterosexual
students; 9.7% of gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and
12.5% of not sure students had not eaten vegetables during
the 7 days before the survey (Table 83). The prevalence of not
having eaten vegetables was higher among gay, lesbian, and
bisexual students (9.7%) and not sure students (12.5%) than
heterosexual students (6.3%). Among female students, the
prevalence was higher among lesbian and bisexual students
(8.2%) and not sure students (10.3%) than heterosexual
students (5.2%). Among male students, the prevalence was
higher among gay and bisexual students (12.4%) and not
sure students (13.9%) than heterosexual students (7.2%). The
prevalence also was higher among heterosexual male students
(7.2%) than heterosexual female students (5.2%).
Across 21 states, the prevalence of not having eaten
vegetables ranged from 4.0% to 11.4% (median: 6.9%) among
heterosexual students; from 4.3% to 12.9% (median: 8.0%)
among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and from 4.0% to
20.4% (median: 10.6%) among not sure students. Across 16
large urban school districts, the prevalence ranged from 5.8%
to 12.4% (median: 10.7%) among heterosexual students;
from 3.5% to 11.3% (median: 9.0%) among gay, lesbian, and
bisexual students; and from 5.0% to 22.5% (median: 11.1%)
among not sure students.
Nationwide, 5.9% of students who had sexual contact with
only the opposite sex, 10.4% of students who had sexual
contact with only the same sex or with both sexes, and 6.4% of
students who had no sexual contact had not eaten vegetables.
The prevalence of not having eaten vegetables was higher
among students who had sexual contact with only the same
sex or with both sexes (10.4%) than students who had sexual
contact with only the opposite sex (5.9%) and students who
had no sexual contact (6.4%). Among female students, the
prevalence was higher among those who had sexual contact
with only females or with both sexes (9.9%) than those who
had sexual contact with only the opposite sex (4.7%) and those
who had no sexual contact (5.5%). The prevalence also was
higher among male students who had sexual contact with only
females (6.9%) than female students who had sexual contact
with only males (4.7%).
Across 19 states, the prevalence of not having eaten vegetables
ranged from 3.5% to 10.3% (median: 6.5%) among students
who had sexual contact with only the opposite sex, from 5.3%
to 11.8% (median: 7.6%) among students who had sexual
contact with only the same sex or with both sexes, and from
MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 55

4.7% to 10.4% (median: 6.9%) among students who had
no sexual contact. Across 16 large urban school districts, the
prevalence ranged from 4.2% to 12.1% (median: 9.4%) among
students who had sexual contact with only the opposite sex,
from 4.6% to 14.9% (median: 9.8%) among students who
had sexual contact with only the same sex or with both sexes,
and from 6.4% to 13.1% (median: 9.8%) among students
who had no sexual contact.
Ate Vegetables One or More Times per Day
Nationwide, 61.0% of all students; 61.1% of heterosexual
students; 56.4% of gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and
57.9% of not sure students had eaten vegetables one or more
times per day during the 7 days before the survey (Table 84).
The prevalence of having eaten vegetables one or more times
per day did not vary significantly by sexual identity subgroup.
Across 21 states, the prevalence of having eaten vegetables
one or more times per day ranged from 53.4% to 72.6%
(median: 58.4%) among heterosexual students; from 50.0%
to 70.4% (median: 58.6%) among gay, lesbian, and bisexual
students; and from 49.8% to 73.5% (median: 59.3%) among
not sure students. Across 16 large urban school districts, the
prevalence ranged from 46.1% to 61.1% (median: 53.5%) among
heterosexual students; from 49.0% to 63.3% (median: 54.5%)
among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and from 43.4% to
69.2% (median: 60.3%) among not sure students.
Nationwide, 61.1% of students who had sexual contact
with only the opposite sex, 58.0% of students who had sexual
contact with only the same sex or with both sexes, and 61.1%
of students who had no sexual contact had eaten vegetables
one or more times per day. The prevalence of having eaten
vegetables one or more times per day was higher among male
students who had sexual contact with only females (62.8%)
than female students who had sexual contact with only males
(59.0%) and higher among male students who had sexual
contact with only males or with both sexes (67.2%) than
female students who had sexual contact with only females or
with both sexes (54.9%).
Across 19 states, the prevalence of having eaten vegetables
one or more times per day ranged from 55.1% to 72.8%
(median: 59.3%) among students who had sexual contact with
only the opposite sex, from 49.7% to 71.8% (median: 62.4%)
among students who had sexual contact with only the same sex
or with both sexes, and from 51.5% to 72.3% (median: 58.3%)
among students who had no sexual contact. Across 16 large
urban school districts, the prevalence ranged from 46.3%
to 64.0% (median: 54.8%) among students who had sexual
contact with only the opposite sex, from 45.7% to 67.4%
Green salad, potatoes (excluding French fries, fried potatoes, or potato chips),
carrots, or other vegetables.
56 MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9
Surveillance Summaries
(median: 54.3%) among students who had sexual contact with
only the same sex or with both sexes, and from 46.9% to 57.6%
(median: 52.9%) among students who had no sexual contact.
Ate Vegetables Two or More Times per Day
Nationwide, 28.0% of all students; 27.8% of heterosexual
students; 29.0% of gay, lesbian, and bisexual students;
and 26.2% of not sure students had eaten vegetables two
or more times per day during the 7 days before the survey
(Table 85). Among female students, the prevalence of having
eaten vegetables two or more times per day was higher among
heterosexual students (26.3%) and lesbian and bisexual students
(26.6%) than not sure students (20.0%). The prevalence also
was higher among heterosexual male students (29.1%) than
heterosexual female students (26.3%), higher among gay and
bisexual male students (36.0%) than lesbian and bisexual female
students (26.6%), and higher among not sure male students
(34.3%) than not sure female students (20.0%).
Across 21 states, the prevalence of having eaten vegetables
two or more times per day ranged from 22.1% to 35.9%
(median: 25.2%) among heterosexual students; from 20.4%
to 35.8% (median: 25.9%) among gay, lesbian, and bisexual
students; and from 14.6% to 43.4% (median: 29.3%) among
not sure students. Across 16 large urban school districts, the
prevalence ranged from 17.3% to 26.6% (median: 22.4%) among
heterosexual students; from 19.5% to 32.0% (median: 24.7%)
among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and from 20.7% to
45.3% (median: 30.1%) among not sure students.
Nationwide, 27.8% of students who had sexual contact
with only the opposite sex, 27.6% of students who had sexual
contact with only the same sex or with both sexes, and 28.1%
of students who had no sexual contact had eaten vegetables two
or more times per day. Among male students, the prevalence of
having eaten vegetables two or more times per day was higher
among those who had sexual contact with only males and with
both sexes (39.0%) than those who had sexual contact with
only females (29.4%). The prevalence also was higher among
male students who had sexual contact with only males or
with both sexes (39.0%) than female students who had sexual
contact with only females or with both sexes (23.7%).
Across 19 states, the prevalence of having eaten vegetables
two or more times per day ranged from 20.6% to 36.0%
(median: 25.9%) among students who had sexual contact with
only the opposite sex, from 19.3% to 39.0% (median: 28.3%)
among students who had sexual contact with only the same sex
or with both sexes, and from 19.6% to 35.8% (median: 24.0%)
among students who had no sexual contact. Across 16 large
urban school districts, the prevalence ranged from 16.7%
to 29.0% (median: 23.1%) among students who had sexual
contact with only the opposite sex, from 17.8% to 40.2%
US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
 Surveillance Summaries
(median: 27.7%) among students who had sexual contact with
only the same sex or with both sexes, and from 18.9% to 26.8%
(median: 21.8%) among students who had no sexual contact.
Ate Vegetables Three or More Times per Day
Nationwide, 14.8% of all students; 14.4% of heterosexual
students; 15.5% of gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and
18.3% of not sure students had eaten vegetables three or more
times per day during the 7 days before the survey (Table 86).
Among male students, the prevalence of having eaten vegetables
three or more times per day was higher among not sure
students (25.8%) than heterosexual students (16.0%). The
prevalence also was higher among heterosexual male students
(16.0%) than heterosexual female students (12.4%), higher
among gay or bisexual male students (20.8%) than lesbian or
bisexual female students (13.5%), and higher among not sure
male students (25.8%) than not sure female students (12.9%).
Across 21 states, the prevalence of having eaten vegetables
three or more times per day ranged from 9.0% to 17.5%
(median: 12.4%) among heterosexual students; from 11.1%
to 20.0% (median: 14.4%) among gay, lesbian, and bisexual
students; and from 6.5% to 30.6% (median: 19.7%) among
not sure students. Across 16 large urban school districts, the
prevalence ranged from 8.2% to 15.6% (median: 11.7%)
among heterosexual students; from 10.3% to 26.4%
(median: 14.1%) among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students;
and from 12.6% to 34.2% (median: 18.5%) among not
sure students.
Nationwide, 15.1% of students who had sexual contact
with only the opposite sex, 18.0% of students who had sexual
contact with only the same sex or with both sexes, and 13.7%
of students who had no sexual contact had eaten vegetables
three or more times per day. The prevalence of having eaten
vegetables three or more times per day was higher among
students who had sexual contact with only the same sex or with
both sexes (18.0%) than students who had no sexual contact
(13.7%). Among male students, the prevalence was higher
among those who had sexual contact with only males or with
both sexes (28.0%) than those who had sexual contact with
only females (17.0%) and those who had no sexual contact
(15.3%). The prevalence also was higher among male students
who had sexual contact with only females (17.0%) than female
students who had sexual contact with only males (12.7%) and
higher among male students who had sexual contact with only
males or with both sexes (28.0%) than female students who had
sexual contact with only females or with both sexes (14.6%).
Across 19 states, the prevalence of having eaten vegetables
three or more times per day ranged from 8.2% to 18.1%
(median: 13.4%) among students who had sexual contact
with only the opposite sex, from 10.3% to 23.6%
US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(median: 17.8%) among students who had sexual contact
with only the same sex or with both sexes, and from 7.1% to
17.0% (median: 11.2%) among students who had no sexual
contact. Across 16 large urban school districts, the prevalence
ranged from 7.3% to 18.7% (median: 12.4%) among students
who had sexual contact with only the opposite sex, from 10.4%
to 29.6% (median: 15.5%) among students who had sexual
contact with only the same sex or with both sexes, and from
9.1% to 14.1% (median: 11.1%) among students who had
no sexual contact.
Did Not Drink Milk
Nationwide, 21.5% of all students; 20.4% of heterosexual
students; 29.2% of gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and
30.1% of not sure students had not drunk milk during
the 7 days before the survey (Table 87). The prevalence of
not having drunk milk was higher among gay, lesbian, and
bisexual students (29.2%) and not sure students (30.1%)
than heterosexual students (20.4%). Among female students,
the prevalence was higher among not sure students (35.8%)
than heterosexual students (28.1%). Among male students,
the prevalence was higher among gay and bisexual students
(29.6%) and not sure students (23.4%) than heterosexual
students (13.9%). The prevalence also was higher among
heterosexual female students (28.1%) than heterosexual male
students (13.9%) and higher among not sure female students
(35.8%) than not sure male students (23.4%).
Across 18 states, the prevalence of not having drunk milk
ranged from 13.6% to 30.1% (median: 22.3%) among
heterosexual students; from 19.6% to 36.1% (median: 27.0%)
among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and from 11.0% to
40.0% (median: 26.1%) among not sure students. Across 15
large urban school districts, the prevalence ranged from 19.5%
to 38.0% (median: 25.8%) among heterosexual students; from
20.0% to 44.2% (median: 33.7%) among gay, lesbian, and
bisexual students; and from 24.1% to 41.0% (median: 30.5%)
among not sure students.
Nationwide, 21.2% of students who had sexual contact
with only the opposite sex, 28.8% of students who had sexual
contact with only the same sex or with both sexes, and 20.0%
of students who had no sexual contact had not drunk milk
during the 7 days before the survey. The prevalence was higher
among students who had sexual contact with only the same
sex or with both sexes (28.8%) than students who had sexual
contact with only the opposite sex (21.2%) and students who
had no sexual contact (20.0%). Among male students, the
prevalence was higher among those who had sexual contact
with only males or with both males and females (24.2%) than
those who had sexual contact with only females (14.5%) and
those who had no sexual contact (13.1%). The prevalence also
MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 57
 Surveillance Summaries
was higher among female students who had sexual contact with
only males (29.9%) than male students who had sexual contact
with only females (14.5%) and higher among female students
who had no sexual contact (26.5%) than male students who
had no sexual contact (13.1%).
Across 17 states, the prevalence of not having drunk milk
ranged from 17.8% to 30.3% (median: 22.4%) among
students who had sexual contact with only the opposite sex,
from 17.9% to 42.1% (median: 25.5%) among students
who had sexual contact with only the same sex or with both
sexes, and from 15.9% to 29.5% (median: 21.4%) among
students who had no sexual contact. Across 15 large urban
school districts, the prevalence ranged from 19.8% to 36.3%
(median: 27.0%) among students who had sexual contact with
only the opposite sex, from 25.1% to 44.6% (median: 32.2%)
among students who had sexual contact with only the same sex
or with both sexes, and from 20.1% to 36.3% (median: 24.9%)
among students who had no sexual contact.
Drank One or More Glasses of Milk per Day
Nationwide, 37.5% of all students; 38.5% of heterosexual
students; 29.5% of gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and
31.9% of not sure students had drunk one or more glasses of
milk per day during the 7 days before the survey (Table 88).
The prevalence of having drunk one or more glasses of milk
per day was higher among heterosexual students (38.5%)
than gay, lesbian, and bisexual students (29.5%) and not sure
students (31.9%). Among male students, the prevalence was
higher among heterosexual students (47.3%) than gay or
bisexual students (37.3%) and not sure students (36.7%). The
prevalence also was higher among heterosexual male students
(47.3%) than heterosexual female students (28.3%) and higher
among gay or bisexual male students (37.3%) than lesbian or
bisexual female students (27.0%).
Across 18 states, the prevalence of having drunk one or
more glasses of milk per day ranged from 22.4% to 52.6%
(median: 34.6%) among heterosexual students; from 20.8%
to 37.9% (median: 28.6%) among gay, lesbian, and bisexual
students; and from 18.4% to 53.3% (median: 33.0%) among
not sure students. Across 15 large urban school districts, the
prevalence ranged from 15.5% to 34.4% (median: 26.4%) among
heterosexual students; from 15.1% to 35.1% (median: 23.1%)
among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and from 16.5% to
36.2% (median: 27.1%) among not sure students.
Nationwide, 36.3% of students who had sexual contact
with only the opposite sex, 29.2% of students who had sexual
contact with only the same sex or with both sexes, and 40.5%
of students who had no sexual contact had drunk one or more
glasses of milk per day. The prevalence of having drunk one or
more glasses of milk per day was higher among students who
58 MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
had no sexual contact (40.5%) than students who had sexual
contact with only the opposite sex (36.3%) and students who
had sexual contact with only the same sex or with both sexes
(29.2%) and higher among students who had sexual contact
with only the opposite sex (36.3%) than students who had
sexual contact with only the same sex or with both sexes
(29.2%). Among female students, the prevalence was higher
among those who had no sexual contact (31.4%) than those
who had sexual contact with only males (25.4%). Among male
students, the prevalence was higher among those who had no
sexual contact (50.2%) than those who had sexual contact with
only females (44.8%) and those who had sexual contact with
only males or with both sexes (40.4%). The prevalence also was
higher among male students who had sexual contact with only
females (44.8%) than female students who had sexual contact
with only males (25.4%), higher among male students who
had sexual contact with only males or with both sexes (40.4%)
than female students who had sexual contact with only females
or with both sexes (25.5%), and higher among male students
who had no sexual contact (50.2%) than female students who
had no sexual contact (31.4%).
Across 17 states, the prevalence of having drunk one or
more glasses of milk per day ranged from 20.8% to 42.7%
(median: 34.2%) among students who had sexual contact with
only the opposite sex, from 24.2% to 37.1% (median: 30.8%)
among students who had sexual contact with only the same sex
or with both sexes, and from 23.8% to 44.4% (median: 34.1%)
among students who had no sexual contact. Across 15 large
urban school districts, the prevalence ranged from 17.0%
to 36.1% (median: 25.8%) among students who had sexual
contact with only the opposite sex, from 17.3% to 38.1%
(median: 23.2%) among students who had sexual contact with
only the same sex or with both sexes, and from 15.4% to 33.7%
(median: 28.6%) among students who had no sexual contact.
Drank Two or More Glasses of Milk per Day
Nationwide, 22.4% of all students; 23.3% of heterosexual
students; 15.7% of gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and
17.3% of not sure students had drunk two or more glasses of
milk per day during the 7 days before the survey (Table 89).
The prevalence of having drunk two or more glasses of milk
per day was higher among heterosexual students (23.3%)
than gay, lesbian, or bisexual students (15.7%) and not sure
students (17.3%). Among male students, the prevalence was
higher among heterosexual students (30.5%) than gay or
bisexual students (21.8%). The prevalence also was higher
among heterosexual male students (30.5%) than heterosexual
female students (14.9%) and higher among gay or bisexual
male students (21.8%) than lesbian or bisexual female
students (13.7%).
 Surveillance Summaries
Across 18 states, the prevalence of having drunk two or
more glasses of milk per day ranged from 11.8% to 36.6%
(median: 20.7%) among heterosexual students; from 11.8%
to 24.4% (median: 16.5%) among gay, lesbian, and bisexual
students; and from 9.3% to 35.1% (median: 21.1%) among
not sure students. Across 15 large urban school districts, the
prevalence ranged from 7.6% to 19.9% (median: 15.2%) among
heterosexual students; from 7.3% to 23.0% (median: 10.8%)
among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and from 5.4% to
27.1% (median: 13.7%) among not sure students.
Nationwide, 22.0% of students who had sexual contact
with only the opposite sex, 16.5% of students who had sexual
contact with only the same sex or with both sexes, and 24.0%
of students who had no sexual contact had drunk two or more
glasses of milk per day. The prevalence of having drunk two or
more glasses of milk per day was higher among students who
had sexual contact with only the opposite sex (22.0%) and
students who had no sexual contact (24.0%) than students
who had sexual contact with only the same sex or with both
sexes (16.5%). The prevalence also was higher among male
students who had sexual contact with only females (28.4%)
than female students who had sexual contact with only males
(13.9%), higher among male students who had sexual contact
with only males or with both sexes (27.0%) than female
students who had sexual contact with only females or with
both sexes (13.0%), and higher among male students who had
no sexual contact (32.6%) than female students who had no
sexual contact (16.0%).
Across 17 states, the prevalence of having drunk two or
more glasses of milk per day ranged from 11.7% to 27.2%
(median: 21.0%) among students who had sexual contact with
only the opposite sex, from 10.5% to 29.7% (median: 18.1%)
among students who had sexual contact with only the same sex
or with both sexes, and from 12.4% to 28.5% (median: 19.3%)
among students who had no sexual contact. Across 15 large
urban school districts, the prevalence ranged from 8.6% to
22.2% (median: 14.3%) among students who had sexual
contact with only the opposite sex, from 7.6% to 25.8%
(median: 11.8%) among students who had sexual contact with
only the same sex or with both sexes, and from 7.5% to 19.4%
(median: 15.3%) among students who had no sexual contact.
Drank Three or More Glasses of Milk per Day
Nationwide, 10.2% of all students; 10.5% of heterosexual
students; 7.4% of gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and 9.5%
of not sure students had drunk three or more glasses of milk
per day during the 7 days before the survey (Table 90). The
prevalence of having drunk three or more glasses of milk per
day was higher among heterosexual students (10.5%) than
gay, lesbian, or bisexual students (7.4%). The prevalence also
US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
was higher among heterosexual male students (15.1%) than
heterosexual female students (5.2%) and higher among gay
or bisexual male students (12.1%) than lesbian or bisexual
female students (5.8%).
Across 18 states, the prevalence of having drunk three or
more glasses of milk per day ranged from 5.4% to 17.4%
(median: 9.4%) among heterosexual students; from 2.3%
to 11.4% (median: 8.0%) among gay, lesbian, and bisexual
students; and from 2.5% to 19.0% (median: 10.3%) among
not sure students. Across 15 large urban school districts, the
prevalence ranged from 3.9% to 9.2% (median: 7.4%) among
heterosexual students; from 3.3% to 12.9% (median: 5.5%)
among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and from 2.8% to
17.3% (median: 8.4%) among not sure students.
Nationwide, 10.2% of students who had sexual contact
with only the opposite sex, 8.1% of students who had sexual
contact with only the same sex or with both sexes, and 10.5%
of students who had no sexual contact had drunk three or
more glasses of milk per day. The prevalence of having drunk
three or more glasses of milk per day was higher among male
students who had sexual contact with only females (14.5%)
than female students who had sexual contact with only males
(4.7%), higher among male students who had sexual contact
with only males or with both sexes (14.4%) than female
students who had sexual contact with only females or with
both sexes (6.0%), and higher among male students who had
no sexual contact (15.7%) than female students who had no
sexual contact (5.7%).
Across 17 states, the prevalence of having drunk three or
more glasses of milk per day ranged from 5.6% to 13.3%
(median: 9.8%) among students who had sexual contact with
only the opposite sex, from 1.9% to 16.8% (median: 9.7%)
among students who had sexual contact with only the same sex
or with both sexes, and from 5.1% to 14.1% (median: 8.8%)
among students who had no sexual contact. Across 15 large
urban school districts, the prevalence ranged from 5.2%
to 11.5% (median: 7.2%) among students who had sexual
contact with only the opposite sex, from 3.3% to 17.2%
(median: 6.4%) among students who had sexual contact with
only the same sex or with both sexes, and from 3.4% to 8.7%
(median: 6.6%) among students who had no sexual contact.
Did Not Drink Soda or Pop
Nationwide, 26.2% of all students; 26.1% of heterosexual
students; 22.2% of gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and
28.5% of not sure students had not drunk soda or pop (not
including diet soda or diet pop) during the 7 days before the
survey (Table 91). The prevalence of not having drunk soda
or pop was higher among not sure students (28.5%) than
gay, lesbian, or bisexual students (22.2%). Among female
MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 59
 Surveillance Summaries
students, the prevalence was higher among heterosexual
students (32.0%) than lesbian or bisexual students (22.2%).
The prevalence also was higher among heterosexual female
students (32.0%) than heterosexual male students (21.0%).
Across 24 states, the prevalence of not having drunk soda or
pop ranged from 21.3% to 35.0% (median: 28.4%) among
heterosexual students; from 12.8% to 32.2% (median: 25.2%)
among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and from 16.6% to
40.6% (median: 31.3%) among not sure students. Across 18
large urban school districts, the prevalence ranged from 18.4%
to 39.2% (median: 27.5%) among heterosexual students; from
15.4% to 33.2% (median: 25.9%) among gay, lesbian, and
bisexual students; and from 18.2% to 48.9% (median: 31.0%)
among not sure students.
Nationwide, 23.1% of students who had sexual contact
with only the opposite sex, 22.5% of students who had sexual
contact with only the same sex or with both sexes, and 28.8%
of students who had no sexual contact had not drunk soda
or pop. The prevalence of not having drunk soda or pop was
higher among students who had no sexual contact (28.8%)
than students who had sexual contact with only the opposite
sex (23.1%) and students who had sexual contact with only
the same sex or with both sexes (22.5%). Among female
students, the prevalence was higher among those who had no
sexual contact (33.3%) than those who had sexual contact
with only males (28.9%) and those who had sexual contact
with only females or with both sexes (23.2%). Among male
students, the prevalence was higher among those who had no
sexual contact (24.0%) than those who had sexual contact
with only females (18.5%). The prevalence also was higher
among female students who had sexual contact with only males
(28.9%) than male students who had sexual contact with only
females (18.5%) and higher among female students who had
no sexual contact (33.3%) than male students who had no
sexual contact (24.0%).
Across 22 states, the prevalence of not having drunk soda or
pop ranged from 17.7% to 31.8% (median: 24.3%) among
students who had sexual contact with only the opposite sex,
from 13.8% to 38.5% (median: 24.6%) among students
who had sexual contact with only the same sex or with both
sexes, and from 22.0% to 39.0% (median: 31.5%) among
students who had no sexual contact. Across 18 large urban
school districts, the prevalence ranged from 14.8% to 34.1%
(median: 24.4%) among students who had sexual contact with
only the opposite sex, from 12.2% to 35.1% (median: 25.1%)
among students who had sexual contact with only the same sex
or with both sexes, and from 21.1% to 44.0% (median: 29.4%)
among students who had no sexual contact.
60 MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Drank Soda or Pop One or More Times per Day
Nationwide, 20.4% of all students; 20.2% of heterosexual
students; 23.2% of gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and
22.6% of not sure students had drunk a can, bottle, or glass of
soda or pop (not counting diet soda or diet pop) one or more
times per day during the 7 days before the survey (Table 92).
Among female students, the prevalence of having drunk soda
or pop one or more times per day was higher among lesbian
and bisexual students (24.2%) than heterosexual students
(15.5%). The prevalence also was higher among heterosexual
male students (24.3%) than heterosexual female students
(15.5%) and higher among not sure male students (28.9%)
than not sure female students (18.2%).
Across 24 states, the prevalence of having drunk soda or
pop one or more times per day ranged from 11.5% to 31.6%
(median: 18.6%) among heterosexual students; from 13.6%
to 42.5% (median: 21.2%) among gay, lesbian, and bisexual
students; and from 9.5% to 43.5% (median: 21.0%) among
not sure students. Across 18 large urban school districts, the
prevalence ranged from 9.4% to 27.5% (median: 18.2%) among
heterosexual students; from 8.8% to 35.2% (median: 19.5%)
among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and from 5.6% to
30.5% (median: 17.5%) among not sure students.
Nationwide, 23.5% of students who had sexual contact
with only the opposite sex, 27.6% of students who had sexual
contact with only the same sex or with both sexes, and 16.5%
of students who had no sexual contact had drunk soda or pop
one or more times per day. The prevalence of having drunk soda
or pop one or more times per day was higher among students
who had sexual contact with only the opposite sex (23.5%)
and students who had sexual contact with only the same sex
or with both sexes (27.6%) than students who had no sexual
contact (16.5%). Among female students, the prevalence was
higher among those who had sexual contact with only females
or with both sexes (26.5%) than those who had sexual contact
with only males (18.2%) and those who had no sexual contact
(13.3%) and higher among those who had sexual contact with
only males (18.2%) than those who had no sexual contact
(13.3%). Among male students, the prevalence was higher
among those who had sexual contact with only females (27.7%)
and those who had sexual contact with only males or with both
sexes (31.1%) than those who had no sexual contact (19.9%).
The prevalence also was higher among male students who had
sexual contact with only females (27.7%) than female students
who had sexual contact with only males (18.2%) and higher
among male students who had no sexual contact (19.9%) than
female students who had no sexual contact (13.3%).
Across 22 states, the prevalence of having drunk soda or
pop one or more times per day ranged from 13.7% to 37.1%
 Surveillance Summaries
(median: 21.8%) among students who had sexual contact with
only the opposite sex, from 11.5% to 39.9% (median: 24.8%)
among students who had sexual contact with only the same sex
or with both sexes, and from 9.1% to 26.9% (median: 13.6%)
among students who had no sexual contact. Across 18 large
urban school districts, the prevalence ranged from 11.1%
to 31.9% (median: 21.0%) among students who had sexual
contact with only the opposite sex, from 11.0% to 37.4%
(median: 22.0%) among students who had sexual contact with
only the same sex or with both sexes, and from 6.5% to 25.3%
(median: 15.4%) among students who had no sexual contact.
Drank Soda or Pop Two or More Times per Day
Nationwide, 13.0% of all students; 12.8% of heterosexual
students; 15.9% of gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and
15.0% of not sure students had drunk a can, bottle, or glass of
soda or pop (not counting diet soda or diet pop) two or more
times per day during the 7 days before the survey (Table 93).
Among female students, the prevalence of having drunk
soda or pop two or more times per day was higher among
lesbian and bisexual students (18.1%) than heterosexual
students (9.6%) and not sure students (11.5%). Among male
students, the prevalence was higher among heterosexual male
students (15.6%) than gay and bisexual students (10.9%). The
prevalence also was higher among heterosexual male students
(15.6%) than heterosexual female students (9.6%) and higher
among lesbian or bisexual female students (18.1%) than gay
or bisexual male students (10.9%).
Across 24 states, the prevalence of having drunk soda or
pop two or more times per day ranged from 7.1% to 22.6%
(median: 11.3%) among heterosexual students; from 8.1%
to 32.5% (median: 15.1%) among gay, lesbian, and bisexual
students; and from 5.2% to 36.3% (median: 13.7%) among
not sure students. Across 18 large urban school districts, the
prevalence ranged from 5.6% to 18.8% (median: 11.6%) among
heterosexual students; from 7.0% to 27.6% (median: 14.4%)
among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and from 3.2% to
24.8% (median: 11.2%) among not sure students.
Nationwide, 15.9% of students who had sexual contact with
only the opposite sex, 20.3% of students who had sexual contact
with only the same sex or with both sexes, and 9.3% of students
who had no sexual contact had drunk soda or pop three or more
times per day. The prevalence of having drunk soda or pop three
or more times per day was higher among students who had
sexual contact with only the opposite sex (15.9%) and students
who had sexual contact with only the same sex or with both
sexes (20.3%) than students who had no sexual contact (9.3%).
Among female students, the prevalence was higher among those
who had sexual contact with only females or with both sexes
(19.4%) than those who had sexual contact with only males
US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(12.2%) and those who had no sexual contact (7.4%) and higher
among those who had sexual contact with only males (12.2%)
than those who had no sexual contact (7.4%). Among male
students, the prevalence was higher among those who had sexual
contact with only females (18.8%) and those who had sexual
contact with only males or with both sexes (22.9%) than those
who had no sexual contact (11.2%). The prevalence also was
higher among male students who had sexual contact with only
females (18.8%) than female students who had sexual contact
with only males (12.2%) and higher among male students who
had no sexual contact (11.2%) than female students who had
no sexual contact (7.4%).
Across 22 states, the prevalence of having drunk soda or
pop two or more times per day ranged from 8.8% to 27.1%
(median: 14.0%) among students who had sexual contact with
only the opposite sex, from 6.7% to 33.7% (median: 17.8%)
among students who had sexual contact with only the same sex
or with both sexes, and from 5.8% to 18.6% (median: 8.0%)
among students who had no sexual contact. Across 18 large
urban school districts, the prevalence ranged from 7.0% to
21.9% (median: 14.6%) among students who had sexual
contact with only the opposite sex, from 8.9% to 28.7%
(median: 15.8%) among students who had sexual contact with
only the same sex or with both sexes, and from 3.9% to 19.2%
(median: 9.3%) among students who had no sexual contact.
Drank Soda or Pop Three or More Times per Day
Nationwide, 7.1% of all students; 6.7% of heterosexual
students; 11.1% of gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and
8.8% of not sure students had drunk a can, bottle, or glass of
soda or pop (not counting diet soda or diet pop) three or more
times per day during the 7 days before the survey (Table 94).
The prevalence of having drunk soda or pop three or more
times per day was higher among gay, lesbian, and bisexual
students (11.1%) than heterosexual students (6.7%). Among
female students, the prevalence was higher among lesbian and
bisexual students (12.8%) than heterosexual students (5.2%)
and not sure students (5.0%). The prevalence also was higher
among heterosexual male students (8.0%) than heterosexual
female students (5.2%), higher among lesbian or bisexual
female students (12.8%) than gay or bisexual male students
(7.5%), and higher among not sure male students (13.8%)
than not sure female students (5.0%).
Across 24 states, the prevalence of having drunk soda or
pop three or more times per day ranged from 4.1% to 13.6%
(median: 6.0%) among heterosexual students; from 3.5%
to 17.4% (median: 9.2%) among gay, lesbian, and bisexual
students; and from 1.7% to 14.4% (median: 9.3%) among
not sure students. Across 18 large urban school districts, the
prevalence ranged from 2.3% to 13.6% (median: 7.0%) among
MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 61
 Surveillance Summaries
heterosexual students; from 3.6% to 19.7% (median: 8.7%)
among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and from 0.8% to
21.3% (median: 6.7%) among not sure students.
Nationwide, 8.8% of students who had sexual contact with
only the opposite sex, 14.4% of students who had sexual contact
with only the same sex or with both sexes, and 4.4% of students
who had no sexual contact had drunk soda or pop three or more
times per day. The prevalence of having drunk soda or pop three
or more times per day was higher among students who had
sexual contact with only the same sex or with both sexes (14.4%)
than students who had sexual contact with only the opposite
sex (8.8%) and students who had no sexual contact (4.4%) and
higher among students who had sexual contact with only the
opposite sex (8.8%) than students who had no sexual contact
(4.4%). Among female students, the prevalence was higher
among those who had sexual contact with only females or with
both sexes (13.3%) than those who had sexual contact with only
males (6.9%) and those who had no sexual contact (3.7%) and
higher among those who had sexual contact with only males
(6.9%) than those who had no sexual contact (3.7%). Among
male students, the prevalence was higher among those who had
sexual contact with only females (10.3%) and those who had
sexual contact with only males or with both sexes (17.5%) than
those who had no sexual contact (5.2%). The prevalence also was
higher among male students who had sexual contact with only
females (10.3%) than female students who had sexual contact
with only males (6.9%) and higher among male students who
had no sexual contact (5.2%) than female students who had no
sexual contact (3.7%).
Across 22 states, the prevalence of having drunk soda or
pop three or more times per day ranged from 4.4% to 16.7%
(median: 8.2%) among students who had sexual contact with
only the opposite sex, from 4.9% to 19.1% (median: 11.4%)
among students who had sexual contact with only the same sex
or with both sexes, and from 2.8% to 10.0% (median: 4.2%)
among students who had no sexual contact. Across 18 large
urban school districts, the prevalence ranged from 3.8%
to 16.2% (median: 8.6%) among students who had sexual
contact with only the opposite sex, from 5.2% to 19.6%
(median: 10.4%) among students who had sexual contact with
only the same sex or with both sexes, and from 1.6% to 12.9%
(median: 5.1%) among students who had no sexual contact.
Did Not Drink Sports Drinks
Nationwide, 42.4% of all students; 41.2% of heterosexual
students; 52.3% of gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and
53.3% of not sure students had not drunk a can, bottle, or glass
of sports drink (not counting low-calorie sports drinks) during
the 7 days before the survey (Table 95). The prevalence of not
having drunk a sports drink was higher among gay, lesbian,
62 MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
and bisexual students (52.3%) and not sure students (53.3%)
than heterosexual students (41.2%). Among male students,
the prevalence was higher among gay and bisexual students
(51.9%) and not sure students (45.5%) than heterosexual
students (31.0%). The prevalence also was higher among
heterosexual female students (52.9%) than heterosexual male
students (31.0%).
Nationwide, 34.6% of students who had sexual contact
with only the opposite sex, 45.2% of students who had sexual
contact with only the same sex or with both sexes, and 49.9%
of students who had no sexual contact had not drunk a sports
drink. The prevalence of not having drunk a sports drink was
higher among students who had sexual contact with only the
same sex or with both sexes (45.2%) and students who had no
sexual contact (49.9%) than students who had sexual contact
with only the opposite sex (34.6%). Among female students,
the prevalence was higher among those who had no sexual
contact (59.2%) than those who had sexual contact with only
males (47.1%) and those who had sexual contact with only
females or with both sexes (45.9%). Among male students, the
prevalence was higher among those who had sexual contact
with only males or with both sexes (42.8%) and those who
had no sexual contact (40.3%) than those who had sexual
contact with only females (24.6%). The prevalence also was
higher among female students who had sexual contact with
only males (47.1%) than male students who had sexual contact
with only females (24.6%) and higher among female students
who had no sexual contact (59.2%) than male students who
had no sexual contact (40.3%).
The question this variable is based on was not included in
the standard questionnaire used in the state and large urban
school district surveys in 2015. Consequently, the range and
median prevalence estimates across states and large urban
school districts for the prevalence of not having drunk a sports
drink by sexual minority subgroups are not available.
Drank Sports Drinks One or More Times per Day
Nationwide, 13.8% of all students; 14.1% of heterosexual
students; 10.0% of gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and
13.6% of not sure students had drunk a can, bottle, or glass
of a sports drink (not counting low-calorie sports drinks) one
or more times per day during the 7 days before the survey
(Table 96). The prevalence of having drunk a sports drink one
or more times per day was higher among heterosexual students
(14.1%) than gay, lesbian, and bisexual students (10.0%).
Among male students, the prevalence was higher among
heterosexual students (19.1%) and not sure students (22.9%)
than gay and bisexual students (7.2%). The prevalence also
was higher among heterosexual male students (19.1%) than
 Surveillance Summaries
heterosexual female students (8.3%) and higher among not sure
male students (22.9%) than not sure female students (6.8%).
Nationwide, 17.2% of students who had sexual contact
with only the opposite sex, 14.7% of students who had sexual
contact with only the same sex or with both sexes, and 9.8% of
students who had no sexual contact had drunk a sports drink
one or more times per day. The prevalence of having drunk
a sports drink one or more times per day was higher among
students who had sexual contact with only the opposite sex
(17.2%) and students who had sexual contact with only the
same sex or with both sexes (14.7%) than students who had no
sexual contact (9.8%). Among female students, the prevalence
was higher among those who had sexual contact with only
females or with both sexes (14.6%) than those who had no
sexual contact (7.2%). Among male students, the prevalence
was higher among those who had sexual contact with only
females (23.7%) than those who had sexual contact with only
males or with both sexes (15.3%) and those who had no sexual
contact (12.5%). The prevalence also was higher among male
students who had sexual contact with only females (23.7%)
than female students who had sexual contact with only males
(9.1%) and higher among male students who had no sexual
contact (12.5%) than female students who had no sexual
contact (7.2%).
The question this variable is based on was not included in
the standard questionnaire used in the state and large urban
school district surveys in 2015. Consequently, the range and
median prevalence estimates across states and large urban
school districts for the prevalence of having drunk a sports
drink one or more times per day by sexual minority subgroups
are not available.
Drank Sports Drinks Two or More Times per Day
Nationwide, 8.3% of all students; 8.3% of heterosexual
students; 7.2% of gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and 10.0%
of not sure students had drunk a can, bottle, or glass of a sports
drink (not counting low-calorie sports drinks) two or more
times per day during the 7 days before the survey (Table 97).
Among male students, the prevalence of having drunk a sports
drink two or more times per day was higher among heterosexual
students (11.3%) and not sure students (17.0%) than gay and
bisexual students (4.5%). The prevalence also was higher among
heterosexual male students (11.3%) than heterosexual female
students (4.9%) and higher among not sure male students
(17.0%) than not sure female students (4.7%).
Nationwide, 10.9% of students who had sexual contact with
only the opposite sex, 10.3% of students who had sexual contact
with only the same sex or with both sexes, and 5.0% of students
who had no sexual contact had drunk a sports drink two or
more times per day. The prevalence of having drunk a sports
US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
drink two or more times per day was higher among students
who had sexual contact with only the opposite sex (10.9%) and
students who had sexual contact with only the same sex or with
both sexes (10.3%) than students who had no sexual contact
(5.0%). Among female students, the prevalence was higher
among those who had sexual contact with only females or with
both sexes (10.2%) than those who had sexual contact with
only males (5.6%) and those who had no sexual contact (4.1%)
and higher among those who had sexual contact with only
males (5.6%) than those who had no sexual contact (4.1%).
Among male students, the prevalence was higher among those
who had sexual contact with only females (15.2%) than those
who had no sexual contact (5.8%). The prevalence also was
higher among male students who had sexual contact with only
females (15.2%) than female students who had sexual contact
with only males (5.6%) and higher among male students who
had no sexual contact (5.8%) than female students who had
no sexual contact (4.1%).
The question this variable is based on was not included in
the standard questionnaire used in the state and large urban
school district surveys in 2015. Consequently, the range and
median prevalence estimates across states and large urban
school districts for the prevalence of having drunk a sports
drink two or more times per day by sexual minority subgroups
are not available.
Drank Sports Drinks Three or More Times per Day
Nationwide, 4.8% of all students; 4.7% of heterosexual
students; 4.1% of gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and
6.1% of not sure students had drunk a can, bottle, or glass of
a sports drink (not counting low-calorie sports drinks) three
or more times per day during the 7 days before the survey
(Table 98). Among male students, the prevalence of having
drunk a sports drink three or more times per day was higher
among heterosexual students (6.6%) and not sure students
(9.9%) than gay and bisexual students (1.8%). The prevalence
also was higher among heterosexual male students (6.4%) than
heterosexual female students (2.8%) and higher among lesbian
or bisexual female students (5.0%) than gay or bisexual male
students (1.8%).
Nationwide, 6.5% of students who had sexual contact with
only the opposite sex, 7.0% of students who had sexual contact
with only the same sex or with both sexes, and 2.7% of students
who had no sexual contact had drunk a sports drink three or
more times per day. The prevalence of having drunk a sports
drink three or more times per day was higher among students
who had sexual contact with only the opposite sex (6.5%) and
students who had sexual contact with only the same sex or with
both sexes (7.0%) than students who had no sexual contact
(2.7%). Among female students, the prevalence was higher
MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 63
 Surveillance Summaries
among those who had sexual contact with only females or with
both sexes (7.0%) than those who had sexual contact with only
males (3.2%) and those who had no sexual contact (2.3%)
and higher among those who had sexual contact with only
males (3.2%) than those who had no sexual contact (2.3%).
Among male students, the prevalence was higher among those
who had sexual contact with only females (9.1%) than those
who had no sexual contact (3.1%). The prevalence also was
higher among male students who had sexual contact with only
females (9.1%) than female students who had sexual contact
with only males (3.2%).
The question this variable is based on was not included in
the standard questionnaire used in the state and large urban
school district surveys in 2015. Consequently, the range and
median prevalence estimates across states and large urban
school districts for the prevalence of having drunk a sports
drink three or more times per day by sexual minority subgroups
are not available.
Did Not Drink Water
Nationwide, 3.5% of all students; 3.1% of heterosexual
students; 6.2% of gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and
6.2% of not sure students had not drunk water during the
7 days before the survey (Table 99). The prevalence of not
having drunk water during the 7 days before the survey was
higher among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students (6.2%) than
heterosexual students (3.1%). Among female students, the
prevalence was higher among lesbian and bisexual students
(5.9%) than heterosexual students (2.8%).
Nationwide, 3.3% of students who had sexual contact
with only the opposite sex, 4.3% of students who had sexual
contact with only the same sex or with both sexes, and 3.0%
of students who had no sexual contact had not drunk water
during the 7 days before the survey. The prevalence of not
having drunk water did not vary significantly by sex of sexual
contact subgroup.
The question this variable is based on was not included in the
standard questionnaire used in the state and large urban school
district surveys in 2015. Consequently, the range and median
prevalence estimates across states and large urban school
districts for the prevalence of not having drunk water during
the 7 days before the survey by sexual minority subgroups are
not available.
Drank One or More Glasses of Water per Day
Nationwide, 73.6% of all students; 74.3% of heterosexual
students; 63.8% of gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and
67.2% of not sure students had drunk one or more glasses of
water per day during the 7 days before the survey (Table 100).
The prevalence of having drunk one or more glasses of water per
64 MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
day was higher among heterosexual students (74.3%) than gay,
lesbian, and bisexual students (63.8%) and not sure students
(67.2%). Among female students, the prevalence was higher
among heterosexual students (74.2%) and not sure students
(69.8%) than gay, lesbian, and bisexual students (62.6%).
Among male students, the prevalence was higher among
heterosexual students (74.6%) than not sure students (63.7%).
Nationwide, 72.4% of students who had sexual contact
with only the opposite sex, 69.4% of students who had sexual
contact with only the same sex or with both sexes, and 75.3%
of students who had no sexual contact had drunk one or more
glasses of water per day. The prevalence of having drunk one or
more glasses of water per day was higher among students who
had no sexual contact (75.3%) than students who had sexual
contact with only the opposite sex (72.4%). Among female
students, the prevalence of having drunk one or more glasses
of water per day was higher among those who had no sexual
contact (75.2%) than those who had sexual contact with only
males (71.7%) and those who had sexual contact with only
females or with both sexes (67.1%).
The question this variable is based on was not included in
the standard questionnaire used in the state and large urban
school district surveys in 2015. Consequently, the range and
median prevalence estimates across states and large urban
school districts for the prevalence of having drunk one or
more glasses of water per day by sexual minority subgroups
are not available.
Drank Two or More Glasses of Water per Day
Nationwide, 64.3% of all students; 65.0% of heterosexual
students; 55.0% of gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and
57.9% of not sure students had drunk two or more glasses of
water per day during the 7 days before the survey (Table 101).
The prevalence of having drunk two or more glasses of water
per day was higher among heterosexual students (65.0%)
than gay, lesbian, and bisexual students (55.0%) and not sure
students (57.9%). Among female students, the prevalence of
having drunk two or more glasses of water per day was higher
among heterosexual students (63.8%) than lesbian and bisexual
students (53.5%).
Nationwide, 63.2% of students who had sexual contact
with only the opposite sex, 59.3% of students who had sexual
contact with only the same sex or with both sexes, and 66.1%
of students who had no sexual contact had drunk two or more
glasses of water per day. The prevalence of having drunk two or
more glasses of water per day was higher among students who
had no sexual contact (66.1%) than students who had sexual
contact with only the opposite sex (63.2%). Among female
students, the prevalence was higher among those who had no
sexual contact (65.3%) than those who had sexual contact with
 Surveillance Summaries
only males (61.1%) and those who had sexual contact with
only females or with both sexes (56.6%). The prevalence also
was higher among male students who had sexual contact with
only females (64.9%) than female students who had sexual
contact with only males (61.1%).
The question this variable is based on was not included in
the standard questionnaire used in the state and large urban
school district surveys in 2015. Consequently, the range and
median prevalence estimates across states and large urban
school districts for the prevalence of having drunk two or
more glasses of water per day by sexual minority subgroups
are not available.
Drank Three or More Glasses of Water per Day
Nationwide, 49.5% of all students; 50.1% of heterosexual
students; 42.0% of gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and
42.5% of not sure students had drunk three or more glasses of
water per day during the 7 days before the survey (Table 102).
The prevalence of having drunk three or more glasses of water
per day was higher among heterosexual students (50.1%)
than gay, lesbian, and bisexual students (42.0%) and not sure
students (42.5%). Among female students, the prevalence of
having drunk three or more glasses of water per day was higher
among heterosexual students (48.6%) than lesbian and bisexual
students (41.1%). Among male students, the prevalence was
higher among heterosexual students (51.5%) than not sure
students (39.6%). The prevalence also was higher among
heterosexual male students (51.5%) than heterosexual female
students (48.6%).
Nationwide, 48.8% of students who had sexual contact
with only the opposite sex, 46.6% of students who had sexual
contact with only the same sex or with both sexes, and 50.5%
of students who had no sexual contact had drunk three or
more glasses of water per day. The prevalence of having drunk
three or more glasses of water per day was higher among male
students who had no sexual contact (52.4%) than female
students who had no sexual contact (48.7%).
The question this variable is based on was not included in
the standard questionnaire used in the state and large urban
school district surveys in 2015. Consequently, the range and
median prevalence estimates across states and large urban
school districts for the prevalence of having drunk three or
more glasses of water per day by sexual minority subgroups
are not available.
Did Not Eat Breakfast
Nationwide, 13.8% of all students; 13.3% of heterosexual
students; 18.1% of gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and
17.9% of not sure students had not eaten breakfast during
the 7 days before the survey (Table 103). The prevalence of
US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
not having eaten breakfast was higher among gay, lesbian, and
bisexual students (18.1%) and not sure students (17.9%) than
heterosexual students (13.3%). Among female students, the
prevalence was higher among lesbian and bisexual students
(17.9%) than heterosexual students (13.5%).
Across 23 states, the prevalence of not having eaten breakfast
ranged from 9.9% to 16.9% (median: 13.4%) among
heterosexual students; from 15.4% to 28.7% (median: 21.1%)
among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and from 10.4% to
29.7% (median: 19.5%) among not sure students. Across 18
large urban school districts, the prevalence ranged from 10.8%
to 22.2% (median: 15.3%) among heterosexual students; from
13.5% to 27.6% (median: 19.9%) among gay, lesbian, and
bisexual students; and from 11.6% to 30.5% (median: 20.1%)
among not sure students.
Nationwide, 14.5% of students who had sexual contact
with only the opposite sex, 20.1% of students who had sexual
contact with only the same sex or with both sexes, and 11.6%
of students who had no sexual contact had not eaten breakfast
during the 7 days before the survey. The prevalence of not
having eaten breakfast was higher among students who had
sexual contact with only the same sex or with both sexes (20.1%)
than students who had sexual contact with only the opposite sex
(14.5%) and students who had no sexual contact (11.6%) and
higher among students who had sexual contact with only the
opposite sex (14.5%) than students who had no sexual contact
(11.6%). Among female students, the prevalence was higher
among those who had sexual contact with only males (15.6%)
and those who had sexual contact with only females or with both
sexes (19.1%) than those who had no sexual contact (11.9%).
Among male students, the prevalence was higher among those
who had sexual contact with only males or with both sexes
(23.1%) than those who had sexual contact with only females
(13.6%) and those who had no sexual contact (11.3%).
Across 21 states, the prevalence of not having eaten breakfast
ranged from 11.2% to 19.4% (median: 14.1%) among
students who had sexual contact with only the opposite sex,
from 12.8% to 31.4% (median: 19.4%) among students
who had sexual contact with only the same sex or with both
sexes, and from 7.9% to 14.3% (median: 12.1%) among
students who had no sexual contact. Across 18 large urban
school districts, the prevalence ranged from 11.2% to 22.5%
(median: 15.2%) among students who had sexual contact with
only the opposite sex, from 9.7% to 29.7% (median: 19.5%)
among students who had sexual contact with only the same sex
or with both sexes, and from 9.5% to 22.5% (median: 13.3%)
among students who had no sexual contact.
MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 65
 Surveillance Summaries
Ate Breakfast on All 7 Days
Nationwide, 36.3% of all students; 37.6% of heterosexual
students; 24.8% of gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and
27.3% of not sure students had eaten breakfast on all 7 days
before the survey (Table 104). The prevalence of having eaten
breakfast on all 7 days was higher among heterosexual students
(37.6%) than gay, lesbian, and bisexual students (24.8%)
and not sure students (27.3%). Among female students, the
prevalence was higher among heterosexual students (33.5%)
than lesbian and bisexual students (23.2%) and not sure
students (22.5%). Among male students, the prevalence was
higher among heterosexual students (41.1%) than gay and
bisexual students (30.5%). The prevalence also was higher
among male students who had sexual contact with only females
(41.1%) than female students who had sexual contact with
only males (33.5%).
Across 23 states, the prevalence of having eaten breakfast
on all 7 days ranged from 31.2% to 43.4% (median: 36.0%)
among heterosexual students; from 15.4% to 29.5%
(median: 23.8%) among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students;
and from 17.6% to 43.1% (median: 28.7%) among not sure
students. Across 18 large urban school districts, the prevalence
ranged from 17.9% to 45.2% (median: 31.7%) among
heterosexual students; from 3.6% to 38.3% (median: 19.5%)
among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and from 15.2% to
40.1% (median: 30.4%) among not sure students.
Nationwide, 32.4% of students who had sexual contact
with only the opposite sex, 21.9% of students who had sexual
contact with only the same sex or with both sexes, and 42.5%
of students who had no sexual contact had eaten breakfast on
all 7 days. The prevalence of having eaten breakfast on all 7 days
was higher among students who had no sexual contact (42.5%)
than students who had sexual contact with only the opposite
sex (32.4%) and students who had sexual contact with only the
same sex or with both sexes (21.9%) and higher among students
who had sexual contact with only the opposite sex (32.4%) than
students who had sexual contact with only the same sex or with
both sexes (21.9%). Among female students, the prevalence
was higher among those who had no sexual contact (21.2%)
than those who had sexual contact with only males (26.8%)
and those who had sexual contact with only females or with
both sexes (38.6%). Among male students, the prevalence was
higher among those who had no sexual contact (46.7%) than
those who had sexual contact with only females (36.7%) and
those who had sexual contact with only males or with both sexes
(23.8%). The prevalence also was higher among male students
who had sexual contact with only females (36.7%) than female
students who had sexual contact with only males (26.8%) and
higher among male students who had no sexual contact (23.8%)
than female students who had no sexual contact (38.6%).
66 MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Across 21 states, the prevalence of having eaten breakfast
on all 7 days ranged from 25.7% to 36.7% (median: 31.6%)
among students who had sexual contact with only the opposite
sex, from 15.8% to 31.4% (median: 21.2%) among students
who had sexual contact with only the same sex or with both
sexes, and from 36.0% to 49.7% (median: 41.4%) among
students who had no sexual contact. Across 18 large urban
school districts, the prevalence ranged from 17.4% to 40.9%
(median: 27.6%) among students who had sexual contact with
only the opposite sex, from 4.4% to 34.0% (median: 18.9%)
among students who had sexual contact with only the same sex
or with both sexes, and from 20.0% to 50.0% (median: 37.3%)
among students who had no sexual contact.
Physical Activity
Did Not Participate in at Least 60 Minutes of
Physical Activity on at Least 1 Day
Nationwide, 14.3% of all students; 12.6% of heterosexual
students; 25.7% of gay, lesbian, and bisexual students;
and 27.0% of not sure students had not participated in
at least 60 minutes of any kind of physical activity that
increased their heart rate and made them breathe hard some
of the time on at least 1 day during the 7 days before the
survey (i.e., did not participate in at least 60 minutes of
physical activity on at least 1 day) (Table 105). The prevalence
of not having participated in at least 60 minutes of physical
activity on at least 1 day was higher among gay, lesbian, and
bisexual students (25.7%) and not sure students (27.0%) than
heterosexual students (12.6%). Among female students, the
prevalence was higher among lesbian and bisexual students
(25.5%) and not sure students (25.1%) than heterosexual
students (16.0%). Among male students, the prevalence was
higher among gay and bisexual students (24.7%) and not sure
students (28.2%) than heterosexual students (9.7%). The
prevalence also was higher among heterosexual female students
(16.0%) than heterosexual male students (9.7%).
Across 25 states, the prevalence of not having participated in
at least 60 minutes of physical activity on at least 1 day ranged
from 10.7% to 19.2% (median: 14.3%) among heterosexual
students; from 15.4% to 30.9% (median: 24.7%) among gay,
lesbian, and bisexual students; and from 11.3% to 41.7%
(median: 25.2%) among not sure students. Across 18 large
urban school districts, the prevalence ranged from 12.9% to
29.7% (median: 20.6%) among heterosexual students; from
14.8% to 32.1% (median: 24.8%) among gay, lesbian, and
bisexual students; and from 14.0% to 43.1% (median: 31.7%)
among not sure students.
 Surveillance Summaries
Nationwide, 12.3% of students who had sexual contact
with only the opposite sex, 24.0% of students who had
sexual contact with only the same sex or with both sexes,
and 13.9% of students who had no sexual contact had not
participated in at least 60 minutes of physical activity on at
least 1 day. The prevalence of not having participated in at
least 60 minutes of physical activity on at least 1 day was
higher among students who had sexual contact with only
the same sex or with both sexes (24.0%) than students who
had sexual contact with only the opposite sex (12.3%) and
students who had no sexual contact (13.9%). Among female
students, the prevalence was higher among those who had
sexual contact with only females or with both sexes (22.4%)
than those who had sexual contact with only males (17.3%)
and those who had no sexual contact (16.4%). Among male
students, the prevalence was higher among those who had
sexual contact with only males or with both sexes (28.6%)
than those who had sexual contact with only females (8.4%)
and those who had no sexual contact (11.2%) and higher
among those who had no sexual contact (11.2%) than those
who had sexual contact with only females (8.4%). The
prevalence also was higher among female students who had
sexual contact with only males (17.3%) than male students
who had sexual contact with only females (8.4%) and higher
among female students who had no sexual contact (16.4%)
than male students who had no sexual contact (11.2%).
Across 23 states, the prevalence of not having participated in
at least 60 minutes of physical activity on at least 1 day ranged
from 9.8% to 19.3% (median: 13.0%) among students who
had sexual contact with only the opposite sex, from 16.2%
to 31.0% (median: 22.7%) among students who had sexual
contact with only the same sex or with both sexes, and from
11.2% to 22.4% (median: 15.3%) among students who had
no sexual contact. Across 18 large urban school districts, the
prevalence ranged from 11.0% to 26.1% (median: 18.8%)
among students who had sexual contact with only the opposite
sex, from 14.4% to 32.5% (median: 23.7%) among students
who had sexual contact with only the same sex or with both
sexes, and from 13.7% to 32.1% (median: 21.2%) among
students who had no sexual contact.
Physically Active at Least 60 Minutes per Day on 5
or More Days
Nationwide, 48.6% of all students; 51.6% of heterosexual
students; 29.5% of gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and
28.9% of not sure students had been physically active doing
any kind of physical activity that increased their heart rate
and made them breathe hard some of the time for a total of at
least 60 minutes per day on 5 or more days during the 7 days
before the survey (i.e., physically active at least 60 minutes per
US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
day on 5 or more days) (Table 106). The prevalence of having
been physically active at least 60 minutes per day on 5 or more
days was higher among heterosexual students (51.6%) than
gay, lesbian, or bisexual students (29.5%) and not sure students
(28.9%). Among female students, the prevalence was higher
among heterosexual students (41.4%) than lesbian or bisexual
students (30.5%) and not sure students (27.5%). Among
male students, the prevalence was higher among heterosexual
students (60.4%) than gay or bisexual students (26.8%) and
not sure students (32.0%). The prevalence also was higher
among heterosexual male students (60.4%) than heterosexual
female students (41.4%).
Across 25 states, the prevalence of having been physically
active at least 60 minutes per day on 5 or more days ranged
from 39.1% to 56.7% (median: 47.6%) among heterosexual
students; from 23.1% to 43.1% (median: 29.4%) among gay,
lesbian, and bisexual students; and from 20.8% to 40.2%
(median: 29.9%) among not sure students. Across 18 large
urban school districts, the prevalence ranged from 28.9% to
52.5% (median: 38.1%) among heterosexual students; from
18.4% to 39.2% (median: 26.3%) among gay, lesbian, and
bisexual students; and from 13.4% to 41.7% (median: 22.8%)
among not sure students.
Nationwide, 52.5% of students who had sexual contact
with only the opposite sex, 33.7% of students who had sexual
contact with only the same sex or with both sexes, and 47.8% of
students who had no sexual contact had been physically active
at least 60 minutes per day on 5 or more days. The prevalence
of having been physically active at least 60 minutes per day
on 5 or more days was higher among students who had sexual
contact with only the opposite sex (52.5%) than students who
had sexual contact with only the same sex or with both sexes
(33.7%) and students who had no sexual contact (47.8%).
Among female students, the prevalence was higher among those
who had no sexual contact (41.3%) than those who had sexual
contact with only females or with both sexes (34.3%). Among
male students, the prevalence was higher among those who had
sexual contact with only females (63.3%) than those who had
sexual contact with only males or with both sexes (32.1%) and
those who had no sexual contact (54.6%) and higher among
those who had no sexual contact (54.6%) than those who had
sexual contact with only males or with both sexes (32.1%). The
prevalence also was higher among male students who had sexual
contact with only females (63.3%) than female students who
had sexual contact with only males (38.6%) and higher among
male students who had no sexual contact (54.6%) than female
students who had no sexual contact (41.3%)
Across 23 states, the prevalence of having been physically
active at least 60 minutes per day on 5 or more days ranged
from 38.8% to 58.5% (median: 48.3%) among students who
MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 67
 Surveillance Summaries
had sexual contact with only the opposite sex, from 22.0%
to 47.6% (median: 32.1%) among students who had sexual
contact with only the same sex or with both sexes, and from
36.3% to 53.3% (median: 44.9%) among students who had
no sexual contact. Across 18 large urban school districts, the
prevalence ranged from 32.6% to 54.4% (median: 42.0%)
among students who had sexual contact with only the opposite
sex, from 22.1% to 42.1% (median: 27.5%) among students
who had sexual contact with only the same sex or with both
sexes, and from 25.5% to 50.1% (median: 35.9%) among
students who had no sexual contact.
Physically Active at Least 60 Minutes per Day on
All 7 Days
Nationwide, 27.1% of all students; 28.8% of heterosexual
students; 15.3% of gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and
14.1% of not sure students had been physically active doing
any kind of physical activity that increased their heart rate and
made them breathe hard some of the time for a total of at least
60 minutes per day on each of the 7 days before the survey
(i.e., physically active at least 60 minutes per day on all 7 days)
(Table 107). The prevalence of having been physically active
at least 60 minutes per day on all 7 days was higher among
heterosexual students (28.8%) than gay, lesbian, or bisexual
students (15.3%) and not sure students (14.1%). Among
female students, the prevalence was higher among heterosexual
students (18.6%) than not sure students (10.6%). Among
male students, the prevalence was higher among heterosexual
students (37.6%) than gay or bisexual students (16.6%) and
not sure students (19.2%). The prevalence also was higher
among heterosexual male students (37.6%) than heterosexual
female students (18.6%).
Across 25 states, the prevalence of having been physically
active at least 60 minutes per day on all 7 days ranged from
21.1% to 34.7% (median: 26.2%) among heterosexual
students; from 8.0% to 26.8% (median: 15.4%) among gay,
lesbian, and bisexual students; and from 7.1% to 23.6%
(median: 14.7%) among not sure students. Across 18 large
urban school districts, the prevalence ranged from 15.8% to
27.8% (median: 21.6%) among heterosexual students; from
9.3% to 22.6% (median: 12.3%) among gay, lesbian, and
bisexual students; and from 8.6% to 20.0% (median: 13.2%)
among not sure students.
Nationwide, 31.2% of students who had sexual contact
with only the opposite sex, 19.5% of students who had sexual
contact with only the same sex or with both sexes, and 23.9% of
students who had no sexual contact had been physically active
at least 60 minutes per day on all 7 days. The prevalence of
having been physically active at least 60 minutes per day on all
7 days was higher among students who had sexual contact with
68 MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
only the opposite sex (31.2%) than students who had sexual
contact with only the same sex or with both sexes (19.5%) and
students who had no sexual contact (23.9%). Among male
students, the prevalence was higher among those who had
sexual contact with only females (41.5%) than those who had
sexual contact with only males or with both sexes (20.2%) and
those who had no sexual contact (30.7%) and higher among
those who had no sexual contact (30.7%) than those who had
sexual contact with only males or with both sexes (20.2%).
The prevalence also was higher among male students who had
sexual contact with only females (41.5%) than female students
who had sexual contact with only males (17.9%) and higher
among male students who had no sexual contact (30.7%) than
female students who had no sexual contact (17.5%).
Across 23 states, the prevalence of having been physically
active at least 60 minutes per day on all 7 days ranged from
22.5% to 37.4% (median: 29.3%) among students who had
sexual contact with only the opposite sex, from 10.7% to
31.4% (median: 17.8%) among students who had sexual
contact with only the same sex or with both sexes, and from
17.9% to 30.0% (median: 23.1%) among students who had
no sexual contact. Across 18 large urban school districts, the
prevalence ranged from 18.5% to 30.0% (median: 23.8%)
among students who had sexual contact with only the opposite
sex, from 11.6% to 27.1% (median: 15.0%) among students
who had sexual contact with only the same sex or with both
sexes, and from 12.9% to 25.6% (median: 18.0%) among
students who had no sexual contact.
Participated in Muscle Strengthening Activities
Nationwide, 53.4% of all students; 56.2% of heterosexual
students; 33.9% of gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and
35.8% of not sure students had participated in muscle
strengthening exercises (e.g., push-ups, sit-ups, or weight
lifting) on 3 or more days during the 7 days before the survey
(Table 108). The prevalence of having participated in muscle
strengthening exercises on 3 or more days was higher among
heterosexual students (56.2%) than gay, lesbian, and bisexual
students (33.9%) and not sure students (35.8%). Among
female students, the prevalence was higher among heterosexual
students (45.0%) than lesbian and bisexual students (32.7%)
and not sure students (30.4%). Among male students, the
prevalence was higher among heterosexual students (65.8%)
than gay and bisexual students (38.6%) and not sure students
(42.7%). The prevalence also was higher among male students
who had sexual contact with only females (65.8%) than female
students who had sexual contact with only males (45.0%).
Nationwide, 58.8% of students who had sexual contact
with only the opposite sex, 39.0% of students who had sexual
contact with only the same sex or with both sexes, and 51.1% of
 Surveillance Summaries
students who had no sexual contact had participated in muscle
strengthening exercises on 3 or more days. The prevalence
of having participated in muscle strengthening exercises on
3 or more days was higher among students who had sexual
contact with only the opposite sex (58.8%) than students who
had sexual contact with only the same sex or with both sexes
(39.0%) and students who had no sexual contact (51.1%).
Among male students, the prevalence was higher among those
who had sexual contact with only females (70.4%) than those
who had sexual contact with only males or with both sexes
(40.9%) and those who had no sexual contact (59.5%) and
higher among those who had no sexual contact (59.5%) than
those who had sexual contact with only males or with both
sexes (40.9%). The prevalence also was higher among male
students who had sexual contact with only females (70.4%)
than female students who had sexual contact with only males
(44.0%) and higher among male students who had no sexual
contact (59.5%) than female students who had no sexual
contact (42.9%).
The question this variable is based on was not included in
the standard questionnaire used in the state and large urban
school district surveys in 2015. Consequently, the range and
median prevalence estimates across states and large urban
school districts for the prevalence of having participated in
muscle strengthening exercises on 3 or more days by sexual
minority subgroups are not available.
Used Computers 3 or More Hours per Day
Nationwide, 41.7% of all students; 40.2% of heterosexual
students; 52.2% of gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and
53.3% of not sure students played video or computer games
or used a computer for something that was not school work
for 3 or more hours per day on an average school day (i.e.,
used computers 3 or more hours per day) (Table 109). The
prevalence of having used computers 3 or more hours per day
was higher among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students (52.2%)
and not sure students (53.3%) than heterosexual students
(40.2%). Among female students the prevalence was higher
among lesbian and bisexual students (53.5%) than heterosexual
students (40.9%). Among male students, the prevalence was
higher among gay and bisexual students (48.8%) and not sure
students (59.1%) than heterosexual students (39.6%).
Across 24 states, the prevalence of having used computers
3 or more hours per day ranged from 28.7% to 44.7%
(median: 38.3%) among heterosexual students; from 38.6%
to 62.7% (median: 50.5%) among gay, lesbian, and bisexual
students; and from 34.4% to 58.3% (median: 47.3%) among
not sure students. Across 18 large urban school districts, the
prevalence ranged from 34.1% to 47.6% (median: 41.1%) among
heterosexual students; from 29.2% to 57.4% (median: 45.6%)
US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and from 28.3% to
59.2% (median: 39.8%) among not sure students.
Nationwide, 40.1% of students who had sexual contact with only
the opposite sex, 52.0% of students who had sexual contact with
only the same sex or with both sexes, and 42.7% of students who
had no sexual contact had used computers 3 or more hours per day.
The prevalence of having used computers 3 or more hours per day
was higher among students who had sexual contact with only the
same sex or with both sexes (52.0%) than students who had sexual
contact with only the opposite sex (40.1%) and students who had
no sexual contact (42.7%) and higher among students who had
no sexual contact (42.7%) than students who had sexual contact
with only the opposite sex (40.1%). Among female students, the
prevalence was higher among those who had sexual contact with
only females or with both sexes (51.2%) than those who had sexual
contact with only males (42.4%) and those who had no sexual
contact (42.1%). Among male students, the prevalence was higher
among those who had sexual contact with only males or with both
sexes (54.3%) than those who had sexual contact with only females
(38.4%) and those who had no sexual contact (43.4%) and higher
among those who had no sexual contact (43.4%) than those who
had sexual contact with only females (38.4%).
Across 22 states, the prevalence of having used computers
3 or more hours per day ranged from 27.7% to 43.6%
(median: 37.9%) among students who had sexual contact with
only the opposite sex, from 36.7% to 65.9% (median: 45.2%)
among students who had sexual contact with only the same sex
or with both sexes, and from 31.4% to 45.6% (median: 42.3%)
among students who had no sexual contact. Across 18 large
urban school districts, the prevalence ranged from 34.9%
to 47.3% (median: 41.6%) among students who had sexual
contact with only the opposite sex, from 29.1% to 56.9%
(median: 42.6%) among students who had sexual contact with
only the same sex or with both sexes, and from 36.3% to 52.4%
(median: 42.6%) among students who had no sexual contact.
Watched Television 3 or More Hours per Day
Nationwide, 24.7% of all students; 24.4% of heterosexual
students; 24.6% of gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and
30.7% of not sure students watched television 3 or more hours
per day on an average school day (Table 110). The prevalence
of having watched television 3 or more hours per day was
higher among not sure students (30.7%) than heterosexual
students (24.4%).
Across 23 states, the prevalence of having watched television
3 or more hours per day ranged from 18.1% to 31.3%
(median: 23.7%) among heterosexual students; from 19.6%
to 39.5% (median: 25.5%) among gay, lesbian, and bisexual
students; and from 17.7% to 41.9% (median: 27.9%) among
not sure students. Across 18 large urban school districts, the
MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 69
 Surveillance Summaries
prevalence ranged from 20.2% to 37.6% (median: 29.9%) among
heterosexual students; from 15.3% to 36.1% (median: 29.4%)
among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and from 13.4% to
41.5% (median: 24.3%) among not sure students.
Nationwide, 24.7% of students who had sexual contact
with only the opposite sex, 29.8% of students who had sexual
contact with only the same sex or with both sexes, and 24.2%
of students who had no sexual contact watched television
3 or more hours per day. The prevalence of having watched
television 3 or more hours per day was higher among students
who had sexual contact with only the same sex or with both
sexes (29.8%) than students who had sexual contact with only
the opposite sex (24.7%) and students who had no sexual
contact (24.2%).
Across 21 states, the prevalence of having watched television
3 or more hours per day ranged from 20.6% to 31.1%
(median: 23.9%) among students who had sexual contact with
only the opposite sex, from 18.4% to 36.4% (median: 26.1%)
among students who had sexual contact with only the same sex
or with both sexes, and from 18.4% to 36.4% (median: 26.1%)
among students who had no sexual contact. Across 18 large
urban school districts, the prevalence ranged from 19.4%
to 38.6% (median: 31.0%) among students who had sexual
contact with only the opposite sex, from 20.4% to 40.9%
(median: 31.3%) among students who had sexual contact with
only the same sex or with both sexes, and from 20.3% to 41.4%
(median: 28.1%) among students who had no sexual contact.
Attended Physical Education Classes
Nationwide, 51.6% of all students; 52.2% of heterosexual
students; 50.2% of gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and
50.7% of not sure students went to physical education (PE)
classes on 1 or more days in an average week when they were
in school (i.e., attended PE classes) (Table 111). Among male
students, the prevalence of having attended PE classes was
higher among heterosexual students (56.2%) than gay or
bisexual students (44.7%). The prevalence also was higher
among heterosexual male students (56.2%) than heterosexual
female students (47.6%).
Across 24 states, the prevalence of having attended PE classes
ranged from 31.1% to 88.6% (median: 42.4%) among
heterosexual students; from 33.6% to 84.2% (median: 39.0%)
among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and from 27.8% to
83.6% (median: 41.9%) among not sure students. Across 14
large urban school districts, the prevalence ranged from 31.3%
to 84.3% (median: 44.4%) among heterosexual students; from
33.5% to 83.2% (median: 43.0%) among gay, lesbian, and
bisexual students; and from 29.3% to 84.2% (median: 45.8%)
among not sure students.
70 MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Nationwide, 50.0% of students who had sexual contact
with only the opposite sex, 47.7% of students who had sexual
contact with only the same sex or with both sexes, and 54.9%
of students who had no sexual contact had attended PE classes.
The prevalence of having attended PE classes was higher among
students who had no sexual contact (54.9%) than students who
had sexual contact with only the opposite sex (50.0%) and
students who had sexual contact with only the same sex or with
both sexes (47.7%). Among female students, the prevalence was
higher among those who had no sexual contact (53.5%) than
those who had sexual contact with only males (42.1%). The
prevalence also was higher among heterosexual male students
(56.0%) than heterosexual female students (42.1%).
Across 22 states, the prevalence of having attended PE
classes ranged from 31.4% to 90.1% (median: 42.3%) among
students who had sexual contact with only the opposite sex,
from 28.3% to 81.1% (median: 39.5%) among students
who had sexual contact with only the same sex or with both
sexes, and from 27.8% to 92.9% (median: 43.6%) among
students who had no sexual contact. Across 14 large urban
school districts, the prevalence ranged from 32.8% to 83.5%
(median: 44.4%) among students who had sexual contact with
only the opposite sex, from 29.5% to 82.3% (median: 43.6%)
among students who had sexual contact with only the same sex
or with both sexes, and from 29.8% to 87.0% (median: 43.2%)
among students who had no sexual contact.
Attended Physical Education Classes Daily
Nationwide, 29.8% of all students; 30.6% of heterosexual
students; 27.4% of gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and
29.1% of not sure students went to physical education (PE)
classes on all 5 days in an average week when they were in
school (i.e., attended PE classes daily) (Table 112). Among
male students, the prevalence of having attended PE classes
daily was higher among heterosexual students (35.1%) than gay
or bisexual students (22.1%). The prevalence also was higher
among heterosexual male students (35.1%) than heterosexual
female students (25.3%).
Across 24 states, the prevalence of having attended PE classes
daily ranged from 5.8% to 63.1% (median: 22.9%) among
heterosexual students; from 4.5% to 42.8% (median: 18.8%)
among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and from 6.8% to
56.8% (median: 16.6%) among not sure students. Across 14
large urban school districts, the prevalence ranged from 8.7%
to 43.0% (median: 24.2%) among heterosexual students; from
9.7% to 39.2% (median: 17.9%) among gay, lesbian, and
bisexual students; and from 2.6% to 40.3% (median: 16.5%)
among not sure students.
Nationwide, 31.0% of students who had sexual contact
with only the opposite sex, 26.1% of students who had sexual
 Surveillance Summaries
contact with only the same sex or with both sexes, and 30.2%
of students who had no sexual contact had attended PE classes
daily. The prevalence of having attended PE classes daily was
higher among students who had sexual contact with only the
opposite sex (31.0%) than students who sexual contact with
only the same sex or with both sexes (26.1%). Among male
students, the prevalence was higher among those who had sexual
contact with only females (36.2%) than those who had sexual
contact with only the same sex or with both sexes (24.7%). The
prevalence also was higher among heterosexual male students
(36.2%) than heterosexual female students (24.1%).
Across 22 states, the prevalence of having attended PE
classes daily ranged from 5.3% to 61.0% (median: 21.6%)
among students who had sexual contact with only the opposite
sex, from 4.0% to 53.7% (median: 17.6%) among students
who had sexual contact with only the same sex or with both
sexes, and from 6.2% to 66.1% (median: 22.3%) among
students who had no sexual contact. Across 14 large urban
school districts, the prevalence ranged from 9.5% to 38.8%
(median: 25.4%) among students who had sexual contact with
only the opposite sex, from 9.2% to 36.4% (median: 18.3%)
among students who had sexual contact with only the same sex
or with both sexes, and from 6.4% to 50.8% (median: 23.1%)
among students who had no sexual contact.
Played on at Least One Sports Team
Nationwide, 57.6% of all students; 60.7% of heterosexual
students; 36.9% of gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and
37.4% of not sure students had played on at least one sports
team (run by their school or community groups) during the
12 months before the survey (Table 113). The prevalence of
having played on at least one sports team was higher among
heterosexual students (60.7%) than gay, lesbian, and bisexual
students (36.9%) and not sure students (37.4%). Among
female students, the prevalence was higher among heterosexual
students (56.4%) than lesbian or bisexual students (35.5%)
and not sure students (38.0%). Among male students,
the prevalence was higher among heterosexual students
(64.3%) than gay or bisexual students (40.5%) and not sure
students (37.5%). The prevalence also was higher among
heterosexual male students (64.3%) than heterosexual female
students (56.4%).
Across 15 states, the prevalence of having played on at least
one sports team ranged from 49.9% to 64.7% (median: 57.7%)
among heterosexual students; from 27.2% to 51.0%
(median: 39.4%) among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students;
and from 28.5% to 57.4% (median: 39.2%) among not sure
students. Across 15 large urban school districts, the prevalence
ranged from 45.6% to 57.7% (median: 49.1%) among
heterosexual students; from 30.8% to 52.5% (median: 45.5%)
US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and from 26.8% to
54.4% (median: 40.7%) among not sure students.
Nationwide, 62.1% of students who had sexual contact
with only the opposite sex, 43.2% of students who had sexual
contact with only the same sex or with both sexes, and 55.9%
of students who had no sexual contact had played on at least
one sports team. The prevalence of having played on at least
one sports team was higher among students who had sexual
contact with only the opposite sex (62.1%) than students who
had sexual contact with only the same sex or with both sexes
(43.2%) than students who had no sexual contact (55.9%).
Among female students, the prevalence was higher among
those who had sexual contact with only males (53.9%) and
those who had no sexual contact (54.6%) than those who had
sexual contact with only females or with both sexes (44.1%).
Among male students, the prevalence was higher among those
who had sexual contact with only females (68.5%) than those
who had sexual contact with only males or with both sexes
(40.3%) and those who had no sexual contact (57.4%). The
prevalence also was higher among male students who had sexual
contact with only females (68.5%) than female students who
had sexual contact with only males (53.9%).
Across 14 states, the prevalence of having played on at least
one sports team ranged from 53.0% to 64.8% (median: 58.5%)
among students who had sexual contact with only the opposite
sex, from 29.8% to 58.1% (median: 47.1%) among students
who had sexual contact with only the same sex or with both
sexes, and from 43.0% to 65.5% (median: 52.6%) among
students who had no sexual contact. Across 15 large urban
school districts, the prevalence ranged from 48.8% to 62.1%
(median: 56.6%) among students who had sexual contact with
only the opposite sex, from 39.5% to 56.9% (median: 47.6%)
among students who had sexual contact with only the same sex
or with both sexes, and from 38.8% to 50.7% (median: 44.3%)
among students who had no sexual contact.
Obesity, Overweight, and Weight Control
Obesity
Nationwide, 13.9% of all students; 13.4% of heterosexual
students; 18.1% of gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and
16.3% of not sure students had obesity (Table 114). The
prevalence of obesity was higher among gay, lesbian and
bisexual students (18.1%) than heterosexual students (13.4%).
Among female students, the prevalence was higher among
lesbian and bisexual students (17.2%) than heterosexual
students (9.8%). The prevalence also was higher among
heterosexual male students (16.5%) than heterosexual female
students (9.8%).
MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 71
 Surveillance Summaries
Across 25 states, the prevalence of obesity ranged from
9.9% to 17.8% (median: 12.7%) among heterosexual
students; from 11.4% to 28.1% (median: 20.1) among gay,
lesbian, and bisexual students; and from 6.1% to 37.3%
(median: 16.9%) among not sure students. Across 19 large
urban school districts, the prevalence ranged from 9.6% to
22.3% (median: 12.4%) among heterosexual students; from
10.0% to 28.4% (median: 16.4%) among gay, lesbian, and
bisexual students; and from 6.9% to 30.0% (median: 14.3%)
among not sure students.
Nationwide, 12.7% of students who had sexual contact
with only the opposite sex, 16.1% of students who had
sexual contact with only the same sex or with both sexes, and
14.9% of students who had no sexual contact had obesity.
The prevalence of obesity was higher among students who
had no sexual contact (14.9%) than students who had sexual
contact with only the opposite sex (12.7%). Among female
students, the prevalence was higher among those who had no
sexual contact (11.5%) than those who had sexual contact with
only males (9.3%). Among male students, the prevalence was
higher among those who had no sexual contact (18.4%) than
those who had sexual contact with only females (15.3%). The
prevalence also was higher among male students who had sexual
contact with only females (15.3%) than female students who
had sexual contact with only males (9.3%) and higher among
male students who had no sexual contact (18.4%) than female
students who had no sexual contact (11.5%).
Across 23 states, the prevalence of obesity ranged from 8.2%
to 15.8% (median: 11.0%) among students who had sexual
contact with only the opposite sex, from 8.4% to 34.7%
(median: 18.4%) among students who had sexual contact with
only the same sex or with both sexes, and from 10.6% to 20.5%
(median: 14.5%) among students who had no sexual contact.
Across 19 large urban school districts, the prevalence ranged
from 9.9% to 21.4% (median: 12.7%) among students who had
sexual contact with only the opposite sex, from 7.9% to 22.0%
(median: 15.8%) among students who had sexual contact with
only the same sex or with both sexes, and from 8.9% to 20.5%
(median: 13.4%) among students who had no sexual contact.
Overweight
Nationwide, 16.0% of all students; 16.1% of heterosexual
students; 17.4% of gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and
15.2% of not sure students were overweight (Table 115).
The prevalence of overweight was higher among lesbian and
bisexual female students (19.5%) than gay and bisexual male
students (11.8%).
Across 25 states, the prevalence of overweight ranged from
13.6% to 17.5% (median: 15.1%) among heterosexual
students; from 12.1% to 27.0% (median: 17.8%) among
72 MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and from 13.4% to 25.8%
(median: 17.4%) among not sure students. Across 19 large
urban school districts, the prevalence ranged from 12.8% to
21.4% (median: 16.7%) among heterosexual students; from
12.1% to 26.8% (median: 18.7%) among gay, lesbian, and
bisexual students; and from 4.8% to 25.4% (median: 18.4%)
among not sure students.
Nationwide, 16.1% of students who had sexual contact
with only the opposite sex, 20.3% of students who had sexual
contact with only the same sex or with both sexes, and 15.7%
of students who had no sexual contact were overweight. The
prevalence of overweight was higher among students who
had sexual contact with only the same sex or with both sexes
(20.3%) than students who had sexual contact with only the
opposite sex (16.1%) and students who had no sexual contact
(15.7%). Among female students, the prevalence of overweight
was higher among those who had sexual contact with only
females or with both sexes (21.5%) than those who had sexual
contact with only males (15.6%).
Across 23 states, the prevalence of overweight ranged from
13.5% to 18.5% (median: 15.0%) among students who had
sexual contact with only the opposite sex, from 11.9% to
27.5% (median: 17.9%) among students who had sexual
contact with only the same sex or with both sexes, and from
12.6% to 17.1% (median: 14.9%) among students who had
no sexual contact. Across 19 large urban school districts, the
prevalence ranged from 12.0% to 21.0% (median: 16.4%)
among students who had sexual contact with only the opposite
sex, from 12.3% to 28.4% (median: 20.7%) among students
who had sexual contact with only the same sex or with both
sexes, and from 9.6% to 19.6% (median: 16.9%) among
students who had no sexual contact.
Described Themselves as Overweight
Nationwide, 31.5% of all students; 30.1% of heterosexual
students; 41.1% of gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and
38.1% of not sure students described themselves as slightly
or very overweight (Table 116). The prevalence of students
describing themselves as overweight was higher among gay,
lesbian, and bisexual students (41.1%) and not sure students
(38.1%) than heterosexual students (30.1%). Among female
students, the prevalence was higher among lesbian and
bisexual students (44.7%) and not sure students (47.2%) than
heterosexual students (36.8%). The prevalence also was higher
among heterosexual female students (36.8%) than heterosexual
male students (24.4%), higher among lesbian and bisexual
female students (44.7%) than gay and bisexual male students
(31.7%), and higher among not sure female students (47.2%)
than not sure male students (27.1%).
 Surveillance Summaries
Across 22 states, the prevalence of students describing
themselves as overweight ranged from 25.1% to 32.6%
(median: 29.7%) among heterosexual students; from 31.7%
to 49.4% (median: 41.9%) among gay, lesbian, and bisexual
students; and from 23.7% to 62.0% (median: 41.1%) among
not sure students. Across 18 large urban school districts, the
prevalence ranged from 23.4% to 34.1% (median: 28.4%) among
heterosexual students; from 24.1% to 55.2% (median: 33.8%)
among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and from 27.0% to
48.8% (median: 35.5%) among not sure students.
Nationwide, 28.7% of students who had sexual contact
with only the opposite sex, 44.9% of students who had sexual
contact with only the same sex or with both sexes, and 32.6%
of students who had no sexual contact described themselves
as slightly or very overweight. The prevalence of students
describing themselves as overweight was higher among students
who had sexual contact with only the same sex or with both
sexes (44.9%) than students who had sexual contact with only
the opposite sex (28.7%) and students who had no sexual
contact (32.6%) and higher among students who had no sexual
contact (32.6%) than students who had sexual contact with
only the opposite sex (28.7%). Among female students, the
prevalence was higher among those who had sexual contact
with only females or with both sexes (48.5%) than those who
had sexual contact with only males (37.0%) and those who
had no sexual contact (37.6%). Among male students, the
prevalence was higher among those who had sexual contact
with only males or with both sexes (34.3%) and those who had
no sexual contact (27.4%) than those who had sexual contact
with only females (22.2%). The prevalence also was higher
among female students who had sexual contact with only
males (37.0%) than male students who had sexual contact with
only females (22.2%), higher among female students who had
sexual contact with only females or with both sexes (48.5%)
than male students who had sexual contact with only males or
with both sexes (34.3%), and higher among female students
who had no sexual contact (37.6%) than male students who
had no sexual contact (27.4%).
Across 20 states, the prevalence of students describing
themselves as overweight ranged from 23.8% to 33.2%
(median: 28.2%) among students who had sexual contact with
only the opposite sex, from 32.3% to 49.9% (median: 41.4%)
among students who had sexual contact with only the same sex
or with both sexes, and from 27.3% to 35.7% (median: 32.4%)
among students who had no sexual contact. Across 18 large
urban school districts, the prevalence ranged from 20.0%
to 31.4% (median: 26.5%) among students who had sexual
contact with only the opposite sex, from 21.9% to 49.8%
(median: 34.5%) among students who had sexual contact with
US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
only the same sex or with both sexes, and from 27.6% to 37.9%
(median: 32.3%) among students who had no sexual contact.
Were Trying to Lose Weight
Nationwide, 45.6% of all students; 44.5% of heterosexual
students; 56.3% of gay, lesbian, and bisexual students;
and 46.2% of not sure students were trying to lose weight
(Table 117). The prevalence of trying to lose weight was
higher among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students (56.3%) than
heterosexual students (44.5%) and not sure students (46.2%).
The prevalence also was higher among heterosexual female
students (60.6%) than heterosexual male students (30.8%),
higher among lesbian and bisexual female students (62.8%)
than gay and bisexual male students (39.1%), and higher
among not sure female students (57.3%) than not sure male
students (32.1%).
Across 20 states, the prevalence of trying to lose weight
ranged from 40.5% to 48.5% (median: 45.5%) among
heterosexual students; from 48.6% to 68.2% (median: 55.3%)
among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and from 31.0% to
70.7% (median: 46.0%) among not sure students. Across 17
large urban school districts, the prevalence ranged from 38.8%
to 54.3% (median: 45.3%) among heterosexual students; from
42.3% to 68.7% (median: 51.3%) among gay, lesbian, and
bisexual students; and from 39.0% to 57.7% (median: 49.6%)
among not sure students.
Nationwide, 43.4% of students who had sexual contact
with only the opposite sex, 58.1% of students who had sexual
contact with only the same sex or with both sexes, and 46.1%
of students who had no sexual contact were trying to lose
weight. The prevalence of trying to lose weight was higher
among students who had sexual contact with only the same
sex or with both sexes (58.1%) than students who had sexual
contact with only the opposite sex (43.4%) and students who
had no sexual contact (46.1%) and higher among students
who had no sexual contact (46.1%) than students who had
sexual contact with only the opposite sex (43.4%). Among
female students, the prevalence was higher among those who
had sexual contact with only males (63.0%) and those who had
sexual contact with only females or with both sexes (65.2%)
than those who had no sexual contact (58.1%). Among male
students, the prevalence was higher among those who had
sexual contact with only males or with both sexes (37.0%)
and those who had no sexual contact (33.4%) than those who
had sexual contact with only females (28.4%). The prevalence
also was higher among female students who had sexual contact
with only males (63.0%) than male students who had sexual
contact with only females (28.4%), higher among female
students who had sexual contact with only females or with
both sexes (65.2%) than male students who had sexual contact
MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 73
 Surveillance Summaries
with only males or with both sexes (37.0%), and higher among
female students who had no sexual contact (58.1%) than male
students who had no sexual contact (33.4%).
Across 18 states, the prevalence of trying to lose weight
ranged from 40.0% to 48.7% (median: 44.1%) among
students who had sexual contact with only the opposite sex,
from 45.8% to 63.7% (median: 56.6%) among students
who had sexual contact with only the same sex or with both
sexes, and from 40.9% to 50.1% (median: 46.3%) among
students who had no sexual contact. Across 17 large urban
school districts, the prevalence ranged from 30.2% to 51.2%
(median: 41.9%) among students who had sexual contact with
only the opposite sex, from 41.8% to 66.2% (median: 52.9%)
among students who had sexual contact with only the same sex
or with both sexes, and from 43.5% to 56.2% (median: 48.7%)
among students who had no sexual contact.
Other Health-Related Topics
Ever Had Asthma
Nationwide, 22.8% of all students; 22.5% of heterosexual
students; 28.9% of gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and
24.3% of not sure students had ever been told by a doctor or
nurse that they had asthma (i.e., ever had asthma) (Table 118).
The prevalence of having ever had asthma was higher among
gay, lesbian, and bisexual students (28.9%) than heterosexual
students (22.5%). Among female students, the prevalence
was higher among lesbian and bisexual students (28.3%)
than heterosexual students (23.0%). Among male students,
the prevalence was higher among gay and bisexual students
(30.8%) than heterosexual students (21.9%).
Across 18 states, the prevalence of having ever had asthma
ranged from 20.1% to 31.1% (median: 24.6%) among
heterosexual students; from 20.2% to 36.4% (median: 30.6%)
among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and from 15.0%
to 36.7% (median: 23.7%) among not sure students. Across
17 large urban school districts, the prevalence ranged from
18.1% to 33.7% (median: 23.1%) among heterosexual
students; from 20.3% to 39.1% (median: 29.6%) among
gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and from 13.0% to 48.4%
(median: 23.4%) among not sure students.
Nationwide, 24.7% of students who had sexual contact with
only the opposite sex, 29.5% of students who had sexual contact
with only the same sex or with both sexes, and 19.9% of students
who had no sexual contact had ever had asthma. The prevalence
of having ever had asthma was higher among students who had
sexual contact with only the same sex or with both sexes (29.5%)
than students who had sexual contact with only the opposite sex
(24.7%) and students who had no sexual contact (19.9%) and
74 MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
higher among students who had sexual contact with only the
opposite sex (24.7%) than students who had no sexual contact
(19.9%). Among female students, the prevalence was higher
among those who had sexual contact with only females or with
both sexes (31.4%) than those who had sexual contact with only
males (25.8%) and those who had no sexual contact (19.9%)
and higher among those who had sexual contact with only males
(25.8%) than those who had no sexual contact (19.9%). Among
male students, the prevalence was higher among those who had
sexual contact with only females (23.9%) than those who had no
sexual contact (19.8%). The prevalence also was higher among
female students who had sexual contact with only females or
with both sexes (31.4%) than male students who had sexual
contact with only males or with both sexes (23.3%).
Across 18 states, the prevalence of having ever had asthma
ranged from 20.1% to 33.4% (median: 24.9%) among
students who had sexual contact with only the opposite sex,
from 18.1% to 39.9% (median: 30.4%) among students
who had sexual contact with only the same sex or with both
sexes, and from 18.6% to 29.5% (median: 22.4%) among
students who had no sexual contact. Across 17 large urban
school districts, the prevalence ranged from 20.4% to 35.3%
(median: 24.4%) among students who had sexual contact with
only the opposite sex, from 19.9% to 36.9% (median: 28.5%)
among students who had sexual contact with only the same sex
or with both sexes, and from 16.1% to 29.4% (median: 19.7%)
among students who had no sexual contact.
Saw a Dentist
Nationwide, 74.4% of all students; 75.6% of heterosexual
students; 66.0% of gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and
60.4% of not sure students saw a dentist for a check-up, exam,
teeth cleaning, or other dental work during the 12 months
before the survey (Table 119). The prevalence of having seen
a dentist was higher among heterosexual students (75.6%)
than gay, lesbian, and bisexual students (66.0%) and not sure
students (60.4%). Among female students, the prevalence
was higher among heterosexual students (76.9%) than lesbian
and bisexual students (67.2%) and not sure students (63.3%).
Among male students, the prevalence was higher among
heterosexual students (74.6%) than not sure students (58.7%).
Across 20 states, the prevalence of having seen a dentist
ranged from 67.2% to 83.2% (median: 75.4%) among
heterosexual students; from 54.9% to 74.7% (median: 65.3%)
among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and from 42.1% to
76.2% (median: 61.0%) among not sure students. Across 17
large urban school districts, the prevalence ranged from 56.3%
to 73.4% (median: 67.3%) among heterosexual students; from
49.3% to 69.2% (median: 58.0%) among gay, lesbian, and
 Surveillance Summaries
bisexual students; and from 40.6% to 69.0% (median: 56.4%)
among not sure students.
Nationwide, 72.7% of students who had sexual contact
with only the opposite sex, 63.0% of students who had sexual
contact with only the same sex or with both sexes, and 78.7%
of students who had no sexual contact had seen a dentist.
The prevalence of having seen a dentist was higher among
students who had no sexual contact (78.7%) than students
who had sexual contact with only the opposite sex (72.7%)
and students who had sexual contact with only the same sex
or with both sexes (63.0%) and higher among students who
had sexual contact with only the opposite sex (72.7%) than
students who had sexual contact with only the same sex or with
both sexes (63.0%). Among female students, the prevalence
was higher among those who had no sexual contact (79.5%)
than those who had sexual contact with only males (73.6%)
and those who had sexual contact with only females or with
both sexes (65.0%). Among male students, the prevalence was
higher among those who had no sexual contact (77.8%) than
those who had sexual contact with only females (72.1%) and
those who had sexual contact with only males or with both
sexes (57.0%).
Across 19 states, the prevalence of having seen a dentist
ranged from 65.3% to 81.3% (median: 72.8%) among
students who had sexual contact with only the opposite sex,
from 53.4% to 76.4% (median: 65.0%) among students
who had sexual contact with only the same sex or with both
sexes, and from 68.7% to 85.0% (median: 76.9%) among
students who had no sexual contact. Across 17 large urban
school districts, the prevalence ranged from 56.4% to 73.6%
(median: 66.0%) among students who had sexual contact with
only the opposite sex, from 46.8% to 67.1% (median: 56.8%)
among students who had sexual contact with only the same sex
or with both sexes, and from 60.1% to 74.8% (median: 69.5%)
among students who had no sexual contact.
Eight or More Hours of Sleep
Nationwide, 27.3% of all students; 28.3% of heterosexual
students; 23.4% of gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and
21.5% of not sure students got 8 or more hours of sleep on
an average school night (Table 120). The prevalence of getting
8 or more hours of sleep was higher among heterosexual
students (28.3%) than gay, lesbian, and bisexual students
(23.4%) and not sure students (21.5%). The prevalence also
was higher among heterosexual male students (30.8%) than
heterosexual female students (25.3%).
Across 21 states, the prevalence of getting 8 or more hours of
sleep ranged from 19.0% to 33.1% (median: 24.8%) among
heterosexual students; from 8.5% to 25.9% (median: 17.4%)
among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and from 5.2% to
US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
28.3% (median: 21.6%) among not sure students. Across 19
large urban school districts, the prevalence ranged from 14.6%
to 31.2% (median: 21.4%) among heterosexual students; from
9.4% to 26.6% (median: 16.8%) among gay, lesbian, and
bisexual students; and from 12.8% to 38.8% (median: 20.9%)
among not sure students.
Nationwide, 24.8% of students who had sexual contact
with only the opposite sex, 20.5% of students who had sexual
contact with only the same sex or with both sexes, and 31.2%
of students who had no sexual contact got 8 or more hours of
sleep. The prevalence of getting 8 or more hours of sleep was
higher among students who had no sexual contact (31.2%)
than students who had sexual contact with only the opposite
sex (24.8%) and students who had sexual contact with only the
same sex or with both sexes (20.5%). Among female students,
the prevalence was higher among those who had no sexual
contact (27.4%) than those who had sexual contact with only
males (22.8%) and those who had sexual contact with only
females or with both sexes (18.1%). Among male students, the
prevalence was higher among those who had no sexual contact
(35.3%) than those who had sexual contact with only females
(26.3%). The prevalence also was higher among male students
who had sexual contact with only females (26.3%) than female
students who had sexual contact with only males (22.8%),
higher among male students who had sexual contact with
only males or with both sexes (27.4%) than female students
who had sexual contact with only females or with both sexes
(18.1%), and higher among male students who had no sexual
contact (35.3%) than female students who had no sexual
contact (27.4%).
Across 20 states, the prevalence of getting 8 or more hours
of sleep ranged from 13.9% to 27.7% (median: 21.2%)
among students who had sexual contact with only the opposite
sex, from 8.3% to 26.6% (median: 17.6%) among students
who had sexual contact with only the same sex or with both
sexes, and from 23.4% to 37.1% (median: 27.4%) among
students who had no sexual contact. Across 19 large urban
school districts, the prevalence ranged from 12.7% to 28.9%
(median: 19.2%) among students who had sexual contact with
only the opposite sex, from 8.0% to 22.6% (median: 17.0%)
among students who had sexual contact with only the same sex
or with both sexes, and from 17.9% to 37.6% (median: 24.2%)
among students who had no sexual contact.
Indoor Tanning Device Use
Nationwide, 7.3% of all students; 7.2% of heterosexual
students; 6.2% of gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and 13.1%
of not sure students had used an indoor tanning device, such as
a sunlamp, sunbed, or tanning booth (not including getting a
spray-on tan), one or more times during the 12 months before
MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 75
 Surveillance Summaries
the survey (i.e., indoor tanning device use) (Table 121). The
prevalence of indoor tanning device use was higher among
not sure students (13.1%) than heterosexual students (7.2%)
and gay, lesbian, and bisexual students (6.2%). Among female
students, the prevalence was higher among heterosexual females
(11.7%) than lesbian and bisexual students (5.8%). Among male
students, the prevalence was higher among not sure students
(18.1%) than heterosexual students (3.4%). The prevalence also
was higher among heterosexual female students (11.7%) than
heterosexual male students (3.4%).
Nationwide, 10.7% of students who had sexual contact
with only the opposite sex, 13.0% of students who had sexual
contact with only the same sex or with both sexes, and 2.8% of
students who had no sexual contact had used an indoor tanning
device. The prevalence of indoor tanning device use was higher
among students who had sexual contact with only the opposite
sex (10.7%) and students who had sexual contact with only the
same sex or with both sexes (13.0%) than students who had no
sexual contact (2.8%). Among female students, the prevalence
was higher among those who had sexual contact with only males
(18.2%) than those who had sexual contact with only females or
with both sexes (11.9%) and those who had no sexual contact
(4.1%) and higher among those who had sexual contact with
only females or with both sexes (11.9%) than those who had
no sexual contact (4.1%). Among male students, the prevalence
was higher among those who had sexual contact with only males
or with both sexes (16.5%) than those who had sexual contact
with only females (4.7%) and those who had no sexual contact
(1.4%) and higher among those who had sexual contact with
only females (4.7%) than those who had no sexual contact
(1.4%). The prevalence also was higher among female students
who had sexual contact with only males (18.2%) than male
students who had sexual contact with only females (4.7%) and
higher among female students who had no sexual contact (4.1%)
than male students who had no sexual contact (1.4%).
The question this variable is based on was not included in
the standard questionnaire used in the state and large urban
school district surveys in 2015. Consequently, the range and
median prevalence estimates across states and large urban
school districts for the prevalence of indoor tanning device use
by sexual minority subgroups are not available.
Had a Sunburn
Nationwide, 55.8% of all students; 56.3% of heterosexual
students; 52.3% of gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and
50.6% of not sure students had a sunburn (including even a
small part of their skin turning red or hurting for 12 hours or
more after being outside in the sun or after using a sunlamp
or other indoor tanning device) one or more times during the
12 months before the survey (i.e., had a sunburn) (Table 122).
76 MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Among female students, the prevalence of having had a sunburn
was higher among heterosexual students (61.0%) than lesbian
or bisexual students (52.7%) and not sure students (48.9%).
The prevalence also was higher among heterosexual female
students (61.0%) than heterosexual male students (52.2%).
Nationwide, 58.3% of students who had sexual contact
with only the opposite sex, 58.1% of students who had sexual
contact with only the same sex or with both sexes, and 52.9%
of students who had no sexual contact had had a sunburn.
The prevalence of having had a sunburn was higher among
students who had sexual contact with only the opposite sex
(58.3%) than students who had no sexual contact (52.9%).
Among female students, the prevalence was higher among those
who had sexual contact with only males (64.1%) than those
who had no sexual contact (55.9%). The prevalence also was
higher among female students who had sexual contact with
only males (64.1%) than male students who had sexual contact
with only females (53.6%) and higher among female students
who had no sexual contact (55.9%) than male students who
had no sexual contact (49.8%).
The question this variable is based on was not included in
the standard questionnaire used in the state and large urban
school district surveys in 2015. Consequently, the range and
median prevalence estimates across states and large urban
school districts for the prevalence of having had a sunburn by
sexual minority subgroups are not available.
Avoided Foods Because of Allergic Reaction Risk
Nationwide, 16.0% of all students; 15.1% of heterosexual
students; 23.3% of gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; and
17.4% of not sure students avoided foods because eating the
food could cause an allergic reaction (such as skin rashes,
swelling, itching, vomiting, coughing, or trouble breathing)
(Table 123). The prevalence of avoiding foods because eating
the food could cause an allergic reaction was higher among
gay, lesbian, and bisexual students (23.3%) than heterosexual
students (15.1%) and not sure students (17.4%). Among
female students, the prevalence was higher among lesbian and
bisexual students (25.2%) than heterosexual students (19.1%).
The prevalence also was higher among heterosexual female
students (19.1%) than heterosexual male students (11.6%) and
higher among lesbian and bisexual female students (25.2%)
than gay and bisexual male students (15.0%).
Nationwide, 16.5% of students who had sexual contact
with only the opposite sex, 22.5% of students who had sexual
contact with only the same sex or with both sexes, and 13.8% of
students who had no sexual contact had avoided foods because
eating the food could cause an allergic reaction. The prevalence
of avoiding foods because eating the food could cause an
allergic reaction was higher among students who had sexual
 Surveillance Summaries
contact with only the same sex or with both sexes (22.5%)
than students who had sexual contact with only the opposite
sex (16.5%) and students who had no sexual contact (13.8%)
and higher among students who had sexual contact with only
the opposite sex (16.5%) than students who had no sexual
contact (13.8%). Among female students, the prevalence was
higher among those who had sexual contact with only males
(20.9%) and those who had sexual contact with only females
or with both sexes (24.8%) than those who had no sexual
contact (17.3%). Among male students, the prevalence was
higher among those who had sexual contact with only females
(13.0%) than those who had no sexual contact (10.1%). The
prevalence also was higher among female students who had
sexual contact with only males (20.9%) than male students who
had sexual contact with only females (13.0%), higher among
female students who had sexual contact with only females or
with both sexes (24.8%) than male students who had sexual
contact with only males or with both sexes (15.3%), and higher
among female students who had no sexual contact (17.3%)
than male students who had no sexual contact (10.1%).
The question this variable is based on was not included in
the standard questionnaire used in the state and large urban
school district surveys in 2015. Consequently, the range and
median prevalence estimates across states and large urban
school districts for the prevalence of avoiding foods because
eating the food could cause an allergic reaction by sexual
minority subgroups are not available.
Discussion
YRBSS has been measuring sexual identity and sex of sexual
contacts at the state and local levels longer than any other
public health surveillance system in the United States and has
now generated the first national estimates of the size of sexual
minority subgroups (as defined by sexual identity and sex of
sexual contacts) among students in grades 912. Other large,
national public health surveys (National Survey of Family
Growth, National Health Interview Survey, National Health
and Nutrition Examination Survey, and the National Survey
on Drug Use and Health) have published estimates of sexual
identity subgroups and/or sex of sexual contact subgroups
mostly for adults aged 18 years.
Although the majority of the 16,067,000 students estimated
to be attending public and private schools in grades 912
nationwide in 2015 (18) are heterosexual, this report indicates
that approximately 321,000 are gay or lesbian, 964,000 are
bisexual, and 514,000 are not sure of their sexual identity. In
addition, approximately 273,000 of all students in grades 912
have had sexual contact with only the same sex and 739,000
US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
have had sexual contact with both sexes. Sexual minority
students are part of every community and are as racially,
ethnically, socially, economically, and geographically diverse
as their nonsexual minority peers.
Regardless of whether sexual identity or sex of sexual
contacts is used to describe sexual minority students, this
report documents that sexual minority students have a higher
prevalence of many health-risk behaviors compared with
nonsexual minority students. For example, across the 18
violence-related risk behaviors nationwide, the prevalence of
16 was higher among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students than
heterosexual students and the prevalence of 15 was higher
among students who had sexual contact with only the same
sex or with both sexes than students who had sexual contact
with only the opposite sex. For nine of these behaviors (did
not go to school because of safety concerns; having ever been
forced to have sexual intercourse; physical dating violence;
sexual dating violence; having felt sad or hopeless; seriously
considered attempting suicide; made a suicide plan; attempted
suicide; and made a suicide attempt that resulted in an injury,
poisoning, or overdose that had to be treated by a doctor or
nurse), gay, lesbian, or bisexual students had a twofold or
greater prevalence estimate than heterosexual students and for
nine of these behaviors (injured in a physical fight; did not go
to school because of safety concerns; having ever been forced
to have sexual intercourse; physical dating violence; sexual
dating violence; seriously considered attempting suicide; make
a suicide plan; attempted suicide; and made a suicide attempt
that resulted in an injury, poisoning, or overdose that had
to be treated by a doctor or nurse) students who had sexual
contact with only the same sex or with both sexes had a twofold
or greater prevalence estimate than students who had sexual
contact with only the opposite sex.
Across the 13 tobacco use-related risk behaviors, the
prevalence of 11 was higher among gay, lesbian, and bisexual
students than heterosexual students and the prevalence of 10
was higher among students who had sexual contact with only
the same sex or with both sexes than students who had sexual
contact with only the opposite sex. For three of these behaviors
(having smoked a whole cigarette before age 13 years, current
frequent cigarette use, and current daily cigarette use) gay,
lesbian, or bisexual students had a twofold or greater prevalence
estimate than heterosexual students and for three of these
behaviors (current frequent cigarette use, smoking more than
10 cigarettes per day, and current daily cigarette use) students
who had sexual contact with only the same sex or with both
sexes had a twofold or greater prevalence estimate than students
who had sexual contact with only the opposite sex.
Similarly, across the 19 alcohol or other drug use-related
risk behaviors, the prevalence of 18 was higher among gay,
MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 77
 Surveillance Summaries
lesbian, and bisexual students than heterosexual students
and the prevalence of 17 was higher among students who
had sexual contact with only the same sex or with both sexes
than students who had sexual contact with only the opposite
sex. For nine of these behaviors (tried marijuana before age
13 years, ever used hallucinogenic drugs, ever used cocaine, ever
used ecstasy, ever used heroin, ever used methamphetamines,
ever took steroids without a doctors prescription, ever used
inhalants, and ever injected any illegal drug) gay, lesbian, or
bisexual students had a twofold or greater prevalence estimate
than heterosexual students and for seven of these behaviors
(ever used cocaine, ever used ecstasy, ever used heroin, ever
used methamphetamines, ever took steroids without a doctors
prescription, ever used inhalants, and ever injected any illegal
drug) students who had sexual contact with only the same
sex or with both sexes had a twofold or greater prevalence
estimate than students who had sexual contact with only the
opposite sex.
The same pattern also was evident across the six sexual
risk behaviors. The prevalence of five of these risk behaviors
was higher among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students than
heterosexual students and the prevalence of four was higher
among students who had sexual contact with only the same
sex or with both sexes than students who had sexual contact
with only the opposite sex. For two of these risk behaviors
(had sexual intercourse before aged 13 years and not using any
method to prevent pregnancy) gay, lesbian, or bisexual students
and students who had sexual contact with only the same sex or
with both sexes had a twofold or greater prevalence estimate
than heterosexual students and students who had sexual contact
with only the opposite sex, respectively.
When the results were examined for male and female
students separately, the same general patterns emerged for
violence-related risk behaviors, tobacco use-related risk
behaviors, alcohol or other drug use-related risk behaviors, and
sexual risk behaviors. In contrast, no clear pattern of differences
by sexual identity or sex of sexual contact subgroups overall
or for male and female students separately emerged for birth
control use, dietary behaviors, and physical activity. However,
the prevalence of not drinking water and not participating in
at least 60 minutes of physical activity on at least 1 day during
the 7 days before the survey was twofold or greater among
gay, lesbian, and bisexual students than heterosexual students.
This report also demonstrates that some students are not
yet sure of their sexual identity. Not sure students and gay,
lesbian, and bisexual students often have a similar prevalence
of many health-risk behaviors and not sure students often
have a higher prevalence of many health-risk behaviors than
heterosexual students. For example, across the 18 violence-
related risk behaviors nationwide, the prevalence of 15 was
78 MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
higher among not sure students than heterosexual students and
across the 19 alcohol or other drug use-related risk behaviors,
the prevalence of 13 was higher among not sure students than
heterosexual students.
Further, this report demonstrates that students who had no
sexual contact have a much lower prevalance of most health-risk
behaviors compared with students who had sexual contact with
only the opposite sex and students who had sexual contact with
only the same sex or with both sexes. For example, across the
18 violence-related risk behaviors nationwide, the prevalence
of all 18 was higher among students who had sexual contact
with only the opposite sex and students who had sexual contact
with only the same sex or with both sexes than students who
had no sexual contact. Across the 13 tobacco use-related risk
behaviors, the prevalence of all 13 was higher among students
who had sexual contact with only the opposite sex and students
who had sexual contact with only the same sex or with both
sexes than students who had no sexual contact. Similarly,
across the 19 alcohol or other drug use-related risk behaviors,
the prevalence of all 19 was higher among students who had
sexual contact with only the opposite sex and students who
had sexual contact with only the same sex or with both sexes
than students who had no sexual contact.
Comparison of Data Across Sites
Because all the state and large urban school district surveys
share similar sampling designs, questionnaires, data collection
strategies, and data processing procedures, YRBS data can be
compared across the states and large urban school districts.
Across states, a substantial difference (i.e., a range of 25 or
more percentage points or a fivefold variation or greater)
was identified for 17 behaviors among heterosexual students;
38 behaviors among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students; 69
behaviors among not sure students; 19 behaviors among
students who had sexual contact with only the opposite sex;
41 behaviors for students who had sexual contact with only the
same sex or with both sexes; and 27 behaviors for students who
had no sexual contact. Across the large urban school districts,
a substantial difference was identified for 18 behaviors among
heterosexual students; 38 behaviors among gay, lesbian, and
bisexual students; 58 behaviors among not sure students;
15 behaviors among students who had sexual contact with
only the opposite sex; 33 behaviors for students who had
sexual contact with only the same sex or with both sexes; and
25 behaviors for students who had no sexual contact. Only
eight behaviors (having been electronically bullied, seriously
considered attempting suicide, current marijuana use, ever took
prescription drugs without a doctors prescription, having sexual
intercourse with four or more persons during their life, eating
 Surveillance Summaries
vegetables three or more times per day, not eating breakfast,
and being physically active for at least 60 minutes per day
on all 7 days) did not have a substantial difference across
any of the sexual identity or sex of sexual contact subgroups
among states or large urban school districts. The substantial
differences across states and large urban school districts
may reflect differences in state and local laws and policies,
enforcement practices, access to drugs, availability of effective
school and community interventions, prevailing behavioral and
social norms (including attitudes toward sexual minorities),
the amount of stigma and discrimination, demographic
characteristics of the population, and adult practices and
health-related behaviors. The differences also highlight how
changes in one or more of these factors might contribute to
reductions in health-risk behaviors within and across states and
large urban school districts among students in grades 912.
Public Health Action
Most sexual minority students cope with the transition
from childhood through adolescence to adulthood successfully
and become healthy and productive adults. However, some
sexual minority students struggle because of the disparities in
health-related behaviors documented in this report, particularly
violence-related behaviors and alcohol and other drug use,
that can be compounded by stigma, discrimination, and
homophobia. Because many health-related behaviors initiated
during adolescence often extend into adulthood, they can
potentially have a life-long negative effect on health outcomes,
educational attainment, employment, housing, and overall
quality of life.
Schools have a unique and important role to play in
addressing the health-related behaviors of sexual minority
students. In particular, schools can help reduce stigma and
discrimination by creating and sustaining positive school
environments which are associated with less suicide ideation
and fewer suicide attempts, lower prevalence of substance use,
and fewer school absences among sexual minority students
(1922). This might be accomplished through the following
policies and practices:
Encourage respect for all students and do not allow
bullying, harassment, or violence against any student.
Identify safe spaces (e.g., counselors offices, designated
classrooms, or student organizations) where sexual
minority students can get support from administrators,
teachers, or other school staff.
Encourage student-led and student-organized school clubs
(e.g., gay/straight alliances) that promote school
connectedness and a safe, welcoming, and accepting school
environment for all students.
US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Ensure that health classes and educational materials
include information that is relevant to sexual minority
students and use inclusive words or terms.
Implement professional development opportunities and
encourage all school staff to attend on how to create safe
and supportive school environments for all students,
regardless of sexual minority status.
Make it easier for students to have access to community-based
health care providers who have experience providing health
services, including HIV/STD testing and counseling and
social and psychological services, to sexual minority youth.
Promote parent engagement through outreach efforts and
educational programs that provide parents with the
information and skills they need to help support sexual
minority youth.
The 2014 School Health Policies and Practices Study
(SHPPS) (23) indicates that nationwide during 2014, 21.5% of
middle schools and 51.5% of high schools taught about sexual
identity and sexual orientation as part of required instruction.
In addition, 20.2% of middle schools and 34.6% of high
schools provided health services specifically for gay, lesbian, and
bisexual students and 17.7% of middle schools and 13.9% of
high schools provided services specifically for gay, lesbian, and
bisexual students through providers not on school property.
Nationwide, 12.0% of school health services coordinators in
elementary schools, 10.1% in middle schools, and 16.6% in
high schools and 22.4% of school mental health and social
services coordinators in elementary schools, 21.2% in middle
schools, and 29.7% in high schools had received professional
development on services specifically for gay, lesbian, and
bisexual students during the 2 years before the study.
Schools address bullying through both policies and
practices. According to SHPPS, nationwide in 2014, 98.5%
of elementary, middle, and high schools had adopted a policy
prohibiting bullying on school property; 90.7% had adopted
a policy prohibiting bullying at off-campus, school-sponsored
events; 91.2% had adopted a policy prohibiting electronic
aggression or cyber-bullying on school property; and 84.8%
had adopted a policy prohibiting electronic aggression or cyber-
bullying at off-campus, school-sponsored events. In addition,
81.5% of elementary schools, 86.5% of middle schools, and
66.2% of high schools had or participated in a program to
prevent bullying.
School Health Profiles (Profiles) (24) provides additional
information about how schools nationwide are addressing the
health-related behaviors of sexual minority youth. Specifically
in 2014, a median of 26.7% of middle and high schools
across 47 states had a gay/straight alliance or similar club and
a median of 61.4% of middle and high schools identified safe
spaces where sexual minority students can receive support from
MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 79
 Surveillance Summaries
administrators, teachers, or other school staff. During 2008
2014, in 15 of 37 states, significant increases were observed
in the percentage of secondary schools having a gay/straight
alliance or similar club, and in 26 of 36 states significant
increases were observed in the percentage of secondary
schools identifying safe spaces for sexual minority students.
Nonetheless, these SHPPS and Profiles data demonstrate
how much more schools could be doing to address the needs
of sexual minority students and the health-risk behaviors
they practice.
CDC provides funding and technical assistance to education
agencies in 18 states and the District of Columbia and to 17
large urban school districts to help schools implement effective
policies and practices to reduce sexual risk behaviors among
youth. These programs are focusing increasingly on sexual
minority youth as part of their HIV, STD, and pregnancy
prevention activities. Examples of program activities include:
providing training for district and school staff to ensure that
health curricula are inclusive of and relevant to sexual minority
students, supporting schools in establishing gay/straight
alliances and safe and supportive environments for sexual
minority students, linking schools to community organizations
that provide sexual health services for sexual minority youth,
and developing resources to help school staff understand the
special concerns and needs of sexual minority students. In
addition, CDC provides funding and technical assistance to
47 states and 21 large urban school districts to conduct YRBS.
State and local education and health agencies are using their
YRBS data on sexual identity and sex of sexual contacts to inform
a variety of policies and programs designed to help reduce health-
risk behaviors among sexual minority students. For example, the
Connecticut State Department of Education used their YRBS
data to identify the needs of populations that are disproportionally
affected by HIV, other sexually transmitted infections, and teen
pregnancy and help develop Guidelines for the Sexual Health
Education Component of Comprehensive Health Education for
local school districts on best practice policies, programs, and
instruction in sexual health education. The Massachusetts
Department of Elementary and Secondary Education used their
YRBS data to describe the health-related needs of sexual minority
youth and to support schools in modifying their sexual health
curricula and lessons to make them more inclusive of all youth.
The state reported that, as a result, differences between the percent
of sexual minority youth and all other students who ever learned
about HIV in school were reduced. In addition, YRBS data were
used in a 2-day training of school counselors, social workers, and
nurses to help them understand the risks faced by sexual minority
youth in Massachusetts and how their support can help reduce
those risks. The Vermont Department of Education used their
YRBS data on sexual behaviors and sexual minority students in a
80 MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
series of data briefs to help inform educators and the community
about the health-related needs of youth throughout the state. In
the District of Columbia, the DC Concerned Providers Coalition
used the District of Columbia YRBS data on sexual behaviors
and sexual minority students to initiate development of a youth
mentoring program for sexual minority youth and the District
of Columbia Child and Family Services Agency used their YRBS
data on sexual behaviors and sexual minority youth to support
the development and implementation of a training program
for working effectively with sexual minority youth involved in
the foster care system. The District reported that the training
program helped reduce complaints from sexual minority youth
about unfair or insensitive care while in a placement. The School
District of Philadelphia used their YRBS data on sexual minority
youth to implement changes in professional development
programs for teachers and other school staff to increase sensitivity
and understanding of the issues facing sexual minority youth
and to provide programming directly for students and parents.
The San Diego Unified School District distributed their YRBS
data on sexual minority students to superintendents, the Board
of Directors, principals, and other key stakeholders to support
sexuality education, sexual health services, and a revision to their
sexual health education curriculum to include age-appropriate
information and build support for gender minority students
district-wide. San Francisco Unified School District used their
YRBS data on sexual minority youth to support the creation of
gay/straight alliances, encourage schools to implement activities
during the school districts LGBTQ Pride Month, assist in
implementation of curricula inclusive of all students, create
school-specific safer school strategies, and increase referrals to
and collaboration with community-based organizations that
serve sexual minority youth.
Limitations
The findings in this report are subject to at least eight
limitations. First, these data apply only to youth who attend
school and, therefore, are not representative of all persons
in this age group. Nationwide, in 2012, of persons aged
1617 years, approximately 3% were not enrolled in a high
school program and had not completed high school (25).
Sexual minority youth might represent a disproportionate
percentage of high school dropouts and other youths who
are absent from or do not attend school (26). Second, the
extent of underreporting or overreporting of health-related
behaviors cannot be determined, although the survey questions
demonstrate good test-retest reliability (10,13). Third, some
students might not have known their sexual identity; might
have been unwilling to disclose it on the YRBS questionnaire;
 Surveillance Summaries
might have been unwilling to label themselves as heterosexual,
gay, lesbian, or bisexual; or might not have understood the
sexual identity question. Although the not sure response
option for the sexual identity question is a credible choice for
youth who might truly be unsure of their sexual identity at
this point in their lives, it is also possible that this response
option was selected by students who did not know what the
question or the other response options meant. Nonetheless,
evidence that the words used to describe various types of sexual
identity are unclear to youth is not available. Fourth, because
no definition was provided for sexual contact, it is likely that
students considered a range of sexual activities when responding
to this question, possibly including involuntary activities. Fifth,
the questions used to ascertain sexual minority status focused
only on sexual identity and sex of sexual contacts. Questions
focused on sexual attraction might have identified a different
subgroup of sexual minority students and different estimates
of health-related behaviors. Sixth, BMI is calculated on the
basis of self-reported height and weight, and, therefore, tends
to underestimate the prevalence of obesity and overweight (27).
Seventh, not all states and large urban school districts included
all of the standard questions on their YRBS questionnaire;
therefore, data for certain variables are not available for some
sites. Finally, these analyses are based on cross-sectional surveys
and can only provide an indication of association, not causality.
Conclusions
To reduce the disparities in health-related behaviors
experienced by sexual minority students, it is important to
use this and other reports based on scientifically sound data to
raise awareness about the prevalence of priority health-related
behaviors among sexual minority students in grades 912
among policy makers, the public, and a wide variety of agencies
and organizations that work with youth. These agencies and
organizations, including schools and youth-friendly health
care providers, can help facilitate access to education, health
care, and evidence-based interventions designed to address
priority health-related behaviors among sexual minority
youth. It is also important to continue to implement YRBSS
at the national, state, and large urban school district levels
to document and monitor the effect of broad policy and
programmatic interventions on the health-related behaviors
of sexual minority youth. In particular, more states could
include questions on sexual identity and sex of sexual contacts
on their YRBS questionnaire. Because sexual minority students
represent a relatively small proportion of all students, use of
large, population-based samples of students is key to obtaining
the most generalizable and highest quality data on which to
US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
base policy and programmatic decisions that can help eliminate
the health-related behavior disparities and improve health
status, educational outcomes, and overall quality of life for
sexual minority and all youth.
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 Surveillance Summaries

State and Large Urban School District Youth Risk Behavior Survey Coordinators
States: Arizona, Tori Havins, MPA, Department of Education; Arkansas, Kathleen Courtney, MS, Department of Education; California, Daniela Torres,
MPH, Department of Education; Connecticut, Celeste Jorge, MPH, Department of Public Health; Delaware, Fred Breukelman, Division of Public Health;
Florida, Michelle L. Gaines, EdS, Department of Education; Hawaii, Robert Hesia, MA, Department of Education; Illinois, Jessica H Gerdes, MS, State Board
of Education; Indiana, Robyn L. Matthews, MPH, State Department of Health; Kentucky, Stephanie Bunge, MEd, Department of Education; Maine, Jean
Zimmerman, MS, Department of Education; Maryland, Robert Fiedler, JD, Department of Health and Mental Hygiene; Massachusetts, Chiniqua Milligan,
MPH, Department of Elementary and Secondary Education; Michigan, Kim Kovalchick, MPH, Department of Education; Nevada, Amberlee Baxa, MPH,
Division of Public and Behavioral Health; New Mexico, Cris Ortiz, MA, Public Education Department; New York, Martha Morrissey, MA, State Education
Department; North Carolina, Ellen Essick, PhD, Department of Public Instruction; North Dakota, Valerie Fischer, MSEd, Department of Public Instruction;
Oklahoma, Thad Burk, MPH, State Department of Health; Pennsylvania, Nicholas Slotterbak, MEd, Department of Education; Rhode Island, Tara Cooper,
MPH, Department of Health; Vermont, Kristen Murray, PhD, Department of Health; West Virginia, Birgit Shanholtzer, MA, Department of Education;
Wyoming, Donal Mattimoe, Department of Education.

Large Urban School Districts: Baltimore, MD, Alexia McCain, MEd, Baltimore City Public Schools; Boston, MA, Katia Miller, MPH, Boston Public Schools;
Broward County, FL, Sebrina James, EdS, Broward County Public Schools; Cleveland, OH, Deborah Aloshen, MEd, Cleveland Metropolitan School District;
DeKalb County, GA, Jessica Grippo, MPH, DeKalb County Board of Health; Detroit, MI, Arlene Richardson, EdD, Detroit Public Schools; District of
Columbia, Omotunde Sowole-West, MPH, Office of the State Superintendent of Education; Duval County, FL, Jamie Wells, MSH, Duval County Public
Schools; Fort Worth, TX, Edward Patterson, MS, Fort Worth Independent Schools; Houston, TX, Felicia Ceasar-White, MS, Houston Independent School
District; Los Angeles, CA, Tim Kordic, MA, Los Angeles Unified School District; Miami, FL, Jonathan Carbone, PhD, Miami-Dade County Public Schools;
New York City, NY, Lauren Murray, MPH, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene; Oakland, CA, Ilsa Bertolini, MA, Oakland Unified
School District; Orange County, FL, Brenda Christopher-Muench, Orange County Public Schools; Palm Beach, FL, William P Stewart, Jr., MPH, School
District of Palm Beach County; Philadelphia, PA, Judith Peters, MBA, School District of Philadelphia; San Diego, CA, Rachel Miller, MEd, San Diego Unified
School District; San Francisco, CA, Kim Levine, MHA, San Francisco Unified School District.

US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 83
 Surveillance Summaries

TABLE 1. Number of states and large urban school districts that included at least one of two questions ascertaining sexual minority status and
obtained weighted data, by year of survey United States, Youth Risk Behavior Surveys, 19952015
Site 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015
States 3 3 2 3 4 4 7 10 14 20 25
Districts 1 2 4 5 5 5 6 7 10 19 19
Total 4 5 6 8 9 9 13 17 24 39 44

TABLE 2. Sample sizes, response rates, and demographic characteristics* United States and selected U.S. sites, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2015
Response rate (%) Sex (%) Grade (%) Race/Ethnicity (%)
Student
Site sample size School Student Overall Female Male 9 10 11 12 White Black Hispanic Other
National survey 15,624 69 86 60 48.7 51.3 27.2 25.7 23.9 23.1 54.5 13.6 22.3 9.7
State surveys
Arizona 2,582 75 83 62 49.2 50.8 27.2 25.6 23.9 23.0 42.0 5.4 42.4 10.1
Arkansas 2,880 78 79 62 49.1 50.9 26.6 26.0 23.8 23.0 63.6 21.4 10.4 4.6
California 1,943 75 89 66 48.8 51.2 26.7 25.8 24.1 23.3 26.5 3.3 50.6 19.7
Connecticut 2,398 82 76 62 49.1 50.9 26.6 25.2 24.4 23.6 61.3 13.0 19.2 6.5
Delaware 2,777 86 86 73 49.0 51.0 29.4 25.7 22.6 22.0 48.8 30.0 15.3 5.9
Florida 6,359 95 75 72 49.6 50.4 27.1 26.0 24.2 22.4 42.3 21.8 29.8 6.2
Hawaii 6,089 100 78 78 50.1 49.9 28.8 25.0 22.7 23.2 14.4 0.6 8.9 76.1
Illinois 3,282 76 80 61 49.1 50.9 26.8 25.4 24.1 23.4 55.9 14.8 22.4 6.8
Indiana 1,912 73 82 60 49.1 50.9 26.0 25.4 24.8 23.8 74.6 10.4 8.8 6.2
Kentucky 2,577 91 85 77 49.1 50.9 27.6 26.0 23.4 22.7 81.8 10.9 3.6 3.6
Maine 9,605 85 78 66 48.4 51.6 25.3 25.0 25.0 24.3 91.3 1.4 2.3 5.0
Maryland 55,596 100 82 82 49.2 50.8 28.1 25.1 23.5 22.8 41.9 34.7 12.8 10.5
Massachusetts 3,120 75 81 61 49.6 50.4 26.3 25.2 24.6 23.6 66.8 8.8 16.0 8.4
Michigan 4,816 86 77 66 49.5 50.5 26.7 26.0 23.7 23.2 71.7 16.0 5.9 6.3
Nevada 1,452 100 66 66 48.8 51.2 25.9 25.8 24.7 23.5 35.9 9.8 40.1 14.2
New Mexico 8,304 94 78 73 49.1 50.9 29.4 26.1 23.2 21.0 24.4 1.6 60.4 13.6
New York 10,834 84 76 64 49.3 50.7 27.2 25.6 23.2 23.4 51.2 16.8 21.4 10.6
North Carolina 6,178 78 77 60 49.1 50.9 29.0 26.1 23.6 21.3 53.1 26.9 12.5 7.5
North Dakota 2,121 90 90 81 48.5 51.5 25.4 25.4 24.6 24.4 81.7 1.6 3.8 12.9
Oklahoma 1,611 82 85 69 51.2 48.8 27.3 25.9 24.0 21.9 53.2 8.9 13.2 24.7
Pennsylvania 2,899 80 80 64 49.0 51.0 25.9 25.0 24.3 24.2 71.8 14.7 8.6 4.9
Rhode Island 3,462 88 77 68 48.9 51.1 25.7 23.8 25.5 24.4 63.2 7.9 22.1 6.8
Vermont 21,013 99 78 77 49.1 50.9 24.9 24.0 26.1 24.7 84.2 2.4 4.6 8.8
West Virginia 1,622 100 77 77 49.1 50.9 28.0 25.4 23.7 22.7 91.2 5.2 1.5 2.0
Wyoming 2,424 70 83 64 48.7 51.3 26.7 25.8 23.7 23.3 78.3 0.5 12.0 9.2
Large urban school district surveys
Baltimore, MD 1,052 100 67 67 48.8 51.2 32.0 24.8 22.7 20.4 6.2 86.9 5.3 1.6
Boston, MA 1,669 100 80 80 48.9 51.1 28.1 24.4 25.0 21.5 12.8 38.0 35.4 13.8
Broward County, FL 1,413 97 74 72 48.7 51.3 26.0 25.0 24.5 24.2 26.0 38.2 29.2 6.7
Cleveland, OH 1,705 100 66 66 47.5 52.5 30.3 27.4 21.4 20.5 8.7 59.4 20.9 11.1
DeKalb County, GA 1,868 100 82 82 49.5 50.5 30.6 24.8 22.2 21.7 11.7 69.8 11.1 7.4
Detroit, MI 1,699 100 67 67 54.5 45.5 28.6 27.4 22.0 21.9 0.3 85.5 10.5 3.7
District of Columbia 10,419 92 69 64 50.8 49.2 33.7 24.0 22.0 19.8 5.5 72.5 15.7 6.3
Duval County, FL 3,608 100 75 75 51.8 48.2 27.4 26.4 23.0 22.5 37.1 43.9 9.2 9.8
Ft. Worth, TX 2,604 100 75 75 49.6 50.4 31.5 26.5 22.2 19.6 12.3 21.9 62.0 3.8
Houston, TX 3,077 100 86 86 48.3 51.7 31.9 25.1 22.3 20.5 8.6 25.4 60.1 5.9
Los Angeles, CA 2,336 100 81 81 51.1 48.9 30.1 24.9 22.8 22.1 7.8 10.1 73.8 8.4
Miami-Dade County, FL 2,728 97 80 78 49.9 50.1 25.7 25.9 24.3 23.7 7.2 21.8 68.7 2.3
New York City, NY 8,522 90 78 70 49.1 50.9 29.9 26.6 21.8 21.4 13.4 29.9 37.8 18.9
Oakland, CA 1,669 100 72 72 46.5 53.5 25.3 24.9 24.7 24.8 7.4 33.7 38.7 20.2
Orange County, FL 1,458 100 79 79 49.9 50.1 27.5 26.2 23.4 22.2 31.0 25.7 35.5 7.8
Palm Beach County, FL 2,490 96 74 71 49.1 50.9 26.5 25.4 23.5 24.3 38.0 26.3 29.0 6.8
Philadelphia, PA 1,717 100 68 68 49.9 50.1 28.4 27.2 22.1 22.0 15.3 51.4 20.1 13.2
San Diego, CA 2,333 100 88 88 48.7 51.3 27.9 25.4 23.7 23.0 24.1 8.9 42.6 24.4
San Francisco, CA 2,181 100 82 82 47.7 52.3 25.5 25.2 24.5 24.5 7.7 8.2 24.8 59.3
* Weighted population estimates for the United States and each site.
Non-Hispanic.
American Indian or Alaska Native, Asian, Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, and multiple race (non-Hispanic).

84 MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
 Surveillance Summaries

TABLE 3. Number and percentage of students, by sexual identity United States and selected U.S. sites, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2015
Sexual identity
Heterosexual (straight) Gay or lesbian Bisexual Not sure
Site No. % CI* No. % CI No. % CI No. % CI
National survey
Total 12,954 88.8 (87.390.1) 324 2.0 (1.72.5) 922 6.0 (5.26.9) 503 3.2 (2.73.7)
Male 6,779 93.1 (91.794.2) 154 2.0 (1.52.6) 178 2.4 (1.83.1) 199 2.6 (2.13.2)
Female 6,105 84.5 (82.286.6) 167 2.0 (1.52.5) 734 9.8 (8.311.5) 296 3.7 (3.14.5)
State surveys
Arizona 2,080 87.4 (85.389.2) 61 2.7 (1.74.2) 166 7.0 (5.39.1) 75 3.0 (2.14.2)
Arkansas 2,297 85.7 (83.088.0) 120 4.4 (3.55.6) 180 5.7 (4.27.7) 125 4.2 (3.35.4)
California 1,663 87.4 (84.090.2) 34 1.6 (1.12.5) 113 6.1 (4.87.7) 103 4.9 (2.98.3)
Connecticut 1,907 86.2 (84.188.1) 63 3.1 (2.53.9) 144 6.4 (5.18.0) 90 4.2 (3.25.5)
Delaware 2,314 87.6 (85.889.2) 40 1.7 (1.22.5) 180 6.7 (5.58.1) 101 4.0 (3.15.0)
Florida 5,144 87.6 (86.488.7) 126 2.2 (1.82.7) 359 6.0 (5.36.8) 249 4.1 (3.74.6)
Hawaii 5,026 86.6 (84.988.1) 177 2.7 (2.13.5) 314 6.0 (5.07.3) 249 4.7 (3.85.7)
Illinois 2,663 87.1 (84.289.6) 94 2.5 (1.73.5) 256 6.8 (5.29.0) 136 3.6 (2.84.6)
Indiana 1,619 85.3 (82.687.6) 54 3.0 (1.94.8) 132 7.2 (5.39.7) 77 4.5 (3.55.8)
Kentucky 2,244 87.6 (85.089.8) 62 2.8 (1.65.0) 140 6.6 (5.38.2) 80 3.0 (2.24.1)
Maine 8,199 87.4 (86.688.1) 208 2.1 (1.82.6) 631 6.3 (5.86.9) 441 4.2 (3.84.6)
Maryland 45,145 84.4 (83.985.0) 1,749 3.5 (3.33.8) 3,985 7.7 (7.38.1) 2,302 4.3 (4.14.6)
Massachusetts 2,747 88.9 (87.690.1) 63 1.8 (1.42.2) 182 5.9 (5.16.8) 100 3.4 (2.64.4)
Michigan 4,124 88.0 (85.890.0) 128 2.2 (1.53.1) 295 6.2 (5.07.7) 176 3.6 (2.74.8)
Nevada 1,230 86.4 (83.189.1) 41 2.7 (1.84.0) 98 6.7 (5.18.9) 62 4.2 (3.15.6)
New Mexico 6,793 84.6 (82.986.1) 244 3.2 (2.73.7) 678 8.1 (7.09.4) 308 4.0 (3.64.6)
New York 8,827 85.9 (84.087.7) 285 3.0 (2.33.9) 831 6.6 (5.77.6) 532 4.4 (3.75.2)
North Carolina 5,076 88.5 (86.090.6) 208 3.0 (2.04.4) 418 5.7 (4.57.4) 229 2.8 (2.13.7)
North Dakota 1,884 90.5 (89.091.9) 35 1.9 (1.22.8) 104 4.8 (3.95.8) 59 2.8 (2.03.9)
Oklahoma 1,296 91.1 (89.092.7) 15 0.8 (0.41.6) 78 5.3 (4.16.9) 40 2.8 (2.23.6)
Pennsylvania 2,485 88.4 (86.490.2) 66 1.8 (1.42.3) 181 6.7 (5.38.3) 83 3.1 (2.34.1)
Rhode Island 2,838 86.7 (83.489.4) 97 2.7 (1.74.3) 264 7.1 (5.69.0) 139 3.6 (2.74.7)
Vermont 18,237 87.8 (87.488.3) 388 1.9 (1.72.1) 1,267 6.2 (5.86.5) 853 4.1 (3.84.4)
West Virginia 1,370 86.9 (84.688.8) 46 2.9 (2.14.1) 106 6.5 (4.78.9) 60 3.7 (2.84.9)
Wyoming 2,069 88.5 (86.989.9) 60 2.5 (1.83.4) 142 5.1 (4.36.2) 108 3.9 (3.24.7)
Median 87.4 2.7 6.4 4.0
Range 84.491.1 0.84.4 4.88.1 2.84.9
Large urban school district surveys
Baltimore, MD 701 77.6 (74.380.6) 66 7.6 (5.610.1) 102 10.7 (8.912.8) 48 4.1 (3.05.7)
Boston, MA 1,440 88.0 (86.289.6) 38 2.4 (1.63.6) 109 6.2 (5.07.6) 57 3.4 (2.64.3)
Broward County, FL 1,127 84.2 (81.686.4) 55 4.0 (2.85.7) 97 6.7 (5.28.6) 71 5.1 (3.96.6)
Cleveland, OH 1,228 80.1 (77.482.6) 77 5.2 (3.96.8) 178 10.8 (8.913.0) 70 3.9 (3.04.9)
DeKalb County, GA 1,501 83.7 (81.685.6) 61 3.1 (2.44.0) 155 8.2 (6.89.8) 104 5.0 (3.96.3)
Detroit, MI 1,434 86.7 (84.288.8) 62 3.8 (2.85.1) 109 6.3 (5.07.9) 56 3.2 (2.54.3)
District of Columbia 8,360 82.5 (81.783.2) 393 3.8 (3.54.2) 1,052 10.1 (9.510.7) 409 3.7 (3.34.0)
Duval County, FL 2,739 82.8 (81.384.1) 141 4.6 (3.85.5) 277 8.3 (7.29.6) 161 4.4 (3.75.2)
Ft. Worth, TX 2,221 88.2 (86.489.8) 57 2.1 (1.52.8) 132 5.6 (4.56.9) 108 4.1 (3.05.6)
Houston, TX 2,440 83.7 (82.185.2) 116 4.2 (3.45.2) 218 7.0 (6.18.0) 156 5.1 (4.26.1)
Los Angeles, CA 1,983 89.6 (87.891.3) 55 1.9 (1.22.8) 115 4.8 (3.66.3) 91 3.7 (2.94.8)
Miami-Dade County, FL 2,345 89.7 (88.291.1) 58 2.1 (1.62.8) 120 4.3 (3.45.5) 107 3.9 (3.14.7)
New York City, NY 7,089 85.1 (83.486.7) 195 2.0 (1.72.4) 637 7.9 (6.69.4) 429 5.0 (4.25.8)
Oakland, CA 1,406 86.9 (84.888.7) 36 2.2 (1.53.0) 117 6.5 (5.27.9) 69 4.5 (3.55.8)
Orange County, FL 1,229 86.9 (84.988.6) 39 2.3 (1.73.1) 95 6.1 (4.97.6) 72 4.7 (3.66.1)
Palm Beach County, FL 2,007 86.0 (84.187.8) 73 3.2 (2.44.1) 145 5.9 (4.97.2) 123 4.9 (4.05.9)
Philadelphia, PA 1,249 80.7 (77.283.8) 65 4.5 (3.46.0) 153 9.3 (7.311.8) 90 5.5 (4.46.9)
San Diego, CA 2,004 87.5 (85.989.0) 41 1.4 (1.02.0) 138 6.4 (5.37.6) 102 4.7 (3.85.8)
San Francisco, CA 1,840 87.6 (85.789.4) 39 1.8 (1.12.9) 116 4.8 (3.96.0) 121 5.8 (4.77.0)
Median 86.0 3.1 6.5 4.5
Range 77.689.7 1.47.6 4.310.8 3.25.8
* 95% confidence interval.

US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 85
 Surveillance Summaries

TABLE 4. Number and percentage of students, by sex of sexual contacts United States and selected U.S. sites, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2015
Sex of sexual contacts
Opposite sex only Same sex only Both sexes No sexual contact
Site No. % CI* No. % CI No. % CI No. % CI
National survey
Total 6,901 48.0 (45.650.5) 284 1.7 (1.42.0) 717 4.6 (3.85.5) 6,402 45.7 (42.748.7)
Male 3,847 53.3 (50.955.8) 111 1.3 (1.01.7) 145 1.9 (1.42.4) 2,988 43.6 (41.046.1)
Female 3,054 42.6 (39.645.6) 173 2.1 (1.62.7) 572 7.4 (6.09.1) 3,414 47.9 (43.952.0)
State surveys
Arizona NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Arkansas 1,200 49.8 (43.656.1) 107 3.6 (2.65.0) 132 4.7 (3.85.7) 1,052 41.9 (35.948.2)
California 687 40.2 (35.245.4) 31 1.6 (1.02.5) 58 3.2 (2.14.7) 1,068 55.0 (49.960.0)
Connecticut 893 43.5 (40.346.8) 51 2.5 (1.83.5) 83 3.8 (2.95.0) 1,063 50.2 (46.653.7)
Delaware 1,064 43.2 (38.947.5) 30 1.3 (0.92.0) 88 3.9 (2.85.5) 1,346 51.5 (46.956.2)
Florida 2,507 45.4 (43.547.2) 121 2.1 (1.72.6) 297 5.2 (4.65.8) 2,755 47.4 (45.349.5)
Hawaii 2,124 36.8 (34.339.3) 173 3.1 (2.63.7) 201 3.3 (2.84.0) 2,896 56.8 (54.059.6)
Illinois 1,274 45.7 (40.451.0) 109 2.9 (2.14.1) 153 5.0 (3.66.9) 1,415 46.4 (40.252.8)
Indiana 820 49.2 (45.652.9) 57 3.2 (2.34.5) 89 4.7 (3.26.9) 843 42.8 (38.747.1)
Kentucky 1,120 48.1 (44.052.3) 51 2.6 (1.45.0) 122 6.1 (4.68.0) 1,078 43.2 (38.647.9)
Maine 4,007 47.6 (45.649.7) 283 3.1 (2.83.4) 430 4.8 (4.35.3) 3,955 44.5 (42.346.8)
Maryland 20,736 41.5 (40.742.4) 1,405 3.1 (2.93.3) 2,795 5.6 (5.35.9) 24,270 49.7 (48.850.6)
Massachusetts 1,387 46.9 (43.450.4) 63 1.9 (1.52.6) 131 4.3 (3.45.3) 1,343 46.9 (43.250.6)
Michigan 1,902 45.7 (42.549.0) 132 2.6 (1.83.7) 215 4.7 (3.76.0) 2,136 47.0 (43.650.4)
Nevada 589 44.9 (39.750.2) 52 3.8 (2.85.3) 80 5.4 (4.07.2) 652 45.9 (40.651.2)
New Mexico 3,307 42.1 (39.944.2) 223 3.0 (2.53.5) 421 5.3 (4.56.2) 3,798 49.7 (47.651.8)
New York 3,219 37.5 (35.139.9) 350 3.9 (3.05.1) 494 5.2 (4.16.6) 4,628 53.4 (50.256.6)
North Carolina 2,766 51.2 (47.155.3) 214 2.7 (1.83.9) 357 4.9 (3.86.2) 2,207 41.3 (37.145.6)
North Dakota NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oklahoma 646 47.0 (41.952.2) 15 1.0 (0.51.7) 58 4.0 (3.15.3) 699 48.0 (43.153.0)
Pennsylvania 1,281 48.0 (44.152.0) 74 2.7 (1.93.8) 110 4.4 (3.45.7) 1,228 44.9 (40.849.1)
Rhode Island 1,366 44.0 (41.146.9) 118 3.0 (2.04.5) 137 4.4 (3.65.3) 1,574 48.7 (45.452.0)
Vermont 9,843 49.9 (49.250.6) 250 1.3 (1.11.4) 930 4.7 (4.45.0) 9,203 44.2 (43.544.9)
West Virginia 784 51.5 (46.256.8) 49 3.4 (2.25.2) 91 6.0 (4.28.4) 595 39.1 (33.445.0)
Wyoming 972 46.3 (42.949.7) 76 3.2 (2.54.2) 109 4.3 (3.45.5) 1,091 46.2 (42.649.8)
Median 45.7 2.9 4.7 46.9
Range 36.851.5 1.03.9 3.26.1 39.156.8
Large urban school district surveys
Baltimore, MD 373 47.8 (42.553.1) 67 8.2 (6.110.9) 63 7.2 (5.69.3) 318 36.8 (30.943.1)
Boston, MA 696 47.9 (44.151.8) 45 3.2 (2.34.4) 81 5.4 (4.46.7) 672 43.5 (39.647.4)
Broward County, FL 573 45.9 (43.148.8) 58 4.4 (3.35.9) 70 5.6 (4.46.9) 584 44.1 (40.647.7)
Cleveland, OH 745 53.4 (49.956.9) 86 5.8 (4.77.2) 110 7.2 (6.08.7) 491 33.5 (30.137.1)
DeKalb County, GA 758 47.8 (44.750.8) 63 3.8 (2.95.1) 129 7.1 (5.78.8) 748 41.3 (38.344.4)
Detroit, MI 666 48.0 (44.151.9) 72 5.4 (4.07.1) 80 5.3 (4.06.9) 561 41.4 (36.945.9)
District of Columbia 3,485 43.4 (42.444.5) 428 5.3 (4.85.8) 606 7.2 (6.67.8) 3,709 44.0 (43.045.1)
Duval County, FL 1,352 46.6 (44.149.1) 162 5.4 (4.56.5) 201 6.7 (5.87.8) 1,350 41.3 (38.644.0)
Ft. Worth, TX 1,028 43.2 (40.246.2) 46 1.8 (1.32.4) 92 3.8 (2.94.8) 1,308 51.3 (48.154.6)
Houston, TX 1,140 42.4 (40.344.5) 103 3.8 (3.14.7) 141 4.8 (4.15.7) 1,326 49.0 (46.851.2)
Los Angeles, CA 859 40.4 (35.845.2) 77 3.0 (2.14.4) 56 2.7 (2.03.7) 1,114 53.9 (48.459.3)
Miami-Dade County, FL 1,223 45.7 (42.648.9) 48 2.1 (1.62.7) 103 3.8 (2.94.9) 1,180 48.4 (45.051.9)
New York City, NY 2,389 34.3 (31.637.1) 249 3.4 (2.84.2) 365 5.3 (4.36.5) 3,619 57.0 (53.860.1)
Oakland, CA 614 44.2 (40.348.1) 58 4.1 (3.15.3) 72 4.7 (3.56.3) 679 47.0 (43.550.6)
Orange County, FL 557 41.9 (38.445.4) 30 1.9 (1.32.8) 87 5.8 (4.57.3) 710 50.5 (46.754.2)
Palm Beach County, FL 1,037 47.8 (44.850.7) 86 3.9 (3.14.9) 107 4.6 (3.75.7) 947 43.7 (40.646.9)
Philadelphia, PA 719 52.2 (47.456.8) 70 4.7 (3.66.1) 122 9.0 (6.911.7) 535 34.1 (28.440.3)
San Diego, CA 1,008 43.0 (39.147.0) 70 2.8 (2.23.6) 100 4.8 (3.76.1) 1,049 49.4 (45.453.4)
San Francisco, CA 630 30.2 (26.434.3) 45 2.0 (1.52.8) 76 3.4 (2.54.6) 1,197 64.3 (60.068.4)
Median 45.7 3.8 5.3 44.1
Range 30.253.4 1.88.2 2.79.0 33.564.3
* 95% confidence interval.
Not available.

86 MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
 Surveillance Summaries

TABLE 5. Sex of sexual contacts, by sexual identity United States and selected U.S. sites,* Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2015
Sexual identity
Heterosexual (straight) Gay, lesbian, or bisexual Not sure
Site Sex of sexual contacts % CI % CI % CI
National survey Opposite sex only 95.7 (94.996.4) 2.8 (2.23.5) 1.5 (1.21.9)
Same sex only or both sexes 25.0 (20.829.8) 61.4 (56.766.0) 13.6 (10.617.1)
No sexual contact 90.8 (89.392.2) 5.8 (4.96.9) 3.3 (2.74.1)
State surveys
Arkansas Opposite sex only 94.0 (90.896.2) 4.1 (2.56.5) 1.9 (1.03.5)
Same sex only or both sexes 21.6 (15.629.3) 62.5 (45.876.8) 15.8 (7.630.0)
No sexual contact 90.5 (88.292.5) 4.9 (3.37.3) 4.6 (3.26.4)
California Opposite sex only 94.5 (90.996.7) 2.1 (1.04.1) 3.5 (1.57.5)
Same sex only or both sexes 29.6 (19.841.7) 62.5 (46.176.5) 7.9 (2.224.4)
No sexual contact 88.4 (84.391.6) 6.3 (4.48.9) 5.3 (3.28.5)
Connecticut Opposite sex only 92.9 (90.294.9) 4.6 (3.16.8) 2.5 (1.73.6)
Same sex only or both sexes 31.8 (24.240.5) 54.3 (45.063.3) 13.9 (7.324.9)
No sexual contact 89.1 (86.591.3) 6.5 (5.18.3) 4.4 (3.16.1)
Delaware Opposite sex only 94.6 (92.496.2) 4.0 (2.75.9) 1.4 (0.82.5)
Same sex only or both sexes 12.9 (7.321.9) 72.4 (61.281.3) 14.7 (7.526.8)
No sexual contact 89.7 (87.591.6) 5.6 (4.27.5) 4.7 (3.66.0)
Florida Opposite sex only 95.2 (94.396.0) 2.8 (2.23.5) 2.1 (1.62.6)
Same sex only or both sexes 22.6 (18.227.7) 62.7 (57.068.0) 14.8 (11.319.0)
No sexual contact 91.2 (90.192.2) 4.8 (4.15.7) 4.0 (3.34.8)
Hawaii Opposite sex only 92.3 (90.393.8) 5.9 (4.57.6) 1.9 (1.13.2)
Same sex only or both sexes 42.2 (36.747.8) 45.6 (39.152.3) 12.2 (7.818.6)
No sexual contact 89.5 (87.691.1) 5.3 (4.36.7) 5.2 (4.26.5)
Illinois Opposite sex only 94.2 (92.195.8) 4.1 (2.96.0) 1.6 (0.92.8)
Same sex only or both sexes 26.7 (21.332.8) 63.0 (55.470.1) 10.3 (5.917.4)
No sexual contact 91.2 (88.893.2) 4.2 (2.96.0) 4.6 (3.65.8)
Indiana Opposite sex only 91.7 (88.894.0) 4.9 (3.07.9) 3.4 (2.25.2)
Same sex only or both sexes 28.2 (22.734.4) 62.1 (54.169.4) 9.7 (5.416.8)
No sexual contact 89.9 (87.691.8) 5.5 (3.87.9) 4.6 (3.46.2)
Kentucky Opposite sex only 94.9 (92.496.6) 3.3 (2.05.3) 1.8 (0.93.7)
Same sex only or both sexes 23.5 (15.533.9) 67.0 (57.875.0) 9.5 (4.917.7)
No sexual contact 94.8 (92.596.4) 3.6 (2.25.8) 1.7 (1.02.8)
Maine Opposite sex only 93.4 (92.494.2) 4.2 (3.55.1) 2.4 (1.93.0)
Same sex only or both sexes 43.9 (39.548.3) 47.2 (42.751.8) 8.9 (6.911.5)
No sexual contact 89.5 (88.390.7) 6.1 (5.27.1) 4.4 (3.75.2)
Maryland Opposite sex only 93.3 (92.993.8) 4.5 (4.25.0) 2.1 (1.92.4)
Same sex only or both sexes 31.2 (29.233.3) 57.1 (55.159.1) 11.7 (10.612.8)
No sexual contact 89.5 (88.990.1) 6.4 (6.06.9) 4.1 (3.84.4)
Massachusetts Opposite sex only 95.0 (93.796.1) 3.6 (2.74.9) 1.3 (0.72.6)
Same sex only or both sexes 42.5 (34.051.4) 47.8 (41.354.3) 9.8 (5.816.0)
No sexual contact 89.7 (88.191.1) 6.3 (5.17.8) 3.9 (2.85.4)
Michigan Opposite sex only 95.6 (93.996.8) 2.8 (1.84.3) 1.6 (1.02.7)
Same sex only or both sexes 31.1 (21.742.4) 58.8 (47.868.9) 10.2 (5.518.0)
No sexual contact 90.5 (87.992.5) 5.4 (4.26.9) 4.2 (2.96.0)
Nevada Opposite sex only 94.1 (91.596.0) 2.6 (1.64.3) 3.2 (1.85.6)
Same sex only or both sexes 29.8 (22.838.0) 58.9 (49.567.8) 11.2 (6.618.5)
No sexual contact 91.6 (86.594.9) 5.3 (3.09.2) 3.1 (2.04.6)
New Mexico Opposite sex only 92.7 (91.293.9) 5.3 (4.36.5) 2.1 (1.43.0)
Same sex only or both sexes 19.7 (16.423.5) 66.7 (61.671.5) 13.6 (10.717.1)
No sexual contact 89.2 (87.890.5) 7.1 (6.18.3) 3.6 (3.04.3)
New York Opposite sex only 92.0 (89.893.8) 5.6 (4.27.4) 2.4 (1.63.6)
Same sex only or both sexes 35.4 (28.742.8) 51.7 (43.959.4) 12.9 (9.018.2)
No sexual contact 91.1 (89.392.6) 4.8 (3.76.2) 4.1 (3.25.2)
North Carolina Opposite sex only 95.0 (93.796.0) 4.0 (3.05.3) 1.0 (0.52.1)
Same sex only or both sexes 35.6 (28.143.9) 54.4 (45.063.5) 9.9 (5.417.6)
No sexual contact 91.1 (85.894.5) 5.3 (2.89.9) 3.6 (2.74.9)
Oklahoma Opposite sex only 96.2 (94.097.6) 2.7 (1.64.4) 1.1 (0.42.9)
Same sex only or both sexes 19.1 (11.430.1) 67.7 (57.376.6) 13.2 (7.721.8)
No sexual contact 93.3 (90.695.2) 3.3 (1.85.9) 3.5 (2.45.0)
Pennsylvania Opposite sex only 95.6 (93.896.9) 3.2 (2.05.0) 1.2 (0.62.4)
Same sex only or both sexes 25.5 (17.435.7) 66.7 (57.075.1) 7.8 (4.214.2)
No sexual contact 92.0 (90.293.5) 4.0 (3.15.2) 4.0 (2.75.7)

See table footnotes on page 89.

US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 87
 Surveillance Summaries

TABLE 5. (Continued) Sex of sexual contacts, by sexual identity United States and selected U.S. sites,* Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2015
Sexual identity
Heterosexual (straight) Gay, lesbian, or bisexual Not sure
Site Sex of sexual contacts % CI % CI % CI
Rhode Island Opposite sex only 94.7 (92.596.3) 4.1 (2.95.9) 1.2 (0.62.4)
Same sex only or both sexes 28.2 (21.935.5) 60.3 (49.770.1) 11.5 (6.419.8)
No sexual contact 88.6 (85.291.4) 6.8 (4.79.7) 4.6 (3.06.8)
Vermont Opposite sex only 94.2 (93.894.7) 3.6 (3.34.0) 2.1 (1.92.4)
Same sex only or both sexes 26.9 (24.429.6) 63.5 (60.766.2) 9.6 (8.011.4)
No sexual contact 89.4 (88.890.1) 5.6 (5.16.0) 5.0 (4.65.5)
West Virginia Opposite sex only 94.9 (93.196.3) 3.0 (1.94.7) 2.1 (1.14.0)
Same sex only or both sexes 26.2 (19.134.8) 62.5 (51.972.0) 11.3 (5.821.1)
No sexual contact 91.4 (88.493.7) 4.5 (2.87.1) 4.1 (2.85.9)
Wyoming Opposite sex only 92.8 (90.894.4) 4.4 (3.35.9) 2.8 (1.94.0)
Same sex only or both sexes 37.9 (31.245.2) 55.2 (47.063.0) 6.9 (3.612.9)
No sexual contact 94.2 (92.795.4) 2.3 (1.43.7) 3.5 (2.54.8)
Median Opposite sex only 94.2 4.0 2.1
Range Opposite sex only 91.796.2 2.15.9 1.03.5
Median Same sex only or both sexes 28.2 62.1 11.2
Range Same sex only or both sexes 12.943.9 45.672.4 6.915.8
Median No sexual contact 90.5 5.3 4.1
Range No sexual contact 88.494.8 2.37.1 1.75.3
Large urban school district surveys
Baltimore, MD Opposite sex only 92.0 (88.594.5) 6.2 (4.29.0) 1.9 (0.74.8)
Same sex only or both sexes 22.1 (16.029.7) 65.9 (54.575.7) 12.0 (6.222.1)
No sexual contact 85.9 (81.089.7) 9.9 (6.914.0) 4.2 (2.37.6)
Boston, MA Opposite sex only 94.7 (92.596.2) 2.7 (1.74.1) 2.7 (1.74.2)
Same sex only or both sexes 40.7 (31.850.2) 53.1 (42.863.1) 6.2 (2.713.4)
No sexual contact 90.8 (88.193.0) 5.8 (4.28.1) 3.3 (2.15.2)
Broward County, FL Opposite sex only 92.8 (89.795.0) 4.9 (3.37.3) 2.3 (1.33.9)
Same sex only or both sexes 31.1 (22.940.8) 57.9 (45.869.1) 11.0 (5.720.0)
No sexual contact 88.8 (85.491.4) 5.8 (4.28.0) 5.4 (3.68.1)
Cleveland, OH Opposite sex only 90.6 (86.993.3) 6.8 (4.510.3) 2.6 (1.74.0)
Same sex only or both sexes 25.1 (17.834.1) 69.8 (60.877.6) 5.1 (2.89.1)
No sexual contact 87.9 (84.090.9) 7.6 (5.410.7) 4.5 (2.96.9)
DeKalb County, GA Opposite sex only 93.0 (90.494.9) 4.7 (3.26.8) 2.3 (1.33.9)
Same sex only or both sexes 31.9 (24.440.4) 56.7 (47.665.3) 11.5 (6.818.7)
No sexual contact 88.5 (85.590.9) 6.6 (4.89.1) 4.9 (3.56.8)
Detroit, MI Opposite sex only 94.0 (91.595.9) 4.2 (2.66.8) 1.7 (0.93.3)
Same sex only or both sexes 38.9 (30.747.7) 55.0 (46.763.0) 6.1 (3.311.2)
No sexual contact 91.0 (87.493.6) 5.9 (4.08.6) 3.1 (1.85.2)
District of Columbia Opposite sex only 92.4 (91.493.2) 5.9 (5.16.7) 1.8 (1.42.3)
Same sex only or both sexes 36.3 (33.339.4) 58.2 (55.061.3) 5.5 (4.37.1)
No sexual contact 84.5 (83.385.7) 10.2 (9.311.3) 5.3 (4.66.0)
Duval County, FL Opposite sex only 91.6 (89.893.1) 5.9 (4.67.5) 2.5 (1.83.6)
Same sex only or both sexes 34.1 (28.939.7) 54.6 (48.061.0) 11.3 (7.616.6)
No sexual contact 90.1 (88.191.7) 6.1 (4.87.8) 3.8 (2.95.1)
Ft. Worth, TX Opposite sex only 96.0 (94.497.2) 2.5 (1.73.7) 1.5 (0.92.4)
Same sex only or both sexes 9.9 (6.016.0) 81.2 (73.487.1) 8.9 (5.115.3)
No sexual contact 90.4 (87.692.7) 4.2 (3.25.6) 5.4 (3.58.2)
Houston, TX Opposite sex only 91.0 (88.692.9) 6.4 (5.08.3) 2.6 (1.74.0)
Same sex only or both sexes 30.3 (23.937.5) 54.2 (46.761.5) 15.5 (11.321.0)
No sexual contact 88.7 (86.690.5) 6.6 (5.18.5) 4.7 (3.66.1)
Los Angeles, CA Opposite sex only 93.1 (91.194.7) 4.1 (3.05.5) 2.8 (1.64.7)
Same sex only or both sexes 40.2 (28.752.8) 45.8 (34.158.0) 14.1 (8.223.0)
No sexual contact 92.6 (90.994.0) 4.3 (3.16.1) 3.1 (2.24.4)
Miami-Dade County, FL Opposite sex only 95.4 (93.996.5) 2.3 (1.63.4) 2.3 (1.53.5)
Same sex only or both sexes 29.6 (19.542.1) 53.8 (42.464.8) 16.6 (10.226.0)
No sexual contact 92.9 (91.094.4) 3.9 (2.85.3) 3.2 (2.34.6)
New York City, NY Opposite sex only 92.0 (90.493.3) 5.7 (4.47.3) 2.3 (1.92.9)
Same sex only or both sexes 40.5 (35.845.4) 50.4 (45.555.2) 9.1 (6.812.1)
No sexual contact 87.6 (85.489.5) 6.6 (5.38.3) 5.8 (4.57.3)
Oakland, CA Opposite sex only 93.1 (90.894.9) 4.2 (2.96.0) 2.7 (1.54.7)
Same sex only or both sexes 45.5 (33.957.6) 46.5 (35.557.7) 8.0 (4.314.7)
No sexual contact 88.8 (85.591.4) 6.3 (4.39.2) 4.9 (3.37.4)

See table footnotes on next page.

88 MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
 Surveillance Summaries

TABLE 5. (Continued) Sex of sexual contacts, by sexual identity United States and selected U.S. sites,* Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2015
Sexual identity
Heterosexual (straight) Gay, lesbian, or bisexual Not sure
Site Sex of sexual contacts % CI % CI % CI
Orange County, FL Opposite sex only 95.4 (93.696.7) 3.3 (2.25.0) 1.3 (0.72.4)
Same sex only or both sexes 15.7 (10.223.5) 66.1 (54.576.0) 18.2 (11.627.3)
No sexual contact 91.8 (89.593.6) 3.7 (2.55.4) 4.6 (3.36.3)
Palm Beach County, FL Opposite sex only 93.4 (91.395.0) 3.5 (2.45.2) 3.1 (2.14.5)
Same sex only or both sexes 35.5 (27.944.0) 56.9 (48.664.8) 7.5 (4.612.2)
No sexual contact 90.6 (88.492.4) 4.7 (3.56.3) 4.7 (3.56.3)
Philadelphia, PA Opposite sex only 91.7 (88.594.0) 4.4 (2.77.1) 3.9 (2.75.7)
Same sex only or both sexes 26.2 (17.936.6) 62.8 (54.270.7) 11.0 (6.418.2)
No sexual contact 87.9 (84.290.7) 7.6 (5.011.4) 4.5 (3.26.4)
San Diego, CA Opposite sex only 94.6 (92.995.9) 3.1 (2.04.7) 2.4 (1.53.6)
Same sex only or both sexes 42.4 (35.050.1) 49.3 (42.456.1) 8.3 (4.914.0)
No sexual contact 88.5 (86.190.6) 5.7 (4.47.3) 5.8 (4.37.7)
San Francisco, CA Opposite sex only 92.3 (89.094.6) 4.9 (3.07.9) 2.9 (1.74.9)
Same sex only or both sexes 47.1 (36.258.3) 46.4 (35.857.5) 6.4 (2.415.9)
No sexual contact 90.1 (87.892.0) 3.3 (2.34.7) 6.6 (5.08.6)
Median Opposite sex only 93.0 4.4 2.4
Range Opposite sex only 90.696.0 2.36.8 1.33.9
Median Same sex only or both sexes 34.1 55.0 9.1
Range Same sex only or both sexes 9.947.1 45.881.2 5.118.2
Median No sexual contact 88.8 5.9 4.7
Range No sexual contact 84.592.9 3.310.2 3.16.6
* Among the 23 states and 19 cities that ascertained both sexual identity and sex of sexual contacts.
95% confidence interval.

US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 89
 Surveillance Summaries

TABLE 6. Percentage of high school students who rarely or never wore a bicycle helmet,* by sexual identity and sex of sexual contacts
United States and selected U.S. sites, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2015
% CI
National survey
(all students) 81.4 (77.085.1)

Sexual identity Sex of sexual contacts

Heterosexual Gay, lesbian, or Opposite sex Same sex only or No
(straight) bisexual Not sure only both sexes sexual contact
Site % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI
National survey
Total 81.2 (76.685.1) 80.9 (72.687.1) 77.5 (70.383.3) 89.1 (85.991.6) 87.9 (83.291.4) 72.3 (66.677.3)
Male 82.6 (77.986.4) 76.5 (61.986.7) 78.1 (66.486.5) 90.3 (87.192.8) 81.3 (68.189.8) 72.4 (66.777.4)
Female 79.5 (74.383.8) 83.6 (75.389.4) 77.8 (66.286.3) 87.0 (83.090.1) 90.3 (84.893.9) 72.2 (65.777.9)
State surveys
Arizona NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Arkansas 91.6 (87.694.4) 92.9 (84.197.0) 80.9 (67.889.5) 95.3 (91.297.5) 85.7 (75.392.1) 88.2 (81.692.7)
California 68.8 (58.877.2) 69.5 (53.981.6) 45.9 (29.862.9) 79.8 (71.486.2) 69.2 (53.381.5) 58.0 (46.468.7)
Connecticut NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Delaware 82.4 (78.985.4) 83.7 (75.789.5) 59.5 (45.372.3) 90.8 (86.993.6) 83.1 (64.093.1) 73.3 (69.177.0)
Florida 88.3 (86.989.6) 88.0 (83.391.5) 77.2 (69.383.6) 92.7 (91.493.9) 91.3 (86.594.6) 83.5 (81.385.5)
Hawaii NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Illinois 90.5 (85.693.9) 88.6 (81.193.4) 82.5 (68.691.0) 94.9 (91.497.0) 87.4 (79.892.5) 86.2 (79.391.1)
Indiana 88.4 (82.992.3) 93.8 (81.998.1) 81.8 (61.092.8) 92.8 (85.996.5) 95.0 (82.998.7) 84.3 (77.889.1)
Kentucky NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Maine NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Maryland NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Massachusetts NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Michigan 88.4 (85.790.7) 89.8 (81.194.8) 83.1 (67.892.0) 93.5 (88.596.4) 86.3 (74.793.1) 84.6 (80.987.7)
Nevada 84.9 (81.587.7) 78.2 (68.585.6) 92.4 (76.997.8) 90.5 (86.993.3) 88.8 (80.094.0) 78.5 (72.283.7)
New Mexico 85.0 (82.887.0) 82.7 (78.786.2) 79.4 (70.586.2) 88.1 (86.389.7) 84.2 (79.887.7) 81.6 (78.384.6)
New York 78.5 (73.282.9) 80.8 (74.685.7) 77.2 (70.183.0) 85.3 (80.988.8) 81.9 (74.387.7) 70.8 (63.877.0)
North Carolina 85.5 (79.090.2) 86.6 (72.594.1) 77.5 (49.292.5) 91.3 (83.895.5) 82.5 (71.789.8) 77.9 (71.883.0)
North Dakota NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oklahoma 92.7 (89.994.8) 91.6 (60.898.7) NA NA 96.0 (92.098.1) 95.9 (84.499.0) 87.9 (82.991.6)
Pennsylvania 82.3 (78.485.6) 89.7 (81.594.5) 78.0 (57.090.5) 88.8 (84.991.9) 90.9 (81.895.7) 75.0 (70.079.4)
Rhode Island NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Vermont 53.0 (52.253.8) 60.5 (57.463.5) 41.4 (37.345.5) 62.5 (61.463.6) 68.0 (64.571.3) 40.8 (39.642.0)
West Virginia 83.7 (76.389.0) 87.3 (76.293.7) 85.5 (61.195.7) 90.5 (84.194.5) 92.5 (80.497.4) 76.7 (68.083.7)
Wyoming 80.6 (76.384.3) 79.6 (67.588.0) 65.6 (47.779.9) 86.4 (81.190.5) 87.5 (78.893.0) 74.2 (68.978.8)
Median 85.0 87.0 78.0 90.7 86.9 78.2
Range 53.092.7 60.593.8 41.492.4 62.596.0 68.095.9 40.888.2
Large urban school district surveys
Baltimore, MD 93.9 (90.696.1) 82.1 (73.888.2) NA NA 95.1 (91.397.3) 84.9 (67.293.9) 89.4 (82.793.8)
Boston, MA 81.4 (77.984.6) 66.5 (52.478.2) NA NA 87.8 (83.591.0) 80.5 (67.189.3) 71.0 (64.476.8)
Broward County, FL 88.3 (85.090.9) 91.9 (85.795.6) 81.7 (67.790.4) 90.8 (86.493.9) 87.0 (74.893.8) 84.6 (80.687.8)
Cleveland, OH 97.2 (95.698.2) 92.1 (85.595.8) 94.6 (84.298.3) 97.4 (95.698.5) 96.2 (86.899.0) 97.4 (94.898.8)
DeKalb County, GA 82.4 (77.686.4) 72.9 (59.683.1) 54.1 (34.872.3) 86.5 (81.490.4) 73.8 (60.184.0) 72.5 (64.579.3)
Detroit, MI 87.4 (83.690.4) 85.1 (77.490.5) 80.9 (59.892.3) 95.6 (93.097.3) 83.8 (73.990.5) 89.5 (84.193.2)
District of Columbia NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Duval County, FL 91.2 (89.892.4) 90.2 (85.493.6) 93.5 (87.196.9) 94.1 (92.395.5) 93.2 (88.496.1) 88.0 (85.290.3)
Ft. Worth, TX 91.1 (89.092.9) 84.2 (74.090.9) 78.6 (65.487.7) 92.7 (90.094.7) 84.2 (69.792.5) 88.0 (84.690.7)
Houston, TX 88.5 (86.590.2) 86.0 (79.190.8) 73.1 (62.381.7) 92.2 (89.694.2) 85.5 (78.090.8) 83.1 (79.885.9)
Los Angeles, CA 85.9 (83.288.2) 84.9 (71.692.7) 80.4 (62.890.9) 88.1 (84.291.2) 90.0 (83.394.1) 82.9 (77.387.3)
Miami-Dade County, FL 90.4 (88.592.0) 90.0 (80.495.2) 83.8 (69.992.1) 93.8 (92.195.2) 92.6 (83.197.0) 86.7 (83.189.6)
New York City, NY 87.0 (85.088.7) 81.6 (72.588.2) 74.7 (66.481.5) 90.6 (86.593.6) 83.6 (78.587.7) 82.5 (78.785.8)
Oakland, CA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Orange County, FL 89.8 (86.992.1) 83.0 (69.991.2) 78.2 (63.887.9) 95.9 (93.697.5) 85.1 (71.293.0) 83.9 (78.788.1)
Palm Beach County, FL NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Philadelphia, PA 90.4 (86.893.1) 86.9 (79.092.1) 82.9 (66.192.3) 92.0 (87.195.2) 87.1 (77.393.1) 86.6 (81.390.5)
San Diego, CA 72.7 (68.876.2) 64.9 (51.976.0) 49.8 (34.365.4) 83.7 (80.086.9) 73.8 (62.982.3) 59.6 (53.565.3)
San Francisco, CA 54.7 (50.059.4) 68.8 (53.381.0) 40.1 (25.356.9) 72.2 (63.179.7) 59.2 (43.273.5) 40.3 (35.745.2)
Median 88.4 84.6 79.5 92.1 85.0 84.2
Range 54.797.2 64.992.1 40.194.6 72.297.4 59.296.2 40.397.4
* Among students who had ridden a bicycle during the 12 months before the survey.
95% confidence interval.
Not available.

90 MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
 Surveillance Summaries

TABLE 7. Percentage of high school students who rarely or never wore a seat belt,* by sexual identity and sex of sexual contacts United States
and selected U.S. sites, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2015
% CI
National survey
(all students) 6.1 (4.97.6)

Sexual identity Sex of sexual contacts

Heterosexual Gay, lesbian, or Opposite sex Same sex only or No
(straight) bisexual Not sure only both sexes sexual contact
Site % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI
National survey
Total 5.5 (4.37.0) 8.7 (6.711.1) 10.2 (7.314.2) 7.3 (5.89.3) 12.5 (9.616.2) 3.0 (2.24.1)
Male 6.6 (5.28.3) 9.1 (5.514.6) 15.1 (9.123.8) 8.4 (6.411.0) 18.1 (12.425.7) 3.7 (2.55.4)
Female 4.3 (3.25.8) 8.4 (6.311.2) 4.9 (3.27.3) 5.9 (4.48.0) 10.7 (7.914.4) 2.4 (1.73.4)
State surveys
Arizona 9.1 (6.612.5) 11.3 (6.718.4) 27.3 (15.144.2) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Arkansas 9.7 (6.713.9) 13.8 (6.227.7) 17.1 (12.023.8) 12.1 (7.518.9) 19.0 (13.326.4) 6.5 (4.39.6)
California 3.2 (2.14.7) 6.5 (3.013.3) 4.4 (2.28.7) 4.1 (2.37.1) 8.6 (3.519.5) 2.5 (1.54.2)
Connecticut 7.5 (5.79.8) 11.0 (7.316.4) 7.3 (3.215.8) 9.4 (6.912.7) 14.0 (7.524.7) 5.0 (3.96.4)
Delaware 5.4 (4.36.7) 7.8 (4.912.1) 13.3 (7.422.7) 8.5 (6.710.7) 14.8 (8.524.4) 2.0 (1.33.0)
Florida 7.6 (6.68.8) 11.8 (8.915.5) 12.6 (8.917.6) 9.4 (7.811.3) 17.3 (14.221.0) 4.8 (4.05.8)
Hawaii NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Illinois 4.4 (3.35.9) 15.6 (11.520.8) 9.6 (4.419.7) 6.2 (4.48.8) 13.7 (9.619.0) 2.4 (1.53.9)
Indiana 5.1 (3.86.8) 10.8 (6.617.1) 7.9 (3.119.1) 5.5 (3.97.8) 11.8 (6.520.5) 4.4 (2.57.5)
Kentucky 7.9 (6.49.8) 14.7 (10.420.2) 21.5 (11.337.1) 10.1 (8.012.8) 17.5 (11.226.3) 4.7 (3.46.6)
Maine 5.5 (4.66.6) 9.0 (6.911.6) 14.2 (10.219.4) 7.8 (6.59.4) 12.9 (9.716.9) 2.7 (2.23.4)
Maryland NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Massachusetts NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Michigan 6.1 (5.07.5) 11.1 (7.116.8) 6.7 (2.914.6) 8.2 (6.210.9) 13.1 (7.721.4) 3.4 (2.44.7)
Nevada 5.4 (4.56.3) 8.4 (5.113.4) 16.4 (5.738.9) 6.0 (4.58.0) 13.0 (8.120.1) 3.4 (2.35.0)
New Mexico 5.3 (4.66.0) 10.0 (7.712.9) 9.3 (5.914.3) 7.9 (6.89.2) 10.5 (8.013.7) 3.0 (2.43.8)
New York NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
North Carolina 6.0 (3.79.6) 8.9 (4.716.4) 4.9 (1.515.2) 8.0 (4.813.2) 8.9 (4.616.4) 3.6 (1.87.0)
North Dakota 8.7 (7.110.7) 7.3 (4.112.5) 7.9 (3.118.7) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oklahoma 6.0 (4.77.8) 4.4 (1.810.8) 5.8 (1.718.6) 8.4 (6.410.9) 7.8 (2.521.9) 3.2 (2.05.3)
Pennsylvania 10.4 (8.712.4) 15.1 (10.820.7) 9.4 (3.423.0) 14.4 (12.017.2) 14.0 (9.619.8) 5.9 (4.38.0)
Rhode Island 4.7 (3.56.3) 9.7 (5.516.6) 12.2 (4.827.7) 6.1 (4.18.8) 15.1 (10.421.3) 2.9 (2.14.0)
Vermont NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
West Virginia 10.5 (8.612.8) 10.0 (4.421.0) 21.1 (12.433.6) 12.3 (9.515.7) 15.5 (9.923.4) 6.9 (4.610.3)
Wyoming 9.6 (7.811.6) 19.5 (14.326.1) 17.1 (10.526.7) 13.7 (11.116.9) 23.3 (17.031.1) 5.2 (3.87.0)
Median 6.1 10.4 10.9 8.3 13.8 3.5
Range 3.210.5 4.419.5 4.427.3 4.114.4 7.823.3 2.06.9
Large urban school district surveys
Baltimore, MD 12.4 (10.115.1) 18.7 (13.226.0) 7.1 (2.121.7) 14.5 (11.318.4) 17.1 (11.624.5) 8.0 (5.511.6)
Boston, MA 18.9 (16.521.6) 23.7 (17.131.9) 31.1 (20.044.8) 22.9 (19.726.5) 25.3 (17.435.2) 13.4 (10.017.8)
Broward County, FL 6.3 (4.78.3) 12.9 (8.419.4) 11.2 (5.222.3) 7.5 (5.210.7) 10.3 (5.518.4) 4.6 (3.26.5)
Cleveland, OH 16.9 (14.819.2) 29.6 (22.937.3) 16.5 (8.728.9) 20.2 (17.223.6) 28.3 (20.637.5) 12.9 (9.916.7)
DeKalb County, GA 6.7 (5.28.5) 11.5 (7.617.1) 7.3 (3.115.9) 7.3 (5.49.8) 11.5 (6.619.2) 4.9 (3.27.4)
Detroit, MI 8.2 (6.610.2) 15.3 (10.322.2) 14.4 (6.628.7) 9.8 (7.412.8) 12.9 (7.621.0) 5.5 (3.87.8)
District of Columbia NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Duval County, FL 7.0 (5.98.3) 13.2 (9.817.6) 15.7 (10.323.1) 9.3 (7.611.4) 12.5 (9.216.7) 4.1 (2.95.8)
Ft. Worth, TX 5.5 (4.56.7) 4.0 (2.07.8) 6.8 (2.616.4) 7.7 (6.09.9) 4.2 (1.98.8) 3.3 (2.54.4)
Houston, TX 7.0 (5.98.2) 10.8 (7.116.0) 12.4 (8.018.7) 8.4 (6.610.7) 13.4 (9.718.4) 4.7 (3.66.3)
Los Angeles, CA 4.7 (3.66.2) 7.2 (3.514.5) 11.7 (5.622.8) 5.1 (3.67.1) 12.5 (6.921.7) 4.4 (3.06.3)
Miami-Dade County, FL 8.0 (6.69.6) 8.9 (4.317.5) 14.6 (8.224.6) 9.7 (7.812.0) 16.5 (10.924.1) 5.0 (3.96.5)
New York City, NY NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oakland, CA 9.3 (7.611.5) 14.8 (9.023.3) 7.0 (3.114.9) 10.9 (7.914.9) 11.5 (6.020.9) 4.5 (2.96.9)
Orange County, FL 6.2 (4.78.2) 16.8 (8.929.2) 19.9 (11.532.3) 6.9 (4.99.6) 17.6 (9.231.2) 6.5 (4.59.3)
Palm Beach County, FL 6.3 (5.37.4) 14.0 (10.019.3) 13.0 (7.222.4) 7.6 (6.39.3) 16.5 (11.922.5) 4.3 (3.16.0)
Philadelphia, PA 20.4 (17.623.5) 19.5 (13.227.9) 28.4 (18.740.6) 22.0 (18.326.3) 23.0 (17.329.9) 16.1 (13.119.8)
San Diego, CA 4.0 (3.05.4) 4.4 (2.19.0) 10.4 (5.618.7) 4.4 (2.96.6) 11.6 (6.719.4) 3.1 (2.14.5)
San Francisco, CA 7.7 (5.211.4) 8.6 (4.516.0) 11.2 (5.023.0) 5.9 (3.89.1) 6.5 (2.714.9) 7.4 (4.412.3)
Median 7.0 13.2 12.4 8.4 12.9 4.9
Range 4.020.4 4.029.6 6.831.1 4.422.9 4.228.3 3.116.1
* When riding in a car driven by someone else.
95% confidence interval.
Not available.

US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 91
 Surveillance Summaries

TABLE 8. Percentage of high school students who rode with a driver who had been drinking alcohol,* by sexual identity and sex of sexual
contacts United States and selected U.S. sites, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2015
% CI
National survey
(all students) 20.0 (18.421.6)

Sexual identity Sex of sexual contacts

Heterosexual Gay, lesbian, or Opposite sex Same sex only or No
(straight) bisexual Not sure only both sexes sexual contact
Site % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI
National survey
Total 20.0 (18.421.7) 20.5 (17.324.0) 21.5 (16.927.0) 25.4 (23.427.5) 28.1 (24.232.3) 13.1 (11.415.1)
Male 19.6 (18.121.2) 18.3 (13.025.2) 23.3 (16.531.7) 25.5 (22.728.4) 30.8 (22.840.1) 11.7 (9.913.8)
Female 20.4 (17.823.3) 20.4 (17.124.2) 20.2 (15.526.0) 25.4 (22.528.5) 27.2 (23.031.7) 14.4 (12.217.0)
State surveys
Arizona NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Arkansas 20.1 (17.622.8) 22.2 (15.131.5) 34.5 (25.045.4) 25.3 (22.028.8) 36.1 (26.147.5) 12.5 (10.015.5)
California 20.4 (17.823.3) 27.3 (18.937.6) 23.1 (16.032.1) 27.4 (24.130.8) 33.4 (21.348.2) 14.8 (11.718.5)
Connecticut 17.1 (15.019.4) 26.1 (19.534.2) 24.8 (17.034.6) 22.5 (19.326.2) 26.9 (19.236.3) 12.2 (9.915.0)
Delaware 16.0 (13.618.7) 21.4 (15.329.2) 26.6 (18.137.2) 22.5 (18.726.6) 34.8 (24.247.2) 9.0 (7.610.6)
Florida 20.0 (18.521.5) 25.5 (21.230.4) 29.0 (23.135.7) 26.7 (24.429.1) 34.3 (28.940.2) 12.4 (11.313.6)
Hawaii NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Illinois 20.5 (17.423.9) 32.2 (24.640.9) 25.8 (14.940.8) 27.0 (23.031.3) 28.9 (21.837.3) 14.4 (12.017.2)
Indiana 16.7 (14.319.5) 22.4 (15.132.0) 26.4 (16.439.5) 22.3 (18.127.1) 24.2 (15.835.2) 11.3 (8.714.6)
Kentucky 13.4 (11.615.5) 18.3 (12.126.9) 17.0 (6.936.4) 19.2 (16.622.1) 18.1 (11.826.6) 6.2 (5.07.7)
Maine NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Maryland 16.6 (16.217.1) 26.0 (24.527.5) 25.0 (22.927.3) 22.5 (21.823.2) 31.6 (29.833.4) 10.9 (10.511.4)
Massachusetts 18.0 (15.920.3) 21.6 (16.128.4) 17.3 (11.924.5) 24.0 (21.027.2) 29.8 (23.736.6) 11.1 (9.313.3)
Michigan 17.9 (16.119.9) 24.5 (19.630.1) 14.1 (7.824.0) 22.0 (18.725.8) 26.1 (19.134.6) 13.2 (11.315.3)
Nevada 21.0 (18.224.1) 29.6 (19.442.3) 49.2 (35.562.9) 27.3 (22.632.6) 38.8 (30.547.9) 15.1 (11.519.6)
New Mexico 18.1 (17.019.4) 27.2 (24.430.3) 26.8 (21.932.3) 24.7 (22.826.7) 36.7 (32.241.4) 11.7 (10.413.1)
New York NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
North Carolina 15.2 (12.418.5) 25.7 (17.136.8) 31.5 (17.550.0) 20.2 (15.725.7) 27.3 (18.937.8) 10.1 (8.112.5)
North Dakota 17.2 (15.219.4) 19.2 (13.526.7) 27.5 (17.241.0) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oklahoma 16.7 (14.019.8) 22.2 (15.930.1) 22.8 (9.645.1) 23.3 (19.327.8) 29.2 (18.942.2) 10.3 (7.514.0)
Pennsylvania 17.1 (14.819.8) 24.9 (18.932.2) 26.2 (17.936.7) 21.5 (17.925.5) 26.8 (21.133.3) 12.8 (10.615.3)
Rhode Island 16.5 (14.019.3) 23.3 (18.129.4) 24.4 (15.436.4) 19.5 (16.023.5) 30.1 (22.239.5) 11.2 (9.413.2)
Vermont 19.0 (18.519.6) 26.5 (24.428.7) 22.0 (19.425.0) 24.6 (23.725.4) 35.4 (32.738.2) 12.1 (11.412.7)
West Virginia 15.8 (13.718.3) 18.3 (13.524.3) 29.0 (18.043.2) 19.0 (16.322.1) 22.7 (16.929.9) 10.3 (7.813.5)
Wyoming 20.0 (17.722.5) 31.0 (24.238.7) 24.6 (15.935.9) 27.2 (23.830.8) 40.0 (30.949.8) 11.7 (10.013.7)
Median 17.2 24.9 25.8 22.9 30.0 11.7
Range 13.421.0 18.332.2 14.149.2 19.027.4 18.140.0 6.215.1
Large urban school district surveys
Baltimore, MD 21.7 (18.625.2) 24.6 (17.533.4) 26.4 (14.343.5) 24.3 (20.628.4) 26.5 (18.436.5) 17.4 (12.923.0)
Boston, MA 17.4 (15.419.5) 23.7 (16.932.2) 31.6 (19.247.4) 20.5 (17.224.1) 29.3 (21.139.0) 12.4 (10.314.9)
Broward County, FL 21.3 (18.224.8) 24.2 (17.332.8) 29.6 (20.440.8) 27.9 (23.432.9) 29.4 (21.538.7) 13.4 (10.217.5)
Cleveland, OH 24.5 (21.727.6) 38.2 (31.845.1) 35.7 (23.949.5) 28.3 (25.131.9) 40.9 (32.350.1) 15.9 (12.719.9)
DeKalb County, GA 18.3 (16.220.7) 25.4 (19.132.8) 26.7 (18.536.8) 22.1 (19.125.3) 32.0 (25.439.3) 11.9 (9.514.8)
Detroit, MI 30.7 (27.334.2) 39.5 (31.448.1) 31.1 (19.146.3) 31.7 (27.636.1) 38.7 (30.947.1) 19.3 (15.423.8)
District of Columbia 18.7 (17.819.6) 27.1 (24.829.5) 25.5 (21.330.1) 21.5 (20.122.9) 30.4 (27.633.4) 14.5 (13.315.8)
Duval County, FL 22.7 (20.724.8) 34.7 (29.740.1) 26.8 (18.936.5) 28.3 (25.531.3) 32.1 (26.338.6) 15.8 (13.917.9)
Ft. Worth, TX 26.1 (23.928.5) 34.6 (26.443.8) 21.2 (14.030.9) 34.3 (31.137.7) 40.6 (29.952.2) 18.3 (16.120.7)
Houston, TX 26.2 (24.228.3) 35.0 (29.141.3) 41.0 (33.249.2) 34.3 (31.237.6) 45.8 (38.653.2) 18.1 (16.120.3)
Los Angeles, CA 19.0 (16.521.8) 25.3 (17.834.7) 22.2 (12.536.3) 28.1 (24.831.7) 17.8 (12.524.6) 13.3 (10.716.4)
Miami-Dade County, FL 23.4 (20.826.1) 20.6 (14.927.9) 33.8 (22.447.4) 30.0 (26.433.9) 37.0 (29.645.0) 15.3 (12.918.1)
New York City, NY NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oakland, CA 22.1 (19.724.8) 25.7 (18.434.8) 36.0 (21.953.0) 27.4 (23.931.3) 33.0 (25.042.3) 15.6 (13.118.6)
Orange County, FL 19.9 (17.722.3) 36.1 (25.748.1) 32.9 (22.845.0) 27.1 (23.830.6) 39.7 (27.853.0) 14.5 (11.917.6)
Palm Beach County, FL 19.3 (17.621.1) 31.1 (24.538.6) 32.5 (24.641.6) 24.1 (21.127.4) 32.8 (25.641.0) 13.1 (10.815.7)
Philadelphia, PA 18.6 (16.021.6) 22.2 (18.426.4) 27.2 (18.538.0) 23.1 (19.127.5) 25.8 (19.533.4) 10.6 (7.215.4)
San Diego, CA 19.2 (17.121.5) 27.1 (20.135.5) 17.9 (11.227.3) 25.1 (21.529.0) 36.0 (27.545.6) 13.0 (11.115.3)
San Francisco, CA 13.0 (11.215.1) 14.9 (9.223.1) 20.4 (13.330.0) 21.8 (18.026.1) 24.8 (15.936.5) 8.5 (6.710.6)
Median 20.6 26.4 28.4 27.3 32.5 14.5
Range 13.030.7 14.939.5 17.941.0 20.534.3 17.845.8 8.519.3
* In a car or other vehicle one or more times during the 30 days before the survey.
95% confidence interval.
Not available.

92 MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
 Surveillance Summaries

TABLE 9. Percentage of high school students who drove when they had been drinking alcohol,* by sexual identity and sex of sexual contacts
United States and selected U.S. sites, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2015
% CI
National survey
(all students) 7.8 (6.89.0)

Sexual identity Sex of sexual contacts

Heterosexual Gay, lesbian, or Opposite sex Same sex only or No
(straight) bisexual Not sure only both sexes sexual contact
Site % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI
National survey
Total 7.4 (6.38.7) 7.8 (5.710.8) 16.7 (12.022.9) 11.0 (9.412.7) 13.9 (10.618.2) 2.1 (1.52.9)
Male 9.0 (7.810.4) 11.7 (7.118.7) 17.4 (10.727.2) 12.8 (10.915.0) 21.9 (13.932.8) 2.7 (1.84.0)
Female 5.6 (4.27.4) 6.1 (4.28.8) 14.5 (8.623.5) 8.5 (6.710.8) 11.1 (7.316.7) 1.5 (0.82.7)
State surveys
Arizona 8.5 (4.814.5) 10.0 (4.919.5) 26.2 (14.243.2) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Arkansas 7.9 (5.411.3) 8.2 (3.518.2) 15.8 (5.935.8) 10.4 (8.013.4) 16.5 (7.034.2) 2.6 (0.79.6)
California 5.7 (3.78.6) 21.9 (9.442.9) NA NA 9.3 (5.515.3) 28.0 (13.050.2) 1.2 (0.44.0)
Connecticut 6.8 (5.28.9) 6.7 (3.014.3) 6.8 (2.119.5) 10.4 (7.813.7) 9.7 (4.021.7) 1.2 (0.62.6)
Delaware 5.4 (3.77.9) 12.2 (5.425.0) 11.4 (3.829.4) 9.1 (6.412.9) 19.1 (8.936.5) 1.4 (0.63.0)
Florida 7.5 (6.48.7) 15.0 (10.321.4) 21.5 (14.330.9) 11.3 (9.713.0) 24.0 (18.430.5) 1.9 (1.23.0)
Hawaii NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Illinois 7.0 (5.39.1) 16.1 (8.628.0) 26.7 (11.251.1) 10.7 (8.413.6) 20.2 (13.229.5) 3.0 (1.65.5)
Indiana 6.4 (4.39.5) 6.9 (2.816.2) 7.2 (1.923.5) 9.1 (5.913.7) 13.6 (6.127.7) 1.3 (0.72.6)
Kentucky 5.0 (3.76.8) 15.9 (9.824.9) NA NA 7.1 (5.29.7) 15.2 (8.625.4) 0.6 (0.12.5)
Maine 3.8 (3.04.8) 8.0 (5.511.5) 17.5 (9.629.7) 5.0 (4.06.2) 11.4 (7.916.2) 0.7 (0.41.2)
Maryland 5.6 (5.26.1) 12.7 (11.014.7) 16.4 (13.919.3) 8.8 (8.19.5) 17.6 (15.619.7) 1.0 (0.81.2)
Massachusetts 9.3 (7.411.7) 10.8 (5.420.5) NA NA 13.0 (10.216.5) 11.2 (5.521.2) 3.0 (1.94.5)
Michigan 5.4 (3.09.5) 5.6 (1.717.2) 8.6 (2.228.4) 9.0 (5.115.5) 9.2 (3.124.3) 1.0 (0.33.0)
Nevada 6.8 (4.89.4) 12.9 (6.922.7) 25.2 (9.751.4) 10.1 (6.914.6) 19.5 (10.633.0) 1.9 (0.65.8)
New Mexico 6.1 (5.27.2) 13.6 (10.817.0) 20.7 (15.127.7) 9.9 (8.411.6) 20.8 (16.625.7) 1.7 (1.12.6)
New York 6.8 (5.58.5) 12.0 (6.920.1) 19.5 (11.331.5) 9.8 (7.313.0) 17.1 (8.531.6) 1.8 (0.64.8)
North Carolina 3.6 (2.84.6) 11.1 (4.027.4) 7.3 (3.315.7) 5.8 (4.57.4) 11.4 (5.821.0) 1.2 (0.52.6)
North Dakota 7.9 (6.49.9) 5.1 (2.111.9) 10.0 (3.525.1) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oklahoma 6.6 (4.310.0) 2.3 (0.68.4) NA NA 9.5 (6.513.7) 16.7 (6.138.4) 1.6 (0.64.0)
Pennsylvania 5.3 (3.97.3) 4.1 (1.311.7) NA NA 8.1 (5.911.0) 7.6 (4.313.0) 0.4 (0.11.2)
Rhode Island NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Vermont 6.3 (5.96.8) 14.6 (12.417.3) 13.7 (10.617.5) 9.4 (8.710.1) 22.6 (19.625.8) 1.0 (0.71.3)
West Virginia 5.6 (3.78.3) 8.5 (3.220.9) NA NA 8.0 (5.511.5) 12.8 (7.221.9) 0.6 (0.13.3)
Wyoming 9.2 (6.912.1) 14.5 (8.423.9) 13.1 (5.030.4) 13.7 (10.318.1) 24.3 (16.933.7) 2.6 (1.44.7)
Median 6.4 11.1 15.8 9.4 16.7 1.3
Range 3.69.3 2.321.9 6.826.7 5.013.7 7.628.0 0.43.0
Large urban school district surveys
Baltimore, MD 2.4 (1.15.2) 5.1 (2.012.3) NA NA 4.1 (1.98.8) 11.0 (3.330.4) 0.0
Boston, MA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Broward County, FL 7.1 (4.810.2) 9.1 (3.422.3) NA NA 9.3 (6.413.3) 12.6 (4.829.5) 2.3 (0.86.3)
Cleveland, OH 6.1 (3.89.7) 14.4 (8.323.9) NA NA 8.6 (5.014.3) 17.2 (9.928.4) 0.0
DeKalb County, GA 4.7 (3.36.6) 4.6 (1.513.2) 15.3 (5.536.1) 6.1 (4.09.1) 11.8 (5.224.6) 0.7 (0.22.7)
Detroit, MI 3.7 (2.65.3) 2.4 (0.315.6) NA NA 3.7 (2.26.2) 7.6 (2.918.6) 1.8 (0.65.7)
District of Columbia 6.0 (5.26.9) 15.3 (12.219.0) 10.9 (6.318.3) 7.1 (5.98.6) 16.7 (12.921.2) 1.4 (0.82.4)
Duval County, FL 7.4 (5.89.4) 13.8 (8.521.6) 6.8 (2.915.1) 10.8 (8.413.7) 14.5 (8.523.8) 1.5 (0.73.0)
Ft. Worth, TX 9.9 (7.812.4) 9.1 (3.919.8) 10.9 (4.026.0) 16.0 (12.620.1) 14.0 (6.926.4) 1.7 (0.93.3)
Houston, TX 5.8 (4.47.4) 10.2 (6.016.8) 12.2 (4.927.2) 9.2 (7.111.8) 15.6 (10.023.6) 1.5 (0.82.9)
Los Angeles, CA 4.6 (2.58.3) 12.4 (4.331.2) NA NA 8.4 (4.315.7) 13.5 (7.224.0) 1.2 (0.43.7)
Miami-Dade County, FL 6.9 (5.58.8) 13.4 (6.924.3) 35.6 (20.354.5) 10.9 (8.713.7) 27.0 (17.439.4) 2.0 (1.04.3)
New York City, NY 5.6 (4.37.2) 15.8 (9.325.6) 21.8 (12.036.4) 8.7 (6.311.8) 21.5 (13.532.4) 1.3 (0.72.3)
Oakland, CA 4.8 (3.36.9) 8.1 (3.119.6) NA NA 6.7 (4.110.9) 14.0 (5.132.8) 1.4 (0.44.7)
Orange County, FL 6.1 (4.28.7) 21.4 (12.234.9) NA NA 10.2 (7.314.1) 29.8 (17.546.0) 2.0 (0.84.9)
Palm Beach County, FL 7.9 (6.310.0) 10.0 (4.620.2) 18.7 (9.334.2) 11.5 (8.814.9) 15.6 (9.225.2) 2.4 (1.24.4)
Philadelphia, PA 2.9 (1.55.4) 7.2 (2.718.0) 23.9 (11.144.2) 4.0 (2.26.9) 15.0 (7.228.6) 1.1 (0.25.2)
San Diego, CA 7.2 (5.59.4) 4.6 (1.117.2) NA NA 10.8 (8.314.0) 13.9 (6.427.7) 0.8 (0.32.2)
San Francisco, CA 3.6 (2.06.3) 21.7 (11.237.9) NA NA 6.1 (3.311.0) 15.5 (5.934.9) 0.8 (0.23.5)
Median 5.9 10.1 15.3 8.6 14.8 1.4
Range 2.49.9 2.421.7 6.835.6 3.716.0 7.629.8 0.02.4
* In a car or other vehicle one or more times during the 30 days before the survey, among students who had driven a car or other vehicle during the 30 days before
the survey.
95% confidence interval.
Not available.

US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 93
 Surveillance Summaries

TABLE 10. Percentage of high school students who texted or emailed while driving a car or other vehicle,* by sexual identity and sex of sexual
contacts United States and selected U.S. sites, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2015
% CI
National survey
(all students) 41.5 (38.944.1)

Sexual identity Sex of sexual contacts

Heterosexual Gay, lesbian, or Opposite sex Same sex only or No
(straight) bisexual Not sure only both sexes sexual contact
Site % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI
National survey
Total 42.6 (39.845.4) 30.3 (25.635.6) 40.3 (31.250.1) 53.7 (50.556.9) 43.5 (36.750.5) 24.0 (20.128.5)
Male 43.2 (38.947.7) 30.3 (21.341.1) 37.7 (25.352.1) 52.5 (48.256.8) 47.3 (34.061.0) 25.7 (19.233.5)
Female 41.7 (38.245.3) 30.4 (25.236.1) 40.6 (28.853.5) 55.3 (50.360.2) 42.0 (35.249.2) 22.3 (18.027.4)
State surveys
Arizona NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Arkansas 37.2 (32.542.1) 54.1 (46.561.5) 44.2 (30.459.0) 46.5 (39.753.4) 61.8 (46.575.1) 18.7 (13.225.8)
California 32.3 (25.939.5) 35.5 (19.255.9) NA NA 41.5 (32.751.0) 52.3 (26.676.8) 20.7 (15.028.0)
Connecticut 28.9 (24.234.0) 27.1 (16.840.6) 28.4 (15.646.0) 39.3 (33.145.9) 30.9 (17.648.4) 16.2 (12.221.1)
Delaware 36.2 (30.842.0) 39.0 (26.053.7) 26.9 (17.239.4) 48.4 (41.755.2) 43.1 (29.457.9) 20.5 (15.726.3)
Florida 35.9 (33.039.0) 34.4 (28.241.2) 45.9 (37.454.6) 45.6 (41.649.6) 47.9 (39.756.3) 21.1 (18.424.0)
Hawaii 38.5 (35.741.3) 49.1 (40.058.2) 49.4 (33.665.4) 49.5 (45.153.9) 51.2 (40.561.8) 27.5 (23.931.5)
Illinois 42.0 (36.347.9) 38.1 (30.246.6) 40.6 (22.861.2) 57.3 (51.263.1) 47.3 (39.555.3) 21.3 (16.726.7)
Indiana 43.9 (38.549.4) 36.5 (23.451.9) 39.3 (21.260.9) 55.9 (51.060.7) 45.6 (33.458.3) 22.9 (17.529.3)
Kentucky 36.4 (31.841.3) 36.5 (26.647.7) 33.4 (14.859.2) 49.0 (43.254.8) 41.2 (29.853.7) 19.1 (13.626.2)
Maine NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Maryland 25.2 (24.226.2) 31.1 (28.533.8) 32.9 (29.136.9) 33.5 (32.234.8) 37.2 (34.540.0) 11.9 (10.912.9)
Massachusetts 40.3 (36.344.5) 22.7 (13.735.3) 49.0 (31.866.5) 52.9 (48.557.1) 39.5 (28.751.3) 18.7 (14.423.9)
Michigan 38.7 (33.344.4) 42.2 (28.257.6) 50.9 (31.270.3) 51.1 (42.759.5) 57.7 (38.574.9) 20.5 (16.625.0)
Nevada 39.6 (35.843.5) 36.9 (25.250.5) 40.9 (23.760.6) 48.2 (41.654.9) 44.9 (34.256.1) 24.4 (18.431.7)
New Mexico 37.8 (35.040.6) 37.4 (31.743.4) 44.2 (36.852.0) 50.4 (47.353.4) 46.5 (40.552.7) 22.0 (19.524.8)
New York 27.8 (22.633.6) 34.4 (25.644.5) 37.8 (23.654.3) 35.8 (30.042.1) 50.5 (41.060.0) 14.2 (8.423.1)
North Carolina 36.4 (32.540.5) 40.1 (32.248.5) 52.6 (31.173.2) 47.4 (44.050.9) 48.2 (36.460.2) 19.3 (14.724.8)
North Dakota 58.3 (54.661.9) 49.4 (38.860.1) 55.5 (38.871.0) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oklahoma 45.6 (37.653.8) 31.8 (14.656.1) NA NA 57.6 (46.767.8) 46.3 (24.170.1) 25.9 (21.331.0)
Pennsylvania 34.7 (30.239.6) 42.8 (29.157.8) NA NA 43.1 (37.948.4) 52.9 (35.270.0) 18.6 (13.724.7)
Rhode Island 45.2 (38.951.7) 54.1 (43.364.5) 43.8 (25.863.6) 56.2 (47.864.3) 52.7 (39.665.4) 27.2 (22.432.6)
Vermont 33.3 (32.434.1) 33.9 (30.737.2) 28.0 (23.832.7) 43.5 (42.444.7) 45.8 (42.149.5) 15.0 (13.916.0)
West Virginia 34.7 (29.041.0) 36.6 (24.151.2) NA NA 46.1 (39.453.0) 43.9 (31.956.8) 12.8 (8.319.3)
Wyoming 52.3 (46.358.3) 50.0 (40.859.1) 32.8 (20.148.7) 65.4 (59.071.3) 61.5 (52.669.7) 34.6 (28.341.5)
Median 37.2 36.9 40.9 48.3 46.9 20.5
Range 25.258.3 22.754.1 26.955.5 33.565.4 30.961.8 11.934.6
Large urban school district surveys
Baltimore, MD 23.9 (18.030.9) 27.2 (13.746.9) NA NA 29.3 (21.937.9) 38.8 (26.253.1) 12.1 (6.122.6)
Boston, MA 30.2 (25.135.9) NA NA NA NA 39.6 (32.646.9) 50.7 (33.068.3) 14.8 (8.225.4)
Broward County, FL 38.9 (34.243.9) 42.6 (30.955.1) 33.9 (18.553.8) 48.5 (42.654.4) 56.3 (42.769.0) 19.4 (15.424.3)
Cleveland, OH 27.0 (21.932.9) 32.5 (24.042.4) NA NA 30.7 (24.238.0) 35.7 (25.547.4) 16.7 (11.024.5)
DeKalb County, GA 26.4 (21.931.5) 27.8 (19.338.3) 25.1 (13.242.6) 31.6 (25.838.1) 40.2 (28.752.8) 12.7 (8.418.7)
Detroit, MI 33.2 (27.339.8) 32.2 (22.543.6) 34.7 (19.054.6) 30.8 (25.137.1) 37.2 (27.048.8) 25.0 (17.035.1)
District of Columbia NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Duval County, FL 33.6 (29.637.7) 45.2 (37.852.8) 31.7 (20.845.0) 42.5 (37.647.6) 43.3 (34.252.9) 18.3 (14.722.6)
Ft. Worth, TX 36.9 (33.640.3) 41.6 (29.854.5) 18.0 (10.130.2) 46.7 (42.750.8) 44.3 (32.057.3) 22.3 (18.526.5)
Houston, TX 34.2 (30.637.9) 35.9 (28.544.0) 42.2 (30.255.2) 45.2 (41.249.2) 41.8 (33.450.8) 20.7 (16.525.7)
Los Angeles, CA 20.4 (15.426.5) 20.4 (11.533.6) NA NA 26.5 (19.435.1) 29.8 (15.948.8) 9.7 (6.015.4)
Miami-Dade County, FL 32.1 (28.536.0) 31.3 (21.043.9) 48.0 (33.063.4) 41.3 (36.945.9) 48.8 (37.060.8) 16.9 (13.321.2)
New York City, NY 13.0 (11.115.1) 19.5 (12.229.8) 26.1 (17.437.4) 18.2 (15.221.5) 24.9 (18.033.3) 6.4 (4.39.3)
Oakland, CA 20.3 (17.124.0) 25.0 (14.240.1) 20.3 (9.737.7) 26.8 (21.233.2) 35.9 (24.249.6) 4.6 (2.87.6)
Orange County, FL 32.0 (27.237.4) 38.5 (25.952.8) NA NA 41.2 (35.047.8) 49.7 (35.763.7) 19.8 (14.027.2)
Palm Beach County, FL 38.0 (33.343.0) 38.9 (28.450.5) 39.4 (26.354.2) 48.5 (43.453.6) 43.9 (34.553.7) 20.8 (15.826.8)
Philadelphia, PA 20.4 (16.325.2) 17.1 (11.225.4) 23.1 (9.845.4) 24.6 (18.132.4) 23.7 (11.941.6) 8.5 (4.614.9)
San Diego, CA 32.8 (26.639.8) 37.5 (24.852.2) NA NA 42.9 (34.551.7) 52.7 (39.165.9) 14.8 (10.121.1)
San Francisco, CA 20.4 (14.527.8) 32.2 (18.450.1) NA NA 24.8 (16.136.2) 38.6 (21.159.6) 13.1 (7.122.8)
Median 31.1 32.2 31.7 35.6 41.0 15.7
Range 13.038.9 17.145.2 18.048.0 18.248.5 23.756.3 4.625.0
* On at least 1 day during the 30 days before the survey, among students who had driven a car or other vehicle during the 30 days before the survey.
95% confidence interval.
Not available.

94 MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
 Surveillance Summaries

TABLE 11. Percentage of high school students who carried a weapon,* by sexual identity and sex of sexual contacts United States and
selected U.S. sites, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2015
% CI
National survey
(all students) 16.2 (14.418.1)

Sexual identity Sex of sexual contacts

Heterosexual Gay, lesbian, or Opposite sex Same sex only or No
(straight) bisexual Not sure only both sexes sexual contact
Site % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI
National survey
Total 16.0 (14.118.0) 18.9 (15.123.4) 14.7 (9.621.9) 20.8 (18.623.2) 18.8 (16.221.6) 10.7 (8.912.7)
Male 24.5 (21.827.3) 23.7 (16.732.5) 20.0 (12.031.3) 30.4 (27.233.8) 21.5 (15.529.0) 17.6 (15.020.4)
Female 6.2 (4.87.9) 16.0 (12.420.5) 10.9 (6.717.3) 8.7 (7.010.8) 17.9 (14.921.3) 4.2 (2.96.0)
State surveys
Arizona 17.5 (14.221.4) 20.9 (13.431.1) 20.2 (9.538.0) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Arkansas 20.2 (16.924.1) 23.5 (15.134.6) 21.7 (13.732.7) 24.9 (20.629.9) 39.2 (32.246.8) 11.7 (9.614.1)
California 9.0 (6.612.1) 8.1 (3.916.2) 8.5 (4.715.1) 12.9 (9.716.8) 14.2 (5.532.0) 5.7 (3.88.3)
Connecticut NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Delaware 12.8 (10.914.9) 11.8 (7.019.2) 17.4 (9.330.2) 20.2 (17.423.4) 24.2 (15.335.9) 5.6 (4.37.3)
Florida 14.1 (12.316.1) 19.4 (15.224.4) 22.8 (18.427.8) 20.8 (18.223.6) 26.9 (21.533.1) 7.3 (5.99.0)
Hawaii 9.3 (8.210.6) 16.6 (12.621.4) 14.7 (9.422.2) 13.7 (11.815.9) 25.2 (18.633.1) 5.7 (4.76.9)
Illinois 14.1 (11.317.6) 19.8 (13.428.1) 21.8 (14.431.7) 19.6 (16.523.1) 19.8 (13.727.7) 8.8 (5.713.2)
Indiana 18.7 (15.322.7) 27.1 (20.235.4) 18.6 (9.233.9) 24.1 (19.529.4) 21.5 (13.632.3) 12.5 (9.316.5)
Kentucky 22.3 (18.826.2) 29.9 (22.438.8) 29.1 (15.747.7) 27.9 (23.532.7) 30.2 (22.938.6) 15.1 (11.519.6)
Maine NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Maryland 13.3 (12.913.8) 22.1 (20.723.7) 20.7 (18.722.8) 20.0 (19.220.8) 25.5 (23.827.2) 7.3 (6.97.8)
Massachusetts 12.3 (10.015.0) 17.7 (12.424.7) 8.3 (4.415.0) 17.3 (14.021.2) 18.4 (13.025.4) 6.2 (4.97.9)
Michigan 16.1 (12.919.8) 20.2 (14.128.1) 16.2 (11.622.2) 20.9 (16.925.5) 19.6 (13.427.8) 10.4 (8.213.1)
Nevada 17.5 (14.421.1) 21.5 (11.835.9) 25.2 (18.732.9) 23.3 (18.828.6) 27.4 (19.836.6) 10.8 (7.615.0)
New Mexico 21.7 (20.123.3) 28.0 (24.032.3) 23.4 (18.529.0) 28.0 (25.630.4) 34.5 (30.438.8) 15.3 (13.617.2)
New York 11.5 (9.813.5) 21.9 (16.728.3) 16.3 (10.324.9) 15.8 (12.819.3) 31.5 (26.137.5) 6.8 (5.58.3)
North Carolina 18.2 (15.721.1) 24.3 (15.436.3) 29.6 (16.946.6) 24.1 (20.228.4) 29.5 (21.439.1) 11.6 (8.715.3)
North Dakota NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oklahoma 19.0 (15.722.9) 21.8 (11.038.6) 18.7 (7.938.3) 23.2 (19.627.3) 26.2 (15.540.6) 14.7 (11.219.1)
Pennsylvania 16.7 (14.119.6) 23.6 (16.832.1) 23.7 (15.235.1) 21.7 (18.325.6) 22.1 (16.129.6) 11.7 (8.815.4)
Rhode Island NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Vermont NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
West Virginia 25.8 (22.729.1) 20.5 (14.029.0) 36.3 (24.749.8) 30.6 (25.236.6) 29.9 (22.538.5) 18.9 (15.323.2)
Wyoming 28.5 (25.731.6) 39.6 (32.047.7) 33.5 (20.649.5) 32.0 (28.336.0) 39.0 (29.549.5) 25.8 (22.729.1)
Median 17.1 21.7 21.2 21.7 26.2 10.8
Range 9.028.5 8.139.6 8.336.3 12.932.0 14.239.2 5.625.8
Large urban school district surveys
Baltimore, MD 19.5 (16.223.3) 27.4 (20.136.3) 36.2 (20.954.9) 27.0 (21.833.0) 31.3 (22.042.2) 9.2 (5.914.0)
Boston, MA 11.5 (9.414.0) 11.7 (7.018.7) 12.3 (5.326.0) 17.2 (13.921.2) 18.4 (12.027.1) 3.2 (2.04.9)
Broward County, FL 11.4 (9.513.5) 19.5 (12.429.4) 17.9 (8.833.1) 18.0 (14.522.0) 26.2 (16.938.3) 3.9 (2.75.7)
Cleveland, OH 15.0 (12.817.5) 31.6 (24.839.2) 18.7 (10.730.7) 19.3 (16.422.6) 31.8 (25.239.2) 5.8 (3.98.4)
DeKalb County, GA 9.8 (8.012.0) 17.0 (12.023.6) 10.5 (3.825.7) 14.5 (11.817.8) 18.0 (11.626.9) 3.2 (2.05.0)
Detroit, MI 13.2 (11.215.6) 19.7 (14.126.7) 29.3 (16.047.3) 17.6 (14.521.2) 16.9 (11.424.3) 8.2 (5.911.4)
District of Columbia 17.0 (16.217.9) 23.6 (21.426.0) 17.1 (13.421.4) 24.9 (23.426.4) 26.8 (24.029.7) 6.6 (5.87.5)
Duval County, FL 17.5 (15.819.4) 25.3 (20.630.7) 20.1 (14.726.9) 23.3 (20.825.9) 28.6 (23.734.1) 9.0 (7.510.8)
Ft. Worth, TX 12.1 (10.314.1) 22.2 (15.430.8) 9.4 (5.017.2) 19.0 (16.222.1) 27.1 (19.636.2) 5.6 (4.27.5)
Houston, TX 11.4 (10.012.9) 22.6 (18.127.7) 19.9 (13.228.9) 18.5 (16.221.0) 25.8 (20.232.3) 6.4 (5.08.1)
Los Angeles, CA 7.2 (5.89.0) 6.1 (2.812.6) 19.7 (13.527.9) 11.6 (9.214.7) 7.7 (4.213.5) 4.2 (2.96.1)
Miami-Dade County, FL 8.2 (7.09.5) 13.8 (8.621.4) 19.5 (11.830.3) 12.8 (10.715.3) 18.8 (10.032.5) 3.6 (2.74.8)
New York City, NY 7.0 (6.18.1) 12.9 (9.517.2) 9.9 (6.115.8) 11.5 (9.513.9) 13.7 (10.118.4) 3.7 (2.84.8)
Oakland, CA 13.5 (11.815.4) 23.0 (15.632.4) 17.8 (9.331.6) 19.7 (16.423.5) 26.3 (18.835.4) 5.3 (3.77.4)
Orange County, FL 10.9 (9.213.0) 11.2 (6.219.3) 21.2 (11.336.2) 15.5 (12.718.7) 18.6 (11.928.0) 7.1 (5.49.4)
Palm Beach County, FL 12.4 (10.714.3) 24.8 (18.732.1) 26.6 (18.237.1) 18.0 (15.321.1) 26.0 (20.032.9) 8.2 (6.410.4)
Philadelphia, PA 11.4 (9.413.8) 13.6 (7.822.8) 14.7 (7.826.0) 15.7 (13.118.8) 14.1 (8.921.6) 4.4 (2.77.0)
San Diego, CA 9.7 (8.311.4) 16.4 (12.221.7) 13.3 (6.824.3) 14.4 (11.917.3) 21.9 (16.129.0) 4.9 (3.56.7)
San Francisco, CA 8.5 (6.710.6) 16.0 (9.425.9) 10.2 (5.617.9) 16.3 (13.020.4) 16.1 (8.927.5) 4.2 (3.15.7)
Median 11.4 19.5 17.9 17.6 21.9 5.3
Range 7.019.5 6.131.6 9.436.2 11.527.0 7.731.8 3.29.2
* Such as, a gun, knife, or club, on at least 1 day during the 30 days before the survey.
95% confidence interval.
Not available.

US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 95
 Surveillance Summaries

TABLE 12. Percentage of high school students who carried a gun,* by sexual identity and sex of sexual contacts United States and selected
U.S. sites, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2015
% CI
National survey
(all students) 5.3 (4.66.1)

Sexual identity Sex of sexual contacts

Heterosexual Gay, lesbian, or Opposite sex Same sex only or No
(straight) bisexual Not sure only both sexes sexual contact
Site % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI
National survey
Total 5.2 (4.46.1) 4.1 (2.86.0) 4.6 (2.87.4) 6.7 (5.78.0) 6.8 (5.09.3) 3.0 (2.24.1)
Male 8.5 (7.010.3) 4.8 (2.88.2) 8.0 (4.513.8) 10.9 (9.013.0) 11.2 (7.017.3) 5.4 (3.67.9)
Female 1.3 (0.91.8) 3.1 (1.85.1) 1.7 (0.64.7) 1.4 (0.92.1) 5.5 (3.87.8) 0.7 (0.41.3)
State surveys
Arizona 4.5 (3.75.5) 5.5 (2.014.6) 8.1 (2.523.1) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Arkansas 9.0 (7.311.0) 13.2 (7.522.3) 16.6 (11.523.4) 11.8 (9.414.7) 20.9 (15.028.4) 4.9 (3.17.6)
California 2.9 (2.14.0) 1.5 (0.45.2) 2.1 (0.66.6) 5.0 (3.76.9) 4.8 (1.712.6) 1.0 (0.51.9)
Connecticut NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Delaware 4.3 (3.25.7) 6.2 (2.415.0) 4.2 (1.511.8) 7.7 (5.810.2) 12.4 (5.426.2) 1.2 (0.62.4)
Florida NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Hawaii NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Illinois 4.8 (3.76.2) 10.3 (6.216.5) 10.0 (4.620.2) 6.9 (5.19.3) 12.4 (7.918.8) 2.7 (1.35.6)
Indiana 5.8 (4.18.1) 8.0 (4.114.9) 5.9 (1.817.6) 7.5 (4.911.4) 8.8 (4.018.5) 3.3 (2.05.6)
Kentucky NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Maine NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Maryland NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Massachusetts 2.6 (1.93.5) 3.4 (1.57.6) 3.0 (0.99.2) 3.5 (2.54.9) 4.2 (1.511.2) 1.4 (0.92.3)
Michigan 4.4 (3.65.4) 3.4 (1.48.0) 4.2 (1.511.1) 6.3 (4.88.3) 7.2 (3.912.9) 1.9 (1.13.3)
Nevada 5.3 (3.97.2) 4.7 (1.513.2) 13.4 (7.423.2) 6.0 (4.48.0) 9.9 (5.417.6) 3.0 (2.04.6)
New Mexico 7.2 (6.28.3) 9.2 (7.311.6) 12.6 (8.817.7) 10.4 (8.912.2) 11.9 (9.514.9) 4.3 (3.45.4)
New York 3.3 (2.54.3) 8.0 (4.613.4) 6.6 (3.312.8) 5.0 (3.67.0) 12.9 (8.219.8) 1.4 (0.92.2)
North Carolina NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
North Dakota NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oklahoma 7.1 (5.19.8) 3.9 (1.311.5) 3.4 (0.714.5) 10.0 (7.213.8) 6.0 (1.619.8) 4.0 (2.46.7)
Pennsylvania 7.9 (6.29.9) 7.6 (4.612.4) 6.1 (2.215.8) 9.5 (7.412.1) 8.2 (4.713.7) 5.7 (3.98.3)
Rhode Island NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Vermont NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
West Virginia 7.5 (6.29.0) 4.4 (1.412.8) 13.5 (6.027.6) 9.7 (7.612.3) 11.6 (6.819.2) 3.4 (2.25.2)
Wyoming 11.2 (9.513.1) 13.0 (8.120.1) 12.7 (4.829.9) 11.3 (9.613.2) 18.0 (11.527.1) 10.4 (8.113.2)
Median 5.3 6.2 6.6 7.6 10.8 3.2
Range 2.611.2 1.513.2 2.116.6 3.511.8 4.220.9 1.010.4
Large urban school district surveys
Baltimore, MD 4.7 (2.97.5) 7.2 (3.912.9) 8.0 (1.731.1) 8.0 (5.411.7) 6.2 (2.813.1) 0.4 (0.11.7)
Boston, MA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Broward County, FL 2.9 (1.94.4) 4.0 (1.88.8) 5.4 (1.914.4) 4.5 (3.06.7) 5.4 (2.511.6) 1.0 (0.52.1)
Cleveland, OH NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
DeKalb County, GA 4.0 (3.05.5) 4.3 (2.18.8) 5.2 (1.615.8) 6.4 (4.78.6) 6.2 (2.614.0) 0.6 (0.22.2)
Detroit, MI 4.7 (3.66.1) 4.4 (2.28.7) 21.5 (11.237.4) 6.7 (4.89.3) 5.1 (2.510.3) 1.7 (0.83.3)
District of Columbia NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Duval County, FL NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Ft. Worth, TX 4.5 (3.55.8) 5.3 (2.511.0) 3.3 (1.09.9) 8.2 (6.510.4) 4.8 (1.911.8) 1.2 (0.62.4)
Houston, TX 4.4 (3.55.3) 8.6 (6.012.4) 12.3 (7.918.6) 8.2 (6.810.0) 11.9 (8.416.7) 1.3 (0.82.2)
Los Angeles, CA 1.9 (1.32.7) 1.9 (0.65.5) 9.7 (5.516.8) 2.8 (2.03.9) 4.7 (1.911.2) 1.1 (0.62.0)
Miami-Dade County, FL 3.6 (2.84.6) 4.0 (1.98.0) 13.3 (6.824.6) 5.9 (4.57.7) 6.9 (3.812.2) 1.0 (0.51.8)
New York City, NY 1.9 (1.52.5) 3.3 (2.44.5) 5.1 (3.18.3) 3.3 (2.34.7) 6.9 (4.610.3) 0.5 (0.21.4)
Oakland, CA 5.7 (4.57.2) 9.2 (5.016.3) 5.5 (1.716.4) 10.4 (8.113.3) 6.6 (3.412.4) 0.5 (0.31.2)
Orange County, FL 4.1 (2.95.8) 4.8 (1.613.3) 13.3 (6.624.9) 6.9 (4.710.0) 11.8 (6.121.5) 1.2 (0.62.3)
Palm Beach County, FL 3.6 (2.74.8) 9.9 (5.916.2) 6.8 (2.815.7) 5.4 (3.97.4) 9.5 (5.615.8) 1.5 (0.83.1)
Philadelphia, PA 3.9 (2.75.7) 4.0 (1.69.5) 6.7 (2.417.5) 6.0 (4.48.2) 5.5 (2.611.5) 1.0 (0.33.3)
San Diego, CA 2.5 (1.83.6) 4.6 (2.29.6) 1.3 (0.35.7) 3.9 (2.75.7) 8.0 (4.214.6) 0.4 (0.21.0)
San Francisco, CA 2.4 (1.53.8) 7.3 (3.713.9) 0.4 (0.11.8) 4.7 (2.58.6) 6.0 (2.215.3) 0.8 (0.41.7)
Median 3.9 4.6 6.7 6.0 6.2 1.0
Range 1.95.7 1.99.9 0.421.5 2.810.4 4.711.9 0.41.7
* On at least 1 day during the 30 days before the survey.
95% confidence interval.
Not available.

96 MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
 Surveillance Summaries

TABLE 13. Percentage of high school students who carried a weapon on school property,* by sexual identity and sex of sexual contacts
United States and selected U.S. sites, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2015
% CI
National survey
(all students) 4.1 (3.54.7)

Sexual identity Sex of sexual contacts

Heterosexual Gay, lesbian, or Opposite sex Same sex only or No
(straight) bisexual Not sure only both sexes sexual contact
Site % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI
National survey
Total 3.7 (3.14.4) 6.2 (4.39.1) 7.1 (4.212.0) 5.5 (4.66.6) 8.1 (5.911.0) 1.7 (1.32.2)
Male 5.7 (4.76.8) 7.4 (4.312.3) 10.1 (5.717.4) 8.1 (6.69.8) 12.8 (8.219.5) 2.5 (1.93.4)
Female 1.4 (1.01.9) 5.5 (3.48.9) 4.4 (2.48.2) 2.2 (1.63.1) 6.5 (4.39.7) 0.8 (0.51.4)
State surveys
Arizona 4.1 (2.76.4) 6.2 (2.514.9) 0.2 (0.00.9) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Arkansas 4.5 (3.06.6) 7.5 (3.117.4) 12.4 (4.529.6) 5.8 (4.37.9) 18.6 (11.229.2) 1.4 (0.63.1)
California 2.7 (1.84.0) 1.3 (0.44.4) 5.9 (1.817.7) 4.3 (2.86.6) 6.9 (2.517.8) 1.3 (0.62.6)
Connecticut 5.4 (3.97.3) 9.8 (5.816.2) 9.1 (5.115.7) 7.7 (5.610.5) 10.3 (5.319.1) 2.8 (1.74.7)
Delaware 3.3 (2.44.5) 5.5 (3.68.4) 8.2 (3.020.2) 5.6 (4.17.6) 11.9 (6.820.1) 1.0 (0.61.6)
Florida NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Hawaii NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Illinois 3.3 (2.24.8) 7.6 (4.612.6) 10.6 (5.021.2) 5.2 (3.47.9) 11.6 (6.519.8) 1.4 (0.53.5)
Indiana 4.9 (3.27.3) 7.8 (3.715.7) 13.9 (5.829.9) 7.3 (5.110.4) 8.9 (4.018.8) 2.4 (1.15.3)
Kentucky 5.7 (3.98.3) 12.2 (7.718.8) 9.5 (3.921.6) 6.5 (4.29.9) 12.6 (7.620.0) 4.2 (2.76.6)
Maine 5.0 (4.35.8) 9.3 (6.613.0) 14.9 (11.219.6) 7.0 (6.27.9) 12.4 (9.516.1) 2.4 (2.02.8)
Maryland 3.1 (2.93.3) 9.3 (8.310.4) 8.8 (7.710.1) 5.3 (4.95.8) 11.8 (10.713.0) 0.9 (0.81.1)
Massachusetts 2.8 (2.13.8) 7.6 (4.213.4) 1.9 (0.47.9) 3.8 (2.85.2) 10.1 (5.817.0) 1.0 (0.61.8)
Michigan 3.3 (2.15.1) 5.1 (2.112.2) 7.9 (4.513.5) 4.8 (2.88.3) 6.4 (3.112.9) 1.1 (0.62.1)
Nevada 3.1 (2.14.6) 3.7 (1.310.2) 13.1 (5.328.8) 4.8 (3.37.0) 9.8 (5.217.7) 1.2 (0.62.3)
New Mexico 3.8 (3.24.4) 9.2 (7.411.4) 10.4 (7.713.9) 6.0 (5.07.3) 11.8 (9.414.7) 2.1 (1.62.7)
New York 3.3 (2.54.4) 11.1 (7.815.5) 7.9 (4.114.7) 5.0 (3.66.9) 14.3 (10.319.5) 1.4 (0.92.1)
North Carolina 3.5 (2.64.7) 5.6 (2.512.1) 8.3 (2.822.6) 5.2 (3.77.3) 5.9 (3.69.4) 1.7 (0.83.8)
North Dakota 4.5 (3.75.6) 8.2 (4.414.8) 13.7 (6.925.4) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oklahoma 4.7 (3.26.8) 7.0 (2.121.2) 4.2 (1.114.2) 7.0 (4.810.1) 8.4 (3.120.7) 2.4 (1.34.4)
Pennsylvania 1.5 (0.92.4) 5.0 (2.59.7) 5.4 (1.616.9) 2.6 (1.64.2) 2.5 (1.06.3) 0.6 (0.31.4)
Rhode Island 3.4 (2.35.0) 12.3 (7.320.1) 11.1 (5.621.0) 4.3 (2.76.7) 15.7 (9.624.6) 1.3 (0.62.8)
Vermont 6.9 (6.57.3) 13.2 (11.715.0) 11.2 (9.213.6) 9.8 (9.210.4) 18.2 (16.120.5) 3.3 (2.93.7)
West Virginia 6.3 (4.48.9) 3.7 (1.68.1) 16.6 (10.924.4) 8.1 (5.412.0) 12.9 (8.918.2) 2.9 (1.75.0)
Wyoming 10.1 (8.711.7) 15.9 (9.824.8) 13.9 (7.225.3) 14.5 (12.017.5) 17.7 (10.328.6) 5.7 (4.37.5)
Median 3.8 7.6 9.5 5.6 11.8 1.4
Range 1.510.1 1.315.9 0.216.6 2.614.5 2.518.6 0.65.7
Large urban school district surveys
Baltimore, MD 8.0 (5.811.1) 17.3 (11.225.5) 17.0 (5.542.1) 9.2 (6.013.7) 21.6 (14.331.3) 3.6 (1.87.1)
Boston, MA 3.5 (2.54.9) 6.6 (3.711.5) 2.1 (0.314.7) 3.9 (2.66.0) 9.3 (4.518.3) 1.6 (0.93.1)
Broward County, FL 2.7 (1.83.9) 10.4 (6.117.2) 4.9 (1.912.4) 4.3 (2.96.5) 9.7 (5.017.8) 1.1 (0.62.2)
Cleveland, OH NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
DeKalb County, GA 2.3 (1.63.2) 4.5 (2.29.1) 9.3 (2.925.9) 3.1 (2.04.6) 8.0 (3.418.0) 0.7 (0.22.3)
Detroit, MI 3.7 (2.84.8) 7.8 (4.413.5) 12.6 (4.430.8) 4.2 (2.76.6) 5.8 (2.811.6) 2.1 (1.23.8)
District of Columbia NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Duval County, FL 3.9 (3.15.0) 9.5 (6.513.7) 8.6 (4.615.7) 4.6 (3.46.3) 12.1 (8.217.3) 1.8 (1.22.8)
Ft. Worth, TX 2.6 (1.93.5) 7.6 (4.313.0) 3.2 (0.911.3) 4.9 (3.76.5) 10.2 (5.817.2) 0.6 (0.31.2)
Houston, TX 2.1 (1.52.8) 10.1 (6.515.4) 11.4 (7.117.7) 4.3 (3.15.9) 13.3 (8.819.6) 0.9 (0.51.6)
Los Angeles, CA 2.3 (1.53.4) 2.9 (1.08.3) 9.8 (4.520.0) 4.6 (2.87.4) 4.0 (1.410.6) 0.9 (0.42.0)
Miami-Dade County, FL 1.8 (1.32.7) 3.1 (1.46.7) 10.5 (4.423.0) 3.0 (2.04.5) 5.9 (3.011.4) 0.5 (0.21.3)
New York City, NY 2.8 (2.13.6) 4.9 (3.37.2) 4.8 (2.78.6) 4.5 (3.26.3) 7.0 (4.910.0) 1.0 (0.61.8)
Oakland, CA 6.4 (5.18.1) 9.7 (5.516.6) 7.3 (2.519.2) 9.3 (6.912.5) 12.0 (7.718.3) 2.1 (1.23.7)
Orange County, FL 2.3 (1.53.6) 5.0 (2.410.2) 11.7 (4.527.5) 4.1 (2.66.2) 7.4 (3.315.5) 1.0 (0.52.2)
Palm Beach County, FL 2.1 (1.53.0) 9.2 (5.614.6) 8.1 (3.717.0) 3.2 (2.24.7) 9.4 (5.415.6) 0.7 (0.31.8)
Philadelphia, PA 1.8 (1.13.0) 1.3 (0.44.4) 7.2 (2.419.7) 2.4 (1.54.0) 1.7 (0.65.0) 0.7 (0.22.6)
San Diego, CA 2.9 (2.23.8) 5.0 (2.310.2) 5.6 (1.518.5) 4.3 (3.06.1) 10.0 (6.016.3) 0.9 (0.51.6)
San Francisco, CA 4.5 (3.55.8) 8.0 (4.115.1) 5.2 (2.211.8) 10.1 (7.613.3) 11.5 (5.024.3) 1.6 (1.02.7)
Median 2.7 7.6 8.1 4.3 9.4 1.0
Range 1.88.0 1.317.3 2.117.0 2.410.1 1.721.6 0.53.6
* Such as, a gun, knife, or club, on at least 1 day during the 30 days before the survey.
95% confidence interval.
Not available.

US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 97
 Surveillance Summaries

TABLE 14. Percentage of high school students who were threatened or injured with a weapon on school property,* by sexual identity and sex
of sexual contacts United States and selected U.S. sites, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2015
% CI
National survey
(all students) 6.0 (5.26.8)

Sexual identity Sex of sexual contacts

Heterosexual Gay, lesbian, or Opposite sex Same sex only or No
(straight) bisexual Not sure only both sexes sexual contact
Site % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI
National survey
Total 5.1 (4.55.9) 10.0 (7.912.7) 12.6 (9.017.3) 7.2 (6.08.5) 13.0 (10.116.6) 2.9 (2.43.6)
Male 6.2 (5.37.3) 11.6 (7.517.5) 17.2 (10.626.6) 8.9 (7.410.7) 20.4 (14.128.6) 3.1 (2.34.1)
Female 3.8 (3.14.7) 9.1 (6.612.4) 7.2 (3.514.4) 4.9 (3.76.5) 10.6 (7.614.7) 2.8 (2.13.8)
State surveys
Arizona 6.2 (4.58.4) 12.9 (8.020.1) 14.4 (5.532.6) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Arkansas 8.4 (7.19.9) 23.1 (19.427.3) 18.9 (13.226.4) 10.7 (8.113.9) 24.2 (19.629.5) 4.3 (3.25.9)
California 4.4 (3.16.4) 8.1 (3.816.3) 11.8 (6.620.1) 6.9 (4.79.9) 15.1 (7.229.1) 3.0 (1.84.9)
Connecticut 5.6 (4.17.6) 10.5 (7.714.0) 10.4 (6.416.4) 6.8 (5.18.9) 11.0 (6.418.1) 4.2 (2.86.5)
Delaware 5.1 (3.76.9) 9.5 (4.618.5) 13.2 (6.824.0) 8.1 (6.210.7) 13.3 (5.827.6) 2.2 (1.43.3)
Florida 6.0 (5.26.9) 14.0 (11.317.2) 14.3 (10.219.6) 8.8 (7.410.4) 17.4 (14.420.7) 3.0 (2.34.0)
Hawaii NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Illinois 4.9 (3.76.5) 15.0 (10.321.4) 18.6 (11.229.3) 8.4 (6.610.7) 15.7 (9.824.2) 1.5 (0.92.6)
Indiana 4.6 (3.46.4) 20.5 (13.529.8) 8.7 (3.420.7) 7.4 (5.010.7) 15.8 (8.527.4) 3.4 (2.05.5)
Kentucky 5.8 (4.57.5) 14.4 (9.720.8) 13.0 (4.930.3) 8.2 (6.011.0) 16.7 (10.325.9) 2.6 (1.44.6)
Maine 4.3 (3.74.9) 9.8 (7.013.7) 13.2 (9.318.5) 5.3 (4.66.2) 13.9 (11.317.1) 2.4 (1.73.4)
Maryland 5.3 (5.15.6) 15.2 (14.016.5) 15.8 (14.117.7) 8.0 (7.58.4) 17.3 (15.818.9) 2.8 (2.53.0)
Massachusetts 3.5 (2.74.6) 6.7 (3.512.5) 9.2 (4.518.0) 5.0 (3.67.0) 10.2 (6.316.0) 1.6 (1.02.6)
Michigan 5.9 (4.67.6) 13.3 (9.817.9) 4.0 (1.410.7) 8.1 (5.911.0) 11.5 (7.517.3) 3.1 (2.04.6)
Nevada 5.4 (4.17.1) 15.2 (10.421.6) 17.1 (9.429.1) 7.2 (5.39.7) 17.3 (12.623.4) 3.5 (2.05.8)
New Mexico NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
New York 5.9 (5.16.8) 20.0 (15.425.6) 16.7 (12.122.6) 8.3 (6.810.2) 25.0 (18.233.4) 2.8 (2.33.4)
North Carolina 4.0 (2.85.7) 8.7 (6.312.0) 10.8 (4.324.9) 5.4 (3.29.0) 10.1 (7.114.0) 2.8 (1.84.5)
North Dakota NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oklahoma 4.5 (3.06.6) 11.4 (5.024.0) 10.8 (2.833.9) 6.5 (4.39.7) 13.7 (5.630.0) 2.9 (1.55.3)
Pennsylvania 4.3 (3.45.5) 10.4 (6.616.1) 7.5 (3.515.5) 6.0 (4.87.6) 6.2 (3.510.9) 2.6 (1.74.0)
Rhode Island NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Vermont 4.2 (3.94.5) 13.7 (12.115.5) 10.7 (8.813.0) 5.8 (5.36.3) 18.5 (16.420.9) 2.5 (2.22.8)
West Virginia 6.2 (4.87.9) 11.2 (6.020.0) 11.5 (5.621.9) 7.2 (5.59.3) 15.7 (9.524.9) 3.6 (2.16.0)
Wyoming 5.5 (4.27.2) 17.8 (12.225.2) 10.1 (5.617.3) 7.4 (5.69.8) 21.4 (15.329.0) 3.3 (2.15.2)
Median 5.3 13.3 11.8 7.3 15.7 2.8
Range 3.58.4 6.723.1 4.018.9 5.010.7 6.225.0 1.54.3
Large urban school district surveys
Baltimore, MD 8.6 (6.111.8) 16.0 (11.422.0) 13.7 (5.729.5) 9.6 (6.414.1) 17.6 (11.027.1) 5.1 (3.37.8)
Boston, MA 3.9 (3.05.2) 6.7 (3.313.3) 5.3 (1.516.9) 4.2 (2.96.1) 10.1 (5.617.7) 1.9 (1.13.3)
Broward County, FL 5.7 (4.57.3) 14.7 (9.821.6) 4.2 (1.511.3) 7.7 (5.910.2) 14.7 (8.424.5) 3.2 (2.05.1)
Cleveland, OH NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
DeKalb County, GA 6.6 (5.18.4) 14.2 (9.221.4) 8.2 (4.215.5) 8.5 (6.610.9) 15.0 (8.924.1) 3.4 (2.15.4)
Detroit, MI 12.6 (9.017.3) 17.2 (11.325.2) 31.4 (18.747.6) 9.6 (7.212.9) 16.9 (11.823.5) 5.6 (3.29.8)
District of Columbia 6.3 (5.86.9) 11.1 (9.512.9) 13.3 (10.217.2) 7.4 (6.58.3) 13.0 (11.015.4) 3.4 (2.84.0)
Duval County, FL 7.4 (6.38.6) 20.6 (16.225.9) 21.1 (14.130.2) 10.6 (9.012.4) 20.1 (15.425.8) 3.7 (2.75.0)
Ft. Worth, TX 5.0 (4.06.3) 11.9 (7.618.1) 3.6 (1.011.7) 8.1 (6.210.5) 10.9 (6.218.7) 2.5 (1.73.7)
Houston, TX 6.2 (5.07.6) 17.2 (13.122.2) 20.0 (13.927.7) 10.5 (8.712.7) 22.2 (16.828.8) 2.8 (1.94.0)
Los Angeles, CA 3.5 (2.45.0) 9.5 (4.917.6) 14.9 (8.824.0) 6.6 (4.010.5) 9.8 (5.218.0) 1.8 (0.93.6)
Miami-Dade County, FL 5.6 (4.66.7) 10.0 (6.315.5) 19.8 (10.833.5) 8.5 (6.810.6) 14.1 (8.821.7) 2.7 (1.84.2)
New York City, NY 5.4 (4.56.5) 10.2 (7.214.2) 10.8 (7.315.5) 7.9 (6.110.2) 13.6 (9.918.3) 2.5 (1.93.4)
Oakland, CA 7.2 (5.79.1) 13.6 (8.121.9) 15.2 (8.027.0) 8.7 (6.411.6) 17.9 (11.027.7) 3.6 (2.35.6)
Orange County, FL 5.6 (4.27.5) 10.8 (6.118.2) 22.6 (10.941.2) 8.5 (6.311.4) 14.4 (7.924.9) 3.0 (1.84.9)
Palm Beach County, FL 6.8 (5.48.4) 20.5 (14.028.8) 17.2 (10.526.9) 10.4 (8.213.1) 17.2 (12.123.8) 2.5 (1.44.4)
Philadelphia, PA 5.8 (3.78.8) 9.3 (4.518.2) 8.2 (4.016.1) 7.4 (4.611.6) 9.8 (4.719.1) 2.0 (1.13.7)
San Diego, CA 4.0 (3.25.1) 9.5 (4.817.9) 6.4 (2.615.2) 5.2 (3.87.0) 11.7 (7.617.5) 2.5 (1.63.9)
San Francisco, CA 5.5 (3.97.6) 10.9 (6.318.3) 5.3 (1.914.3) 7.6 (4.911.6) 11.7 (5.024.9) 2.7 (1.84.2)
Median 5.8 11.5 13.5 8.3 14.2 2.8
Range 3.512.6 6.720.6 3.631.4 4.210.6 9.822.2 1.85.6
* Such as, a gun, knife, or club, one or more times during the 12 months before the survey.
95% confidence interval.
Not available

98 MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
 Surveillance Summaries

TABLE 15. Percentage of high school students who were in a physical fight,* by sexual identity and sex of sexual contacts United States and
selected U.S. sites, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2015
% CI
National survey
(all students) 22.6 (20.924.4)

Sexual identity Sex of sexual contacts

Heterosexual Gay, lesbian, or Opposite sex Same sex only or No
(straight) bisexual Not sure only both sexes sexual contact
Site % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI
National survey
Total 21.7 (20.223.4) 28.4 (24.033.4) 34.5 (26.243.9) 30.1 (28.232.2) 37.0 (31.842.6) 12.9 (11.714.2)
Male 28.3 (26.230.5) 23.1 (17.130.5) 44.2 (32.856.2) 37.7 (35.140.3) 39.4 (30.748.9) 17.0 (14.919.4)
Female 14.2 (12.516.2) 30.0 (24.436.3) 26.1 (17.636.8) 20.5 (17.923.4) 36.3 (30.941.9) 9.1 (7.910.3)
State surveys
Arizona 22.6 (19.526.0) 22.3 (15.131.8) 21.7 (9.542.2) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Arkansas 23.1 (21.524.8) 33.6 (24.843.8) 26.7 (19.235.8) 32.0 (28.336.0) 44.9 (33.157.3) 10.5 (7.215.0)
California 15.7 (12.819.2) 19.9 (10.933.5) 21.2 (13.631.6) 22.9 (18.328.2) 29.0 (14.549.6) 10.6 (8.113.8)
Connecticut 16.2 (14.018.6) 26.0 (19.933.1) 27.2 (16.741.0) 24.0 (20.428.1) 26.1 (18.235.7) 9.8 (7.512.9)
Delaware 20.3 (17.723.1) 25.7 (20.731.5) 18.5 (10.829.8) 30.6 (27.034.5) 32.9 (24.242.9) 9.5 (7.711.7)
Florida 19.7 (18.221.2) 28.6 (22.435.7) 22.7 (17.229.4) 28.4 (26.330.7) 38.9 (32.945.2) 9.9 (8.711.2)
Hawaii 13.0 (11.414.9) 22.7 (17.728.7) 16.9 (10.725.8) 20.9 (17.924.1) 33.8 (28.339.7) 6.9 (5.58.7)
Illinois 20.4 (17.523.5) 34.5 (27.142.7) 32.0 (24.041.2) 28.8 (24.333.8) 36.1 (28.844.2) 13.4 (11.415.7)
Indiana 16.3 (13.519.6) 34.2 (25.144.7) 17.8 (8.832.7) 21.7 (17.826.1) 35.4 (25.047.3) 9.9 (7.313.2)
Kentucky 17.8 (15.620.2) 39.4 (27.652.5) 15.7 (7.230.7) 22.9 (19.327.0) 37.8 (26.251.0) 10.9 (8.513.8)
Maine 14.1 (12.715.6) 21.3 (18.224.7) 22.7 (18.427.6) 19.1 (17.420.9) 26.4 (22.930.3) 7.8 (7.08.6)
Maryland NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Massachusetts 19.0 (16.621.8) 22.7 (16.530.5) 17.5 (11.525.8) 24.3 (20.928.0) 33.2 (24.343.3) 11.5 (9.114.5)
Michigan 19.0 (16.521.7) 30.8 (25.536.7) 17.8 (9.730.4) 27.0 (23.530.9) 36.0 (29.243.5) 10.0 (7.313.4)
Nevada 18.1 (15.221.3) 33.2 (23.045.2) 29.1 (20.739.3) 25.5 (21.330.3) 36.8 (26.348.7) 10.5 (7.814.0)
New Mexico 24.1 (22.425.8) 36.4 (32.740.2) 30.0 (23.837.1) 32.9 (31.034.8) 41.0 (36.046.3) 16.4 (14.518.5)
New York 18.2 (16.520.1) 33.7 (28.139.8) 26.8 (20.733.8) 27.1 (24.729.6) 43.3 (36.850.1) 10.5 (9.311.9)
North Carolina 19.6 (16.623.0) 26.5 (16.839.3) 32.9 (18.751.1) 26.5 (21.432.2) 34.2 (24.046.2) 11.4 (9.114.2)
North Dakota NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oklahoma 20.6 (17.424.3) 28.5 (20.238.6) 22.9 (9.246.4) 28.7 (23.434.7) 38.5 (26.652.0) 11.5 (9.014.5)
Pennsylvania 20.4 (17.823.3) 31.3 (23.040.9) 26.6 (16.040.8) 27.8 (23.932.0) 38.3 (28.948.6) 12.0 (9.515.0)
Rhode Island NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Vermont 17.2 (16.717.8) 29.9 (27.832.2) 20.8 (18.223.7) 23.1 (22.323.9) 37.8 (35.140.7) 10.2 (9.610.8)
West Virginia 19.3 (16.722.2) 26.4 (17.238.3) 36.6 (22.054.2) 25.8 (22.030.1) 33.6 (23.345.9) 10.2 (8.012.8)
Wyoming 18.0 (15.720.5) 33.3 (25.542.1) 26.6 (17.238.9) 25.7 (21.830.0) 39.8 (30.949.3) 9.9 (8.112.0)
Median 19.0 29.3 22.8 25.8 36.1 10.5
Range 13.024.1 19.939.4 15.736.6 19.132.9 26.144.9 6.916.4
Large urban school district surveys
Baltimore, MD 34.8 (29.940.0) 45.6 (35.855.8) 24.1 (10.945.1) 42.9 (36.449.6) 43.6 (33.754.2) 26.1 (21.031.9)
Boston, MA 19.3 (16.921.9) 28.6 (21.037.7) 14.1 (7.325.5) 25.5 (21.330.1) 30.2 (21.940.0) 11.1 (8.813.8)
Broward County, FL 21.4 (18.325.0) 28.2 (21.336.3) 31.2 (18.747.2) 29.7 (25.134.8) 42.6 (32.952.9) 12.2 (9.216.1)
Cleveland, OH 37.0 (34.040.2) 53.5 (47.659.3) 55.5 (39.770.2) 44.0 (39.448.6) 56.6 (49.363.7) 27.1 (22.432.3)
DeKalb County, GA 24.4 (21.927.0) 34.6 (27.442.7) 26.6 (16.440.1) 34.5 (30.938.2) 38.6 (31.046.9) 10.5 (8.113.4)
Detroit, MI 34.5 (29.839.4) 38.5 (30.547.3) 34.2 (21.150.3) 40.0 (33.946.5) 38.5 (30.647.0) 19.6 (16.123.7)
District of Columbia 30.2 (29.231.3) 45.5 (42.848.2) 26.9 (22.531.8) 37.7 (36.139.5) 46.5 (43.349.8) 20.1 (18.721.5)
Duval County, FL 24.3 (22.126.7) 37.7 (32.343.4) 25.6 (18.334.6) 33.6 (30.436.9) 38.8 (32.945.0) 13.0 (11.015.2)
Ft. Worth, TX 23.3 (21.125.7) 36.7 (29.644.4) 14.9 (9.223.3) 35.5 (31.939.3) 35.4 (26.945.0) 12.4 (10.414.7)
Houston, TX 22.8 (20.824.9) 33.8 (28.539.5) 26.7 (20.234.3) 35.3 (32.438.3) 46.7 (39.254.3) 11.9 (10.014.1)
Los Angeles, CA 15.2 (12.518.3) 23.2 (16.032.5) 26.5 (18.137.2) 24.6 (20.928.7) 28.1 (18.041.1) 8.6 (6.910.7)
Miami-Dade County, FL 18.6 (16.820.6) 25.5 (19.632.4) 34.9 (23.248.8) 27.1 (24.429.9) 35.3 (24.847.5) 10.4 (8.412.7)
New York City, NY 20.8 (19.422.4) 34.4 (29.239.9) 24.0 (17.432.2) 31.3 (28.034.7) 35.1 (29.341.3) 13.6 (12.115.4)
Oakland, CA 17.7 (15.220.5) 34.1 (24.645.1) 18.4 (10.230.8) 23.8 (19.628.6) 33.8 (25.043.8) 8.9 (6.611.9)
Orange County, FL 17.2 (14.220.8) 25.9 (17.636.4) 33.9 (22.048.3) 25.3 (20.530.6) 31.3 (21.642.9) 11.7 (9.314.7)
Palm Beach County, FL 19.2 (17.321.2) 30.3 (23.937.6) 26.8 (18.037.9) 26.3 (23.029.8) 35.8 (28.943.2) 10.8 (8.813.2)
Philadelphia, PA 33.2 (28.837.9) 42.0 (35.648.6) 34.5 (26.343.6) 43.5 (38.249.0) 42.8 (34.751.4) 16.5 (13.320.4)
San Diego, CA 19.1 (16.821.6) 24.9 (17.434.3) 21.7 (13.732.5) 28.2 (23.933.0) 28.9 (22.436.3) 10.4 (8.412.7)
San Francisco, CA 13.3 (11.215.8) 20.3 (12.431.3) 15.8 (9.325.5) 24.3 (19.529.9) 33.6 (22.846.4) 6.9 (5.29.1)
Median 21.4 34.1 26.6 31.3 35.8 11.9
Range 13.337.0 20.353.5 14.155.5 23.844.0 28.156.6 6.927.1
* One or more times during the 12 months before the survey.
95% confidence interval.
Not available.

US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 99
 Surveillance Summaries

TABLE 16. Percentage of high school students who were injured in a physical fight,* by sexual identity and sex of sexual contacts United States
and selected U.S. sites, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2015
% CI
National survey
(all students) 2.9 (2.53.4)

Sexual identity Sex of sexual contacts

Heterosexual Gay, lesbian, or Opposite sex Same sex only or No
(straight) bisexual Not sure only both sexes sexual contact
Site % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI
National survey
Total 2.5 (2.12.9) 4.9 (3.47.0) 8.7 (5.313.9) 3.7 (2.94.6) 8.6 (7.010.5) 1.1 (0.81.5)
Male 3.4 (2.84.1) 5.9 (3.89.0) 13.8 (7.324.6) 5.2 (4.06.7) 11.9 (7.418.7) 1.4 (1.02.0)
Female 1.3 (0.91.8) 4.6 (2.97.2) 3.1 (1.56.4) 1.7 (1.02.6) 7.5 (5.89.6) 0.7 (0.41.3)
State surveys
Arizona NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Arkansas 2.8 (1.94.1) 7.0 (2.915.8) 8.9 (3.222.3) 3.8 (2.26.8) 11.4 (7.516.8) 1.3 (0.82.1)
California 2.5 (1.64.0) 2.7 (0.79.3) 0.6 (0.15.4) 3.4 (2.34.9) 5.9 (2.016.3) 1.0 (0.52.2)
Connecticut NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Delaware 3.0 (2.04.6) 5.5 (3.48.8) 8.4 (3.618.3) 4.9 (3.08.0) 9.0 (5.115.4) 1.1 (0.61.9)
Florida 2.5 (2.03.0) 8.6 (5.712.7) 10.4 (6.616.0) 3.6 (2.84.7) 13.6 (9.618.9) 0.9 (0.61.3)
Hawaii 1.7 (1.32.4) 8.9 (4.815.6) 7.1 (2.717.1) 2.5 (1.73.6) 13.1 (8.819.0) 0.9 (0.51.5)
Illinois 2.3 (1.73.2) 5.6 (3.49.0) 10.4 (4.522.3) 4.1 (2.76.3) 8.6 (5.114.2) 1.0 (0.61.8)
Indiana 1.5 (0.92.5) 6.9 (3.612.7) 3.2 (0.713.5) 3.1 (1.95.1) 3.7 (1.49.5) 0.2 (0.01.4)
Kentucky 1.8 (1.12.9) 5.6 (2.810.6) 4.1 (1.213.3) 2.6 (1.64.2) 6.0 (2.115.9) 0.0
Maine 1.4 (1.11.8) 4.5 (3.06.8) 7.4 (4.811.3) 2.1 (1.62.6) 5.3 (3.97.1) 0.8 (0.51.1)
Maryland NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Massachusetts 1.7 (1.22.5) 4.1 (1.89.0) 3.0 (0.810.6) 2.0 (1.13.6) 5.2 (2.311.3) 1.1 (0.62.1)
Michigan 2.5 (1.63.9) 4.6 (2.39.0) 1.4 (0.36.2) 3.3 (1.86.0) 3.3 (1.57.0) 1.1 (0.61.9)
Nevada 2.9 (1.55.4) 7.1 (3.613.6) 5.7 (1.025.7) 3.7 (1.97.1) 6.6 (2.914.2) 1.5 (0.64.1)
New Mexico NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
New York NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
North Carolina 2.2 (1.33.7) 7.5 (4.113.4) 3.0 (1.36.7) 2.8 (1.84.4) 8.3 (4.415.0) 1.4 (0.44.9)
North Dakota NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oklahoma 2.1 (1.13.9) 1.7 (0.47.6) 2.9 (0.514.5) 3.0 (1.65.3) 4.3 (1.412.4) 0.9 (0.33.2)
Pennsylvania 2.6 (1.93.4) 7.2 (3.314.6) 2.5 (0.69.6) 3.1 (2.14.5) 9.4 (5.017.0) 1.1 (0.62.0)
Rhode Island NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Vermont NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
West Virginia 2.1 (1.62.7) 6.9 (2.816.2) 8.9 (3.620.5) 2.5 (1.54.0) 9.2 (5.415.2) 0.8 (0.32.3)
Wyoming 2.1 (1.53.1) 7.4 (3.913.8) 4.8 (1.613.9) 2.6 (1.83.9) 11.1 (6.817.5) 0.8 (0.41.7)
Median 2.2 6.9 4.8 3.1 8.3 1.0
Range 1.43.0 1.78.9 0.610.4 2.04.9 3.313.6 0.01.5
Large urban school district surveys
Baltimore, MD 5.9 (3.88.9) 14.1 (7.724.4) 12.2 (4.330.1) 7.8 (4.712.9) 14.1 (7.425.1) 2.9 (1.26.9)
Boston, MA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Broward County, FL 2.9 (2.04.3) 10.2 (5.916.9) 3.8 (1.112.4) 4.1 (2.76.0) 14.7 (9.122.8) 1.0 (0.42.6)
Cleveland, OH NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
DeKalb County, GA 2.5 (1.73.7) 6.0 (3.410.4) 3.0 (0.517.4) 3.7 (2.45.9) 4.0 (1.98.3) 0.3 (0.11.0)
Detroit, MI 9.0 (5.913.4) 12.1 (7.119.8) 3.2 (0.420.8) 5.4 (3.77.8) 12.3 (8.018.6) 3.8 (1.68.6)
District of Columbia NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Duval County, FL NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Ft. Worth, TX 3.0 (2.33.9) 5.4 (2.910.1) 3.0 (0.99.2) 4.9 (3.76.4) 6.9 (3.513.2) 0.8 (0.51.5)
Houston, TX 3.1 (2.44.1) 7.1 (4.511.2) 11.1 (6.518.1) 4.9 (3.66.5) 7.4 (4.212.6) 1.9 (1.13.3)
Los Angeles, CA 1.7 (1.22.5) 6.3 (3.112.3) 4.7 (1.613.3) 3.1 (1.95.0) 4.0 (1.69.5) 1.4 (0.92.1)
Miami-Dade County, FL 2.4 (1.83.3) 2.5 (1.15.7) 13.3 (5.727.7) 3.5 (2.55.0) 11.6 (6.320.2) 0.8 (0.41.8)
New York City, NY NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oakland, CA 3.4 (2.34.9) 4.9 (2.111.3) 1.7 (0.210.9) 4.2 (2.47.4) 5.5 (2.411.9) 0.9 (0.41.9)
Orange County, FL 2.8 (1.94.3) 4.0 (1.69.9) 21.8 (10.938.8) 5.3 (3.67.7) 11.3 (5.123.0) 0.8 (0.32.1)
Palm Beach County, FL 2.7 (2.03.6) 7.8 (3.915.0) 8.7 (4.217.2) 3.9 (2.75.4) 8.0 (4.513.9) 0.9 (0.41.9)
Philadelphia, PA 4.0 (3.05.4) 5.7 (3.88.4) 9.1 (5.016.2) 5.5 (4.27.1) 5.4 (3.58.5) 1.2 (0.43.4)
San Diego, CA 1.8 (1.22.5) 7.0 (3.313.9) 2.6 (0.512.2) 2.7 (1.64.6) 9.2 (5.215.8) 0.6 (0.21.4)
San Francisco, CA 1.7 (1.12.8) 6.4 (3.312.2) 2.1 (0.76.7) 4.2 (2.47.2) 8.2 (2.921.3) 0.3 (0.11.0)
Median 2.9 6.4 4.3 4.2 8.1 0.9
Range 1.79.0 2.514.1 1.721.8 2.77.8 4.014.7 0.33.8
* One or more times during the 12 months before the survey and injuries had to be treated by a doctor or nurse.
95% confidence interval.
Not available.

100 MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
 Surveillance Summaries

TABLE 17. Percentage of high school students who were in a physical fight on school property,* by sexual identity and sex of sexual contacts
United States and selected U.S. sites, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2015
% CI
National survey
(all students) 7.8 (6.78.9)

Sexual identity Sex of sexual contacts

Heterosexual Gay, lesbian, or Opposite sex Same sex only or No
(straight) bisexual Not sure only both sexes sexual contact
Site % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI
National survey
Total 7.1 (6.18.2) 11.2 (9.013.9) 14.6 (10.520.1) 9.6 (8.211.2) 15.6 (12.419.3) 4.1 (3.54.8)
Male 9.7 (8.111.5) 13.5 (9.219.4) 19.1 (12.128.6) 12.5 (10.514.8) 22.2 (15.530.8) 6.0 (4.87.5)
Female 4.0 (3.44.9) 10.4 (7.913.6) 9.5 (5.914.9) 5.9 (4.77.3) 13.4 (10.417.0) 2.3 (1.73.1)
State surveys
Arizona 6.8 (4.99.3) 7.0 (3.414.1) 5.9 (1.027.7) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Arkansas 10.2 (8.811.8) 19.0 (13.226.4) 11.3 (4.226.7) 13.3 (11.016.1) 22.0 (13.433.9) 5.3 (3.57.9)
California 6.5 (5.37.9) 5.4 (2.212.3) 9.2 (3.720.9) 10.2 (8.312.4) 9.7 (4.718.9) 3.3 (2.25.1)
Connecticut NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Delaware 7.0 (5.78.5) 12.2 (7.219.8) 4.4 (2.18.9) 11.0 (8.813.8) 14.6 (9.022.9) 3.0 (2.24.2)
Florida 6.6 (5.67.6) 14.3 (10.319.3) 11.3 (7.915.9) 9.3 (7.811.2) 18.4 (14.123.6) 3.7 (3.04.5)
Hawaii NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Illinois 6.1 (4.77.8) 13.3 (9.119.1) 19.2 (11.330.7) 9.5 (7.012.8) 19.2 (12.528.4) 3.4 (2.15.3)
Indiana 5.1 (3.86.8) 9.3 (6.513.1) 4.5 (1.116.9) 6.2 (4.19.1) 15.1 (8.625.2) 2.7 (1.64.6)
Kentucky 7.0 (5.78.6) 12.5 (6.323.2) 9.3 (2.330.8) 8.9 (6.811.7) 9.9 (5.517.2) 3.4 (1.96.2)
Maine 4.2 (3.64.9) 7.4 (5.210.4) 11.7 (8.316.3) 5.6 (4.66.8) 10.5 (7.814.1) 2.1 (1.72.6)
Maryland 9.5 (9.010.1) 22.5 (20.824.2) 18.7 (17.020.5) 13.9 (13.114.8) 22.9 (21.224.8) 5.1 (4.75.5)
Massachusetts 5.3 (4.36.6) 9.0 (5.613.9) 5.3 (2.610.3) 7.0 (5.58.7) 13.7 (8.621.2) 2.3 (1.53.5)
Michigan 6.7 (5.38.5) 11.8 (7.218.7) 3.9 (1.59.9) 9.6 (7.412.3) 11.9 (6.620.4) 2.9 (1.94.4)
Nevada 6.1 (4.48.5) 12.5 (8.418.1) 7.9 (2.125.9) 8.4 (5.512.6) 9.7 (4.021.7) 3.3 (2.05.4)
New Mexico 7.4 (6.48.6) 12.6 (10.515.1) 15.0 (10.321.5) 10.6 (9.112.2) 14.9 (12.018.3) 4.8 (3.95.8)
New York NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
North Carolina 6.7 (5.38.4) 7.4 (4.611.9) 6.7 (2.318.2) 8.0 (5.711.0) 10.9 (5.719.8) 4.3 (2.66.8)
North Dakota 4.7 (3.65.9) 8.0 (4.813.0) 9.4 (3.821.5) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oklahoma 6.9 (5.09.5) 9.0 (4.218.1) 13.2 (3.836.9) 9.4 (6.313.8) 13.4 (6.426.1) 4.3 (3.16.0)
Pennsylvania 5.9 (4.57.7) 13.0 (8.519.4) 8.1 (3.119.2) 8.5 (6.510.9) 11.3 (6.718.3) 3.2 (2.04.9)
Rhode Island 7.2 (5.79.0) 17.7 (11.226.9) 19.5 (10.034.6) 9.2 (7.012.0) 25.5 (16.437.3) 4.3 (2.86.3)
Vermont 6.6 (6.27.0) 13.5 (12.015.3) 11.0 (9.013.3) 9.3 (8.79.9) 18.8 (16.621.1) 3.3 (3.03.7)
West Virginia 6.8 (4.99.4) 7.1 (2.518.7) 20.2 (10.834.7) 9.0 (5.614.2) 12.1 (7.119.7) 3.6 (2.35.7)
Wyoming 5.5 (4.56.8) 9.8 (4.918.5) 9.6 (4.519.4) 7.0 (5.09.8) 14.6 (8.324.5) 3.0 (2.04.4)
Median 6.6 12.0 9.5 9.2 14.2 3.4
Range 4.210.2 5.422.5 3.920.2 5.613.9 9.725.5 2.15.3
Large urban school district surveys
Baltimore, MD 14.2 (11.118.0) 22.6 (14.932.6) 5.4 (1.319.5) 18.7 (14.124.4) 18.9 (11.729.1) 7.9 (5.311.8)
Boston, MA 6.4 (5.18.0) 13.5 (8.420.9) 9.8 (4.619.8) 7.7 (5.710.3) 15.5 (8.925.6) 3.8 (2.65.7)
Broward County, FL 6.8 (5.38.7) 13.8 (9.120.3) 16.1 (7.730.5) 10.5 (8.013.7) 17.6 (11.426.3) 3.6 (2.06.2)
Cleveland, OH NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
DeKalb County, GA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Detroit, MI 16.5 (13.220.4) 23.1 (17.529.7) 12.3 (5.027.4) 18.0 (14.022.9) 17.8 (12.424.7) 9.0 (6.312.7)
District of Columbia 12.7 (11.913.5) 19.7 (17.522.0) 12.9 (9.717.1) 15.1 (13.816.4) 20.8 (18.323.6) 8.1 (7.29.2)
Duval County, FL 9.1 (7.810.6) 17.2 (12.722.8) 10.2 (6.016.9) 13.3 (11.315.7) 15.7 (11.820.7) 3.7 (2.85.1)
Ft. Worth, TX 8.9 (7.610.4) 17.8 (12.824.1) 2.7 (0.98.0) 13.4 (11.116.1) 18.4 (13.025.4) 4.5 (3.36.0)
Houston, TX 9.2 (7.810.9) 16.0 (12.120.8) 13.7 (8.920.6) 14.1 (11.716.8) 21.6 (16.527.7) 4.9 (3.76.5)
Los Angeles, CA 5.7 (4.27.8) 8.7 (3.719.3) 9.4 (4.319.4) 9.5 (6.912.9) 13.3 (5.030.7) 2.5 (1.44.2)
Miami-Dade County, FL 6.6 (5.58.0) 10.3 (6.017.1) 13.1 (7.123.0) 9.3 (7.311.7) 15.9 (9.725.0) 3.6 (2.65.2)
New York City, NY NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oakland, CA 7.1 (5.39.6) 8.7 (4.715.3) 4.6 (1.314.6) 10.3 (7.214.5) 12.2 (7.219.9) 3.4 (2.05.7)
Orange County, FL 7.0 (5.19.4) 11.6 (6.719.2) 24.3 (13.839.3) 10.8 (7.914.6) 17.6 (9.829.6) 4.4 (2.96.5)
Palm Beach County, FL 5.3 (4.16.7) 8.9 (5.314.4) 10.4 (5.817.9) 7.2 (5.49.4) 11.0 (6.617.6) 2.9 (1.94.5)
Philadelphia, PA 12.5 (9.915.7) 19.8 (15.225.3) 17.6 (9.530.4) 17.4 (14.421.0) 18.0 (11.826.4) 5.6 (3.78.5)
San Diego, CA 6.5 (5.47.9) 8.8 (4.915.4) 6.1 (2.414.7) 10.0 (7.812.8) 15.4 (10.222.7) 2.4 (1.73.4)
San Francisco, CA 5.1 (4.16.4) 9.0 (4.616.9) 5.7 (2.612.1) 8.7 (6.112.2) 13.6 (8.920.3) 2.6 (1.83.8)
Median 7.1 13.6 10.3 10.6 16.8 3.8
Range 5.116.5 8.723.1 2.724.3 7.218.7 11.021.6 2.49.0
* One or more times during the 12 months before the survey.
95% confidence interval.
Not available.

US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 101
 Surveillance Summaries

TABLE 18. Percentage of high school students who did not go to school because they felt unsafe at school or on their way to or from school,*
by sexual identity and sex of sexual contacts United States and selected U.S. sites, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2015
% CI
National survey
(all students) 5.6 (4.86.5)

Sexual identity Sex of sexual contacts

Heterosexual Gay, lesbian, or Opposite sex Same sex only or No
(straight) bisexual Not sure only both sexes sexual contact
Site % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI
National survey
Total 4.6 (3.95.4) 12.5 (10.215.3) 10.8 (7.116.0) 5.8 (4.87.1) 11.9 (9.215.2) 3.4 (2.74.3)
Male 4.1 (3.44.9) 15.5 (9.524.4) 9.6 (4.917.9) 5.7 (4.77.0) 13.2 (7.821.3) 2.3 (1.43.7)
Female 5.1 (4.26.1) 10.8 (8.613.5) 11.1 (6.917.5) 6.0 (4.67.8) 11.5 (8.814.9) 4.5 (3.75.5)
State surveys
Arizona 5.0 (4.45.7) 8.3 (4.116.2) 10.4 (3.725.7) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Arkansas 5.3 (4.17.0) 21.8 (16.728.0) 19.8 (9.237.5) 6.6 (4.79.0) 21.8 (15.929.2) 4.6 (3.26.6)
California 5.3 (3.87.3) 8.3 (4.415.3) 12.3 (8.118.2) 7.5 (5.210.6) 11.7 (6.121.4) 4.0 (2.66.1)
Connecticut 5.6 (3.97.8) 11.2 (6.817.8) 12.3 (5.824.2) 7.5 (5.410.4) 10.3 (6.715.4) 4.2 (2.66.6)
Delaware 4.4 (3.45.6) 6.5 (4.010.4) 11.2 (6.518.5) 6.8 (5.28.9) 8.8 (4.915.4) 2.3 (1.53.4)
Florida 6.6 (5.67.8) 15.8 (12.719.4) 21.3 (16.327.2) 8.6 (7.110.5) 19.8 (16.423.7) 4.4 (3.65.4)
Hawaii 7.2 (5.98.7) 18.8 (14.723.7) 14.6 (9.521.8) 9.1 (7.810.7) 25.0 (20.829.6) 5.6 (3.98.0)
Illinois 4.4 (3.06.2) 14.8 (10.320.9) 10.3 (5.319.2) 6.1 (4.48.5) 11.7 (7.817.2) 3.0 (1.85.2)
Indiana 5.0 (3.47.5) 13.0 (5.826.6) 19.0 (9.833.5) 7.2 (4.710.7) 20.2 (8.142.0) 2.9 (1.55.7)
Kentucky 4.7 (3.66.0) 11.0 (6.518.1) 10.8 (2.833.4) 5.5 (4.07.6) 14.0 (8.721.8) 2.4 (1.54.0)
Maine 4.0 (3.54.7) 14.0 (11.616.8) 13.6 (9.618.9) 5.3 (4.66.1) 13.7 (11.516.3) 3.0 (2.34.0)
Maryland 4.1 (3.84.4) 14.0 (12.915.2) 13.4 (12.014.9) 5.8 (5.36.3) 14.9 (13.516.4) 2.6 (2.32.9)
Massachusetts 3.8 (2.94.8) 13.4 (8.820.0) 12.7 (6.921.9) 5.0 (3.76.8) 12.4 (8.018.8) 2.7 (1.84.2)
Michigan 5.1 (4.16.3) 11.7 (7.817.1) 6.7 (2.815.2) 6.3 (4.68.7) 9.9 (6.315.3) 3.6 (2.74.8)
Nevada 6.9 (5.78.3) 19.1 (13.426.5) 11.6 (3.731.0) 7.8 (5.910.3) 22.0 (16.029.5) 4.7 (3.27.0)
New Mexico 6.1 (4.28.6) 16.0 (11.521.8) 19.7 (14.825.8) 8.4 (6.410.9) 18.5 (13.524.8) 4.6 (2.87.5)
New York 5.4 (4.46.5) 17.0 (12.123.3) 15.3 (11.719.6) 6.8 (4.99.2) 21.8 (16.228.8) 3.3 (2.44.6)
North Carolina 4.8 (3.56.7) 11.9 (7.518.5) 11.4 (4.426.5) 5.8 (4.28.0) 13.1 (9.118.6) 3.6 (1.87.1)
North Dakota NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oklahoma 3.5 (2.25.7) 7.9 (2.820.3) 19.4 (7.641.3) 3.1 (1.85.2) 14.7 (7.327.4) 4.5 (2.67.6)
Pennsylvania 6.8 (4.310.6) 11.1 (6.319.0) 15.1 (7.129.2) 7.2 (4.810.8) 11.2 (5.122.6) 6.5 (3.811.1)
Rhode Island 4.7 (3.95.6) 13.6 (9.219.7) 13.6 (7.024.8) 6.3 (5.57.3) 14.4 (10.120.1) 2.1 (1.23.7)
Vermont 4.3 (4.14.6) 18.0 (16.220.0) 13.6 (11.416.1) 5.9 (5.56.4) 21.1 (18.923.6) 3.3 (3.03.7)
West Virginia 7.0 (5.19.5) 19.6 (13.427.8) 20.9 (12.133.8) 8.5 (5.612.6) 22.0 (14.432.1) 5.3 (3.58.0)
Wyoming 4.7 (3.66.1) 23.6 (17.031.7) 17.9 (9.730.7) 6.5 (4.98.7) 21.9 (16.129.0) 3.2 (2.24.6)
Median 5.0 13.8 13.6 6.6 14.7 3.6
Range 3.57.2 6.523.6 6.721.3 3.19.1 8.825.0 2.16.5
Large urban school district surveys
Baltimore, MD 7.9 (5.910.4) 19.3 (13.327.1) 18.3 (7.937.1) 8.3 (5.711.9) 16.3 (9.726.1) 7.4 (4.512.0)
Boston, MA 5.7 (4.57.1) 10.9 (6.517.8) 5.3 (1.616.5) 6.9 (4.99.6) 6.2 (2.813.5) 3.1 (1.95.1)
Broward County, FL 6.4 (4.98.4) 11.3 (7.217.4) 18.3 (11.827.4) 7.4 (5.79.7) 17.7 (12.225.0) 5.0 (3.37.3)
Cleveland, OH 8.1 (6.510.1) 22.8 (17.429.4) 20.4 (11.433.9) 10.7 (8.114.0) 17.9 (12.924.3) 5.4 (3.58.1)
DeKalb County, GA 8.7 (7.110.7) 13.9 (9.619.8) 14.2 (7.924.1) 8.4 (6.510.8) 18.9 (13.226.4) 7.3 (5.310.0)
Detroit, MI 9.7 (7.212.8) 20.8 (15.028.2) 30.8 (19.644.8) 9.6 (7.112.9) 14.4 (9.421.3) 8.1 (5.611.4)
District of Columbia 6.0 (5.56.6) 11.1 (9.512.9) 15.4 (12.019.6) 6.5 (5.77.4) 10.3 (8.512.4) 3.6 (3.04.3)
Duval County, FL 10.0 (8.711.4) 20.3 (15.526.2) 18.2 (12.226.4) 12.2 (10.514.2) 18.1 (14.023.1) 6.6 (5.38.2)
Ft. Worth, TX 6.0 (4.97.2) 16.4 (11.323.3) 13.8 (7.623.7) 8.3 (6.610.6) 14.4 (9.221.8) 4.6 (3.56.1)
Houston, TX 8.3 (7.19.7) 17.7 (13.323.1) 27.8 (20.836.1) 11.6 (9.713.9) 24.1 (19.229.7) 5.6 (4.27.5)
Los Angeles, CA 4.9 (3.47.0) 13.2 (8.320.2) 14.7 (7.227.7) 7.8 (5.011.9) 15.1 (8.126.5) 3.0 (2.14.3)
Miami-Dade County, FL 6.5 (5.48.0) 8.2 (4.913.5) 21.7 (11.836.6) 7.8 (6.39.6) 18.5 (12.127.1) 4.4 (3.26.1)
New York City, NY 5.1 (4.36.0) 9.6 (7.612.1) 11.4 (8.215.7) 5.5 (4.56.8) 12.1 (9.016.0) 3.8 (3.04.9)
Oakland, CA 7.4 (6.09.1) 18.4 (12.825.8) 16.9 (9.228.8) 8.9 (6.412.4) 15.5 (10.422.5) 6.0 (4.38.3)
Orange County, FL 7.4 (5.69.6) 20.3 (13.130.2) 25.1 (14.939.0) 8.6 (5.912.3) 22.6 (14.633.2) 6.6 (4.89.0)
Palm Beach County, FL 7.7 (6.29.5) 19.6 (14.725.5) 20.2 (13.728.7) 10.9 (8.413.9) 19.5 (13.926.7) 3.8 (2.65.4)
Philadelphia, PA 7.6 (5.710.0) 12.7 (9.516.6) 15.7 (8.527.0) 8.7 (5.713.1) 9.4 (6.613.0) 6.3 (4.09.7)
San Diego, CA 3.5 (2.74.6) 10.4 (6.915.4) 10.9 (6.019.0) 4.2 (3.05.8) 15.8 (10.323.4) 2.6 (1.73.9)
San Francisco, CA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Median 7.4 15.2 17.5 8.4 16.0 5.2
Range 3.510.0 8.222.8 5.330.8 4.212.2 6.224.1 2.68.1
* On at least 1 day during the 30 days before the survey.
95% confidence interval.
Not available.

102 MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
 Surveillance Summaries

TABLE 19. Percentage of high school students who were electronically bullied,* by sexual identity and sex of sexual contacts United States
and selected U.S. sites, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2015
% CI
National survey
(all students) 15.5 (14.516.6)

Sexual identity Sex of sexual contacts

Heterosexual Gay, lesbian, or Opposite sex Same sex only or No
(straight) bisexual Not sure only both sexes sexual contact
Site % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI
National survey
Total 14.2 (13.115.3) 28.0 (24.032.3) 22.5 (18.127.6) 17.4 (15.919.0) 31.9 (27.436.8) 11.5 (9.813.4)
Male 8.7 (7.510.2) 22.4 (16.330.1) 22.3 (14.532.7) 10.6 (8.413.2) 31.1 (22.641.1) 7.1 (5.88.6)
Female 20.6 (18.922.4) 30.5 (26.035.4) 20.4 (15.626.4) 26.3 (23.928.8) 32.2 (27.437.3) 15.7 (13.418.4)
State surveys
Arizona NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Arkansas 16.3 (13.419.6) 33.1 (28.238.5) 34.4 (22.349.0) 18.8 (15.322.9) 32.7 (22.345.0) 14.8 (11.319.0)
California 11.5 (8.914.8) 23.2 (18.428.8) 29.2 (11.157.7) 16.4 (11.922.1) 28.8 (15.547.0) 9.4 (7.212.2)
Connecticut 12.1 (10.613.9) 26.8 (20.034.8) 22.5 (11.140.2) 16.1 (14.018.5) 34.1 (24.445.3) 8.6 (6.511.3)
Delaware 10.3 (9.011.9) 22.6 (17.129.4) 16.5 (9.427.2) 13.4 (11.216.0) 27.2 (19.536.5) 8.2 (6.79.9)
Florida 9.6 (8.910.4) 25.5 (21.430.2) 20.7 (16.226.1) 12.1 (10.813.6) 29.3 (24.834.4) 7.2 (6.38.2)
Hawaii 13.1 (11.814.5) 26.8 (20.234.7) 21.6 (14.131.5) 17.4 (15.519.6) 34.9 (27.842.7) 10.0 (8.311.9)
Illinois 13.1 (11.215.3) 27.1 (19.436.4) 37.3 (25.750.5) 16.9 (14.819.3) 26.6 (17.737.8) 10.9 (8.214.2)
Indiana 12.4 (10.814.2) 32.6 (23.443.4) 31.9 (19.247.9) 16.8 (14.119.9) 35.7 (25.547.5) 9.4 (7.511.7)
Kentucky 16.2 (13.619.2) 26.1 (17.836.6) 16.3 (8.429.2) 20.3 (15.925.5) 30.4 (21.740.8) 10.7 (7.914.3)
Maine 16.6 (15.417.8) 38.8 (34.643.1) 25.1 (20.829.9) 21.6 (19.923.3) 39.3 (35.643.1) 11.9 (10.913.1)
Maryland 11.8 (11.512.2) 25.2 (23.626.8) 21.9 (19.924.2) 14.9 (14.215.5) 27.9 (26.329.6) 9.1 (8.79.5)
Massachusetts 11.7 (10.313.4) 26.8 (20.534.2) 16.2 (10.224.9) 14.2 (12.116.7) 29.3 (20.639.8) 9.3 (7.810.9)
Michigan 16.9 (14.719.3) 35.7 (29.942.1) 28.9 (17.244.2) 23.0 (19.626.7) 40.0 (30.650.2) 11.3 (8.015.7)
Nevada 12.9 (11.114.8) 24.3 (18.032.0) 25.1 (13.941.0) 16.7 (13.620.3) 30.9 (22.340.9) 8.2 (6.310.7)
New Mexico 11.2 (10.212.4) 27.2 (24.230.5) 25.2 (20.031.2) 14.2 (12.815.7) 30.6 (26.435.3) 9.7 (8.511.1)
New York 13.5 (12.115.0) 29.2 (24.434.6) 23.5 (16.632.1) 16.0 (13.219.2) 30.4 (23.338.6) 10.6 (9.412.0)
North Carolina 10.1 (7.713.2) 26.3 (17.138.2) 23.5 (10.444.8) 12.1 (8.517.1) 27.3 (17.040.8) 8.7 (6.611.6)
North Dakota 14.7 (13.216.3) 32.1 (24.940.3) 18.9 (10.731.1) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oklahoma 12.1 (9.814.9) 38.8 (24.056.1) 25.9 (12.845.2) 13.7 (10.617.5) 46.3 (28.465.3) 11.3 (8.015.8)
Pennsylvania 12.8 (11.014.9) 26.5 (21.432.3) 23.5 (14.935.1) 15.7 (13.118.8) 24.5 (18.631.6) 10.9 (8.713.6)
Rhode Island 10.0 (8.012.4) 30.8 (23.039.8) 19.8 (13.029.0) 13.2 (10.017.2) 34.3 (27.541.8) 7.1 (5.69.1)
Vermont 14.5 (14.015.0) 36.0 (33.738.3) 20.4 (17.823.3) 18.8 (18.119.6) 39.9 (37.142.7) 10.5 (9.911.2)
West Virginia 17.8 (14.521.7) 33.7 (27.041.2) 35.3 (24.847.3) 20.4 (16.225.4) 39.0 (30.748.0) 14.5 (11.418.3)
Wyoming 14.9 (13.116.8) 46.1 (38.054.4) 24.1 (16.134.4) 19.0 (16.222.0) 48.0 (39.057.2) 10.3 (8.712.2)
Median 12.8 27.1 23.5 16.4 30.9 10.0
Range 9.617.8 22.646.1 16.237.3 12.123.0 24.548.0 7.114.8
Large urban school district surveys
Baltimore, MD 7.7 (6.09.9) 13.2 (8.320.2) 22.3 (9.145.0) 8.7 (6.511.5) 15.5 (9.025.3) 5.2 (3.18.5)
Boston, MA 7.4 (5.99.2) 12.8 (7.421.1) 8.5 (2.525.5) 9.4 (6.812.9) 11.7 (6.919.3) 4.5 (3.16.6)
Broward County, FL 10.7 (8.413.4) 24.4 (17.333.3) 25.3 (16.436.8) 12.5 (9.416.5) 27.1 (18.038.6) 9.3 (7.211.9)
Cleveland, OH 12.0 (9.914.5) 22.0 (16.329.0) 19.9 (11.033.5) 12.1 (9.515.4) 21.5 (15.029.8) 8.9 (6.811.6)
DeKalb County, GA 8.0 (6.59.7) 12.0 (8.317.0) 13.4 (7.722.4) 9.1 (6.911.8) 17.9 (12.824.5) 4.7 (3.17.0)
Detroit, MI 14.8 (11.219.2) 26.1 (20.133.2) 24.1 (13.838.6) 11.3 (9.213.8) 26.9 (20.833.9) 9.2 (5.913.9)
District of Columbia 6.7 (6.27.3) 13.6 (11.815.5) 13.2 (10.117.0) 6.8 (6.07.7) 14.9 (12.817.4) 4.8 (4.15.5)
Duval County, FL 12.1 (10.713.6) 28.7 (23.734.3) 15.9 (10.922.6) 15.1 (13.117.3) 28.3 (23.333.9) 8.8 (7.310.5)
Ft. Worth, TX 7.5 (6.48.8) 23.3 (17.031.2) 14.3 (8.024.0) 8.8 (7.110.9) 23.4 (15.933.1) 7.0 (5.68.7)
Houston, TX 8.8 (7.99.9) 22.1 (17.727.1) 25.6 (18.933.7) 10.8 (9.212.6) 23.3 (18.029.7) 7.9 (6.59.6)
Los Angeles, CA 8.3 (6.610.3) 15.2 (8.126.8) 16.0 (9.625.4) 11.8 (9.215.1) 17.1 (9.528.9) 6.4 (4.98.2)
Miami-Dade County, FL 8.8 (7.310.4) 15.4 (10.422.3) 27.4 (17.540.1) 9.8 (7.812.2) 31.1 (21.842.3) 7.0 (5.39.1)
New York City, NY 10.5 (9.711.3) 20.8 (17.125.1) 22.4 (18.826.5) 12.0 (10.114.2) 21.4 (17.925.3) 9.9 (8.911.0)
Oakland, CA 9.7 (7.911.8) 18.3 (13.025.1) 14.9 (8.125.7) 10.9 (8.314.1) 15.3 (9.224.4) 8.5 (6.511.1)
Orange County, FL 9.4 (7.711.4) 26.7 (19.834.8) 30.1 (18.544.9) 12.3 (9.815.3) 29.4 (21.538.7) 8.2 (6.410.6)
Palm Beach County, FL 11.8 (10.413.5) 25.1 (19.431.8) 20.6 (12.931.4) 14.4 (12.316.8) 28.7 (22.236.3) 8.8 (6.811.3)
Philadelphia, PA 6.4 (4.78.5) 18.1 (13.124.5) 20.9 (11.933.9) 8.3 (6.610.3) 16.5 (11.523.1) 5.0 (2.88.6)
San Diego, CA 12.6 (11.114.3) 26.6 (20.833.4) 22.1 (14.532.2) 15.5 (13.118.2) 33.4 (24.743.3) 9.9 (8.112.0)
San Francisco, CA 10.0 (8.312.0) 18.7 (12.626.7) 16.3 (10.624.2) 13.3 (9.917.6) 17.9 (11.526.8) 8.0 (6.310.0)
Median 9.4 20.8 20.6 11.3 21.5 8.0
Range 6.414.8 12.028.7 8.530.1 6.815.5 11.733.4 4.59.9
* Counting being bullied through email, chat rooms, instant messaging, Web sites, or texting during the 12 months before the survey.
95% confidence interval.
Not available.

US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 103
 Surveillance Summaries

TABLE 20. Percentage of high school students who were bullied on school property,* by sexual identity and sex of sexual contacts United States
and selected U.S. sites, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2015
% CI
National survey
(all students) 20.2 (18.821.7)

Sexual identity Sex of sexual contacts

Heterosexual Gay, lesbian, or Opposite sex Same sex only or No
(straight) bisexual Not sure only both sexes sexual contact
Site % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI
National survey
Total 18.8 (17.320.3) 34.2 (29.639.0) 24.9 (21.428.8) 21.2 (19.622.8) 34.1 (29.838.7) 17.4 (15.119.9)
Male 15.0 (13.616.4) 26.3 (19.434.7) 31.7 (24.539.9) 16.5 (14.718.4) 34.4 (26.343.5) 13.9 (11.317.0)
Female 23.2 (21.125.6) 37.2 (32.742.0) 19.1 (14.724.5) 27.3 (25.029.7) 34.0 (29.638.7) 20.7 (17.724.1)
State surveys
Arizona NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Arkansas 20.6 (17.424.2) 39.1 (32.446.3) 38.1 (21.957.5) 22.8 (18.527.7) 39.5 (32.746.8) 19.3 (17.121.8)
California 16.5 (13.719.7) 27.6 (21.035.3) 38.3 (21.458.6) 18.5 (14.723.1) 32.2 (22.443.9) 16.5 (13.420.2)
Connecticut 16.5 (14.618.6) 31.8 (24.240.5) 33.7 (22.247.5) 17.3 (15.119.8) 30.1 (21.840.0) 16.9 (13.920.4)
Delaware 15.3 (13.417.4) 25.0 (19.431.7) 26.8 (18.836.7) 16.4 (13.919.2) 28.2 (20.737.2) 14.3 (11.917.2)
Florida 12.7 (11.813.7) 33.0 (28.637.7) 22.0 (17.926.7) 14.2 (12.915.7) 34.0 (28.639.9) 12.2 (11.113.5)
Hawaii 17.0 (15.318.8) 29.6 (22.737.4) 22.7 (16.131.1) 19.7 (16.822.9) 33.5 (27.140.6) 16.0 (13.418.9)
Illinois 17.1 (14.819.7) 32.6 (25.640.5) 40.7 (27.855.0) 20.5 (17.324.0) 34.4 (25.145.2) 15.6 (13.418.3)
Indiana 15.4 (13.218.0) 40.3 (31.649.7) 24.1 (15.735.0) 17.5 (13.821.9) 40.3 (31.849.5) 14.4 (11.617.8)
Kentucky 20.8 (17.924.0) 35.5 (26.345.8) 14.0 (6.627.2) 20.9 (16.526.2) 34.5 (23.847.1) 19.7 (16.423.6)
Maine 20.9 (19.522.4) 40.2 (36.544.0) 32.5 (27.138.3) 24.5 (22.726.3) 39.0 (34.144.2) 18.6 (17.020.4)
Maryland 15.5 (15.116.0) 29.5 (28.031.0) 30.1 (27.732.7) 16.5 (15.817.3) 33.1 (31.434.8) 14.9 (14.415.4)
Massachusetts 13.8 (12.315.5) 34.3 (27.242.2) 21.5 (14.331.1) 15.3 (13.017.9) 35.3 (28.043.4) 12.7 (10.914.8)
Michigan 23.4 (20.726.4) 40.9 (32.050.5) 45.4 (31.560.1) 27.6 (23.931.7) 41.0 (31.351.4) 20.8 (17.524.6)
Nevada 16.9 (15.218.7) 29.2 (22.936.4) 33.7 (20.350.3) 17.6 (15.120.4) 33.2 (26.740.4) 15.9 (13.418.8)
New Mexico 16.1 (14.917.5) 32.1 (29.335.1) 28.2 (22.534.6) 17.4 (15.919.1) 32.7 (28.337.3) 16.4 (15.017.8)
New York 18.6 (17.120.2) 31.7 (26.837.1) 32.9 (24.742.3) 20.1 (17.123.4) 37.1 (29.944.9) 16.4 (14.119.0)
North Carolina 12.4 (9.216.4) 36.5 (29.344.3) 38.7 (23.656.2) 12.9 (9.018.1) 30.9 (20.843.2) 15.7 (11.920.3)
North Dakota 22.7 (20.425.3) 41.0 (32.450.2) 27.9 (17.940.7) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oklahoma 17.5 (14.620.9) 47.2 (35.059.8) 37.8 (20.359.2) 18.6 (15.022.7) 47.3 (35.459.5) 18.9 (15.123.5)
Pennsylvania 17.8 (15.920.0) 38.8 (30.148.3) 26.0 (14.542.2) 19.6 (16.822.9) 35.5 (27.644.3) 17.9 (15.620.5)
Rhode Island 13.5 (11.515.7) 33.6 (28.039.6) 17.9 (8.533.9) 14.9 (12.218.0) 33.3 (23.344.9) 12.9 (10.515.6)
Vermont NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
West Virginia 21.7 (19.224.4) 40.4 (31.150.5) 44.3 (33.056.2) 22.9 (19.027.3) 42.4 (33.551.9) 21.3 (18.224.9)
Wyoming 21.3 (19.323.5) 48.8 (39.158.7) 27.9 (19.039.1) 24.5 (21.627.5) 51.5 (42.060.8) 18.3 (16.120.7)
Median 17.0 34.3 30.1 18.5 34.5 16.4
Range 12.423.4 25.048.8 14.045.4 12.927.6 28.251.5 12.221.3
Large urban school district surveys
Baltimore, MD 9.3 (6.613.0) 19.7 (13.627.7) 25.5 (12.445.4) 9.5 (6.513.5) 17.5 (11.525.7) 11.8 (7.717.7)
Boston, MA 10.9 (9.312.7) 13.8 (9.020.6) 21.8 (11.138.3) 11.3 (8.814.3) 17.8 (11.726.2) 9.0 (6.911.7)
Broward County, FL 13.1 (11.315.2) 30.8 (23.739.0) 30.3 (18.345.9) 15.7 (13.018.7) 32.9 (23.044.6) 12.3 (10.015.0)
Cleveland, OH 13.1 (11.215.3) 22.3 (16.429.6) 33.2 (22.446.1) 13.8 (10.917.2) 23.5 (17.331.1) 11.9 (9.415.1)
DeKalb County, GA 12.8 (10.615.4) 20.8 (15.127.9) 20.3 (12.132.2) 11.6 (9.114.7) 27.3 (20.635.1) 12.7 (9.816.4)
Detroit, MI 16.2 (12.421.0) 21.0 (15.427.9) 27.0 (15.742.5) 9.0 (6.911.5) 24.0 (17.032.7) 13.1 (10.216.8)
District of Columbia 10.5 (9.811.2) 18.1 (16.120.3) 21.1 (17.125.8) 9.9 (8.911.0) 18.7 (16.321.4) 10.3 (9.311.4)
Duval County, FL 16.7 (15.118.4) 37.6 (31.743.8) 20.9 (14.529.3) 17.9 (15.220.8) 33.2 (27.239.9) 15.9 (13.818.1)
Ft. Worth, TX 11.5 (10.013.1) 28.5 (22.135.9) 18.7 (11.029.9) 10.0 (8.012.3) 26.2 (18.435.8) 13.4 (11.415.7)
Houston, TX 11.0 (9.712.4) 22.1 (17.527.5) 25.4 (18.433.8) 12.3 (10.214.7) 23.5 (17.930.4) 10.8 (9.212.8)
Los Angeles, CA 13.0 (11.514.6) 27.4 (18.838.1) 24.9 (16.735.5) 14.6 (11.618.0) 26.8 (16.540.4) 12.3 (9.615.7)
Miami-Dade County, FL 10.1 (8.811.5) 23.6 (16.532.5) 17.4 (10.826.8) 11.8 (9.614.5) 25.4 (18.234.2) 8.8 (7.110.9)
New York City, NY 13.1 (11.814.5) 23.4 (18.928.6) 27.5 (22.233.5) 13.7 (12.415.2) 19.7 (15.225.1) 13.3 (11.715.2)
Oakland, CA 15.3 (12.718.4) 23.2 (16.631.4) 35.0 (23.348.8) 16.4 (13.220.3) 19.5 (12.429.3) 16.0 (12.620.0)
Orange County, FL 13.8 (11.516.4) 26.5 (19.734.7) 33.4 (22.346.8) 14.2 (11.317.6) 33.6 (26.341.9) 13.9 (11.217.1)
Palm Beach County, FL 15.3 (13.517.4) 26.6 (21.033.2) 25.4 (16.237.4) 16.3 (13.919.1) 31.2 (24.039.4) 13.6 (11.016.8)
Philadelphia, PA 11.8 (9.514.6) 19.4 (13.127.7) 26.6 (16.739.6) 10.2 (7.214.2) 20.0 (12.929.7) 15.8 (12.719.4)
San Diego, CA 15.2 (13.317.4) 29.1 (21.238.5) 22.1 (13.533.9) 15.2 (12.518.3) 30.6 (23.139.3) 15.9 (13.818.2)
San Francisco, CA 12.1 (10.214.4) 22.0 (13.733.4) 21.8 (14.930.7) 16.2 (12.221.1) 20.9 (12.632.7) 10.0 (8.012.5)
Median 13.0 23.2 25.4 13.7 24.0 12.7
Range 9.316.7 13.837.6 17.435.0 9.017.9 17.533.6 8.816.0
* During the 12 months before the survey.
95% confidence interval.
Not available.

104 MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
 Surveillance Summaries

TABLE 21. Percentage of high school students who were ever physically forced to have sexual intercourse,* by sexual identity and sex of sexual
contacts United States and selected U.S. sites, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2015
% CI
National survey
(all students) 6.7 (5.68.0)

Sexual identity Sex of sexual contacts

Heterosexual Gay, lesbian, or Opposite sex Same sex only or No
(straight) bisexual Not sure only both sexes sexual contact
Site % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI
National survey
Total 5.4 (4.66.4) 17.8 (14.421.8) 12.6 (8.817.8) 9.0 (7.710.4) 25.2 (20.430.7) 1.4 (1.02.1)
Male 2.5 (1.93.1) 8.0 (4.813.1) 13.5 (8.021.9) 3.7 (2.94.8) 16.0 (10.923.0) 1.0 (0.61.6)
Female 8.8 (7.110.9) 21.1 (17.025.9) 9.8 (6.015.6) 15.8 (13.118.9) 28.1 (22.634.4) 1.8 (1.22.8)
State surveys
Arizona 7.2 (5.49.4) 22.4 (17.628.1) 18.4 (7.538.6) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Arkansas 8.6 (7.010.6) 34.0 (25.144.2) 23.0 (14.334.9) 12.9 (9.217.8) 39.1 (28.451.0) 3.3 (2.25.0)
California 4.9 (3.37.3) 9.9 (4.620.1) 15.7 (6.433.8) 9.8 (6.814.0) 20.1 (11.632.6) 1.8 (1.03.3)
Connecticut 6.1 (4.87.8) 18.9 (13.126.5) 17.6 (11.825.5) 9.7 (7.612.4) 24.4 (17.632.8) 3.0 (1.94.7)
Delaware 4.8 (3.86.0) 20.0 (13.927.9) 11.5 (4.426.7) 9.1 (7.311.4) 29.8 (20.341.4) 1.1 (0.62.0)
Florida 4.7 (4.15.4) 19.6 (16.822.8) 12.1 (8.516.9) 7.2 (6.48.1) 31.9 (27.736.5) 0.9 (0.51.6)
Hawaii 7.7 (6.88.8) 17.5 (13.222.7) 9.6 (5.217.1) 10.8 (8.613.4) 24.1 (17.432.3) 4.9 (3.86.2)
Illinois 7.1 (5.49.4) 18.9 (14.125.0) 19.8 (10.235.1) 9.8 (7.512.8) 29.8 (22.338.6) 3.3 (2.34.5)
Indiana 7.5 (5.89.6) 26.7 (18.037.6) 19.4 (9.834.8) 13.0 (10.316.5) 29.1 (21.438.3) 2.4 (1.34.3)
Kentucky 8.6 (7.410.0) 27.0 (19.236.5) 9.4 (5.316.3) 11.2 (9.013.9) 30.7 (21.841.2) 4.6 (2.97.1)
Maine 5.5 (4.86.3) 19.0 (16.621.7) 15.4 (11.720.0) 8.6 (7.49.9) 24.8 (22.327.5) 1.7 (1.32.0)
Maryland 6.3 (6.06.6) 17.9 (16.819.2) 16.6 (14.718.7) 9.1 (8.69.7) 23.9 (22.325.5) 2.8 (2.53.1)
Massachusetts 4.5 (3.65.7) 12.9 (8.718.7) 12.8 (6.424.0) 7.2 (5.79.2) 19.7 (13.927.2) 1.0 (0.51.9)
Michigan 7.3 (6.18.8) 21.7 (14.431.4) 6.7 (2.318.0) 11.3 (8.514.8) 27.0 (19.236.5) 2.5 (1.64.0)
Nevada 6.6 (5.48.1) 21.4 (13.931.4) 15.7 (6.632.7) 9.4 (7.212.2) 25.1 (16.835.8) 3.3 (2.34.9)
New Mexico 5.4 (4.86.0) 18.9 (15.422.9) 15.8 (10.323.5) 10.0 (8.811.3) 24.5 (20.329.3) 1.9 (1.52.3)
New York NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
North Carolina 5.6 (4.47.2) 14.8 (9.921.4) 10.3 (6.615.9) 7.9 (5.511.1) 21.2 (14.530.1) 2.8 (1.45.6)
North Dakota 5.2 (4.36.4) 16.2 (9.825.6) 18.8 (9.833.0) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oklahoma 5.3 (4.16.8) 18.7 (11.229.7) 20.6 (7.844.3) 10.1 (8.112.6) 32.2 (18.849.4) 0.7 (0.22.3)
Pennsylvania 4.9 (3.76.6) 21.3 (14.829.6) 8.9 (3.918.8) 7.8 (6.29.7) 27.0 (20.334.9) 1.4 (0.73.0)
Rhode Island 6.4 (5.17.9) 19.7 (14.825.8) 13.8 (8.023.0) 8.9 (7.310.8) 29.5 (23.736.1) 2.8 (1.55.3)
Vermont 4.7 (4.45.1) 23.6 (21.525.7) 11.2 (9.213.5) 8.4 (7.99.0) 33.2 (30.536.0) 0.7 (0.50.9)
West Virginia 8.4 (6.510.7) 21.4 (13.831.5) 17.1 (9.329.4) 10.3 (7.414.1) 25.5 (18.634.0) 3.0 (2.04.5)
Wyoming 7.9 (6.110.1) 28.6 (22.335.8) 16.5 (10.524.8) 11.2 (8.814.1) 30.7 (23.838.6) 4.0 (2.66.2)
Median 6.2 19.7 15.7 9.8 27.0 2.6
Range 4.58.6 9.934.0 6.723.0 7.213.0 19.739.1 0.74.9
Large urban school district surveys
Baltimore, MD 9.0 (6.911.6) 14.5 (9.322.1) 14.2 (5.432.3) 10.5 (8.013.7) 14.4 (8.922.6) 6.7 (4.110.8)
Boston, MA 6.0 (4.77.5) 18.1 (12.325.8) 20.0 (10.235.3) 7.5 (5.610.0) 17.6 (11.326.2) 3.6 (2.25.8)
Broward County, FL 7.5 (5.99.4) 19.6 (14.026.7) 8.4 (2.425.3) 11.3 (8.414.9) 16.4 (10.824.1) 3.8 (2.45.9)
Cleveland, OH 9.6 (7.112.9) 22.8 (15.532.4) 13.8 (6.726.3) 11.4 (8.615.0) 25.9 (18.435.1) 2.6 (1.44.7)
DeKalb County, GA 10.4 (8.512.7) 23.9 (18.330.5) 10.0 (5.417.8) 12.9 (10.116.3) 26.0 (19.334.0) 5.8 (4.18.3)
Detroit, MI 9.0 (7.610.6) 20.7 (14.728.3) 21.0 (10.637.3) 11.9 (9.315.2) 23.1 (16.032.3) 6.5 (4.88.8)
District of Columbia 6.6 (6.07.2) 16.2 (14.318.3) 11.2 (8.315.0) 8.0 (7.19.0) 19.5 (17.122.2) 3.7 (3.14.4)
Duval County, FL 9.7 (8.311.2) 23.3 (19.028.2) 19.5 (13.826.8) 13.1 (10.915.8) 22.3 (17.528.0) 5.4 (4.26.9)
Ft. Worth, TX 4.4 (3.55.5) 18.4 (12.426.5) 2.6 (0.88.1) 7.4 (5.79.4) 20.6 (14.029.2) 2.0 (1.33.0)
Houston, TX 7.9 (6.89.1) 19.1 (14.225.1) 13.0 (8.219.8) 10.2 (8.512.1) 24.7 (18.132.8) 4.7 (3.66.1)
Los Angeles, CA 5.4 (4.17.1) 16.3 (9.825.8) 10.3 (5.717.9) 9.4 (7.212.3) 15.2 (8.226.6) 2.8 (2.03.9)
Miami-Dade County, FL 4.6 (3.95.5) 15.8 (10.622.9) 20.5 (12.431.9) 7.7 (6.29.7) 19.8 (13.827.7) 2.2 (1.53.3)
New York City, NY NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oakland, CA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Orange County, FL 4.7 (3.46.4) 16.2 (10.623.8) 18.2 (10.629.4) 8.0 (5.611.4) 22.3 (15.131.6) 1.9 (1.13.2)
Palm Beach County, FL 8.3 (7.09.9) 26.7 (20.134.4) 14.5 (8.623.3) 11.3 (9.313.6) 29.4 (22.138.0) 3.4 (2.54.7)
Philadelphia, PA 6.0 (4.28.4) 12.5 (8.917.3) 22.1 (13.434.1) 8.3 (5.711.9) 17.2 (11.025.8) 3.1 (1.75.6)
San Diego, CA 5.9 (4.97.1) 18.6 (12.926.1) 15.8 (9.225.8) 8.5 (6.810.5) 25.6 (18.434.6) 3.2 (2.24.4)
San Francisco, CA 7.0 (5.78.7) 15.5 (9.225.0) 7.8 (4.014.7) 10.5 (7.314.9) 15.2 (8.825.1) 4.4 (3.26.0)
Median 7.0 18.4 14.2 10.2 20.6 3.6
Range 4.410.4 12.526.7 2.622.1 7.413.1 14.429.4 1.96.7
* When they did not want to.
95% confidence interval.
Not available.

US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 105
 Surveillance Summaries

TABLE 22. Percentage of high school students who experienced physical dating violence,* by sexual identity and sex of sexual contacts
United States and selected U.S. sites, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2015
% CI
National survey
(all students) 9.6 (8.810.6)

Sexual identity Sex of sexual contacts

Heterosexual Gay, lesbian, or Opposite sex Same sex only or No
(straight) bisexual Not sure only both sexes sexual contact
Site % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI
National survey
Total 8.3 (7.59.3) 17.5 (14.421.2) 24.5 (17.133.9) 10.8 (9.712.0) 23.5 (20.327.1) 3.0 (2.24.2)
Male 6.2 (5.37.3) 19.9 (12.929.4) 30.5 (17.447.8) 8.2 (6.710.0) 31.9 (23.441.8) 1.9 (1.03.4)
Female 10.7 (8.813.0) 16.9 (13.920.4) 16.8 (10.925.1) 14.1 (11.616.9) 21.4 (17.925.4) 4.1 (2.86.0)
State surveys
Arizona NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Arkansas 12.4 (10.214.9) 31.8 (22.842.3) 29.5 (10.160.8) 15.7 (11.920.5) 41.2 (29.154.6) 3.8 (2.16.7)
California 8.2 (6.111.0) 21.7 (16.028.7) 17.5 (5.444.4) 11.2 (8.614.4) 37.1 (25.949.9) 2.7 (1.35.4)
Connecticut 6.8 (5.48.4) 11.2 (5.720.8) 7.6 (2.123.7) 8.4 (6.311.2) 12.6 (7.420.6) 3.0 (1.84.8)
Delaware 7.5 (6.19.3) 12.3 (7.918.7) 23.4 (12.539.3) 10.4 (8.313.0) 19.4 (12.129.7) 3.8 (2.55.6)
Florida 8.6 (7.69.8) 24.9 (19.531.3) 22.3 (16.729.0) 12.2 (10.813.8) 28.9 (24.034.3) 3.0 (2.14.3)
Hawaii 8.5 (6.810.7) 16.1 (10.523.9) 6.0 (3.410.6) 11.2 (8.614.5) 19.8 (12.330.3) 3.1 (1.65.8)
Illinois 8.3 (6.610.3) 25.7 (16.737.5) 32.2 (18.250.4) 11.5 (8.914.6) 29.5 (18.643.5) 3.4 (1.86.4)
Indiana 7.3 (6.18.7) 26.5 (18.236.7) 17.8 (6.141.9) 11.2 (8.714.2) 24.6 (15.037.7) 2.0 (0.84.4)
Kentucky 6.3 (4.68.6) 22.5 (14.832.6) 27.4 (11.153.2) 8.9 (6.512.0) 21.7 (13.533.0) 2.8 (1.26.6)
Maine 6.7 (5.87.7) 18.7 (14.324.0) 19.4 (13.926.5) 8.8 (7.510.2) 20.3 (17.323.6) 2.0 (1.42.9)
Maryland 7.7 (7.28.1) 20.5 (18.922.2) 22.4 (20.025.0) 9.9 (9.310.6) 24.5 (22.426.6) 3.4 (2.93.9)
Massachusetts 6.0 (4.67.9) 11.9 (7.019.5) 12.3 (4.330.5) 7.3 (5.79.2) 20.0 (13.328.8) 1.2 (0.52.8)
Michigan 7.0 (5.68.8) 16.9 (9.628.1) 9.2 (2.925.6) 9.2 (7.211.8) 17.5 (10.927.0) 1.2 (0.62.5)
Nevada 7.8 (6.19.9) 18.8 (13.525.6) 25.7 (13.942.7) 10.2 (8.212.6) 24.5 (17.133.7) 2.8 (1.45.5)
New Mexico 6.3 (5.57.1) 21.0 (17.425.1) 21.3 (15.928.0) 9.6 (8.510.9) 26.4 (22.231.1) 2.3 (1.73.1)
New York 8.1 (6.79.8) 25.9 (20.632.1) 31.7 (21.643.8) 11.7 (9.115.0) 26.2 (20.932.2) 3.2 (2.24.7)
North Carolina 7.1 (5.29.6) 17.8 (11.426.7) 11.3 (5.222.9) 10.7 (8.213.9) 17.7 (10.827.9) 1.7 (1.12.7)
North Dakota 6.4 (5.08.0) 20.7 (13.929.7) 16.9 (7.533.6) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oklahoma 6.4 (4.88.5) 15.1 (7.129.4) NA NA 7.1 (5.39.5) 29.2 (15.847.5) 3.6 (1.58.4)
Pennsylvania 5.6 (4.27.4) 20.0 (12.730.2) 18.4 (8.236.4) 7.6 (5.710.0) 18.0 (12.924.5) 2.0 (0.94.1)
Rhode Island 6.4 (5.37.7) 23.0 (14.135.1) 27.2 (16.641.1) 8.0 (6.510.0) 30.1 (21.840.1) 2.6 (1.25.3)
Vermont 7.1 (6.67.5) 24.4 (21.926.9) 21.1 (17.425.2) 9.5 (8.910.2) 27.3 (24.630.2) 2.6 (2.23.2)
West Virginia 8.6 (6.511.2) 19.9 (12.630.1) 23.4 (10.045.5) 11.0 (8.114.8) 24.2 (18.131.6) 1.9 (0.94.1)
Wyoming 7.5 (6.09.3) 23.5 (15.633.9) 20.7 (9.439.4) 10.2 (7.613.6) 27.7 (19.238.1) 2.1 (1.23.9)
Median 7.2 20.6 21.1 10.2 24.5 2.7
Range 5.612.4 11.231.8 6.032.2 7.115.7 12.641.2 1.23.8
Large urban school district surveys
Baltimore, MD 8.7 (6.811.2) 17.9 (11.926.1) NA NA 10.9 (7.914.8) 19.9 (12.629.9) 5.4 (2.710.2)
Boston, MA 5.0 (3.47.3) 17.2 (10.427.3) NA NA 5.9 (4.38.1) 17.8 (10.827.9) 1.0 (0.33.0)
Broward County, FL 7.7 (5.910.1) 16.8 (11.124.7) 9.5 (2.827.5) 9.7 (7.113.2) 21.9 (15.030.8) 2.5 (1.15.5)
Cleveland, OH 9.3 (7.311.7) 19.4 (14.325.7) 24.1 (10.546.3) 11.5 (9.014.6) 20.0 (13.628.5) 3.9 (2.07.3)
DeKalb County, GA 7.5 (5.79.7) 21.6 (15.329.6) 15.2 (6.332.1) 9.7 (7.113.0) 23.8 (17.231.8) 2.5 (1.15.9)
Detroit, MI 9.3 (7.211.8) 18.7 (11.728.5) 30.7 (14.254.2) 9.2 (6.812.4) 20.6 (14.129.0) 4.2 (2.27.8)
District of Columbia 8.1 (7.48.9) 19.3 (16.921.9) 16.9 (12.223.0) 9.4 (8.310.6) 20.5 (17.623.6) 4.7 (3.85.8)
Duval County, FL 9.1 (7.710.7) 26.1 (21.431.3) 16.6 (10.425.6) 11.8 (9.814.2) 26.4 (20.932.8) 3.9 (2.56.0)
Ft. Worth, TX 6.9 (5.68.4) 25.0 (16.935.4) 10.7 (5.021.4) 9.3 (7.511.6) 26.1 (18.036.3) 4.1 (2.76.2)
Houston, TX 7.8 (6.59.3) 20.8 (15.926.6) 17.6 (10.627.8) 10.3 (8.412.5) 23.9 (17.831.4) 4.2 (2.96.1)
Los Angeles, CA 5.9 (4.97.3) 21.6 (12.235.4) 15.4 (6.631.8) 8.1 (6.110.8) 21.4 (12.933.5) 3.1 (1.65.7)
Miami-Dade County, FL 6.1 (4.87.7) 14.3 (8.024.4) 24.9 (14.439.7) 8.0 (6.410.1) 18.3 (10.929.1) 3.0 (1.75.2)
New York City, NY 10.0 (8.611.5) 21.7 (16.927.4) 21.0 (15.128.5) 12.6 (10.415.0) 23.9 (18.829.9) 5.6 (3.68.6)
Oakland, CA 9.8 (7.313.2) 23.2 (13.037.8) 19.2 (8.039.4) 11.7 (8.116.5) 21.7 (12.235.5) 6.6 (3.611.6)
Orange County, FL 6.4 (4.68.9) 24.5 (15.736.3) 35.2 (14.863.0) 7.4 (5.310.2) 27.4 (17.540.1) 4.8 (2.97.8)
Palm Beach County, FL 7.3 (5.89.1) 25.9 (19.333.9) 16.1 (8.727.8) 9.2 (7.311.6) 25.3 (18.533.5) 3.9 (2.56.1)
Philadelphia, PA 7.0 (4.510.9) 20.6 (13.929.3) 29.1 (21.238.4) 8.3 (5.711.9) 24.6 (17.333.6) 4.7 (2.87.9)
San Diego, CA 6.1 (4.77.9) 22.7 (13.735.3) 14.0 (5.332.0) 7.3 (5.310.1) 25.9 (17.736.3) 2.1 (0.94.9)
San Francisco, CA 6.1 (4.38.6) 11.8 (6.022.0) 3.0 (1.08.3) 9.6 (6.913.2) 10.4 (4.024.4) 2.1 (1.04.5)
Median 7.5 20.8 16.9 9.4 21.9 3.9
Range 5.010.0 11.826.1 3.035.2 5.912.6 10.427.4 1.06.6
* Being physically hurt on purpose (counting being hit, slammed into something, or injured with an object or weapon) by someone they were dating or going out
with one or more times during the 12 months before the survey, among students who dated or went out with someone during the 12 months before the survey.
95% confidence interval.
Not available.

106 MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
 Surveillance Summaries

TABLE 23. Percentage of high school students who experienced sexual dating violence,* by sexual identity and sex of sexual contacts
United States and selected U.S. sites, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2015
% CI
National survey
(all students) 10.6 (9.511.7)

Sexual identity Sex of sexual contacts

Heterosexual Gay, lesbian, or Opposite sex Same sex only or No
(straight) bisexual Not sure only both sexes sexual contact
Site % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI
National survey
Total 9.1 (8.210.0) 22.7 (18.028.2) 23.8 (17.531.4) 10.5 (9.311.7) 27.0 (22.631.8) 5.9 (4.87.2)
Male 4.3 (3.55.2) 20.9 (12.732.6) 21.7 (12.934.1) 5.6 (4.56.9) 21.2 (14.729.7) 1.9 (1.13.3)
Female 14.5 (12.616.7) 22.6 (18.027.9) 21.2 (13.531.7) 16.5 (13.919.3) 28.4 (23.733.6) 9.7 (7.712.0)
State surveys
Arizona NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Arkansas 10.2 (8.312.5) 22.6 (17.528.7) 23.5 (15.234.5) 12.7 (10.715.1) 32.5 (24.641.5) 3.3 (1.66.7)
California 10.3 (7.613.9) 18.9 (10.731.3) 27.8 (9.758.1) 13.0 (8.918.6) 26.4 (13.844.7) 7.4 (4.611.9)
Connecticut 10.0 (7.812.8) 17.5 (11.525.7) 24.7 (11.046.4) 12.2 (9.315.9) 23.0 (15.333.0) 5.7 (3.69.0)
Delaware 6.2 (5.17.7) 17.1 (10.626.3) 15.9 (6.832.9) 8.2 (6.410.3) 22.4 (12.636.6) 3.7 (2.55.5)
Florida 9.2 (8.410.1) 23.0 (18.827.8) 25.6 (19.133.4) 11.8 (10.613.2) 29.6 (24.635.0) 4.8 (3.86.2)
Hawaii 11.1 (9.213.3) 20.2 (15.026.5) 16.3 (9.326.9) 14.1 (11.317.4) 29.6 (22.537.8) 4.1 (2.85.8)
Illinois 8.8 (7.610.2) 20.6 (13.829.7) 39.3 (28.950.7) 10.6 (8.513.2) 31.2 (21.542.9) 3.4 (1.96.0)
Indiana 9.8 (7.912.1) 25.9 (16.538.3) 27.7 (12.550.6) 14.2 (11.218.0) 18.7 (10.431.3) 5.9 (3.49.9)
Kentucky 8.5 (6.810.7) 20.8 (14.029.8) 14.0 (4.337.1) 9.1 (6.312.9) 25.4 (17.036.2) 5.8 (3.78.8)
Maine NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Maryland 7.8 (7.48.2) 20.6 (19.122.1) 27.1 (24.330.2) 9.8 (9.210.5) 24.6 (22.626.7) 4.2 (3.84.8)
Massachusetts 6.4 (5.18.0) 15.4 (10.322.3) 19.8 (8.938.4) 7.6 (5.99.7) 19.7 (14.126.8) 1.9 (1.03.4)
Michigan 10.2 (8.112.8) 25.0 (17.534.4) 18.0 (8.534.0) 11.7 (8.815.3) 26.8 (17.239.3) 7.0 (5.09.9)
Nevada 10.0 (7.912.7) 20.9 (14.329.5) 20.8 (9.240.5) 11.0 (8.414.4) 30.4 (20.642.2) 4.7 (2.29.5)
New Mexico 7.1 (6.38.1) 20.0 (16.424.2) 23.9 (16.333.7) 10.2 (8.811.9) 22.4 (18.527.0) 4.2 (3.35.3)
New York 11.3 (9.313.6) 31.8 (23.741.3) 28.6 (20.937.8) 15.1 (12.318.3) 36.1 (27.745.5) 6.1 (4.48.4)
North Carolina 6.9 (5.39.0) 13.7 (8.820.8) 11.7 (5.523.3) 9.1 (7.011.6) 15.8 (10.623.0) 3.3 (1.95.6)
North Dakota NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oklahoma 7.1 (5.69.1) 17.2 (10.227.6) NA NA 9.0 (7.211.3) 27.1 (14.544.8) 3.9 (2.26.8)
Pennsylvania 7.4 (5.79.6) 23.0 (14.933.8) 28.2 (13.749.4) 8.8 (6.911.2) 25.1 (18.333.3) 5.1 (3.37.6)
Rhode Island 7.5 (6.38.9) 22.3 (14.932.0) 25.7 (15.439.7) 10.0 (7.612.9) 26.3 (17.138.0) 2.4 (1.05.3)
Vermont NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
West Virginia 6.8 (5.28.9) 24.4 (15.136.9) 18.5 (8.036.9) 8.5 (6.111.7) 27.8 (20.236.9) 2.7 (1.35.8)
Wyoming 6.9 (5.88.2) 17.2 (11.225.5) 16.3 (7.133.0) 8.1 (6.69.9) 22.7 (16.131.0) 3.4 (2.25.2)
Median 8.5 20.6 23.7 10.2 26.3 4.2
Range 6.211.3 13.731.8 11.739.3 7.615.1 15.836.1 1.97.4
Large urban school district surveys
Baltimore, MD 9.7 (7.013.3) 14.9 (8.923.9) NA NA 11.3 (7.916.1) 20.4 (11.932.8) 5.1 (2.69.7)
Boston, MA 5.8 (4.18.1) 11.6 (6.819.2) NA NA 6.8 (4.79.8) 10.8 (5.520.2) 2.8 (1.07.1)
Broward County, FL 8.7 (6.711.1) 20.6 (13.330.6) 17.2 (8.132.8) 11.2 (8.115.3) 23.9 (15.734.7) 4.1 (2.08.0)
Cleveland, OH 7.8 (6.19.9) 19.0 (13.326.5) 25.6 (14.141.9) 8.8 (6.411.9) 23.1 (16.930.7) 2.0 (1.03.8)
DeKalb County, GA 7.6 (5.89.8) 15.3 (10.022.6) 17.3 (8.033.4) 9.3 (6.912.5) 18.5 (12.127.3) 2.7 (1.45.1)
Detroit, MI 6.9 (5.19.3) 15.6 (9.125.6) NA NA 7.8 (5.311.4) 16.8 (10.825.2) 5.7 (3.49.2)
District of Columbia 6.1 (5.56.8) 12.8 (10.915.1) 16.7 (12.222.5) 6.1 (5.37.1) 15.9 (13.418.7) 4.1 (3.25.3)
Duval County, FL 11.7 (10.113.5) 24.6 (19.131.1) 23.4 (14.535.4) 13.3 (11.415.4) 24.5 (18.931.0) 8.1 (5.911.0)
Ft. Worth, TX 6.9 (5.78.4) 22.9 (15.332.9) 22.8 (12.637.8) 9.9 (8.012.1) 18.9 (11.529.7) 5.0 (3.37.5)
Houston, TX 6.6 (5.67.7) 17.7 (12.624.3) 18.5 (11.428.6) 9.0 (7.311.0) 25.3 (19.132.7) 3.5 (2.35.3)
Los Angeles, CA 7.0 (5.19.4) 22.1 (12.436.3) 20.1 (9.737.2) 8.4 (6.011.5) 26.1 (19.833.6) 5.0 (2.98.4)
Miami-Dade County, FL 6.4 (5.28.0) 20.2 (13.229.7) 36.7 (25.349.8) 8.7 (6.811.1) 20.1 (13.828.4) 4.8 (3.17.3)
New York City, NY 9.4 (8.510.3) 19.9 (15.225.5) 25.5 (17.735.2) 13.0 (11.215.0) 24.0 (17.332.2) 4.1 (2.56.6)
Oakland, CA 8.8 (6.511.8) 21.5 (12.334.9) 24.4 (11.744.1) 10.7 (7.814.6) 20.5 (12.332.2) 4.2 (2.18.1)
Orange County, FL 8.5 (6.511.0) 27.8 (18.739.2) 45.6 (25.667.2) 10.4 (7.713.9) 32.8 (23.643.6) 6.3 (4.09.8)
Palm Beach County, FL 8.0 (6.59.7) 27.8 (19.737.5) 25.0 (15.238.1) 9.7 (7.512.5) 29.1 (22.037.3) 6.3 (4.19.6)
Philadelphia, PA 8.1 (5.611.4) 15.8 (8.128.6) 20.1 (11.831.9) 10.1 (6.615.3) 17.4 (10.128.3) 4.4 (1.710.8)
San Diego, CA 8.0 (6.210.2) 33.3 (23.245.3) 27.5 (15.044.9) 8.5 (6.311.4) 36.0 (26.047.4) 7.8 (5.411.3)
San Francisco, CA 7.3 (5.49.8) 20.9 (12.532.8) 16.8 (7.034.9) 11.7 (8.715.6) 22.5 (11.639.2) 3.3 (1.76.3)
Median 7.8 20.2 23.1 9.7 22.5 4.4
Range 5.811.7 11.633.3 16.745.6 6.113.3 10.836.0 2.08.1
* Being forced to do sexual things (counting kissing, touching, or being physically forced to have sexual intercourse) they did not want to do by someone they were
dating or going out with one or more times during the 12 months before the survey, among students who dated or went out with someone during the 12 months
before the survey.
95% confidence interval.
Not available.

US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 107
 Surveillance Summaries

TABLE 24. Percentage of high school students who felt sad or hopeless,* by sexual identity and sex of sexual contacts United States and
selected U.S. sites, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2015
% CI
National survey
(all students) 29.9 (28.031.8)

Sexual identity Sex of sexual contacts

Heterosexual Gay, lesbian, or Opposite sex Same sex only or No
(straight) bisexual Not sure only both sexes sexual contact
Site % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI
National survey
Total 26.4 (24.628.4) 60.4 (55.165.4) 46.5 (41.251.8) 32.9 (30.935.0) 62.7 (57.267.8) 22.3 (20.424.3)
Male 18.6 (17.220.1) 43.9 (35.952.3) 40.5 (32.049.6) 24.1 (21.826.4) 51.6 (42.260.9) 13.4 (11.515.5)
Female 35.5 (31.839.3) 66.5 (61.471.2) 49.7 (42.257.2) 44.3 (40.748.1) 66.3 (61.471.0) 30.7 (27.634.0)
State surveys
Arizona 29.6 (26.233.3) 68.0 (59.075.8) 48.1 (31.664.9) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Arkansas 28.3 (25.231.6) 51.8 (44.359.2) 48.6 (37.160.3) 33.0 (29.337.1) 54.4 (47.361.3) 24.2 (20.029.0)
California 25.7 (23.028.6) 65.5 (51.777.1) 41.4 (30.453.2) 36.1 (31.740.7) 62.4 (47.975.0) 21.7 (18.425.4)
Connecticut 22.5 (20.125.0) 57.5 (49.265.3) 52.9 (40.864.7) 30.9 (27.534.4) 54.7 (45.663.4) 19.3 (16.222.8)
Delaware 21.4 (19.323.6) 50.2 (43.756.7) 28.0 (18.540.0) 25.8 (22.929.0) 40.8 (30.751.8) 19.6 (16.922.6)
Florida 23.0 (21.624.3) 54.0 (48.259.7) 47.6 (41.553.7) 27.7 (25.929.5) 57.0 (50.962.8) 20.8 (19.022.8)
Hawaii 27.2 (25.229.2) 47.0 (38.356.0) 38.4 (31.146.3) 35.0 (31.838.3) 50.6 (44.956.3) 23.0 (21.025.1)
Illinois 25.3 (22.528.4) 54.2 (44.963.2) 57.2 (43.370.0) 33.4 (29.238.0) 54.3 (48.460.1) 21.5 (17.426.3)
Indiana 25.2 (22.528.0) 57.8 (44.869.8) 44.6 (28.661.9) 31.4 (27.136.0) 63.2 (51.173.8) 20.8 (17.724.2)
Kentucky 27.5 (24.330.9) 59.9 (49.669.4) 52.8 (38.266.9) 34.9 (30.239.8) 60.9 (50.570.3) 21.2 (17.725.1)
Maine 22.4 (21.223.8) 60.9 (57.464.3) 39.6 (35.444.0) 30.2 (28.931.4) 53.9 (48.958.9) 17.8 (16.818.9)
Maryland 23.0 (22.423.5) 50.0 (48.551.6) 44.6 (42.147.3) 29.4 (28.530.4) 54.8 (52.956.8) 19.6 (18.920.2)
Massachusetts 23.9 (21.926.0) 61.1 (54.367.6) 41.9 (31.752.8) 29.1 (25.732.8) 59.0 (49.667.8) 21.4 (19.124.0)
Michigan 27.1 (24.230.3) 71.3 (61.579.5) 54.5 (39.868.4) 35.2 (31.139.5) 63.5 (51.873.8) 23.7 (19.828.2)
Nevada 28.8 (26.031.8) 56.1 (48.263.7) 57.3 (42.071.3) 35.5 (31.040.3) 58.2 (49.566.4) 25.5 (22.528.6)
New Mexico 28.4 (26.630.2) 60.1 (55.964.3) 42.6 (35.450.2) 34.1 (31.636.7) 61.8 (56.966.5) 26.3 (24.328.4)
New York 24.3 (21.926.7) 56.2 (51.261.1) 48.1 (40.256.1) 31.9 (27.636.6) 58.9 (54.663.0) 19.6 (17.721.7)
North Carolina 22.4 (19.525.5) 59.6 (46.371.7) 47.5 (30.864.8) 28.1 (23.133.7) 56.4 (46.865.5) 20.0 (16.923.5)
North Dakota 23.9 (21.926.0) 58.9 (48.768.3) 55.7 (42.068.6) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oklahoma 24.7 (21.727.9) 67.0 (54.477.5) 61.8 (39.979.8) 28.7 (24.333.6) 72.0 (61.280.8) 24.3 (20.528.4)
Pennsylvania 24.4 (21.727.2) 60.0 (51.068.3) 34.1 (21.749.1) 31.8 (28.535.2) 56.6 (47.765.2) 19.0 (16.022.4)
Rhode Island 22.0 (19.824.4) 60.8 (53.467.7) 41.1 (32.849.9) 30.3 (26.135.0) 59.4 (48.369.6) 17.8 (14.122.2)
Vermont 20.5 (19.921.1) 59.8 (57.462.1) 36.7 (33.540.0) 26.4 (25.527.3) 61.5 (58.664.2) 17.1 (16.317.8)
West Virginia 29.1 (25.932.4) 65.2 (57.572.2) 42.2 (32.452.7) 36.0 (32.240.0) 62.7 (54.170.6) 22.9 (19.726.5)
Wyoming 27.1 (24.529.9) 62.3 (53.570.4) 44.6 (34.755.0) 34.7 (30.739.0) 59.7 (48.570.1) 22.1 (19.524.9)
Median 24.7 59.8 44.6 31.8 58.9 21.2
Range 20.529.6 47.071.3 28.061.8 25.836.1 40.872.0 17.126.3
Large urban school district surveys
Baltimore, MD 26.9 (22.931.3) 45.3 (35.855.2) 52.2 (30.473.2) 29.7 (24.235.9) 50.6 (41.559.6) 25.0 (19.831.0)
Boston, MA 23.8 (21.526.2) 49.6 (40.359.1) 40.0 (26.155.7) 27.8 (24.631.3) 51.2 (40.361.9) 20.8 (17.424.5)
Broward County, FL 26.3 (23.129.8) 51.9 (43.959.7) 45.7 (34.857.1) 32.2 (27.537.3) 54.1 (44.263.6) 22.6 (19.126.5)
Cleveland, OH 31.0 (27.934.2) 52.9 (45.460.3) 52.4 (37.766.6) 32.7 (28.537.2) 58.4 (50.565.9) 29.9 (26.134.0)
DeKalb County, GA 24.2 (21.727.0) 46.8 (38.655.2) 45.5 (35.256.3) 27.0 (23.830.5) 48.5 (40.456.6) 22.3 (18.926.1)
Detroit, MI 28.0 (25.430.9) 53.8 (43.963.4) 31.5 (20.145.7) 30.5 (26.634.7) 50.7 (41.559.9) 25.9 (22.429.7)
District of Columbia 22.8 (21.923.8) 46.9 (44.249.6) 39.6 (34.744.7) 25.7 (24.227.2) 44.8 (41.748.0) 22.9 (21.524.3)
Duval County, FL 27.6 (25.629.7) 53.0 (46.859.1) 45.3 (37.153.7) 32.5 (29.635.6) 54.7 (48.061.2) 24.0 (21.426.8)
Ft. Worth, TX 25.4 (23.627.3) 64.4 (57.470.8) 43.6 (30.557.6) 28.7 (26.331.3) 65.7 (57.872.8) 25.3 (22.728.0)
Houston, TX 27.7 (26.229.3) 47.6 (41.154.2) 42.9 (34.252.1) 32.7 (30.035.5) 55.2 (48.561.8) 25.0 (22.727.6)
Los Angeles, CA 26.8 (24.429.3) 58.2 (49.066.9) 56.5 (40.071.7) 32.8 (27.238.8) 56.5 (47.165.5) 24.9 (22.028.0)
Miami-Dade County, FL 23.0 (20.825.2) 45.8 (36.755.2) 33.7 (24.744.0) 27.6 (24.630.9) 49.8 (40.259.4) 19.0 (16.321.9)
New York City, NY 25.6 (23.727.6) 53.2 (50.056.4) 48.2 (42.254.3) 32.6 (29.036.3) 48.0 (42.553.5) 25.3 (22.927.9)
Oakland, CA 24.6 (22.027.3) 50.3 (41.958.6) 43.4 (32.754.9) 28.0 (24.432.0) 46.3 (36.756.2) 22.7 (18.926.9)
Orange County, FL 26.1 (22.929.5) 62.7 (53.671.0) 50.0 (37.962.1) 32.8 (28.737.2) 57.2 (48.565.5) 23.8 (20.327.7)
Palm Beach County, FL 26.3 (24.028.6) 57.2 (49.464.6) 44.7 (34.455.4) 31.0 (28.034.1) 50.7 (42.458.9) 23.9 (20.827.2)
Philadelphia, PA 30.5 (28.232.9) 44.2 (37.850.7) 31.0 (18.347.4) 29.7 (26.133.6) 49.6 (41.657.6) 27.6 (22.932.9)
San Diego, CA 25.1 (22.727.7) 65.0 (56.372.9) 44.5 (31.458.4) 31.1 (27.934.5) 56.7 (47.365.7) 23.5 (20.327.0)
San Francisco, CA 22.5 (20.125.2) 54.7 (45.363.8) 27.7 (19.537.8) 32.4 (27.737.4) 45.9 (34.457.8) 18.9 (16.921.0)
Median 26.1 52.9 44.5 31.0 50.7 23.9
Range 22.531.0 44.265.0 27.756.5 25.732.8 44.865.7 18.929.9
* Almost every day for 2 weeks in a row so that they stopped doing some usual activities during the 12 months before the survey.
95% confidence interval.
Not available.

108 MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
 Surveillance Summaries

TABLE 25. Percentage of high school students who seriously considered attempting suicide,* by sexual identity and sex of sexual contacts
United States and selected U.S. sites, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2015
% CI
National survey
(all students) 17.7 (16.718.8)

Sexual identity Sex of sexual contacts

Heterosexual Gay, lesbian, or Opposite sex Same sex only or No
(straight) bisexual Not sure only both sexes sexual contact
Site % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI
National survey
Total 14.8 (13.715.9) 42.8 (38.447.3) 31.9 (27.137.1) 19.7 (18.420.9) 44.5 (39.549.6) 12.0 (10.613.6)
Male 10.6 (9.611.8) 32.7 (23.643.3) 30.9 (23.839.0) 14.6 (13.216.2) 41.2 (33.549.4) 7.3 (5.98.9)
Female 19.6 (17.721.7) 46.6 (42.151.1) 32.6 (24.941.5) 26.2 (23.928.6) 45.6 (40.251.2) 16.5 (14.418.8)
State surveys
Arizona 14.9 (12.218.1) 47.2 (38.256.4) 30.7 (20.443.3) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Arkansas 16.2 (13.319.5) 40.9 (29.953.0) 34.5 (21.550.3) 21.8 (17.626.8) 45.0 (36.254.2) 11.5 (8.615.1)
California 14.3 (10.818.6) 49.3 (38.959.7) 34.6 (18.555.2) 19.9 (13.827.7) 38.8 (29.748.8) 14.7 (12.117.7)
Connecticut 10.4 (9.211.8) 36.3 (28.744.6) 29.9 (20.042.2) 14.5 (11.917.7) 37.6 (29.945.9) 9.0 (7.410.9)
Delaware 11.3 (10.012.7) 37.0 (29.745.0) 23.3 (14.635.2) 15.6 (13.418.1) 32.0 (23.841.5) 10.0 (8.212.2)
Florida 10.7 (9.811.6) 40.5 (36.544.6) 27.8 (23.033.1) 14.3 (12.915.8) 44.2 (39.349.3) 8.7 (7.79.8)
Hawaii 13.5 (12.115.1) 32.6 (25.141.2) 29.0 (20.639.1) 20.5 (17.423.9) 35.9 (28.044.6) 10.7 (9.312.4)
Illinois 12.2 (10.114.7) 36.5 (30.243.3) 44.0 (28.161.2) 17.3 (14.121.0) 35.8 (25.048.3) 10.1 (8.012.6)
Indiana 15.2 (13.616.8) 46.4 (34.958.4) 39.1 (29.050.2) 21.7 (18.625.1) 49.6 (38.261.1) 11.3 (8.914.3)
Kentucky 13.1 (11.115.4) 39.2 (31.547.5) 25.5 (15.339.2) 15.8 (13.318.7) 46.7 (39.054.5) 8.7 (6.910.8)
Maine 11.6 (10.512.9) 45.2 (41.349.1) 27.0 (22.532.0) 16.8 (15.018.8) 40.1 (35.544.8) 9.1 (8.210.0)
Maryland 12.3 (11.912.8) 38.1 (36.639.6) 30.9 (28.533.3) 16.5 (15.917.2) 41.3 (39.543.1) 10.3 (9.910.8)
Massachusetts 11.3 (9.613.3) 48.2 (41.854.7) 30.6 (22.240.5) 15.7 (12.819.3) 40.5 (33.847.6) 10.2 (8.612.2)
Michigan 13.9 (12.315.6) 47.0 (37.756.6) 33.4 (20.150.0) 20.5 (17.424.0) 43.7 (34.753.2) 9.7 (7.712.2)
Nevada 14.2 (11.916.8) 36.6 (28.945.1) 37.5 (23.853.4) 20.8 (17.324.8) 34.3 (27.042.4) 9.5 (7.212.5)
New Mexico 12.5 (11.313.8) 42.4 (38.246.7) 25.8 (21.231.0) 17.2 (15.618.9) 43.8 (39.648.1) 11.1 (9.512.9)
New York 11.9 (10.113.8) 41.8 (35.648.3) 26.9 (19.935.2) 15.9 (12.819.4) 42.7 (36.649.0) 9.1 (7.411.1)
North Carolina 11.8 (9.914.1) 46.8 (39.554.1) 43.0 (20.069.5) 15.9 (13.418.7) 41.2 (32.250.9) 11.3 (9.014.1)
North Dakota 13.2 (11.515.0) 45.7 (36.854.9) 40.9 (28.754.4) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oklahoma 11.5 (9.413.8) 55.4 (42.267.9) 35.2 (19.654.7) 15.3 (12.818.2) 46.1 (28.964.2) 11.4 (7.516.7)
Pennsylvania 13.1 (11.415.0) 39.5 (32.147.4) 29.1 (17.544.1) 17.8 (14.921.0) 39.4 (32.347.0) 10.1 (8.512.0)
Rhode Island 11.4 (9.713.4) 34.7 (29.440.4) 25.8 (18.235.3) 16.2 (13.519.2) 41.7 (36.347.2) 7.5 (5.210.7)
Vermont NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
West Virginia 15.1 (12.717.8) 42.8 (32.453.8) 40.3 (26.056.4) 19.3 (16.422.6) 45.1 (37.353.2) 11.0 (8.314.4)
Wyoming 16.5 (14.418.7) 53.7 (42.464.7) 35.3 (25.147.1) 23.3 (19.927.0) 55.0 (45.664.1) 12.1 (10.114.4)
Median 12.8 42.1 30.8 17.0 41.5 10.2
Range 10.416.5 32.655.4 23.344.0 14.323.3 32.055.0 7.514.7
Large urban school district surveys
Baltimore, MD 12.1 (9.215.7) 35.3 (26.045.8) 37.1 (19.259.5) 13.5 (9.119.6) 35.6 (26.446.1) 14.6 (10.220.5)
Boston, MA 9.0 (7.410.8) 27.0 (18.837.1) 21.1 (12.134.2) 10.5 (8.013.6) 25.8 (18.135.4) 7.8 (5.710.5)
Broward County, FL 13.0 (11.215.1) 38.9 (30.747.9) 39.9 (27.254.1) 15.2 (12.019.0) 39.2 (29.350.1) 12.6 (10.215.4)
Cleveland, OH 14.3 (12.116.8) 43.4 (36.750.3) 36.1 (25.348.4) 16.6 (14.019.6) 44.6 (34.954.8) 13.8 (10.517.8)
DeKalb County, GA 12.9 (11.115.0) 35.2 (28.442.7) 33.2 (23.844.1) 15.1 (12.718.0) 41.2 (33.449.5) 11.0 (8.713.9)
Detroit, MI 14.2 (12.216.4) 35.1 (27.843.2) 32.8 (19.250.2) 16.6 (13.520.4) 32.6 (24.342.2) 12.7 (9.916.2)
District of Columbia 10.4 (9.711.1) 31.7 (29.234.3) 26.1 (21.930.9) 12.3 (11.213.5) 29.5 (26.732.5) 10.5 (9.511.5)
Duval County, FL 15.4 (14.016.9) 41.0 (35.346.9) 28.0 (21.136.2) 19.5 (17.122.1) 37.7 (31.644.1) 12.1 (10.414.1)
Ft. Worth, TX 11.3 (9.813.0) 40.7 (32.349.7) 21.8 (13.533.2) 13.1 (10.715.9) 43.9 (33.754.7) 11.1 (9.313.3)
Houston, TX 11.6 (10.313.1) 34.5 (28.341.3) 32.5 (24.841.3) 15.7 (13.318.4) 40.2 (33.647.3) 9.9 (8.311.8)
Los Angeles, CA 11.1 (9.812.5) 41.0 (31.950.7) 39.4 (28.152.0) 15.5 (13.018.4) 31.6 (23.441.1) 10.8 (9.012.9)
Miami-Dade County, FL 8.4 (7.49.6) 34.3 (26.742.7) 24.7 (15.337.4) 12.1 (10.114.5) 36.6 (26.148.6) 5.7 (4.77.0)
New York City, NY 10.6 (9.411.9) 34.6 (30.738.6) 24.9 (18.632.4) 14.1 (11.916.7) 30.8 (26.235.8) 10.7 (8.713.1)
Oakland, CA 10.9 (9.113.1) 42.0 (35.149.3) 31.8 (20.545.7) 14.8 (11.718.6) 33.4 (24.543.7) 9.7 (7.412.7)
Orange County, FL 12.1 (10.314.3) 38.4 (29.947.6) 33.6 (22.047.5) 15.3 (12.518.5) 35.0 (26.444.7) 12.5 (10.315.2)
Palm Beach County, FL 12.4 (10.714.2) 43.1 (35.750.7) 26.5 (18.237.0) 15.7 (13.418.5) 33.8 (27.241.2) 10.7 (8.912.9)
Philadelphia, PA 11.0 (8.913.6) 28.6 (20.837.9) 20.1 (14.527.3) 11.2 (8.714.4) 26.2 (19.733.9) 10.8 (7.914.8)
San Diego, CA 13.8 (12.115.7) 39.5 (32.347.2) 29.2 (19.641.2) 16.8 (14.419.4) 41.8 (33.151.0) 12.3 (9.915.1)
San Francisco, CA 10.3 (8.512.4) 39.5 (29.151.0) 17.5 (11.026.7) 15.5 (12.119.7) 32.1 (22.044.3) 8.9 (7.210.8)
Median 11.6 38.4 29.2 15.2 35.0 10.8
Range 8.415.4 27.043.4 17.539.9 10.519.5 25.844.6 5.714.6
* During the 12 months before the survey.
95% confidence interval.
Not available.

US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 109
 Surveillance Summaries

TABLE 26. Percentage of high school students who made a plan about how they would attempt suicide,* by sexual identity and sex of sexual
contacts United States and selected U.S. sites, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2015
% CI
National survey
(all students) 14.6 (13.415.8)

Sexual identity Sex of sexual contacts

Heterosexual Gay, lesbian, or Opposite sex Same sex only or No
(straight) bisexual Not sure only both sexes sexual contact
Site % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI
National survey
Total 11.9 (10.813.1) 38.2 (34.042.6) 27.9 (23.332.9) 15.6 (14.217.0) 39.6 (34.544.9) 10.1 (9.011.3)
Male 8.6 (7.59.9) 27.0 (20.334.9) 23.6 (15.833.7) 11.2 (9.912.7) 33.8 (26.641.8) 6.3 (5.07.9)
Female 15.7 (13.817.7) 42.0 (37.147.2) 29.3 (23.236.3) 21.2 (18.823.7) 41.5 (35.947.3) 13.7 (12.115.4)
State surveys
Arizona 13.4 (11.515.5) 42.3 (34.550.5) 34.5 (21.949.9) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Arkansas 13.5 (11.515.7) 37.8 (28.148.6) 32.5 (24.941.1) 17.0 (14.120.5) 40.3 (34.746.3) 10.4 (7.115.0)
California 11.8 (9.015.3) 44.5 (34.554.9) 30.5 (19.244.6) 16.9 (11.923.4) 40.2 (31.849.3) 11.6 (9.314.3)
Connecticut NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Delaware 8.8 (7.210.6) 29.0 (22.536.4) 19.2 (11.630.0) 12.0 (9.315.4) 24.9 (17.534.2) 8.6 (6.910.7)
Florida 8.3 (7.69.1) 33.7 (29.138.5) 21.8 (17.526.7) 11.7 (10.712.9) 35.7 (30.141.8) 6.6 (5.67.7)
Hawaii 13.1 (11.914.5) 30.7 (25.836.1) 27.7 (20.236.7) 19.8 (17.023.0) 31.3 (24.539.0) 10.9 (9.512.3)
Illinois 11.8 (10.013.8) 30.6 (24.237.9) 30.6 (18.047.0) 14.6 (12.417.1) 32.9 (24.942.0) 10.0 (7.912.7)
Indiana 13.0 (11.714.4) 42.8 (34.851.1) 31.9 (21.344.9) 18.4 (15.521.5) 44.4 (35.853.3) 10.0 (7.213.7)
Kentucky 11.3 (9.413.6) 36.3 (29.044.3) 18.8 (9.932.9) 13.5 (10.816.8) 41.8 (35.548.3) 7.9 (6.110.2)
Maine 9.4 (8.610.2) 37.4 (33.841.1) 20.7 (18.023.7) 13.5 (12.314.8) 33.4 (29.138.0) 7.4 (6.78.2)
Maryland 9.4 (9.09.7) 32.4 (30.933.9) 27.0 (24.929.1) 13.0 (12.413.6) 34.2 (32.436.1) 7.4 (7.07.8)
Massachusetts 9.7 (8.511.0) 34.7 (28.441.5) 19.8 (12.829.2) 13.0 (10.815.6) 33.0 (27.239.3) 8.0 (6.210.3)
Michigan 11.9 (10.513.5) 41.7 (33.350.6) 24.9 (16.136.4) 16.0 (14.318.0) 41.4 (33.349.9) 9.0 (7.111.3)
Nevada 13.3 (11.415.4) 33.7 (27.240.9) 28.6 (15.047.7) 17.6 (14.720.9) 32.8 (26.040.4) 9.9 (7.712.6)
New Mexico 11.1 (10.212.1) 37.9 (34.141.8) 21.9 (18.026.4) 14.9 (13.516.4) 40.1 (35.944.4) 10.2 (9.011.6)
New York NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
North Carolina 11.3 (9.513.3) 38.3 (29.248.3) 25.9 (14.042.9) 15.6 (12.918.7) 29.3 (23.435.9) 9.6 (7.612.0)
North Dakota 11.0 (9.512.6) 38.3 (29.747.7) 30.6 (20.043.8) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oklahoma 11.2 (9.213.6) 51.9 (40.663.0) 30.8 (15.052.8) 15.0 (12.218.2) 42.5 (30.555.4) 10.9 (7.415.9)
Pennsylvania 11.1 (9.413.0) 33.9 (26.342.3) 29.3 (18.443.3) 15.5 (12.818.6) 32.6 (26.639.1) 8.8 (6.911.1)
Rhode Island 9.2 (7.211.6) 32.1 (26.238.6) 27.5 (18.538.8) 12.8 (10.914.9) 37.1 (30.644.1) 7.1 (5.19.7)
Vermont 9.0 (8.69.5) 40.4 (38.142.8) 20.8 (18.123.7) 12.3 (11.713.0) 41.2 (38.544.1) 7.8 (7.38.4)
West Virginia 12.3 (10.314.7) 35.0 (28.242.4) 40.8 (27.655.6) 16.5 (13.619.9) 35.6 (27.444.8) 7.8 (5.910.3)
Wyoming 15.4 (13.617.5) 41.4 (33.150.2) 30.2 (20.442.1) 19.4 (16.722.4) 43.0 (34.651.8) 12.8 (10.615.3)
Median 11.3 37.4 27.7 15.0 35.7 9.0
Range 8.315.4 29.051.9 18.840.8 11.719.8 24.944.4 6.612.8
Large urban school district surveys
Baltimore, MD 11.0 (8.114.8) 25.3 (18.234.0) 36.1 (17.260.4) 14.6 (9.920.9) 31.5 (22.841.7) 7.5 (4.412.6)
Boston, MA 8.2 (6.79.9) 26.0 (19.034.5) 8.5 (3.419.6) 9.7 (7.412.5) 18.2 (11.826.9) 7.8 (5.810.5)
Broward County, FL 11.0 (9.412.8) 28.8 (20.938.3) 28.8 (19.640.3) 12.9 (10.415.9) 25.6 (16.038.4) 11.5 (8.914.6)
Cleveland, OH NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
DeKalb County, GA 12.9 (11.015.1) 30.3 (23.737.8) 30.2 (19.743.4) 13.3 (10.816.1) 34.4 (26.143.8) 12.8 (10.016.3)
Detroit, MI 13.7 (11.716.1) 33.6 (26.541.5) 27.3 (15.343.9) 16.4 (13.519.7) 29.3 (21.438.6) 12.9 (10.116.3)
District of Columbia 11.7 (10.912.4) 30.9 (28.533.5) 23.6 (19.528.4) 11.6 (10.612.8) 30.0 (27.133.0) 11.7 (10.712.8)
Duval County, FL 15.4 (14.016.9) 37.5 (31.843.6) 24.9 (18.732.5) 18.9 (16.621.4) 34.5 (28.740.9) 11.2 (9.413.2)
Ft. Worth, TX 9.2 (7.810.9) 35.7 (28.044.2) 21.1 (13.332.0) 11.8 (9.414.8) 37.1 (27.547.9) 8.3 (6.810.1)
Houston, TX 11.4 (10.112.7) 32.7 (27.937.8) 30.7 (23.738.9) 14.5 (12.516.8) 36.4 (30.542.7) 9.9 (8.311.7)
Los Angeles, CA 10.0 (8.711.5) 39.0 (29.849.1) 39.0 (28.550.7) 15.7 (13.418.2) 33.5 (23.245.5) 8.4 (6.311.1)
Miami-Dade County, FL 6.8 (5.97.8) 30.3 (23.438.2) 16.5 (10.225.7) 9.5 (7.811.4) 30.9 (22.341.1) 4.6 (3.46.2)
New York City, NY NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oakland, CA 10.2 (8.412.4) 30.5 (22.739.6) 25.2 (14.839.7) 13.7 (10.617.6) 22.8 (15.132.9) 8.8 (6.611.7)
Orange County, FL 9.4 (7.611.5) 33.4 (25.742.1) 33.3 (23.145.2) 12.3 (9.815.3) 30.9 (22.840.3) 9.7 (7.512.5)
Palm Beach County, FL 11.6 (9.813.6) 39.9 (33.147.1) 28.2 (20.138.0) 13.4 (11.315.9) 37.6 (30.844.9) 10.1 (8.112.5)
Philadelphia, PA 9.8 (8.012.1) 28.6 (23.634.2) 17.8 (11.326.8) 10.5 (8.512.8) 30.4 (24.037.7) 7.5 (5.110.8)
San Diego, CA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
San Francisco, CA 11.4 (9.513.6) 44.3 (34.254.9) 20.4 (12.231.9) 15.7 (12.719.3) 30.3 (20.242.7) 10.3 (8.512.3)
Median 11.0 31.8 26.3 13.3 30.9 9.8
Range 6.815.4 25.344.3 8.539.0 9.518.9 18.237.6 4.612.9
* During the 12 months before the survey.
95% confidence interval.
Not available.

110 MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
 Surveillance Summaries

TABLE 27. Percentage of high school students who attempted suicide,* by sexual identity and sex of sexual contacts United States and
selected U.S. sites, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2015
% CI
National survey
(all students) 8.6 (7.69.6)

Sexual identity Sex of sexual contacts

Heterosexual Gay, lesbian, or Opposite sex Same sex only or No
(straight) bisexual Not sure only both sexes sexual contact
Site % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI
National survey
Total 6.4 (5.67.3) 29.4 (25.733.3) 13.7 (10.018.5) 9.7 (8.610.9) 27.6 (23.532.1) 4.2 (3.35.3)
Male 4.5 (3.95.3) 19.4 (13.627.0) 16.0 (10.024.7) 6.9 (5.78.3) 17.0 (10.925.5) 2.3 (1.63.4)
Female 8.4 (6.810.3) 32.8 (28.137.9) 11.7 (7.517.9) 13.1 (11.215.4) 31.0 (26.236.2) 6.1 (4.67.9)
State surveys
Arizona 7.3 (5.210.0) 29.1 (22.836.3) 19.5 (8.239.8) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Arkansas 9.5 (7.711.7) 32.0 (24.840.2) 23.2 (15.533.3) 13.5 (10.916.7) 40.1 (34.446.1) 5.4 (3.58.2)
California 6.6 (5.38.2) 19.7 (13.028.7) 18.0 (11.626.8) 10.2 (7.713.4) 30.4 (21.940.4) 4.9 (3.86.3)
Connecticut 5.5 (4.17.3) 22.6 (15.831.3) 17.6 (10.328.5) 8.8 (7.110.8) 19.8 (12.729.6) 4.3 (3.06.1)
Delaware 5.8 (4.47.7) 21.5 (15.728.8) 9.4 (4.219.5) 9.7 (6.813.7) 23.0 (14.334.9) 3.5 (2.64.7)
Florida 5.1 (4.55.7) 27.0 (23.131.3) 22.4 (17.728.0) 8.2 (7.19.5) 31.2 (26.636.0) 3.0 (2.53.5)
Hawaii 8.1 (7.09.4) 26.2 (19.035.0) 10.3 (6.116.8) 13.3 (10.916.1) 31.4 (24.539.3) 4.1 (3.15.3)
Illinois 7.0 (5.49.0) 23.8 (18.430.1) 22.4 (12.636.7) 8.6 (7.010.5) 28.2 (23.733.3) 5.5 (4.07.3)
Indiana 6.8 (5.09.2) 34.2 (27.541.5) 17.6 (7.535.9) 11.0 (8.214.7) 32.2 (26.538.5) 4.4 (2.67.5)
Kentucky 7.1 (5.010.1) 27.5 (20.436.0) 14.2 (5.233.4) 9.4 (6.513.3) 28.7 (20.638.5) 4.1 (2.46.7)
Maine 7.9 (7.28.7) 26.0 (23.329.0) 17.8 (13.123.7) 10.0 (9.211.0) 25.9 (22.429.7) 6.0 (5.46.7)
Maryland NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Massachusetts 5.2 (4.36.3) 24.8 (19.131.5) 13.0 (6.724.0) 6.8 (5.19.0) 27.7 (21.934.4) 3.6 (2.65.1)
Michigan 6.5 (5.47.8) 29.4 (21.938.2) 19.3 (10.632.7) 10.8 (9.112.8) 28.0 (19.937.9) 3.7 (2.55.4)
Nevada 8.4 (7.19.9) 25.5 (18.334.3) 23.8 (12.939.7) 11.5 (8.814.8) 24.0 (17.332.4) 6.2 (4.58.5)
New Mexico 6.6 (5.97.4) 29.1 (25.732.8) 14.5 (9.621.3) 9.6 (8.510.8) 31.7 (27.736.0) 5.5 (4.56.5)
New York 5.7 (4.57.2) 33.6 (27.140.7) 27.8 (20.037.2) 9.3 (7.711.1) 38.2 (30.147.1) 3.6 (2.45.3)
North Carolina NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
North Dakota 8.1 (6.89.6) 24.0 (17.032.9) 16.6 (9.028.5) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oklahoma 5.8 (4.67.4) 26.5 (18.636.2) 18.5 (10.430.6) 9.5 (7.512.1) 23.9 (15.035.9) 4.2 (2.66.7)
Pennsylvania 5.9 (4.67.5) 19.8 (12.729.4) 17.3 (10.327.6) 9.6 (7.412.3) 18.9 (11.330.1) 3.2 (2.54.2)
Rhode Island 7.1 (5.29.4) 33.1 (25.641.4) 23.7 (13.039.2) 9.8 (7.312.9) 40.3 (31.150.4) 4.3 (2.86.5)
Vermont 3.8 (3.54.1) 24.5 (22.526.7) 13.1 (10.815.8) 6.2 (5.76.7) 28.4 (25.831.1) 2.3 (2.02.7)
West Virginia 7.3 (6.08.7) 27.7 (21.534.9) 24.4 (10.646.8) 9.9 (7.912.3) 31.5 (24.639.4) 4.1 (3.15.3)
Wyoming 8.1 (6.79.7) 37.4 (29.346.2) 26.5 (15.940.7) 12.4 (10.215.1) 35.8 (28.443.8) 5.1 (3.96.7)
Median 6.8 26.5 18.0 9.7 28.7 4.2
Range 3.89.5 19.737.4 9.427.8 6.213.5 18.940.3 2.36.2
Large urban school district surveys
Baltimore, MD 11.8 (8.815.7) 32.7 (24.042.7) 35.9 (14.165.6) 13.5 (8.920.0) 31.6 (21.144.3) 12.5 (8.118.7)
Boston, MA 6.3 (5.08.0) 23.3 (15.733.0) 11.8 (4.726.5) 7.4 (5.510.0) 23.2 (15.433.4) 3.7 (2.36.0)
Broward County, FL 6.8 (5.58.4) 26.1 (17.936.3) 15.2 (7.827.6) 8.9 (6.312.3) 25.0 (17.334.6) 5.8 (4.08.2)
Cleveland, OH 15.9 (13.318.8) 34.8 (28.541.6) 33.3 (22.046.9) 18.9 (15.522.9) 32.7 (25.940.3) 11.3 (8.415.2)
DeKalb County, GA 7.1 (5.68.9) 25.5 (19.033.3) 18.8 (10.032.6) 9.5 (6.713.2) 23.7 (17.331.5) 5.2 (3.87.2)
Detroit, MI 11.9 (9.714.5) 37.8 (29.047.5) 40.8 (26.956.3) 12.3 (8.916.8) 41.8 (33.051.1) 9.3 (6.513.1)
District of Columbia 9.9 (9.210.7) 24.9 (22.427.6) 19.3 (15.224.2) 11.8 (10.613.1) 26.0 (23.029.2) 7.1 (6.28.1)
Duval County, FL 15.2 (13.616.8) 32.5 (26.639.1) 20.3 (14.028.4) 18.2 (15.820.9) 29.2 (23.735.3) 11.1 (9.313.1)
Ft. Worth, TX 5.3 (4.26.6) 30.6 (22.739.7) 18.9 (10.830.8) 7.5 (5.89.7) 28.6 (19.839.3) 5.6 (4.37.2)
Houston, TX 8.3 (7.09.8) 35.2 (29.941.0) 29.6 (22.637.7) 13.0 (11.015.3) 42.6 (35.050.5) 5.4 (4.36.9)
Los Angeles, CA 6.1 (4.77.9) 24.0 (16.433.8) 31.0 (19.745.1) 8.8 (6.511.7) 19.8 (14.826.1) 6.0 (4.67.7)
Miami-Dade County, FL 4.3 (3.45.4) 22.8 (16.830.2) 31.4 (18.248.6) 7.4 (5.99.3) 30.9 (22.241.2) 1.9 (1.22.9)
New York City, NY 6.2 (5.47.1) 20.7 (17.724.1) 17.5 (12.723.5) 9.1 (7.111.7) 24.1 (19.030.1) 3.9 (3.24.8)
Oakland, CA 9.4 (7.611.6) 24.0 (16.134.2) 21.9 (10.739.6) 12.7 (9.217.3) 24.6 (15.936.0) 6.9 (4.99.5)
Orange County, FL 6.4 (5.08.2) 31.4 (23.640.4) 19.2 (8.537.6) 9.1 (6.911.8) 31.5 (23.141.2) 5.3 (3.87.4)
Palm Beach County, FL 7.0 (5.88.5) 33.5 (27.240.4) 23.0 (15.532.8) 9.7 (7.911.8) 31.9 (25.638.9) 4.7 (3.46.6)
Philadelphia, PA 7.2 (5.29.9) 24.5 (17.533.1) 18.4 (11.827.5) 10.1 (6.615.1) 25.2 (18.433.4) 3.9 (2.85.3)
San Diego, CA 7.1 (5.88.5) 22.1 (15.829.9) 17.9 (9.531.3) 9.1 (7.311.2) 26.0 (19.134.2) 5.6 (4.07.9)
San Francisco, CA 7.7 (6.09.8) 31.0 (19.745.1) 16.6 (8.131.2) 12.5 (9.416.6) 29.4 (17.544.9) 4.5 (3.26.4)
Median 7.1 26.1 19.3 9.7 28.6 5.6
Range 4.315.9 20.737.8 11.840.8 7.418.9 19.842.6 1.912.5
* One or more times during the 12 months before the survey.
95% confidence interval.
Not available.

US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 111
 Surveillance Summaries

TABLE 28. Percentage of high school students whose suicide attempt resulted in an injury, poisoning, or overdose that had to be treated by
a doctor or nurse,* by sexual identity and sex of sexual contacts United States and selected U.S. sites, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2015
% CI
National survey
(all students) 2.8 (2.23.5)

Sexual identity Sex of sexual contacts

Heterosexual Gay, lesbian, or Opposite sex Same sex only or No
(straight) bisexual Not sure only both sexes sexual contact
Site % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI
National survey
Total 2.0 (1.52.7) 9.4 (7.312.1) 4.7 (2.78.1) 3.4 (2.64.3) 11.0 (8.613.9) 0.9 (0.61.4)
Male 1.5 (1.02.3) 7.0 (3.613.1) 6.1 (2.414.7) 2.8 (1.94.0) 6.5 (3.412.0) 0.4 (0.21.3)
Female 2.6 (1.93.6) 10.3 (7.813.4) 3.8 (1.97.6) 4.2 (3.25.4) 12.4 (9.815.6) 1.3 (0.92.0)
State surveys
Arizona 1.9 (1.13.0) 9.9 (6.614.7) 3.0 (0.418.6) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Arkansas 3.3 (2.44.6) 11.5 (6.020.7) 9.6 (5.815.7) 4.2 (2.76.6) 19.6 (12.828.7) 1.9 (0.84.5)
California 1.2 (0.71.9) 6.8 (3.014.6) 5.0 (1.615.0) 2.4 (1.53.8) 11.1 (4.823.6) 0.7 (0.41.3)
Connecticut NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Delaware 1.9 (1.22.9) 7.1 (4.211.8) 2.4 (0.510.1) 3.7 (2.36.0) 8.7 (4.416.3) 0.4 (0.20.9)
Florida 1.5 (1.12.0) 9.3 (6.612.9) 10.6 (6.616.6) 2.5 (1.93.4) 12.4 (9.216.5) 0.7 (0.41.3)
Hawaii 2.7 (2.13.5) 8.0 (5.811.1) 1.6 (0.73.6) 4.0 (3.15.0) 8.6 (4.914.9) 1.3 (0.92.1)
Illinois 3.1 (2.04.7) 9.1 (6.213.2) 10.2 (4.621.1) 3.1 (2.04.7) 12.9 (9.018.2) 2.0 (1.03.7)
Indiana 3.0 (1.75.4) 11.1 (7.117.1) 7.8 (2.720.7) 4.0 (2.56.4) 15.5 (9.723.9) 1.4 (0.53.9)
Kentucky 2.8 (1.74.5) 12.1 (7.518.8) 3.6 (0.619.1) 4.2 (2.27.6) 14.0 (9.420.5) 1.3 (0.62.8)
Maine NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Maryland NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Massachusetts 2.3 (1.73.1) 6.4 (3.511.5) 7.5 (3.017.4) 3.0 (2.04.6) 12.2 (7.519.2) 1.0 (0.52.0)
Michigan 2.0 (1.42.9) 7.7 (4.612.6) 5.4 (2.511.3) 3.1 (2.04.7) 9.4 (5.914.7) 0.5 (0.21.2)
Nevada 2.0 (1.33.0) 5.8 (3.310.1) 10.8 (4.921.9) 3.0 (2.14.3) 10.4 (5.917.8) 0.9 (0.32.7)
New Mexico 2.0 (1.62.5) 11.2 (9.014.0) 6.4 (3.311.9) 3.1 (2.53.8) 13.7 (10.717.3) 1.4 (0.92.1)
New York 2.5 (1.93.4) 15.4 (10.621.7) 12.1 (6.621.3) 4.1 (3.25.3) 16.7 (12.621.8) 1.6 (0.93.0)
North Carolina 9.0 (7.410.8) 13.4 (8.021.4) 6.3 (2.913.3) 10.3 (8.612.3) 13.4 (8.819.9) 6.2 (4.78.1)
North Dakota NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oklahoma 1.4 (0.82.3) 8.6 (4.615.7) 8.2 (3.916.4) 2.4 (1.43.9) 14.3 (7.126.8) 0.6 (0.22.0)
Pennsylvania 2.1 (1.33.2) 8.3 (4.315.4) 3.5 (0.814.2) 4.2 (2.96.2) 6.1 (2.415.0) 0.5 (0.21.1)
Rhode Island 2.5 (1.54.2) 14.5 (9.621.4) 12.3 (6.123.0) 3.4 (1.76.5) 16.9 (9.727.9) 1.7 (1.12.6)
Vermont 1.1 (1.01.3) 9.3 (8.010.8) 4.5 (3.26.4) 2.1 (1.82.4) 12.1 (10.414.2) 0.4 (0.30.6)
West Virginia 2.3 (1.63.4) 7.8 (3.417.0) 8.2 (2.523.4) 3.2 (2.24.8) 9.8 (5.018.5) 0.7 (0.22.1)
Wyoming 2.9 (2.13.9) 15.5 (9.723.7) 9.1 (4.517.7) 4.2 (2.96.0) 14.8 (8.624.2) 1.9 (1.23.1)
Median 2.3 9.3 7.5 3.3 12.7 1.1
Range 1.19.0 5.815.5 1.612.3 2.110.3 6.119.6 0.46.2
Large urban school district surveys
Baltimore, MD 5.5 (3.48.8) 11.2 (5.920.2) 4.8 (0.824.1) 5.6 (2.711.2) 13.6 (7.922.4) 3.4 (1.57.5)
Boston, MA 2.0 (1.33.1) 4.1 (1.89.4) 8.9 (2.924.4) 2.2 (1.24.1) 5.1 (2.012.2) 1.0 (0.42.4)
Broward County, FL 2.6 (1.73.8) 11.3 (5.820.8) 3.5 (0.813.8) 3.3 (1.95.7) 9.5 (5.017.1) 2.1 (1.04.0)
Cleveland, OH NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
DeKalb County, GA 3.3 (2.34.7) 11.6 (7.317.9) 9.3 (3.423.0) 4.1 (2.66.2) 12.7 (8.119.5) 1.6 (0.83.2)
Detroit, MI 6.1 (4.68.1) 12.6 (7.919.7) 19.5 (8.040.3) 6.4 (4.29.6) 17.1 (10.626.4) 3.2 (1.85.5)
District of Columbia 4.1 (3.64.6) 9.0 (7.410.8) 7.4 (4.911.1) 4.6 (3.95.5) 10.4 (8.412.9) 2.5 (2.03.2)
Duval County, FL NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Ft. Worth, TX 1.5 (1.02.2) 14.5 (9.621.2) 8.7 (3.818.7) 2.7 (1.74.3) 16.1 (10.124.8) 1.1 (0.62.1)
Houston, TX 2.7 (2.13.5) 15.3 (11.320.2) 13.2 (8.320.2) 3.9 (2.95.4) 17.3 (11.924.4) 1.8 (1.22.6)
Los Angeles, CA 1.6 (0.92.9) 4.5 (2.010.1) 8.7 (3.022.5) 2.3 (1.34.1) 3.8 (1.59.0) 1.7 (0.83.4)
Miami-Dade County, FL 1.4 (1.02.1) 5.2 (2.79.9) 14.3 (7.027.1) 2.3 (1.53.7) 11.6 (7.218.3) 0.2 (0.10.6)
New York City, NY 2.1 (1.62.6) 5.9 (4.28.3) 7.5 (4.612.0) 2.9 (2.14.0) 8.0 (5.910.6) 1.2 (0.72.0)
Oakland, CA 3.2 (2.24.5) 8.0 (4.513.7) 0.0 3.9 (2.26.8) 11.2 (6.418.9) 1.5 (0.82.9)
Orange County, FL 1.7 (1.03.0) 15.9 (10.124.1) 10.2 (2.235.8) 3.0 (1.85.1) 14.2 (7.026.8) 1.4 (0.72.7)
Palm Beach County, FL 2.5 (1.73.5) 13.9 (8.921.0) 8.6 (4.416.4) 3.4 (2.45.0) 10.9 (6.817.2) 1.4 (0.72.8)
Philadelphia, PA 2.4 (1.53.8) 4.6 (2.29.4) 10.1 (6.116.3) 4.2 (2.57.0) 4.8 (2.49.2) 1.6 (0.93.0)
San Diego, CA 1.3 (0.82.0) 7.4 (3.714.2) 3.8 (1.112.4) 2.2 (1.33.7) 7.9 (4.015.1) 0.6 (0.31.4)
San Francisco, CA 3.3 (2.34.6) 15.5 (7.728.7) 5.0 (1.614.7) 4.6 (2.67.9) 17.4 (8.532.2) 1.3 (0.62.4)
Median 2.5 11.2 8.7 3.4 11.2 1.5
Range 1.36.1 4.115.9 0.019.5 2.26.4 3.817.4 0.23.4
* During the 12 months before the survey.
95% confidence interval.
Not available.

112 MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
 Surveillance Summaries

TABLE 29. Percentage of high school students who ever tried cigarette smoking,* by sexual identity and sex of sexual contacts United States
and selected U.S. sites, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2015
% CI
National survey
(all students) 32.3 (28.935.8)

Sexual identity Sex of sexual contacts

Heterosexual Gay, lesbian, or Opposite sex Same sex only or No
(straight) bisexual Not sure only both sexes sexual contact
Site % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI
National survey
Total 30.5 (27.034.3) 50.4 (45.255.6) 39.5 (33.745.5) 46.0 (41.750.3) 63.2 (57.768.5) 14.6 (12.816.5)
Male 33.5 (30.336.9) 43.0 (33.652.8) 37.0 (26.249.3) 48.3 (43.952.7) 61.6 (50.971.4) 14.9 (13.017.2)
Female 27.1 (22.432.4) 53.3 (47.659.0) 40.5 (33.248.2) 43.0 (37.548.6) 63.7 (57.070.0) 14.2 (11.617.3)
State surveys
Arizona 34.9 (30.239.9) 58.4 (49.766.6) 52.5 (31.073.1) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Arkansas 40.6 (36.345.0) 61.0 (53.068.5) 50.3 (39.561.0) 56.7 (50.363.0) 68.6 (48.883.3) 21.6 (17.825.8)
California 26.6 (22.431.3) 46.3 (32.660.5) 27.2 (18.837.7) 41.7 (36.547.0) 51.6 (40.163.0) 15.4 (11.720.2)
Connecticut NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Delaware 28.5 (25.431.9) 45.7 (35.955.8) 28.2 (18.241.0) 46.2 (41.550.9) 61.0 (50.570.6) 13.4 (11.215.9)
Florida NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Hawaii 23.6 (22.225.1) 36.0 (29.243.3) 28.7 (21.836.7) 40.3 (37.243.6) 56.0 (47.863.9) 11.9 (10.213.9)
Illinois 30.6 (26.934.5) 59.1 (50.467.2) 37.4 (25.051.7) 45.7 (40.950.6) 66.2 (56.474.7) 15.0 (12.118.6)
Indiana 34.4 (29.739.3) 57.6 (48.066.6) 31.7 (21.344.4) 48.3 (41.255.4) 67.8 (58.975.6) 16.7 (13.820.2)
Kentucky 42.0 (38.345.8) 64.5 (50.976.1) 42.9 (26.061.7) 59.3 (53.265.1) 72.3 (56.384.0) 21.4 (18.225.1)
Maine 27.0 (24.929.1) 48.6 (44.253.1) 33.4 (28.738.4) 40.1 (37.942.4) 63.8 (60.667.0) 10.7 (9.511.9)
Maryland NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Massachusetts 26.2 (22.929.9) 45.6 (38.053.5) 24.6 (15.437.0) 39.8 (35.044.8) 55.3 (47.263.3) 12.6 (10.215.4)
Michigan 30.3 (26.834.0) 51.8 (45.358.3) 39.1 (26.952.9) 45.8 (38.952.9) 70.9 (63.377.4) 14.3 (11.018.5)
Nevada 31.6 (27.735.7) 45.1 (35.455.1) 38.9 (24.655.5) 46.7 (42.750.6) 58.6 (49.267.4) 15.1 (12.118.7)
New Mexico 36.6 (34.738.4) 61.7 (57.765.5) 45.7 (38.752.9) 54.8 (52.557.0) 73.1 (68.777.2) 21.9 (20.024.0)
New York 25.5 (22.129.3) 46.0 (40.252.0) 27.1 (19.836.0) 39.5 (34.844.5) 54.6 (47.761.2) 13.7 (11.316.7)
North Carolina NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
North Dakota 33.8 (30.936.9) 54.8 (45.364.1) 38.1 (25.752.3) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oklahoma 36.7 (33.040.6) 61.5 (48.373.2) 39.3 (24.756.2) 54.0 (49.358.6) 73.9 (58.485.1) 19.3 (16.222.8)
Pennsylvania 33.1 (28.837.7) 57.5 (47.966.5) 30.3 (18.745.0) 49.2 (43.854.7) 66.0 (55.275.4) 15.1 (12.518.1)
Rhode Island 19.8 (16.823.2) 45.5 (37.353.9) 22.0 (11.138.9) 30.6 (26.035.6) 58.7 (48.168.6) 8.4 (6.411.1)
Vermont NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
West Virginia 45.8 (41.749.9) 58.9 (49.168.0) 56.7 (42.070.3) 59.8 (54.465.0) 72.4 (61.281.3) 23.8 (20.227.9)
Wyoming 36.9 (32.641.4) 63.6 (54.771.7) 46.5 (33.859.7) 55.6 (49.961.0) 76.6 (67.983.5) 17.7 (14.821.0)
Median 32.3 56.2 37.7 46.4 66.1 15.1
Range 19.845.8 36.064.5 22.056.7 30.659.8 51.676.6 8.423.8
Large urban school district surveys
Baltimore, MD 24.2 (20.228.7) 40.5 (30.851.0) 46.8 (28.266.4) 27.9 (22.034.7) 48.0 (36.959.2) 19.7 (14.126.7)
Boston, MA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Broward County, FL 20.1 (17.423.2) 28.7 (21.037.8) 31.6 (20.745.0) 31.1 (26.835.8) 37.2 (27.947.5) 8.3 (6.111.2)
Cleveland, OH 27.8 (25.330.5) 50.7 (42.958.4) 43.7 (30.457.8) 35.5 (31.739.4) 45.9 (36.655.5) 20.9 (16.725.8)
DeKalb County, GA 22.3 (19.924.9) 35.9 (29.343.1) 34.4 (24.046.5) 31.2 (27.735.0) 46.8 (38.555.3) 10.4 (8.113.3)
Detroit, MI 30.8 (27.034.8) 51.4 (41.760.9) 36.7 (23.752.1) 34.8 (30.439.4) 55.3 (45.564.8) 17.8 (14.721.5)
District of Columbia NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Duval County, FL NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Ft. Worth, TX 32.0 (29.334.8) 49.5 (41.957.1) 26.9 (19.136.4) 47.9 (44.351.6) 52.9 (43.662.0) 18.4 (16.021.1)
Houston, TX 32.1 (29.734.6) 48.7 (41.556.0) 36.3 (27.945.6) 47.6 (44.151.1) 58.5 (50.166.3) 18.1 (16.020.4)
Los Angeles, CA 21.8 (18.725.2) 40.6 (31.850.1) 34.4 (22.748.4) 36.0 (32.140.1) 49.3 (37.361.4) 11.5 (9.214.3)
Miami-Dade County, FL 20.6 (18.622.8) 40.5 (33.747.8) 29.0 (18.841.9) 31.5 (28.434.8) 45.6 (37.254.3) 10.4 (8.712.4)
New York City, NY 21.1 (19.223.1) 32.2 (26.938.0) 22.4 (15.231.9) 34.4 (31.537.5) 42.8 (34.851.2) 12.1 (10.813.6)
Oakland, CA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Orange County, FL 19.2 (16.722.0) 40.8 (32.849.2) 30.8 (19.944.2) 31.9 (27.936.2) 51.1 (41.660.4) 8.2 (6.510.4)
Palm Beach County, FL 28.1 (25.031.3) 53.3 (45.261.1) 23.3 (15.433.5) 37.4 (34.140.8) 47.1 (39.355.0) 15.2 (12.218.7)
Philadelphia, PA 29.5 (26.832.3) 51.0 (45.556.5) 41.0 (27.156.6) 39.0 (36.241.9) 57.3 (50.164.2) 16.0 (12.320.4)
San Diego, CA 25.1 (22.627.6) 42.8 (34.751.4) 25.5 (16.038.1) 39.0 (35.542.6) 54.0 (43.763.9) 11.4 (9.513.7)
San Francisco, CA 23.0 (19.926.5) 44.8 (36.453.5) 20.4 (13.829.2) 41.5 (35.547.8) 61.4 (49.771.8) 12.0 (9.814.6)
Median 24.2 42.8 31.6 35.5 49.3 12.1
Range 19.232.1 28.753.3 20.446.8 27.947.9 37.261.4 8.220.9
* Even one or two puffs.
95% confidence interval.
Not available.

US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 113
 Surveillance Summaries

TABLE 30. Percentage of high school students who smoked a whole cigarette for the first time before age 13 years, by sexual identity and sex
of sexual contacts United States and selected U.S. sites, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2015
% CI*
National survey
(all students) 6.6 (5.57.9)

Sexual identity Sex of sexual contacts

Heterosexual Gay, lesbian, or Opposite sex Same sex only or No
(straight) bisexual Not sure only both sexes sexual contact
Site % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI
National survey
Total 5.8 (4.87.1) 12.8 (10.215.8) 10.9 (7.415.6) 9.0 (7.410.9) 16.4 (13.519.7) 2.3 (1.63.1)
Male 7.7 (6.39.4) 11.8 (7.717.8) 12.1 (7.319.3) 11.3 (9.114.1) 20.0 (14.227.4) 2.7 (1.83.8)
Female 3.7 (2.84.8) 12.8 (10.116.1) 8.9 (5.514.0) 6.1 (4.87.7) 15.2 (12.318.8) 1.9 (1.32.7)
State surveys
Arizona 6.2 (5.07.7) 14.7 (10.320.5) 8.3 (2.227.3) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Arkansas 11.2 (8.514.8) 27.2 (20.934.6) 19.5 (11.730.7) 17.0 (12.323.1) 34.6 (26.843.4) 3.0 (2.14.4)
California 4.7 (3.46.5) 10.8 (5.620.0) 5.5 (2.611.3) 6.8 (4.011.2) 13.5 (4.832.6) 3.5 (2.06.0)
Connecticut NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Delaware 5.9 (4.57.7) 8.3 (5.512.3) 8.1 (4.215.1) 10.5 (7.813.9) 16.9 (11.624.2) 1.7 (1.12.6)
Florida 5.4 (4.46.5) 14.6 (11.118.9) 11.6 (8.016.7) 8.5 (7.010.2) 21.7 (17.426.6) 1.9 (1.32.6)
Hawaii 5.0 (4.06.3) 13.8 (10.118.5) 6.3 (3.710.4) 8.0 (6.110.4) 16.0 (12.420.4) 3.1 (2.34.1)
Illinois 5.1 (4.06.6) 14.5 (10.719.3) 17.1 (10.127.5) 8.3 (6.410.7) 17.1 (10.925.9) 2.4 (1.53.7)
Indiana 6.7 (5.18.8) 19.6 (13.627.3) 8.3 (3.319.3) 9.2 (6.612.6) 23.5 (16.632.1) 3.3 (1.95.7)
Kentucky 10.4 (8.912.0) 28.8 (19.640.2) 19.2 (8.139.0) 16.3 (12.920.3) 31.9 (22.243.5) 3.2 (2.05.0)
Maine 4.6 (3.95.5) 10.6 (8.712.9) 13.5 (9.818.2) 7.2 (6.18.6) 17.5 (14.920.5) 1.1 (0.81.6)
Maryland 5.0 (4.75.3) 17.0 (15.718.4) 14.6 (12.816.7) 8.3 (7.88.9) 19.8 (18.221.5) 1.5 (1.31.8)
Massachusetts 3.7 (2.85.0) 8.8 (5.912.9) 6.5 (2.814.3) 5.7 (4.37.6) 11.5 (7.716.9) 1.1 (0.61.9)
Michigan 6.9 (5.48.7) 13.0 (8.918.5) 14.2 (6.528.3) 10.4 (7.713.9) 25.5 (18.634.1) 2.2 (1.23.8)
Nevada 5.0 (4.06.4) 17.8 (13.123.7) 12.7 (4.133.1) 7.7 (5.810.3) 18.3 (12.426.0) 2.3 (1.34.0)
New Mexico 8.6 (7.99.3) 22.2 (19.625.0) 12.9 (9.517.4) 14.3 (13.015.6) 27.1 (23.730.8) 4.2 (3.55.0)
New York NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
North Carolina 7.7 (5.910.0) 14.3 (10.019.9) 19.3 (9.535.2) 11.3 (8.415.1) 21.4 (14.929.8) 1.9 (1.13.2)
North Dakota 6.1 (5.07.5) 16.1 (9.925.2) 15.8 (7.131.6) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oklahoma 8.2 (6.210.9) 17.7 (10.228.9) 6.5 (1.920.0) 12.3 (8.916.7) 22.6 (13.036.1) 3.6 (2.06.5)
Pennsylvania 6.1 (4.87.8) 15.3 (10.322.0) 11.3 (5.422.0) 10.7 (8.313.7) 15.1 (8.924.6) 2.0 (1.33.2)
Rhode Island 3.8 (2.94.8) 14.6 (9.721.4) 13.3 (5.230.3) 5.7 (4.47.4) 24.1 (17.033.0) 1.0 (0.51.8)
Vermont 5.2 (4.95.6) 14.6 (12.916.4) 10.9 (8.813.2) 8.0 (7.58.6) 23.2 (20.925.8) 1.5 (1.31.8)
West Virginia 11.4 (8.914.4) 21.0 (13.531.2) 27.6 (15.744.0) 16.3 (12.720.7) 27.5 (18.838.4) 4.9 (2.88.6)
Wyoming 9.8 (7.612.5) 22.4 (15.930.5) 18.2 (9.731.6) 14.4 (11.018.7) 29.5 (22.737.2) 4.4 (3.36.0)
Median 6.1 14.7 12.9 9.2 21.7 2.3
Range 3.711.4 8.328.8 5.527.6 5.717.0 11.534.6 1.04.9
Large urban school district surveys
Baltimore, MD 7.4 (5.69.7) 17.4 (11.126.2) 13.9 (5.132.4) 8.0 (5.312.0) 17.9 (10.928.0) 5.1 (2.510.2)
Boston, MA 4.3 (3.35.5) 10.5 (5.718.6) 7.2 (1.923.5) 5.1 (3.47.6) 14.9 (8.325.3) 1.9 (1.23.2)
Broward County, FL 3.0 (2.14.3) 11.3 (7.117.4) 10.3 (4.123.7) 5.1 (3.77.1) 15.2 (9.124.3) 1.2 (0.43.3)
Cleveland, OH NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
DeKalb County, GA 4.8 (3.76.2) 8.9 (5.015.4) 5.1 (1.515.9) 8.1 (6.010.9) 10.7 (5.918.6) 0.7 (0.21.8)
Detroit, MI 11.9 (8.316.7) 24.5 (16.634.5) 21.5 (11.037.7) 9.1 (6.712.3) 20.0 (12.829.7) 4.9 (2.49.8)
District of Columbia 5.8 (5.36.4) 11.3 (9.613.1) 10.6 (7.814.2) 8.0 (7.19.1) 13.4 (11.415.8) 2.0 (1.62.6)
Duval County, FL 6.3 (5.37.4) 18.2 (13.424.4) 13.7 (8.122.1) 9.2 (7.611.1) 17.0 (12.522.6) 2.4 (1.73.5)
Ft. Worth, TX 5.8 (4.67.2) 8.8 (5.015.0) 4.3 (1.214.0) 10.1 (8.012.7) 8.9 (4.517.0) 1.7 (1.12.7)
Houston, TX 6.9 (5.78.3) 17.3 (12.523.3) 20.1 (13.329.1) 12.5 (10.215.3) 21.7 (16.328.4) 2.9 (1.94.2)
Los Angeles, CA 3.2 (2.14.9) 7.8 (3.915.0) 4.6 (1.811.3) 4.6 (3.16.9) 12.3 (5.824.2) 1.6 (0.83.2)
Miami-Dade County, FL 2.7 (1.93.7) 10.7 (5.619.6) 14.6 (7.127.4) 4.6 (3.06.9) 12.1 (6.321.8) 1.3 (0.82.3)
New York City, NY NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oakland, CA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Orange County, FL 3.7 (2.75.1) 8.6 (4.615.6) 14.2 (7.226.3) 5.9 (4.38.0) 14.1 (8.422.6) 1.5 (0.82.8)
Palm Beach County, FL 4.6 (3.56.1) 16.2 (11.023.2) 14.1 (6.527.7) 7.1 (5.59.0) 17.6 (11.326.2) 1.9 (1.23.0)
Philadelphia, PA 4.6 (3.65.9) 11.7 (8.016.8) 9.3 (4.418.3) 5.8 (4.37.8) 14.1 (8.722.0) 1.5 (0.63.3)
San Diego, CA 5.1 (4.06.4) 10.8 (6.218.1) 6.7 (2.716.0) 8.3 (6.610.5) 12.7 (7.420.8) 1.9 (1.32.9)
San Francisco, CA 4.7 (3.66.2) 11.7 (6.620.0) 4.6 (0.823.0) 8.2 (5.412.1) 15.6 (8.925.9) 1.9 (1.23.0)
Median 4.8 11.3 10.4 8.0 14.5 1.9
Range 2.711.9 7.824.5 4.321.5 4.612.5 8.921.7 0.75.1
* 95% confidence interval.
Not available.

114 MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
 Surveillance Summaries

TABLE 31. Percentage of high school students who currently smoked cigarettes,* by sexual identity and sex of sexual contacts United States
and selected U.S. sites, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2015
% CI
National survey
(all students) 10.8 (9.412.4)

Sexual identity Sex of sexual contacts

Heterosexual Gay, lesbian, or Opposite sex Same sex only or No
(straight) bisexual Not sure only both sexes sexual contact
Site % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI
National survey
Total 9.8 (8.211.6) 19.2 (15.823.1) 14.7 (10.021.1) 16.3 (14.118.8) 26.6 (21.931.9) 3.3 (2.64.0)
Male 11.5 (9.913.3) 15.5 (10.821.7) 20.3 (12.431.3) 17.8 (15.520.3) 33.3 (25.941.6) 3.7 (2.85.0)
Female 7.9 (6.210.0) 20.7 (16.325.8) 10.5 (6.416.8) 14.4 (11.817.6) 24.4 (19.630.0) 2.9 (2.23.8)
State surveys
Arizona 9.1 (6.912.0) 20.7 (15.127.8) 0.7 (0.31.7) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Arkansas 14.3 (11.018.4) 26.4 (19.534.6) 16.7 (10.725.2) 23.6 (16.931.9) 33.9 (24.844.4) 3.5 (2.06.0)
California 7.0 (4.99.9) 17.7 (8.832.5) 5.7 (2.114.2) 13.6 (10.118.2) 23.2 (10.543.8) 2.3 (1.14.9)
Connecticut 8.0 (6.210.4) 18.7 (12.726.6) 24.5 (16.335.1) 12.8 (10.315.7) 29.5 (23.836.0) 3.3 (2.05.4)
Delaware 8.5 (6.311.4) 18.5 (13.225.3) 19.0 (10.731.4) 17.1 (13.022.3) 28.1 (20.237.5) 1.9 (1.32.8)
Florida 8.1 (6.99.4) 22.2 (18.126.8) 19.2 (13.726.3) 13.3 (11.315.6) 33.4 (28.039.3) 2.0 (1.52.6)
Hawaii 8.0 (6.99.2) 18.6 (13.524.9) 11.5 (6.818.9) 14.9 (12.817.3) 31.6 (26.237.5) 2.7 (2.13.5)
Illinois 8.7 (7.110.6) 18.2 (12.925.0) 14.9 (10.221.2) 15.4 (12.718.6) 25.7 (18.334.7) 2.5 (1.54.1)
Indiana 9.3 (7.212.1) 24.0 (15.235.8) 13.4 (5.827.8) 14.8 (11.419.0) 35.0 (24.946.7) 2.6 (1.35.4)
Kentucky 14.8 (12.517.5) 29.5 (18.643.5) 30.4 (17.048.3) 25.9 (21.930.3) 38.1 (24.354.2) 2.6 (1.54.4)
Maine 9.6 (8.510.9) 23.4 (19.827.4) 18.7 (14.424.0) 15.8 (14.017.6) 34.2 (30.138.5) 2.2 (1.92.7)
Maryland 6.7 (6.37.1) 19.9 (18.521.4) 15.0 (13.217.0) 12.4 (11.713.1) 25.7 (23.927.5) 1.6 (1.41.8)
Massachusetts 6.9 (5.48.8) 16.8 (13.121.4) 9.0 (3.919.1) 10.7 (8.513.4) 25.3 (18.533.5) 2.0 (1.23.3)
Michigan 8.6 (6.511.4) 20.8 (14.129.6) 12.5 (5.924.5) 14.9 (11.019.8) 29.8 (20.241.7) 2.4 (1.63.4)
Nevada 5.7 (4.17.7) 19.1 (11.929.3) 17.3 (9.429.8) 9.6 (6.513.9) 27.4 (19.337.4) 2.0 (1.03.9)
New Mexico 9.5 (8.610.6) 24.6 (21.428.2) 14.7 (10.220.7) 17.8 (16.219.5) 33.1 (28.837.8) 2.9 (2.33.6)
New York 7.0 (5.29.3) 20.8 (16.126.4) 14.5 (8.623.5) 12.5 (9.815.8) 30.6 (23.039.5) 2.3 (1.53.5)
North Carolina 11.8 (10.413.3) 19.9 (13.728.1) 20.1 (9.338.2) 17.9 (15.820.2) 23.5 (17.430.9) 4.7 (2.78.1)
North Dakota 10.0 (8.212.1) 28.8 (21.038.1) 22.1 (11.637.9) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oklahoma 11.6 (9.114.6) 31.7 (17.550.3) 15.2 (8.126.8) 19.0 (15.223.5) 40.7 (23.560.6) 4.4 (2.57.6)
Pennsylvania 11.9 (9.514.9) 24.2 (16.434.2) 12.1 (6.421.7) 20.5 (16.525.2) 30.5 (21.840.9) 2.7 (1.84.2)
Rhode Island 3.5 (2.45.0) 14.3 (8.622.8) 12.7 (4.630.5) 5.8 (3.78.8) 25.0 (14.240.2) 0.7 (0.31.6)
Vermont 9.3 (8.89.7) 25.7 (23.627.9) 12.8 (10.715.4) 15.3 (14.516.0) 38.0 (35.240.9) 2.2 (1.92.5)
West Virginia 16.3 (13.220.0) 34.2 (25.144.7) 34.7 (25.644.9) 25.3 (19.931.6) 41.1 (30.952.1) 5.2 (3.38.2)
Wyoming 14.2 (11.717.2) 33.7 (25.942.5) 14.7 (7.327.3) 24.2 (19.829.1) 47.2 (38.755.8) 3.5 (2.35.2)
Median 9.1 20.8 14.9 15.3 30.6 2.5
Range 3.516.3 14.334.2 0.734.7 5.825.9 23.247.2 0.75.2
Large urban school district surveys
Baltimore, MD 3.3 (1.85.8) 12.1 (5.923.3) 19.5 (7.143.5) 5.5 (2.810.2) 15.9 (8.328.5) 1.7 (0.64.7)
Boston, MA 3.8 (2.65.5) 13.1 (9.417.9) 7.0 (2.418.8) 5.1 (3.57.2) 17.0 (11.125.2) 0.6 (0.21.9)
Broward County, FL 3.5 (2.25.5) 8.7 (4.915.0) 9.1 (3.720.8) 5.5 (3.49.0) 13.9 (8.222.6) 0.8 (0.32.2)
Cleveland, OH 3.9 (2.95.4) 24.5 (18.931.1) 16.7 (7.633.0) 7.6 (5.89.9) 17.9 (11.726.3) 1.6 (0.83.3)
DeKalb County, GA 3.8 (2.95.1) 9.3 (5.714.7) 11.1 (6.119.5) 5.9 (4.47.8) 15.7 (9.225.6) 1.0 (0.42.8)
Detroit, MI 7.9 (4.713.0) 12.4 (7.819.3) 14.3 (5.433.0) 5.0 (3.37.4) 13.8 (8.621.3) 1.5 (0.45.8)
District of Columbia NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Duval County, FL 5.1 (4.26.3) 17.3 (12.723.1) 11.6 (6.719.2) 8.3 (6.710.3) 20.7 (15.127.7) 1.0 (0.51.8)
Ft. Worth, TX 8.8 (7.310.7) 13.4 (8.520.5) 6.4 (3.212.3) 15.7 (13.118.7) 16.4 (10.325.1) 2.8 (1.94.2)
Houston, TX 7.6 (6.39.1) 12.9 (9.317.6) 13.9 (8.621.8) 13.8 (11.516.5) 19.1 (13.626.2) 2.2 (1.43.4)
Los Angeles, CA 3.2 (2.24.5) 9.4 (4.618.5) 15.4 (8.426.7) 6.4 (4.59.2) 19.4 (10.732.5) 1.2 (0.52.9)
Miami-Dade County, FL 4.5 (3.45.9) 10.9 (6.817.1) 12.5 (6.123.9) 8.0 (6.110.5) 14.5 (9.122.4) 1.5 (0.92.4)
New York City, NY 5.1 (4.16.5) 9.2 (6.612.6) 10.9 (6.817.2) 9.7 (8.011.8) 15.0 (10.620.8) 2.4 (1.53.8)
Oakland, CA 4.9 (3.66.8) 11.3 (7.317.1) 9.8 (4.022.1) 9.0 (6.412.4) 10.9 (6.218.4) 1.3 (0.62.7)
Orange County, FL 4.4 (3.35.9) 14.0 (7.923.5) 19.8 (11.232.6) 8.1 (5.911.0) 23.7 (14.536.2) 0.9 (0.42.0)
Palm Beach County, FL 6.3 (5.17.8) 18.2 (12.725.3) 9.4 (4.418.9) 10.1 (8.012.7) 22.3 (15.930.5) 1.6 (0.92.8)
Philadelphia, PA 4.7 (3.46.4) 13.9 (10.118.8) 13.4 (6.425.9) 7.2 (5.110.1) 19.8 (13.927.3) 1.1 (0.33.4)
San Diego, CA 6.1 (5.07.4) 17.3 (12.323.7) 10.1 (4.421.5) 11.5 (9.713.5) 23.9 (17.132.3) 1.0 (0.61.9)
San Francisco, CA 4.9 (3.56.9) 8.6 (4.615.4) 8.2 (4.016.3) 12.0 (8.416.9) 14.4 (8.224.2) 1.5 (0.92.7)
Median 4.8 12.7 11.4 8.1 16.7 1.4
Range 3.28.8 8.624.5 6.419.8 5.015.7 10.923.9 0.62.8
* On at least 1 day during the 30 days before the survey.
95% confidence interval.
Not available.

US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 115
 Surveillance Summaries

TABLE 32. Percentage of high school students who currently frequently smoked cigarettes,* by sexual identity and sex of sexual contacts
United States and selected U.S. sites, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2015
% CI
National survey
(all students) 3.4 (2.64.3)

Sexual identity Sex of sexual contacts

Heterosexual Gay, lesbian, or Opposite sex Same sex only or No
(straight) bisexual Not sure only both sexes sexual contact
Site % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI
National survey
Total 2.7 (2.03.7) 7.3 (5.110.4) 8.2 (5.312.4) 5.0 (3.76.6) 14.1 (10.319.1) 0.3 (0.10.6)
Male 3.0 (2.24.2) 6.3 (3.411.2) 13.2 (7.422.4) 5.2 (3.87.1) 21.9 (15.330.2) 0.2 (0.10.3)
Female 2.4 (1.73.4) 7.7 (5.111.5) 4.3 (2.28.4) 4.6 (3.46.3) 11.6 (8.216.4) 0.4 (0.21.0)
State surveys
Arizona 2.1 (1.43.1) 3.4 (1.110.3) 0.2 (0.11.0) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Arkansas 5.1 (2.98.7) 12.7 (5.925.2) 3.0 (0.99.4) 9.2 (4.617.7) 13.5 (6.027.7) 0.8 (0.22.5)
California 1.2 (0.53.0) 4.3 (0.528.2) 2.5 (0.511.9) 2.4 (1.15.2) 7.0 (2.220.1) 0.6 (0.13.9)
Connecticut 1.3 (0.82.1) 0.9 (0.16.5) 8.0 (2.423.8) 2.7 (1.64.5) 5.9 (2.513.3) 0.2 (0.01.0)
Delaware 3.4 (1.96.2) 6.4 (4.110.0) 6.8 (2.318.5) 7.4 (4.212.7) 11.8 (6.720.0) 0.2 (0.10.6)
Florida 2.1 (1.72.7) 9.3 (7.112.2) 9.3 (6.213.9) 3.5 (2.64.6) 15.7 (12.319.8) 0.3 (0.10.6)
Hawaii 1.5 (1.02.3) 2.8 (1.65.0) 3.1 (0.910.4) 2.8 (1.94.2) 7.3 (4.212.5) 0.6 (0.31.2)
Illinois 1.6 (1.02.5) 7.5 (3.116.9) 6.1 (1.917.3) 3.5 (2.25.6) 10.4 (4.920.8) 0.2 (0.00.9)
Indiana 2.8 (1.84.3) 7.5 (3.515.1) 4.7 (1.216.8) 4.0 (2.56.5) 13.9 (7.823.3) 0.6 (0.21.6)
Kentucky 4.5 (3.36.1) 13.4 (6.924.3) 13.8 (4.833.6) 7.8 (5.610.7) 18.3 (9.532.4) 0.5 (0.11.7)
Maine 3.9 (3.34.6) 9.4 (7.312.2) 10.5 (7.314.8) 6.5 (5.47.7) 16.1 (13.319.3) 0.5 (0.30.8)
Maryland 1.7 (1.61.9) 5.3 (4.66.0) 7.4 (6.28.8) 3.2 (2.93.6) 9.8 (8.711.0) 0.2 (0.10.2)
Massachusetts 2.1 (1.43.3) 3.6 (2.06.6) 3.2 (1.09.9) 3.3 (2.05.2) 7.2 (3.813.3) 0.5 (0.11.6)
Michigan 2.4 (1.34.4) 8.4 (4.215.9) 4.6 (1.711.9) 4.2 (2.18.2) 12.0 (7.119.7) 0.6 (0.21.5)
Nevada 1.3 (0.62.6) 5.8 (2.513.1) 7.0 (1.922.8) 2.5 (1.25.0) 10.4 (5.119.8) 0.0
New Mexico 2.3 (1.82.8) 6.3 (4.58.7) 3.4 (1.96.0) 4.6 (3.75.7) 9.3 (6.812.5) 0.3 (0.10.6)
New York 2.3 (1.53.3) 5.7 (3.010.5) 5.8 (2.612.8) 4.9 (3.37.1) 10.0 (5.816.7) 0.5 (0.21.2)
North Carolina 3.4 (2.54.5) 5.3 (3.19.2) 6.8 (2.914.8) 5.3 (4.06.9) 11.6 (6.819.2) 0.4 (0.11.5)
North Dakota 3.8 (2.85.1) 6.1 (3.012.0) 14.1 (5.631.0) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oklahoma 2.4 (1.53.8) 8.7 (2.724.5) 9.6 (3.722.7) 4.3 (2.66.9) 17.4 (7.635.3) 0.3 (0.11.1)
Pennsylvania 4.3 (3.25.9) 8.5 (4.515.5) 5.2 (1.615.6) 7.8 (5.910.3) 12.6 (7.819.6) 0.6 (0.21.5)
Rhode Island 1.0 (0.61.6) 4.8 (2.68.5) 5.8 (1.619.0) 1.4 (0.72.7) 12.0 (6.122.2) 0.1 (0.00.9)
Vermont 3.2 (3.03.5) 10.4 (9.012.0) 6.0 (4.67.9) 5.4 (5.05.9) 18.0 (15.920.4) 0.5 (0.30.6)
West Virginia 6.5 (5.28.0) 11.1 (5.919.9) 19.1 (10.432.5) 10.2 (8.012.9) 17.3 (11.125.8) 1.3 (0.53.2)
Wyoming 4.6 (3.36.4) 8.2 (4.315.4) 8.2 (3.219.2) 7.6 (5.210.9) 18.9 (12.427.6) 0.7 (0.31.7)
Median 2.4 6.4 6.1 4.3 12.0 0.5
Range 1.06.5 0.913.4 0.219.1 1.410.2 5.918.9 0.01.3
Large urban school district surveys
Baltimore, MD 1.0 (0.42.5) 0.0 12.4 (3.237.7) 2.1 (0.85.4) 0.5 (0.13.6) 0.4 (0.13.3)
Boston, MA 0.9 (0.51.6) 3.4 (1.010.3) 3.4 (0.814.2) 1.4 (0.72.9) 1.9 (0.66.3) 0.2 (0.01.4)
Broward County, FL 0.4 (0.11.3) 1.2 (0.35.0) 2.9 (0.710.9) 0.8 (0.22.5) 2.2 (0.76.9) 0.1 (0.01.2)
Cleveland, OH 0.7 (0.41.3) 7.8 (4.812.4) 1.9 (0.47.9) 2.1 (1.23.7) 6.3 (3.411.7) 0.0
DeKalb County, GA 0.7 (0.31.6) 2.8 (1.36.0) 2.1 (0.57.9) 1.1 (0.52.6) 3.9 (1.78.6) 0.0
Detroit, MI 0.5 (0.21.2) 0.5 (0.13.5) 2.5 (0.316.7) 1.0 (0.42.1) 3.6 (1.111.5) 0.1 (0.00.6)
District of Columbia NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Duval County, FL 1.3 (0.82.0) 2.7 (1.16.1) 1.6 (0.54.7) 1.6 (1.02.8) 5.5 (2.511.7) 0.2 (0.10.8)
Ft. Worth, TX 1.4 (0.92.2) 4.4 (2.09.4) 1.6 (0.46.6) 3.0 (2.04.5) 5.4 (2.511.6) 0.2 (0.00.6)
Houston, TX 1.4 (0.92.2) 2.7 (1.16.4) 5.1 (2.211.2) 2.8 (1.84.1) 5.6 (2.711.1) 0.1 (0.00.5)
Los Angeles, CA 0.5 (0.21.2) 1.5 (0.36.2) 4.0 (1.212.5) 1.1 (0.62.1) 6.0 (2.215.3) 0.1 (0.00.8)
Miami-Dade County, FL 0.5 (0.20.9) 2.6 (1.06.7) 9.4 (4.120.2) 1.1 (0.52.4) 6.0 (2.912.1) 0.0
New York City, NY 1.3 (0.91.8) 2.1 (1.04.3) 2.4 (1.15.2) 2.8 (2.03.8) 4.9 (3.08.0) 0.3 (0.10.9)
Oakland, CA 1.1 (0.62.1) 3.4 (1.57.4) 3.8 (0.816.9) 1.9 (1.03.6) 4.6 (1.711.7) 0.1 (0.01.1)
Orange County, FL 1.4 (0.82.5) 2.3 (0.314.5) 12.0 (5.524.0) 2.7 (1.54.6) 7.6 (3.515.9) 0.2 (0.01.5)
Palm Beach County, FL 1.2 (0.71.8) 5.1 (2.410.3) 4.5 (1.413.8) 1.8 (1.13.1) 6.4 (3.212.7) 0.5 (0.21.4)
Philadelphia, PA 1.6 (0.92.8) 2.2 (0.67.7) 5.7 (2.213.7) 2.2 (1.33.7) 7.2 (3.514.2) 0.0
San Diego, CA 1.0 (0.61.7) 3.5 (1.58.3) 4.3 (1.412.5) 1.8 (0.93.2) 7.3 (3.713.6) 0.1 (0.00.4)
San Francisco, CA 1.1 (0.52.3) 0.8 (0.32.1) 1.2 (0.26.5) 3.0 (1.27.0) 1.5 (0.36.4) 0.3 (0.10.6)
Median 1.0 2.6 3.6 1.9 5.5 0.1
Range 0.41.6 0.07.8 1.212.4 0.83.0 0.57.6 0.00.5
* On 20 or more days during the 30 days before the survey.
95% confidence interval.
Not available.

116 MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
 Surveillance Summaries

TABLE 33. Percentage of high school students who smoked more than 10 cigarettes/day,* by sexual identity and sex of sexual contacts
United States and selected U.S. sites, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2015
% CI
National survey
(all students) 7.9 (6.29.9)

Sexual identity Sex of sexual contacts

Heterosexual Gay, lesbian, or Opposite sex Same sex only or No
(straight) bisexual Not sure only both sexes sexual contact
Site % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI
National survey
Total 6.3 (4.68.7) 7.7 (4.512.9) 27.7 (16.742.3) 6.5 (4.59.3) 17.1 (10.526.6) 1.9 (0.65.2)
Male 7.1 (4.710.7) 11.8 (4.428.2) NA NA 8.0 (5.012.5) 29.5 (17.744.9) 2.2 (0.86.0)
Female 5.0 (2.410.1) 6.5 (3.113.2) 13.4 (4.434.0) 4.1 (1.79.6) 12.0 (6.521.1) 1.4 (0.28.4)
State surveys
Arizona 5.1 (1.813.7) 8.1 (1.141.2) NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Arkansas 6.6 (3.911.0) 7.6 (2.123.6) NA NA 6.2 (3.411.1) 16.7 (7.931.9) NA NA
California 4.0 (1.411.1) NA NA NA NA 2.6 (0.610.3) NA NA NA NA
Connecticut NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Delaware 10.4 (6.915.5) 10.4 (3.526.8) NA NA 8.7 (5.314.1) 24.5 (10.347.8) NA NA
Florida NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Hawaii NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Illinois 5.5 (2.611.3) 12.8 (4.432.0) NA NA 4.9 (2.310.0) 23.6 (11.841.7) 0.0
Indiana 4.9 (1.912.1) 13.9 (5.033.3) NA NA 5.7 (2.114.4) 14.2 (5.133.7) NA NA
Kentucky 5.5 (3.88.0) 8.4 (2.822.3) NA NA 4.4 (2.77.2) 14.5 (6.230.3) 10.8 (2.734.1)
Maine 14.6 (11.917.8) 7.4 (4.611.6) 32.8 (22.445.3) 12.7 (9.816.5) 16.7 (12.122.4) 12.1 (6.820.4)
Maryland 7.5 (6.58.6) 13.8 (11.516.6) 29.5 (23.736.0) 7.7 (6.69.0) 18.4 (15.621.4) 2.0 (0.75.3)
Massachusetts NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Michigan 7.1 (3.613.4) 17.0 (7.035.8) NA NA 6.3 (2.614.5) 12.2 (4.429.4) 13.3 (3.638.6)
Nevada 2.0 (0.214.1) NA NA NA NA 2.4 (0.315.8) 16.5 (9.726.5) NA NA
New Mexico 6.5 (4.29.7) 5.7 (3.49.2) 15.6 (7.928.3) 6.7 (4.310.3) 9.0 (6.113.0) 2.9 (0.99.3)
New York 10.1 (5.218.7) 7.5 (2.818.5) 28.9 (8.962.9) 10.4 (5.319.4) 11.7 (4.427.6) 10.9 (2.636.0)
North Carolina NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
North Dakota NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oklahoma 1.2 (0.34.1) NA NA NA NA 0.9 (0.23.8) NA NA NA NA
Pennsylvania 7.3 (4.112.8) 7.9 (3.019.2) NA NA 9.4 (5.216.3) 7.4 (2.817.9) NA NA
Rhode Island 13.2 (5.926.9) 7.2 (2.518.6) NA NA 8.7 (2.823.7) 14.8 (2.751.9) NA NA
Vermont 9.1 (7.810.7) 15.7 (12.419.6) 28.6 (20.538.2) 9.1 (7.710.7) 21.5 (17.825.8) 3.2 (1.56.9)
West Virginia 8.9 (4.716.0) 8.8 (2.923.7) NA NA 8.8 (5.114.7) 19.8 (12.230.4) 3.8 (0.914.5)
Wyoming 10.5 (6.117.4) 9.8 (4.221.3) NA NA 9.4 (4.917.2) 18.6 (8.536.1) 0.0
Median 7.1 8.6 28.9 7.2 16.6 3.5
Range 1.214.6 5.717.0 15.632.8 0.912.7 7.424.5 0.013.3
Large urban school district surveys
Baltimore, MD NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Boston, MA 7.1 (2.220.7) NA NA NA NA 6.2 (1.522.3) NA NA NA NA
Broward County, FL 4.6 (0.627.6) NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Cleveland, OH NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
DeKalb County, GA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Detroit, MI 0.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
District of Columbia NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Duval County, FL 10.3 (5.319.0) 4.5 (1.414.0) NA NA 7.2 (3.314.9) 11.5 (4.526.0) NA NA
Ft. Worth, TX 1.5 (0.54.4) NA NA NA NA 1.6 (0.54.7) NA NA 2.5 (0.316.3)
Houston, TX 5.4 (2.511.5) 14.6 (5.433.9) NA NA 4.2 (1.99.2) 16.5 (6.735.1) NA NA
Los Angeles, CA 5.8 (1.027.0) NA NA NA NA 0.5 (0.13.4) NA NA NA NA
Miami-Dade County, FL 6.4 (2.614.5) NA NA NA NA 8.9 (2.924.1) NA NA NA NA
New York City, NY 7.9 (4.513.3) 6.5 (3.511.8) 14.7 (5.434.0) 9.7 (6.115.0) 9.4 (3.920.8) 8.8 (1.833.3)
Oakland, CA 7.5 (2.918.2) NA NA NA NA 3.5 (0.617.5) NA NA NA NA
Orange County, FL 12.8 (5.228.2) NA NA NA NA 14.6 (5.732.5) NA NA NA NA
Palm Beach County, FL 7.0 (3.015.8) NA NA NA NA 4.8 (1.712.7) NA NA NA NA
Philadelphia, PA 6.2 (1.918.1) NA NA NA NA 4.9 (1.218.1) NA NA NA NA
San Diego, CA 6.0 (2.712.8) NA NA NA NA 4.7 (1.911.0) 15.3 (5.934.2) NA NA
San Francisco, CA 2.0 (0.67.1) NA NA NA NA 2.4 (0.511.0) NA NA NA NA
Median 6.2 NA NA 4.8 NA NA
Range 0.012.8 NA NA 0.514.6 NA NA
* On the days they smoked during the 30 days before the survey, among students who currently smoked cigarettes.
95% confidence interval.
Not available.

US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 117
 Surveillance Summaries

TABLE 34. Percentage of high school students who currently smoked cigarettes daily,* by sexual identity and sex of sexual contacts United
States and selected U.S. sites, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2015
% CI
National survey
(all students) 2.3 (1.73.0)

Sexual identity Sex of sexual contacts

Heterosexual Gay, lesbian, or Opposite sex Same sex only or No
(straight) bisexual Not sure only both sexes sexual contact
Site % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI
National survey
Total 1.9 (1.32.6) 4.0 (2.95.6) 7.0 (4.311.3) 3.4 (2.44.6) 9.6 (6.813.4) 0.1 (0.10.3)
Male 2.0 (1.43.0) 3.5 (1.76.9) 12.2 (6.322.5) 3.5 (2.45.1) 16.9 (10.925.1) 0.1 (0.10.3)
Female 1.7 (1.22.4) 4.2 (2.96.1) 3.4 (1.67.3) 3.1 (2.34.3) 7.3 (5.110.4) 0.2 (0.10.4)
State surveys
Arizona 1.4 (1.01.9) 1.5 (0.36.0) 0.2 (0.11.0) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Arkansas 4.2 (2.28.0) 9.8 (3.922.7) 2.7 (0.79.4) 7.9 (3.516.7) 11.2 (4.625.0) 0.4 (0.12.0)
California 0.8 (0.32.3) 3.0 (0.421.0) 1.5 (0.37.1) 1.2 (0.43.4) 7.0 (2.220.1) 0.3 (0.02.9)
Connecticut 1.0 (0.61.8) 0.9 (0.16.5) 5.7 (1.618.3) 2.1 (1.23.9) 4.3 (2.47.4) 0.1 (0.01.2)
Delaware 2.6 (1.34.9) 4.4 (2.48.0) 5.5 (1.517.7) 5.4 (2.99.9) 10.1 (5.418.4) 0.1 (0.00.4)
Florida 1.6 (1.22.1) 8.2 (6.110.8) 8.5 (5.612.7) 2.6 (1.93.7) 14.5 (11.218.5) 0.2 (0.10.5)
Hawaii 1.1 (0.71.7) 1.4 (0.63.4) 2.7 (0.88.2) 1.8 (1.12.9) 4.6 (2.29.3) 0.5 (0.21.2)
Illinois 1.3 (0.82.2) 4.4 (2.09.2) 6.1 (1.917.3) 2.7 (1.64.7) 8.8 (4.316.8) 0.0
Indiana 2.3 (1.34.0) 6.1 (2.414.3) 3.2 (0.516.5) 3.3 (1.76.2) 10.5 (5.020.7) 0.4 (0.11.5)
Kentucky 3.6 (2.55.2) 10.7 (4.921.5) 13.8 (4.833.6) 6.4 (4.39.4) 14.8 (6.929.2) 0.4 (0.11.8)
Maine 3.0 (2.53.6) 6.1 (4.68.1) 8.7 (5.912.6) 5.0 (4.16.0) 12.2 (9.515.4) 0.4 (0.30.7)
Maryland 1.2 (1.11.4) 4.0 (3.44.6) 5.9 (4.97.1) 2.3 (2.12.6) 7.5 (6.68.6) 0.1 (0.10.2)
Massachusetts 1.6 (1.02.6) 2.4 (1.24.7) 2.0 (0.57.2) 2.6 (1.64.2) 4.6 (1.910.4) 0.3 (0.11.3)
Michigan 1.5 (0.83.1) 7.1 (3.214.9) 3.5 (1.110.5) 2.4 (1.15.5) 9.7 (5.217.4) 0.6 (0.21.5)
Nevada 1.1 (0.52.3) 4.6 (1.612.3) 7.0 (1.922.8) 2.2 (1.04.6) 8.2 (3.518.3) 0.0
New Mexico 1.8 (1.52.3) 4.6 (3.26.6) 3.0 (1.65.6) 3.7 (3.04.6) 7.4 (5.310.2) 0.2 (0.10.5)
New York 1.4 (0.92.1) 3.3 (1.95.8) 4.7 (1.811.9) 3.0 (2.04.5) 5.8 (3.49.7) 0.2 (0.01.1)
North Carolina 2.7 (2.03.7) 3.4 (1.76.9) 6.3 (2.614.6) 4.6 (3.56.0) 6.2 (2.614.3) 0.3 (0.11.6)
North Dakota 2.7 (1.93.9) 5.4 (2.411.7) 10.5 (3.626.9) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oklahoma 1.8 (1.12.9) 5.5 (1.616.9) 7.7 (2.819.8) 3.6 (2.25.8) 9.4 (3.622.5) 0.1 (0.00.8)
Pennsylvania 2.7 (1.84.0) 6.0 (2.812.5) 5.2 (1.615.6) 5.6 (4.07.7) 6.4 (2.813.8) 0.1 (0.01.1)
Rhode Island 0.8 (0.41.4) 3.3 (2.05.6) 4.1 (0.916.4) 0.9 (0.51.6) 8.2 (4.016.1) 0.1 (0.00.9)
Vermont 2.4 (2.12.6) 8.1 (6.89.6) 5.0 (3.76.7) 4.0 (3.64.4) 14.9 (12.917.1) 0.3 (0.20.4)
West Virginia 4.5 (3.85.5) 9.8 (5.018.4) 13.3 (6.425.6) 7.1 (5.69.0) 15.5 (9.823.5) 0.7 (0.31.8)
Wyoming 3.5 (2.35.3) 5.9 (2.612.8) 6.0 (2.016.4) 5.7 (3.59.1) 16.1 (10.224.5) 0.3 (0.11.2)
Median 1.8 4.6 5.5 3.3 8.8 0.3
Range 0.84.5 0.910.7 0.213.8 0.97.9 4.316.1 0.00.7
Large urban school district surveys
Baltimore, MD 0.7 (0.31.9) 0.0 5.4 (1.023.8) 1.0 (0.33.5) 0.5 (0.13.6) 0.4 (0.13.3)
Boston, MA 0.4 (0.21.0) 3.4 (1.010.3) 3.4 (0.814.2) 0.7 (0.31.8) 1.9 (0.66.3) 0.2 (0.01.4)
Broward County, FL 0.3 (0.11.2) 0.0 1.6 (0.211.2) 0.6 (0.12.4) 0.9 (0.16.5) 0.0
Cleveland, OH 0.7 (0.31.3) 6.0 (3.510.1) 0.7 (0.15.1) 1.7 (0.93.2) 5.0 (2.59.9) 0.0
DeKalb County, GA 0.5 (0.21.4) 1.8 (0.64.8) 2.1 (0.57.9) 0.9 (0.32.3) 2.7 (0.97.8) 0.0
Detroit, MI 0.3 (0.10.7) 0.0 2.5 (0.316.7) 0.5 (0.21.5) 0.9 (0.16.7) 0.1 (0.00.6)
District of Columbia NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Duval County, FL 1.1 (0.61.8) 1.2 (0.34.1) 1.0 (0.23.9) 1.3 (0.72.4) 4.0 (1.410.4) 0.2 (0.10.8)
Ft. Worth, TX 1.0 (0.61.7) 2.9 (1.36.6) 1.6 (0.46.6) 2.0 (1.23.4) 4.0 (1.88.7) 0.2 (0.00.6)
Houston, TX 0.9 (0.51.7) 0.6 (0.12.3) 3.2 (1.09.6) 1.7 (1.02.8) 2.3 (0.86.1) 0.1 (0.00.5)
Los Angeles, CA 0.3 (0.11.0) 1.3 (0.26.5) 4.0 (1.212.5) 0.6 (0.40.9) 5.7 (2.015.2) 0.1 (0.00.8)
Miami-Dade County, FL 0.4 (0.20.7) 2.2 (0.85.6) 8.4 (3.419.3) 1.0 (0.42.2) 4.8 (2.210.5) 0.0
New York City, NY 0.7 (0.51.1) 1.7 (0.74.1) 2.1 (0.95.1) 2.1 (1.53.0) 3.6 (1.87.0) 0.1 (0.00.3)
Oakland, CA 0.7 (0.31.6) 1.9 (0.65.8) 3.8 (0.816.9) 1.3 (0.62.8) 3.7 (1.210.9) 0.0
Orange County, FL 1.0 (0.52.0) 2.3 (0.314.5) 12.0 (5.524.0) 1.7 (0.93.4) 7.6 (3.515.9) 0.2 (0.01.5)
Palm Beach County, FL 0.9 (0.51.5) 4.2 (1.89.6) 3.3 (0.812.8) 1.3 (0.72.4) 5.1 (2.211.6) 0.5 (0.21.4)
Philadelphia, PA 1.2 (0.62.4) 1.2 (0.28.8) 4.2 (1.412.1) 1.5 (0.73.1) 5.7 (2.512.6) 0.0
San Diego, CA 0.6 (0.41.1) 3.0 (1.17.9) 2.9 (0.612.7) 1.0 (0.51.9) 5.8 (2.612.2) 0.1 (0.00.4)
San Francisco, CA 0.7 (0.31.4) 0.6 (0.22.1) 1.2 (0.26.5) 1.9 (0.84.2) 1.3 (0.26.8) 0.1 (0.00.5)
Median 0.7 1.7 3.1 1.3 3.9 0.1
Range 0.31.2 0.06.0 0.712.0 0.52.1 0.57.6 0.00.5
* On all 30 days during the 30 days before the survey.
95% confidence interval.
Not available.

118 MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
 Surveillance Summaries

TABLE 35. Percentage of high school students who usually obtained their own cigarettes by buying them in a store or gas station,* by sexual
identity and sex of sexual contacts United States and selected U.S. sites, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2015
% CI
National survey
(all students) 12.6 (9.716.1)

Sexual identity Sex of sexual contacts

Heterosexual Gay, lesbian, or Opposite sex Same sex only or No
(straight) bisexual Not sure only both sexes sexual contact
Site % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI
National survey
Total 13.6 (10.417.4) 5.5 (2.710.9) 21.0 (9.540.1) 13.9 (10.817.9) 11.7 (7.218.7) 7.7 (3.516.1)
Male 16.5 (12.521.4) 9.7 (3.524.2) NA NA 17.8 (13.623.0) 19.9 (9.337.4) 9.6 (3.623.2)
Female 8.6 (5.214.1) 4.1 (1.411.3) NA NA 8.1 (4.613.9) 8.2 (3.816.9) 4.9 (1.614.0)
State surveys
Arizona 10.5 (3.527.4) 3.1 (0.418.9) NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Arkansas 8.7 (5.214.1) 9.3 (1.737.9) NA NA 8.4 (4.914.0) 3.8 (1.310.6) NA NA
California 16.9 (7.832.7) NA NA NA NA 18.3 (8.934.0) NA NA NA NA
Connecticut NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Delaware 21.7 (12.036.0) 11.8 (4.129.3) NA NA 23.5 (13.737.3) NA NA NA NA
Florida NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Hawaii NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Illinois 12.2 (6.422.3) 5.5 (1.716.8) NA NA 14.1 (7.325.6) 5.1 (1.813.7) NA NA
Indiana 2.3 (0.77.6) 13.6 (4.037.3) NA NA 4.0 (1.212.4) 8.4 (1.535.8) NA NA
Kentucky 22.3 (15.631.0) 9.0 (1.934.3) NA NA 23.7 (16.532.8) 12.1 (4.229.8) 13.9 (2.254.0)
Maine 8.3 (6.710.3) 3.4 (1.38.5) 3.1 (0.811.0) 7.9 (5.610.9) 5.0 (2.98.3) 6.8 (2.616.6)
Maryland 17.6 (15.719.5) 17.1 (13.821.0) 16.0 (11.621.6) 19.4 (17.321.7) 15.1 (12.318.5) 6.4 (3.910.3)
Massachusetts NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Michigan 16.2 (8.329.3) 5.0 (1.417.1) NA NA 13.6 (6.625.9) 20.6 (6.150.7) NA NA
Nevada 13.7 (6.626.3) NA NA NA NA 11.6 (4.128.9) 9.9 (3.923.1) NA NA
New Mexico NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
New York NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
North Carolina NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
North Dakota 18.0 (10.828.4) 17.7 (8.234.2) NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oklahoma 9.8 (4.619.7) NA NA NA NA 8.1 (3.318.8) NA NA NA NA
Pennsylvania 16.4 (10.624.6) 2.1 (0.313.2) NA NA 18.0 (11.826.5) 2.6 (0.512.3) NA NA
Rhode Island 27.0 (13.347.1) 11.5 (3.035.3) NA NA 19.7 (9.835.8) 11.4 (2.440.2) NA NA
Vermont 8.7 (7.210.5) 3.9 (2.26.8) 18.2 (10.928.9) 9.5 (7.911.4) 7.2 (4.810.7) 2.2 (0.76.5)
West Virginia 13.7 (8.621.0) 5.4 (1.023.9) NA NA 15.1 (9.622.9) 6.7 (1.921.5) NA NA
Wyoming 8.7 (5.413.7) 0.0 NA NA 8.4 (4.913.9) 8.0 (3.019.4) NA NA
Median 13.7 5.5 16.0 13.9 8.0 6.6
Range 2.327.0 0.017.7 3.118.2 4.023.7 2.620.6 2.213.9
Large urban school district surveys
Baltimore, MD NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Boston, MA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Broward County, FL NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Cleveland, OH NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
DeKalb County, GA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Detroit, MI 68.9 (55.779.6) NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
District of Columbia NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Duval County, FL 16.0 (8.827.4) 7.1 (2.121.5) NA NA 15.5 (7.928.1) 8.0 (3.020.1) NA NA
Ft. Worth, TX 34.4 (25.244.8) NA NA NA NA 34.2 (25.644.0) NA NA NA NA
Houston, TX 23.4 (16.432.1) NA NA NA NA 29.7 (20.341.2) NA NA NA NA
Los Angeles, CA 27.8 (18.239.9) NA NA NA NA 24.2 (9.150.7) NA NA NA NA
Miami-Dade County, FL 26.0 (16.937.8) NA NA NA NA 27.1 (18.138.5) NA NA NA NA
New York City, NY NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oakland, CA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Orange County, FL 21.5 (10.239.7) NA NA NA NA 18.1 (7.836.6) NA NA NA NA
Palm Beach County, FL 13.6 (7.723.0) NA NA NA NA 14.9 (8.325.3) NA NA NA NA
Philadelphia, PA 41.7 (26.159.1) NA NA NA NA 36.6 (20.057.1) NA NA NA NA
San Diego, CA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
San Francisco, CA 18.5 (8.236.6) NA NA NA NA 21.2 (9.141.9) NA NA NA NA
Median 24.7 NA NA 24.2 NA NA.
Range 13.668.9 NA NA 14.936.6 NA NA
* During the 30 days before the survey, among students who currently smoked cigarettes and who were aged <18 years.
95% confidence interval.
Not available.

US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 119
 Surveillance Summaries

TABLE 36. Percentage of high school students who usually obtained their own cigarettes by buying them on the internet,* by sexual identity
and sex of sexual contacts United States and selected U.S. sites, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2015
% CI
National survey
(all students) 1.0 (0.42.1)

Sexual identity Sex of sexual contacts

Heterosexual Gay, lesbian, or Opposite sex Same sex only or No
(straight) bisexual Not sure only both sexes sexual contact
Site % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI
National survey
Total 1.0 (0.42.6) 0.3 (0.02.3) 1.3 (0.36.0) 1.3 (0.53.1) 0.1 (0.01.0) 0.0
Male 1.4 (0.54.1) 1.4 (0.210.0) NA NA 1.8 (0.65.0) 0.4 (0.13.4) 0.0
Female 0.4 (0.11.6) 0.0 NA NA 0.5 (0.11.8) 0.0 0.0
State surveys
Arizona 0.0 2.4 (0.318.5) NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Arkansas 0.2 (0.00.9) 0.6 (0.12.7) NA NA 0.1 (0.01.0) 2.4 (0.412.2) NA NA
California 0.8 (0.16.2) NA NA NA NA 1.0 (0.17.2) NA NA NA NA
Connecticut NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Delaware 0.0 0.0 NA NA 0.0 NA NA NA NA
Florida NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Hawaii NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Illinois 0.0 0.8 (0.15.9) NA NA 0.3 (0.02.2) 0.6 (0.14.4) NA NA
Indiana 0.0 0.0 NA NA 0.0 0.0 NA NA
Kentucky 0.8 (0.14.9) 2.7 (0.414.6) NA NA 0.9 (0.25.5) 1.9 (0.214.8) 0.0
Maine 1.2 (0.72.3) 2.3 (0.86.9) 12.0 (3.931.6) 1.3 (0.53.1) 3.4 (1.38.6) 1.6 (0.211.2)
Maryland 2.7 (1.93.8) 8.2 (5.811.4) 9.9 (6.414.9) 1.5 (0.92.3) 6.6 (4.69.3) 1.0 (0.42.9)
Massachusetts NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Michigan 3.8 (1.012.9) 0.6 (0.22.6) NA NA 1.6 (0.210.1) 15.7 (4.741.4) NA NA
Nevada 3.1 (0.421.3) NA NA NA NA 3.7 (0.524.8) 8.2 (1.830.0) NA NA
New Mexico NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
New York NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
North Carolina NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
North Dakota 0.4 (0.13.0) 0.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oklahoma 0.0 NA NA NA NA 0.0 NA NA NA NA
Pennsylvania 1.8 (0.56.5) 0.0 NA NA 2.4 (0.77.9) 0.0 NA NA
Rhode Island 0.6 (0.17.0) 1.6 (0.213.8) NA NA 0.8 (0.18.4) 0.0 NA NA
Vermont 1.0 (0.61.7) 2.8 (1.55.4) 7.6 (3.415.8) 0.4 (0.11.1) 5.2 (3.38.1) 2.5 (1.06.5)
West Virginia 2.9 (0.419.4) 0.9 (0.18.5) NA NA 0.6 (0.15.0) 2.3 (0.510.6) NA NA
Wyoming 0.0 1.4 (0.29.8) NA NA 0.0 2.2 (0.58.8) NA NA
Median 0.7 0.9 NA 0.7 2.3 NA
Range 0.03.8 0.08.2 NA 0.03.7 0.015.7 NA
Large urban school district surveys
Baltimore, MD NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Boston, MA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Broward County, FL NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Cleveland, OH NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
DeKalb County, GA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Detroit, MI 1.6 (0.37.6) NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
District of Columbia NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Duval County, FL 2.6 (0.97.4) 8.0 (2.423.4) NA NA 3.4 (1.29.4) 4.8 (1.415.2) NA NA
Ft. Worth, TX 0.7 (0.15.1) NA NA NA NA 0.8 (0.15.8) NA NA NA NA
Houston, TX 3.5 (1.39.4) NA NA NA NA 3.0 (1.09.1) NA NA NA NA
Los Angeles, CA 0.0 NA NA NA NA 0.0 NA NA NA NA
Miami-Dade County, FL 2.7 (0.610.9) NA NA NA NA 2.1 (0.76.6) NA NA NA NA
New York City, NY NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oakland, CA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Orange County, FL 0.0 NA NA NA NA 2.7 (0.416.7) NA NA NA NA
Palm Beach County, FL 3.1 (1.09.6) NA NA NA NA 2.4 (0.69.5) NA NA NA NA
Philadelphia, PA 0.0 NA NA NA NA 2.7 (0.318.3) NA NA NA NA
San Diego, CA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
San Francisco, CA 1.8 (0.212.1) NA NA NA NA 0.0 NA NA NA NA
Median 1.7 NA NA 2.4 NA NA
Range 0.03.5 NA NA 0.03.4 NA NA
* During the 30 days before the survey, among students who currently smoked cigarettes and who were aged <18 years.
95% confidence interval.
Not available.

120 MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
 Surveillance Summaries

TABLE 37. Percentage of high school students who tried to quit smoking cigarettes,* by sexual identity and sex of sexual contacts United
States and selected U.S. sites, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2015
% CI
National survey
(all students) 45.4 (41.349.5)

Sexual identity Sex of sexual contacts

Heterosexual Gay, lesbian, or Opposite sex Same sex only or No
(straight) bisexual Not sure only both sexes sexual contact
Site % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI
National survey
Total 44.6 (39.949.4) 52.7 (41.963.3) 41.0 (25.258.9) 44.8 (39.949.8) 45.9 (34.857.4) 51.8 (38.964.3)
Male 40.9 (35.247.0) 24.8 (12.343.6) NA NA 40.1 (34.046.4) 30.8 (16.650.0) 42.8 (29.657.2)
Female 51.0 (45.456.6) 60.2 (46.872.2) NA NA 52.3 (46.358.2) 52.8 (40.364.9) 63.0 (46.876.8)
State surveys
Arizona 42.4 (33.352.1) 75.2 (48.090.9) NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Arkansas 59.2 (50.567.4) 48.6 (30.966.6) NA NA 61.0 (50.970.1) 53.9 (36.770.3) NA NA
California 33.9 (23.945.7) NA NA NA NA 33.8 (22.347.7) NA NA NA NA
Connecticut NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Delaware 47.4 (36.558.5) 62.7 (44.877.6) NA NA 47.8 (36.459.5) NA NA NA NA
Florida NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Hawaii NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Illinois 54.0 (44.363.3) 60.3 (48.071.4) NA NA 53.1 (43.062.9) 56.0 (40.070.9) 57.0 (36.675.2)
Indiana 45.9 (35.756.6) 56.8 (34.177.0) NA NA 48.8 (37.959.7) 58.0 (34.378.5) NA NA
Kentucky 51.3 (43.559.1) 45.1 (28.462.9) NA NA 50.8 (41.260.3) 52.3 (33.770.3) 36.9 (14.167.5)
Maine NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Maryland NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Massachusetts NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Michigan 48.4 (41.855.0) 69.0 (51.782.2) NA NA 50.3 (41.159.5) 68.5 (43.386.1) 36.9 (15.066.1)
Nevada 47.4 (32.462.9) NA NA NA NA 43.2 (28.059.8) 51.4 (27.474.8) NA NA
New Mexico 54.2 (49.458.9) 47.7 (39.755.9) 31.2 (18.048.4) 54.1 (48.559.5) 43.2 (36.050.8) 53.6 (44.562.5)
New York NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
North Carolina 44.9 (30.660.1) 46.5 (25.169.4) 42.8 (13.777.9) 40.8 (29.153.7) 63.8 (51.274.8) 51.4 (34.168.3)
North Dakota 46.4 (38.754.3) 50.6 (33.267.9) NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oklahoma 56.1 (47.364.6) NA NA NA NA 56.8 (46.166.9) NA NA NA NA
Pennsylvania 50.3 (42.558.1) 50.8 (32.169.3) NA NA 50.9 (42.359.5) 54.5 (39.269.0) NA NA
Rhode Island 41.4 (27.656.6) 62.8 (53.071.7) NA NA 44.8 (30.759.9) 45.8 (26.266.7) NA NA
Vermont 42.8 (40.345.3) 45.9 (41.150.9) 25.4 (17.635.1) 41.8 (39.244.4) 41.2 (36.546.1) 46.9 (39.854.2)
West Virginia 48.3 (40.056.7) 50.5 (31.069.8) NA NA 52.1 (42.561.5) 41.7 (26.059.2) NA NA
Wyoming 52.0 (45.158.8) 55.7 (39.470.9) NA NA 52.7 (45.459.9) 45.8 (34.158.0) 63.1 (42.879.7)
Median 47.9 50.8 NA 50.5 52.3 51.4
Range 33.959.2 45.175.2 NA 33.861.0 41.268.5 36.963.1
Large urban school district surveys
Baltimore, MD NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Boston, MA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Broward County, FL NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Cleveland, OH 64.9 (47.379.2) 57.5 (38.874.2) NA NA 58.6 (41.973.5) NA NA NA NA
DeKalb County, GA 62.7 (47.276.0) NA NA NA NA 70.6 (54.183.0) NA NA NA NA
Detroit, MI 83.9 (71.491.6) NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
District of Columbia NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Duval County, FL 50.8 (39.861.6) 51.0 (35.866.0) NA NA 51.0 (39.162.9) 43.0 (29.957.2) NA NA
Ft. Worth, TX 48.8 (39.258.5) NA NA NA NA 48.4 (37.959.0) NA NA 45.1 (26.864.9)
Houston, TX 60.2 (50.868.9) NA NA NA NA 59.4 (50.068.1) 40.7 (23.260.9) NA NA
Los Angeles, CA 47.0 (33.461.1) NA NA NA NA 55.2 (40.569.0) NA NA NA NA
Miami-Dade County, FL 47.9 (36.359.8) NA NA NA NA 43.8 (31.856.5) NA NA NA NA
New York City, NY NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oakland, CA 51.4 (37.165.5) NA NA NA NA 42.3 (28.157.9) NA NA NA NA
Orange County, FL 42.3 (30.555.1) NA NA NA NA 39.4 (25.355.4) NA NA NA NA
Palm Beach County, FL 40.0 (27.054.6) NA NA NA NA 43.5 (30.157.9) NA NA NA NA
Philadelphia, PA 53.0 (38.167.5) NA NA NA NA 54.8 (37.471.1) NA NA NA NA
San Diego, CA 33.7 (24.943.7) NA NA NA NA 35.1 (26.045.4) 33.5 (19.251.7) NA NA
San Francisco, CA 39.3 (27.252.8) NA NA NA NA 38.5 (26.751.8) NA NA NA NA
Median 49.8 NA NA 48.4 NA NA
Range 33.783.9 NA NA 35.170.6 NA NA
* During the 12 months before the survey, among students who currently smoked cigarettes.
95% confidence interval.
Not available.

US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 121
 Surveillance Summaries

TABLE 38. Percentage of high school students who currently used smokeless tobacco,* by sexual identity and sex of sexual contacts
United States and selected U.S. sites, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2015
% CI
National survey
(all students) 7.3 (6.18.6)

Sexual identity Sex of sexual contacts

Heterosexual Gay, lesbian, or Opposite sex Same sex only or No
(straight) bisexual Not sure only both sexes sexual contact
Site % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI
National survey
Total 7.2 (6.08.6) 6.1 (3.89.6) 10.0 (6.615.0) 11.3 (9.713.2) 8.7 (6.411.6) 2.1 (1.62.8)
Male 11.6 (9.713.8) 12.1 (7.219.8) 18.0 (11.926.2) 17.4 (14.820.4) 20.2 (14.228.0) 3.9 (3.05.1)
Female 1.9 (1.42.7) 3.3 (1.95.7) 3.7 (1.68.6) 3.4 (2.35.0) 4.9 (3.17.6) 0.4 (0.20.7)
State surveys
Arizona 6.0 (4.18.9) 6.0 (2.115.7) 8.6 (2.723.7) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Arkansas 10.0 (7.513.1) 15.8 (10.323.5) 12.2 (6.721.0) 14.3 (10.020.0) 19.7 (11.930.7) 2.5 (1.44.5)
California 3.0 (1.85.0) 3.4 (1.110.3) 2.2 (0.76.7) 4.1 (2.27.5) 8.7 (3.719.3) 1.7 (1.03.0)
Connecticut NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Delaware 4.4 (3.45.7) 5.5 (3.39.1) 3.7 (1.012.7) 7.3 (5.69.5) 11.5 (7.117.9) 1.3 (0.82.2)
Florida NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Hawaii NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Illinois 3.8 (2.85.0) 14.4 (9.720.8) 16.2 (8.329.2) 6.8 (4.79.9) 18.3 (12.925.3) 1.2 (0.71.9)
Indiana 9.0 (5.614.2) 14.1 (7.624.6) 5.7 (1.519.3) 13.8 (8.322.0) 12.2 (7.419.4) 2.0 (1.03.9)
Kentucky 12.1 (9.615.3) 13.9 (10.118.9) 13.0 (6.823.5) 19.5 (16.023.5) 15.4 (10.522.0) 3.3 (1.85.9)
Maine 4.9 (4.25.7) 4.2 (3.05.8) 10.1 (6.216.0) 7.3 (6.28.4) 9.5 (7.012.7) 1.0 (0.61.5)
Maryland 4.1 (3.84.4) 13.3 (11.914.8) 11.0 (9.612.7) 7.0 (6.67.6) 12.8 (11.414.4) 0.9 (0.71.0)
Massachusetts 5.6 (4.47.0) 4.9 (2.59.5) 5.1 (2.111.9) 9.3 (7.012.2) 8.5 (4.714.7) 1.4 (0.82.3)
Michigan 5.9 (4.08.6) 8.1 (4.414.4) 7.4 (3.714.2) 9.7 (6.713.8) 13.0 (6.823.4) 1.2 (0.62.7)
Nevada 4.4 (3.55.6) 10.4 (5.518.8) 7.2 (1.725.7) 6.7 (5.28.6) 12.7 (8.418.9) 1.2 (0.72.1)
New Mexico 7.8 (6.69.3) 13.1 (9.717.3) 17.0 (12.822.1) 13.1 (11.215.3) 17.6 (13.123.2) 2.9 (2.23.9)
New York 5.1 (4.26.1) 12.9 (8.619.0) 12.3 (8.118.2) 7.6 (6.09.7) 24.8 (19.930.5) 1.2 (0.62.1)
North Carolina 8.1 (5.611.5) 6.4 (3.411.8) 12.6 (5.028.1) 11.8 (7.917.1) 10.6 (6.716.3) 2.9 (1.65.2)
North Dakota 11.1 (9.413.0) 6.2 (3.211.6) 6.2 (1.918.2) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oklahoma 9.6 (7.512.2) 0.0 7.7 (2.521.3) 15.6 (12.319.7) 4.5 (1.215.8) 3.1 (1.95.0)
Pennsylvania 9.2 (7.012.1) 12.1 (7.518.9) 9.2 (4.119.5) 14.7 (11.119.2) 11.0 (5.819.8) 2.7 (1.64.5)
Rhode Island 4.5 (3.26.4) 8.7 (4.914.7) 9.9 (4.121.9) 6.9 (4.310.8) 15.8 (7.131.5) 0.6 (0.31.4)
Vermont 6.6 (6.37.0) 7.9 (6.79.3) 8.7 (6.910.8) 10.4 (9.811.0) 14.3 (12.416.4) 1.6 (1.31.9)
West Virginia 12.9 (10.316.0) 13.1 (7.821.2) 15.8 (7.929.3) 18.9 (14.624.2) 16.3 (10.624.3) 4.2 (2.66.6)
Wyoming 10.6 (8.812.8) 21.0 (15.527.9) 13.5 (6.625.8) 16.1 (13.319.3) 21.6 (15.629.3) 3.9 (2.75.6)
Median 6.3 9.5 9.6 10.0 12.9 1.6
Range 3.012.9 0.021.0 2.217.0 4.119.5 4.524.8 0.64.2
Large urban school district surveys
Baltimore, MD 3.4 (2.05.8) 17.8 (11.426.8) 12.6 (4.232.2) 5.8 (3.110.3) 9.4 (4.319.2) 0.6 (0.22.3)
Boston, MA 2.2 (1.53.2) 2.9 (1.26.9) 3.0 (0.711.9) 2.6 (1.64.1) 6.1 (2.713.2) 0.1 (0.01.0)
Broward County, FL 2.2 (1.43.5) 11.6 (6.619.5) 10.6 (4.522.8) 4.2 (2.76.4) 13.4 (7.123.8) 0.3 (0.11.2)
Cleveland, OH NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
DeKalb County, GA 1.9 (1.22.9) 7.8 (4.613.0) 9.9 (4.221.4) 3.1 (1.75.5) 10.8 (6.318.1) 0.1 (0.00.9)
Detroit, MI 3.3 (2.44.6) 16.1 (10.923.1) 28.7 (17.044.2) 4.0 (2.76.1) 12.9 (8.120.1) 1.2 (0.52.7)
District of Columbia NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Duval County, FL 5.3 (4.36.4) 16.8 (12.522.2) 10.1 (5.517.7) 7.4 (5.89.3) 15.9 (11.222.0) 1.1 (0.62.0)
Ft. Worth, TX 3.1 (2.34.2) 4.4 (1.99.7) 4.3 (1.511.7) 5.2 (3.96.9) 5.5 (2.312.7) 1.1 (0.52.5)
Houston, TX 4.0 (3.25.2) 18.6 (14.323.7) 13.7 (8.920.5) 7.2 (5.69.1) 22.0 (16.928.1) 0.8 (0.51.5)
Los Angeles, CA 1.8 (1.13.0) 6.0 (2.712.8) 6.5 (2.715.0) 2.7 (1.74.4) 11.9 (6.321.3) 0.5 (0.21.7)
Miami-Dade County, FL 2.0 (1.42.8) 6.6 (3.612.0) 16.3 (8.529.0) 3.6 (2.55.1) 12.0 (6.122.4) 0.3 (0.11.4)
New York City, NY 2.9 (2.33.5) 3.4 (2.25.1) 6.6 (3.811.1) 4.1 (3.25.2) 9.0 (6.612.2) 0.8 (0.41.4)
Oakland, CA 2.4 (1.63.6) 4.7 (2.110.3) 7.7 (2.223.8) 3.2 (1.95.6) 7.7 (3.316.8) 0.3 (0.10.9)
Orange County, FL 4.1 (3.05.6) 10.6 (5.120.8) 19.5 (10.533.5) 7.6 (5.610.2) 17.1 (9.030.2) 0.6 (0.21.8)
Palm Beach County, FL 4.4 (3.25.9) 17.6 (12.025.2) 11.3 (5.322.6) 6.5 (4.88.9) 16.8 (10.925.2) 0.5 (0.21.5)
Philadelphia, PA 3.2 (2.14.9) 13.3 (9.119.1) 6.9 (2.816.1) 5.0 (3.28.0) 11.5 (6.818.9) 0.5 (0.13.2)
San Diego, CA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
San Francisco, CA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Median 3.1 10.6 10.1 4.2 11.9 0.5
Range 1.85.3 2.918.6 3.028.7 2.67.6 5.522.0 0.11.2
* Chewing tobacco, snuff, or dip on at least 1 day during the 30 days before the survey.
95% confidence interval.
Not available.

122 MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
 Surveillance Summaries

TABLE 39. Percentage of high school students who currently smoked cigars,* by sexual identity and sex of sexual contacts United States
and selected U.S. sites, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2015
% CI
National survey
(all students) 10.3 (9.011.8)

Sexual identity Sex of sexual contacts

Heterosexual Gay, lesbian, or Opposite sex Same sex only or No
(straight) bisexual Not sure only both sexes sexual contact
Site % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI
National survey
Total 9.8 (8.511.3) 13.4 (10.916.4) 16.7 (11.224.1) 15.5 (13.817.5) 19.4 (16.023.3) 3.0 (2.33.8)
Male 13.5 (11.915.3) 18.3 (12.426.1) 25.1 (16.835.8) 20.4 (18.023.0) 28.5 (21.337.1) 4.5 (3.55.9)
Female 5.4 (4.26.8) 11.2 (8.814.2) 10.2 (5.917.1) 9.2 (7.611.2) 16.4 (13.020.4) 1.5 (1.02.2)
State surveys
Arizona 10.0 (7.712.9) 12.7 (7.021.9) 4.7 (0.921.3) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Arkansas 12.4 (9.815.6) 23.3 (18.429.1) 19.3 (12.827.9) 19.0 (14.824.2) 31.0 (25.037.7) 3.3 (1.95.5)
California 6.6 (4.79.1) 9.9 (3.922.8) 3.2 (1.28.1) 10.6 (7.814.3) 18.4 (7.438.8) 3.3 (2.54.4)
Connecticut NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Delaware 10.0 (7.912.6) 16.1 (11.023.1) 17.1 (9.429.1) 17.1 (13.521.5) 31.6 (22.242.8) 2.9 (2.04.4)
Florida NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Hawaii NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Illinois 7.7 (6.49.4) 18.3 (12.126.7) 13.5 (8.021.9) 13.7 (11.017.0) 20.2 (13.928.4) 2.1 (1.33.4)
Indiana 10.8 (8.513.6) 14.7 (9.222.6) 9.8 (4.121.9) 14.7 (11.418.8) 20.4 (13.529.6) 4.5 (2.87.0)
Kentucky 11.8 (9.914.1) 28.5 (20.837.8) 22.6 (12.736.9) 19.3 (16.222.9) 30.9 (21.342.4) 2.2 (1.43.5)
Maine 8.4 (7.49.5) 9.3 (7.012.3) 15.3 (11.220.6) 13.1 (11.514.8) 17.5 (15.020.4) 1.9 (1.52.4)
Maryland 8.2 (7.88.6) 20.1 (18.721.6) 16.3 (14.618.1) 14.8 (14.115.5) 23.9 (22.125.7) 2.0 (1.82.3)
Massachusetts 10.6 (8.613.0) 10.5 (6.715.9) 5.5 (2.611.2) 15.3 (12.718.3) 16.0 (10.423.9) 4.5 (3.06.7)
Michigan 8.5 (6.810.6) 15.2 (9.423.8) 12.6 (6.323.5) 15.0 (12.517.8) 20.0 (13.528.5) 1.4 (0.72.9)
Nevada 5.7 (4.37.5) 18.8 (13.126.3) 7.1 (2.319.9) 9.2 (6.413.0) 19.8 (14.726.1) 1.8 (0.93.4)
New Mexico 8.6 (7.79.7) 20.9 (17.924.3) 19.6 (15.025.1) 15.9 (14.517.4) 27.6 (23.232.5) 2.5 (2.03.2)
New York 8.3 (6.311.0) 20.4 (15.925.7) 17.8 (12.225.3) 13.4 (9.818.0) 35.1 (29.741.0) 2.0 (1.43.0)
North Carolina NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
North Dakota 8.9 (7.410.7) 9.7 (5.816.0) 11.4 (5.123.7) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oklahoma 9.8 (7.512.7) 6.6 (2.814.9) 11.0 (5.321.2) 14.4 (11.617.8) 18.6 (9.433.5) 3.7 (1.97.1)
Pennsylvania 12.2 (10.114.7) 14.8 (10.221.1) 15.6 (8.427.1) 19.7 (16.223.7) 20.2 (13.229.6) 3.8 (2.85.1)
Rhode Island 7.0 (5.68.7) 16.6 (11.124.2) 16.6 (8.130.9) 11.0 (8.913.5) 25.1 (16.137.1) 1.9 (1.03.4)
Vermont 9.8 (9.410.3) 15.6 (13.917.4) 11.9 (9.914.3) 15.7 (15.016.4) 25.1 (22.627.6) 2.2 (1.92.6)
West Virginia 12.2 (10.114.8) 21.3 (13.731.5) 26.9 (16.341.0) 18.5 (16.320.8) 25.1 (17.834.1) 3.9 (2.75.6)
Wyoming 11.2 (9.413.4) 23.7 (16.932.2) 21.3 (10.638.3) 16.9 (14.220.0) 32.4 (25.440.3) 3.5 (2.25.5)
Median 9.8 16.1 15.3 15.0 23.9 2.5
Range 5.712.4 6.628.5 3.226.9 9.219.7 16.035.1 1.44.5
Large urban school district surveys
Baltimore, MD 11.0 (7.915.1) 28.5 (19.739.2) 17.1 (7.036.1) 16.2 (11.722.0) 30.4 (19.943.4) 2.9 (1.36.5)
Boston, MA 4.9 (3.76.5) 10.1 (6.315.7) 4.8 (1.514.6) 5.7 (4.08.0) 15.4 (9.224.7) 1.1 (0.52.3)
Broward County, FL 5.6 (4.37.4) 14.1 (8.822.1) 17.1 (9.528.9) 9.8 (7.313.1) 19.1 (11.929.2) 1.2 (0.62.3)
Cleveland, OH NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
DeKalb County, GA 8.2 (6.610.3) 19.6 (14.625.8) 6.6 (3.014.1) 12.6 (9.915.8) 25.1 (19.331.9) 1.9 (1.13.3)
Detroit, MI 6.8 (5.48.5) 20.9 (14.229.7) 25.1 (15.038.9) 8.9 (6.512.0) 23.0 (16.031.8) 2.0 (1.03.7)
District of Columbia 10.0 (9.310.7) 17.0 (15.119.2) 14.5 (11.318.4) 13.4 (12.314.6) 23.1 (20.525.9) 3.4 (2.94.1)
Duval County, FL 9.3 (7.910.8) 23.2 (18.328.9) 14.0 (8.522.3) 14.2 (12.016.7) 23.5 (18.129.9) 1.7 (1.12.5)
Ft. Worth, TX 8.6 (7.210.2) 15.2 (9.922.6) 11.6 (6.719.2) 15.0 (12.517.9) 17.1 (10.826.0) 3.0 (2.14.4)
Houston, TX 11.1 (9.712.5) 22.9 (19.127.2) 17.4 (12.124.4) 18.9 (16.621.4) 28.8 (23.035.4) 3.9 (3.05.1)
Los Angeles, CA 2.9 (2.14.1) 8.9 (4.815.9) 11.9 (5.822.9) 5.3 (3.77.5) 15.2 (8.425.8) 1.2 (0.62.2)
Miami-Dade County, FL 5.0 (4.06.3) 11.4 (7.217.7) 15.3 (7.130.0) 8.4 (6.710.5) 18.2 (11.128.6) 1.4 (0.82.5)
New York City, NY 5.0 (4.25.9) 9.8 (6.714.2) 9.2 (5.914.1) 8.4 (6.510.8) 13.4 (9.318.8) 1.8 (1.03.0)
Oakland, CA 5.8 (4.67.5) 7.8 (4.114.2) 10.0 (4.221.8) 8.9 (6.512.1) 13.4 (7.423.0) 2.0 (1.13.6)
Orange County, FL 6.5 (5.18.3) 17.5 (10.128.5) 20.5 (11.434.2) 12.6 (9.616.2) 22.8 (13.835.2) 1.0 (0.51.9)
Palm Beach County, FL 7.7 (6.39.4) 23.4 (16.432.3) 18.1 (10.529.3) 12.9 (10.515.7) 22.5 (15.930.7) 1.7 (1.12.8)
Philadelphia, PA 6.8 (5.48.6) 23.3 (15.633.4) 20.6 (11.234.7) 10.9 (8.014.7) 27.7 (20.835.8) 1.0 (0.42.8)
San Diego, CA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
San Francisco, CA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Median 6.8 17.3 14.9 11.7 22.6 1.7
Range 2.911.1 7.828.5 4.825.1 5.318.9 13.430.4 1.03.9
* Cigars, cigarillos, or little cigars on at least 1 day during the 30 days before the survey.
95% confidence interval.
Not available.

US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 123
 Surveillance Summaries

TABLE 40. Percentage of high school students who ever used electronic vapor products,* by sexual identity and sex of sexual contacts
United States and selected U.S. sites, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2015
% CI
National survey
(all students) 44.9 (41.948.0)

Sexual identity Sex of sexual contacts

Heterosexual Gay, lesbian, or Opposite sex Same sex only or No
(straight) bisexual Not sure only both sexes sexual contact
Site % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI
National survey
Total 44.2 (40.947.5) 53.5 (49.357.6) 43.6 (37.649.8) 62.0 (59.264.7) 67.8 (63.471.9) 24.1 (21.327.2)
Male 46.5 (43.150.0) 40.1 (33.047.7) 38.7 (28.250.4) 63.2 (59.666.6) 61.4 (53.768.6) 24.2 (21.127.6)
Female 41.4 (37.345.6) 58.9 (54.263.5) 46.4 (37.955.2) 60.4 (57.063.7) 70.0 (64.974.6) 24.1 (20.827.8)
State surveys
Arizona 51.5 (46.856.2) 60.8 (48.471.9) 49.4 (28.071.0) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Arkansas 42.1 (38.146.2) 64.0 (55.571.6) 47.4 (36.458.6) 60.0 (51.667.8) 67.0 (61.072.4) 21.6 (18.924.5)
California 45.4 (39.951.0) 51.3 (39.263.2) 24.0 (14.836.4) 62.0 (53.469.8) 71.8 (62.179.9) 29.8 (24.835.4)
Connecticut NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Delaware 40.3 (37.443.3) 52.3 (43.960.5) 25.2 (16.736.0) 57.4 (53.461.4) 67.8 (57.376.8) 24.1 (21.227.1)
Florida NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Hawaii 44.8 (42.347.4) 50.5 (43.657.4) 36.1 (27.246.0) 66.6 (62.370.5) 70.8 (62.078.2) 28.5 (26.230.8)
Illinois 44.9 (41.448.4) 65.1 (57.871.7) 51.0 (31.570.2) 61.3 (57.964.7) 74.6 (67.280.8) 28.5 (25.032.3)
Indiana 43.1 (38.947.5) 52.0 (42.861.1) 29.3 (19.042.2) 59.9 (55.464.3) 65.5 (53.575.7) 20.7 (16.226.2)
Kentucky 39.7 (36.143.5) 59.1 (49.368.1) 48.7 (33.564.2) 57.3 (52.861.8) 73.6 (65.580.3) 16.4 (13.420.0)
Maine 32.2 (30.234.2) 39.5 (34.944.3) 30.2 (25.136.0) 47.9 (44.351.5) 53.8 (49.558.0) 12.9 (11.314.7)
Maryland 36.3 (35.537.1) 48.3 (46.649.9) 36.9 (34.339.6) 54.0 (53.055.0) 60.0 (57.862.2) 19.5 (18.920.2)
Massachusetts 44.7 (41.647.9) 51.8 (44.858.7) 34.6 (26.643.7) 63.0 (59.566.4) 65.3 (54.175.1) 24.0 (20.827.6)
Michigan NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Nevada 50.8 (45.955.8) 57.6 (45.469.0) 66.1 (48.980.0) 70.4 (65.774.7) 67.6 (59.474.8) 32.4 (26.139.4)
New Mexico 53.0 (50.655.3) 69.1 (65.672.4) 49.9 (43.556.4) 71.8 (69.574.0) 79.2 (74.283.5) 36.2 (33.639.0)
New York NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
North Carolina 49.6 (45.453.9) 50.4 (40.260.6) 43.9 (27.961.3) 65.9 (61.570.0) 59.5 (51.367.2) 27.3 (22.932.2)
North Dakota 41.9 (38.845.1) 48.7 (38.858.7) 40.1 (28.652.8) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oklahoma 44.6 (40.049.4) 58.0 (45.769.4) 49.7 (28.571.1) 62.4 (56.767.8) 75.6 (61.985.6) 25.9 (22.629.6)
Pennsylvania 40.0 (36.443.7) 52.3 (41.263.3) 41.9 (32.651.8) 58.4 (53.762.9) 54.9 (43.965.4) 21.0 (18.523.8)
Rhode Island 40.2 (35.744.7) 51.6 (45.857.3) 36.4 (22.852.6) 57.9 (53.462.2) 70.0 (59.778.6) 21.7 (18.325.4)
Vermont 30.0 (29.330.7) 38.3 (35.840.8) 23.6 (20.726.8) 44.3 (43.345.3) 56.3 (53.359.3) 11.4 (10.712.1)
West Virginia 47.5 (43.052.1) 64.2 (55.272.2) 53.3 (37.368.6) 64.4 (59.469.0) 73.1 (62.381.7) 22.5 (19.326.2)
Wyoming 48.3 (44.152.4) 70.2 (62.776.7) 37.8 (26.350.9) 68.4 (63.373.0) 78.6 (72.084.0) 26.4 (22.231.0)
Median 44.6 52.3 40.1 61.3 67.8 24.0
Range 30.053.0 38.370.2 23.666.1 44.371.8 53.879.2 11.436.2
Large urban school district surveys
Baltimore, MD 28.7 (24.832.9) 51.3 (43.259.4) 33.9 (16.457.2) 36.2 (30.742.1) 55.6 (43.467.3) 22.1 (16.928.2)
Boston, MA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Broward County, FL 44.1 (40.348.0) 60.1 (49.969.5) 35.5 (23.050.4) 58.0 (53.762.1) 63.6 (51.873.9) 29.3 (24.934.1)
Cleveland, OH 33.5 (30.137.1) 51.2 (42.460.0) 44.8 (30.260.4) 40.9 (36.445.5) 46.8 (39.254.6) 22.9 (19.027.2)
DeKalb County, GA 35.8 (33.038.8) 49.9 (43.256.5) 38.4 (28.649.3) 47.9 (43.652.3) 60.7 (53.567.4) 18.9 (15.622.6)
Detroit, MI NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
District of Columbia 32.4 (31.333.5) 44.8 (42.047.5) 33.4 (28.838.3) 41.5 (39.843.2) 50.8 (47.554.0) 22.6 (21.224.0)
Duval County, FL 41.8 (39.344.5) 58.6 (52.264.7) 47.0 (38.755.5) 54.9 (51.658.1) 64.1 (57.570.1) 25.1 (22.428.1)
Ft. Worth, TX 42.9 (40.645.3) 55.8 (47.763.6) 28.8 (19.240.8) 59.1 (55.562.7) 64.3 (53.973.4) 27.7 (25.030.6)
Houston, TX 38.4 (36.240.7) 54.7 (48.760.5) 30.4 (23.039.1) 55.0 (51.858.2) 60.3 (52.867.3) 23.0 (20.625.6)
Los Angeles, CA 43.0 (40.245.9) 52.3 (43.860.7) 40.7 (26.556.6) 60.4 (54.166.4) 59.4 (47.870.0) 28.4 (25.831.2)
Miami-Dade County, FL 39.5 (36.742.3) 46.3 (39.153.8) 33.9 (22.847.1) 54.5 (51.457.5) 61.9 (52.970.1) 23.4 (20.226.8)
New York City, NY NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oakland, CA 44.1 (41.047.2) 65.5 (55.074.6) 35.6 (23.150.6) 58.0 (52.863.0) 65.2 (55.873.6) 28.5 (24.632.8)
Orange County, FL 37.6 (34.440.8) 63.6 (53.772.4) 44.2 (30.858.6) 58.2 (53.662.7) 71.3 (60.680.1) 21.0 (17.924.5)
Palm Beach County, FL 48.4 (45.251.5) 64.7 (56.572.1) 46.9 (34.859.3) 64.3 (60.967.7) 64.5 (55.772.4) 30.1 (26.034.4)
Philadelphia, PA 36.6 (33.140.3) 53.7 (44.662.5) 47.3 (36.658.3) 48.8 (44.153.5) 58.3 (47.468.4) 20.0 (15.325.7)
San Diego, CA 45.0 (41.848.4) 53.8 (44.962.3) 27.1 (18.637.9) 66.5 (63.169.8) 72.0 (63.379.3) 22.6 (19.226.3)
San Francisco, CA 32.1 (27.736.9) 41.5 (29.854.3) 25.5 (16.936.5) 57.1 (50.064.0) 60.8 (48.871.6) 17.9 (15.021.2)
Median 39.0 53.7 35.6 56.1 61.3 23.0
Range 28.748.4 41.565.5 25.547.3 36.266.5 46.872.0 17.930.1
* Including ecigarettes, ecigars, epipes, vape pipes, vaping pens, ehookahs, and hookah pens.
95% confidence interval.
Not available.

124 MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
 Surveillance Summaries

TABLE 41. Percentage of high school students who currently used electronic vapor products,* by sexual identity and sex of sexual contacts
United States and selected U.S. sites, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2015
% CI
National survey
(all students) 24.1 (22.126.2)

Sexual identity Sex of sexual contacts

Heterosexual Gay, lesbian, or Opposite sex Same sex only or No
(straight) bisexual Not sure only both sexes sexual contact
Site % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI
National survey
Total 23.4 (21.225.7) 29.2 (26.032.5) 26.8 (21.133.3) 34.8 (32.137.7) 40.1 (35.944.6) 10.8 (9.412.2)
Male 25.4 (22.728.4) 23.2 (18.528.8) 31.7 (20.445.7) 36.7 (33.240.3) 44.5 (36.153.2) 10.7 (8.713.0)
Female 21.0 (18.823.5) 31.5 (27.136.1) 22.9 (17.529.3) 32.5 (29.735.3) 38.7 (33.744.0) 10.8 (9.312.5)
State surveys
Arizona 26.7 (23.330.4) 39.8 (28.352.5) 24.6 (12.542.7) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Arkansas 24.1 (18.930.1) 44.6 (33.056.7) 28.0 (20.736.7) 35.4 (26.046.0) 51.1 (42.359.8) 11.3 (9.113.9)
California 21.4 (17.126.4) 26.7 (19.235.8) 13.8 (6.227.8) 32.8 (25.441.1) 46.3 (33.160.0) 11.4 (8.614.8)
Connecticut NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Delaware 23.3 (21.025.8) 29.7 (23.037.4) 13.2 (7.422.4) 36.0 (32.239.9) 37.7 (27.649.0) 11.9 (9.814.4)
Florida NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Hawaii 23.7 (21.925.6) 29.7 (25.834.0) 27.2 (19.536.5) 39.1 (35.442.9) 45.9 (38.553.6) 12.6 (10.914.4)
Illinois 24.0 (20.927.4) 41.6 (31.752.3) 37.6 (24.852.3) 34.8 (31.038.7) 50.7 (40.860.6) 14.0 (11.217.3)
Indiana 22.5 (19.426.0) 36.2 (28.245.2) 15.9 (7.729.9) 32.0 (28.335.8) 45.7 (35.056.7) 9.7 (7.013.4)
Kentucky 21.4 (18.624.6) 36.8 (28.845.5) 33.5 (24.444.0) 34.3 (30.138.9) 40.5 (31.050.7) 6.7 (5.38.4)
Maine 16.2 (14.917.5) 20.9 (17.225.2) 21.9 (16.528.5) 24.9 (22.727.3) 31.8 (27.836.0) 5.0 (4.35.9)
Maryland 18.3 (17.718.8) 30.3 (28.931.7) 23.0 (20.725.5) 30.3 (29.431.2) 36.5 (34.538.6) 7.6 (7.28.0)
Massachusetts 23.3 (20.626.1) 29.7 (23.237.2) 21.2 (14.430.1) 35.6 (31.939.5) 36.9 (30.244.1) 10.2 (7.813.2)
Michigan 21.9 (18.625.5) 35.9 (28.044.8) 16.7 (9.527.8) 34.1 (28.240.6) 40.9 (30.252.6) 9.3 (7.311.8)
Nevada 23.5 (20.826.5) 37.1 (27.448.0) 40.1 (29.451.7) 36.1 (32.040.5) 43.5 (34.952.4) 12.1 (9.415.4)
New Mexico 22.5 (21.024.1) 36.1 (32.340.1) 22.4 (17.228.7) 34.6 (32.536.8) 42.6 (37.747.6) 12.3 (10.814.1)
New York 19.2 (16.522.4) 37.0 (30.044.6) 25.1 (19.731.5) 34.0 (29.938.4) 43.8 (38.249.6) 8.7 (7.010.9)
North Carolina 28.8 (25.032.9) 36.5 (29.943.6) 32.2 (20.347.1) 41.4 (37.545.3) 38.3 (29.547.8) 12.5 (10.115.4)
North Dakota 21.9 (19.424.6) 26.8 (18.936.7) 20.5 (11.234.5) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oklahoma 23.7 (20.127.6) 27.9 (19.837.9) 11.8 (6.121.5) 35.2 (30.440.4) 43.3 (29.258.6) 9.5 (7.512.0)
Pennsylvania 23.8 (20.727.1) 30.6 (22.040.8) 21.7 (13.233.6) 36.8 (31.842.1) 36.1 (25.947.8) 9.5 (7.312.2)
Rhode Island 17.5 (13.921.8) 33.0 (26.440.4) 22.8 (12.637.6) 26.7 (22.431.5) 49.6 (37.761.6) 8.0 (6.010.7)
Vermont 14.8 (14.215.3) 21.6 (19.623.6) 13.9 (11.716.5) 22.5 (21.723.3) 34.5 (31.837.3) 4.5 (4.14.9)
West Virginia 29.4 (25.633.5) 43.9 (36.551.5) 43.4 (28.060.1) 42.4 (37.947.0) 53.8 (44.962.4) 11.7 (8.815.4)
Wyoming 28.1 (25.530.9) 49.5 (41.557.6) 20.0 (11.432.8) 42.3 (38.246.5) 59.2 (51.266.7) 11.9 (9.614.8)
Median 23.3 35.9 22.4 34.8 43.3 10.2
Range 14.829.4 20.949.5 11.843.4 22.542.4 31.859.2 4.514.0
Large urban school district surveys
Baltimore, MD 13.2 (10.616.4) 34.6 (27.442.6) 14.8 (5.534.4) 18.5 (13.624.6) 33.7 (23.945.3) 8.7 (5.313.8)
Boston, MA 13.6 (11.416.0) 22.4 (15.830.7) 9.2 (4.019.7) 17.8 (14.621.6) 24.9 (17.334.3) 9.4 (7.511.7)
Broward County, FL 20.7 (18.223.6) 35.7 (27.744.6) 21.4 (12.234.9) 31.5 (27.336.0) 38.6 (29.049.2) 10.4 (7.713.8)
Cleveland, OH 14.5 (12.516.8) 32.2 (24.740.8) 28.4 (16.644.3) 18.1 (14.921.8) 29.9 (23.637.0) 8.8 (6.412.1)
DeKalb County, GA 16.3 (14.218.6) 26.9 (20.334.8) 16.8 (9.727.6) 22.0 (18.825.6) 34.1 (27.141.9) 7.7 (5.810.2)
Detroit, MI 10.4 (8.512.7) 23.9 (16.433.6) 30.8 (19.645.0) 13.3 (10.816.4) 24.3 (16.634.1) 6.9 (4.510.3)
District of Columbia 11.8 (11.012.5) 21.3 (19.123.6) 13.9 (10.717.9) 15.4 (14.216.7) 27.2 (24.430.1) 6.8 (6.07.7)
Duval County, FL 18.8 (17.120.6) 39.0 (33.145.3) 21.0 (14.629.2) 26.9 (24.229.7) 41.5 (35.248.2) 7.9 (6.49.8)
Ft. Worth, TX 19.9 (17.922.1) 27.0 (19.536.1) 15.2 (8.924.7) 30.6 (27.334.2) 35.6 (25.647.0) 9.6 (8.011.6)
Houston, TX 18.8 (17.220.5) 30.2 (25.435.5) 22.5 (16.729.6) 29.2 (26.731.9) 38.5 (31.745.8) 9.0 (7.610.7)
Los Angeles, CA 15.8 (13.917.9) 21.4 (15.828.2) 22.5 (10.841.0) 24.1 (20.228.6) 28.8 (20.139.4) 9.4 (7.611.5)
Miami-Dade County, FL 19.4 (17.721.2) 24.9 (17.933.3) 22.4 (12.636.5) 28.7 (25.831.7) 40.4 (31.150.5) 8.8 (7.210.8)
New York City, NY 14.8 (13.116.8) 25.5 (20.930.8) 16.5 (11.822.6) 23.3 (19.527.5) 31.1 (25.337.6) 8.9 (7.810.0)
Oakland, CA 15.7 (13.418.2) 23.9 (16.932.7) 15.1 (8.126.5) 21.9 (17.826.7) 31.3 (22.741.3) 7.4 (5.510.0)
Orange County, FL 17.9 (15.720.4) 33.9 (25.244.0) 32.6 (20.248.0) 29.2 (25.233.6) 39.6 (30.249.9) 9.2 (7.211.8)
Palm Beach County, FL 24.6 (22.327.1) 49.0 (40.957.2) 27.0 (17.040.0) 36.4 (33.139.9) 41.7 (32.751.2) 13.0 (10.116.6)
Philadelphia, PA 15.6 (13.018.6) 24.5 (18.731.5) 18.9 (12.228.1) 21.6 (18.325.3) 23.0 (16.031.8) 7.9 (5.311.8)
San Diego, CA 21.3 (18.824.0) 27.6 (20.236.6) 15.5 (8.526.6) 34.2 (30.538.2) 40.5 (31.650.0) 7.8 (6.010.2)
San Francisco, CA 12.8 (10.215.9) 19.7 (11.930.8) 14.4 (7.326.6) 27.8 (22.034.5) 38.3 (29.148.4) 4.2 (3.05.9)
Median 15.8 26.9 18.9 24.1 34.1 8.8
Range 10.424.6 19.749.0 9.232.6 13.336.4 23.041.7 4.213.0
* Including ecigarettes, ecigars, epipes, vape pipes, vaping pens, ehookahs, and hookah pens on at least 1 day during the 30 days before the survey.
95% confidence interval.
Not available.

US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 125
 Surveillance Summaries

TABLE 42. Percentage of high school students who currently smoked cigarettes or cigars,* by sexual identity and sex of sexual contacts
United States and selected U.S. sites, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2015
% CI
National survey
(all students) 16.0 (14.218.0)

Sexual identity Sex of sexual contacts

Heterosexual Gay, lesbian, or Opposite sex Same sex only or No
(straight) bisexual Not sure only both sexes sexual contact
Site % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI
National survey
Total 14.7 (12.816.8) 24.8 (20.829.2) 21.1 (15.228.6) 23.9 (21.426.5) 32.1 (27.137.5) 4.9 (4.16.0)
Male 18.2 (16.320.3) 25.7 (18.834.2) 31.5 (22.342.4) 27.6 (24.930.4) 41.8 (33.550.6) 6.2 (4.97.8)
Female 10.6 (8.413.3) 24.3 (19.929.3) 13.5 (8.520.7) 19.1 (15.922.8) 28.9 (23.734.8) 3.8 (3.04.7)
State surveys
Arizona 14.6 (11.618.2) 24.5 (18.032.5) 5.8 (1.223.0) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Arkansas 20.1 (16.923.6) 41.1 (30.752.4) 28.4 (21.736.2) 32.1 (25.938.9) 48.6 (36.860.6) 5.7 (3.88.5)
California 10.0 (7.513.3) 21.1 (11.236.4) 6.6 (2.714.9) 18.0 (13.723.2) 24.7 (11.545.5) 4.5 (3.06.6)
Connecticut NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Delaware 13.9 (11.117.3) 26.6 (19.435.3) 23.8 (14.835.9) 25.3 (20.431.0) 42.5 (32.353.3) 3.9 (2.85.4)
Florida NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Hawaii NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Illinois 12.6 (10.814.7) 30.2 (23.338.1) 18.2 (12.026.5) 21.8 (18.625.4) 35.2 (27.244.2) 3.8 (2.65.6)
Indiana 15.4 (12.319.1) 32.0 (22.643.1) 18.4 (10.430.6) 22.4 (17.428.2) 44.2 (35.553.3) 5.7 (3.69.0)
Kentucky 20.4 (17.623.4) 43.7 (34.353.5) 38.2 (24.254.5) 34.2 (29.639.1) 52.2 (40.663.6) 4.0 (2.75.8)
Maine 13.9 (12.515.5) 25.7 (21.830.0) 22.8 (17.928.7) 22.3 (20.424.4) 39.1 (34.543.9) 3.2 (2.73.8)
Maryland 11.4 (10.911.9) 29.5 (27.831.3) 22.0 (19.924.2) 20.4 (19.521.3) 35.9 (33.838.1) 3.0 (2.83.3)
Massachusetts 13.8 (11.316.6) 22.2 (17.527.7) 11.3 (5.820.9) 20.4 (17.423.8) 33.0 (26.140.7) 5.3 (3.67.7)
Michigan 13.7 (11.216.6) 29.6 (20.540.7) 20.7 (12.432.5) 23.4 (19.328.1) 41.2 (30.552.7) 3.3 (2.44.5)
Nevada 8.8 (6.911.1) 26.6 (19.035.8) 18.4 (9.931.8) 14.7 (11.119.4) 34.1 (25.344.2) 2.6 (1.54.4)
New Mexico 12.6 (11.513.8) 33.0 (29.436.7) 23.8 (18.430.0) 23.2 (21.524.9) 41.7 (37.146.4) 4.0 (3.34.9)
New York 12.0 (9.315.4) 32.4 (26.239.3) 23.5 (17.830.5) 20.2 (16.025.1) 48.8 (42.255.4) 3.8 (2.65.5)
North Carolina NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
North Dakota 14.7 (12.717.0) 31.7 (23.641.0) 24.4 (13.739.6) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oklahoma 14.9 (12.118.2) 33.1 (18.951.2) 17.3 (9.329.8) 24.0 (20.028.6) 43.8 (26.462.9) 5.5 (3.48.6)
Pennsylvania 17.6 (14.621.0) 30.5 (23.538.5) 19.5 (10.932.2) 28.7 (23.934.1) 38.5 (29.648.1) 5.3 (4.07.0)
Rhode Island 9.1 (7.411.2) 25.0 (17.634.2) 19.2 (9.435.4) 14.5 (12.017.5) 36.8 (24.550.9) 2.3 (1.43.8)
Vermont 14.8 (14.215.3) 29.3 (27.131.6) 16.8 (14.419.6) 23.6 (22.824.5) 43.5 (40.746.5) 3.6 (3.34.0)
West Virginia 21.5 (18.325.1) 40.6 (31.250.6) 34.7 (25.644.9) 32.5 (27.837.5) 45.6 (35.656.0) 7.3 (5.39.9)
Wyoming 18.6 (15.721.9) 42.9 (33.952.4) 30.2 (17.347.2) 30.4 (26.035.3) 53.8 (45.761.7) 5.5 (3.88.1)
Median 13.9 30.2 20.7 23.2 41.7 4.0
Range 8.821.5 21.143.7 5.838.2 14.534.2 24.753.8 2.37.3
Large urban school district surveys
Baltimore, MD 12.5 (9.216.8) 34.1 (24.645.2) 33.7 (16.956.0) 18.4 (13.524.5) 37.3 (26.449.8) 4.2 (1.99.2)
Boston, MA 7.1 (5.69.0) 17.5 (12.923.2) 9.0 (3.521.5) 9.0 (7.011.6) 24.7 (17.433.7) 1.4 (0.72.8)
Broward County, FL 7.5 (5.89.6) 21.3 (14.430.2) 17.9 (10.029.9) 12.8 (9.616.8) 27.3 (18.837.8) 1.7 (1.03.0)
Cleveland, OH NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
DeKalb County, GA 9.9 (8.212.0) 23.1 (17.829.3) 14.8 (8.923.7) 15.3 (12.718.4) 31.1 (24.039.3) 2.7 (1.64.5)
Detroit, MI 13.8 (10.218.6) 31.0 (22.041.6) 28.6 (17.543.1) 12.6 (9.716.3) 32.9 (24.243.0) 3.5 (1.67.6)
District of Columbia NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Duval County, FL 11.3 (9.812.9) 31.2 (25.238.0) 18.2 (11.926.7) 17.5 (15.220.2) 33.6 (27.140.9) 2.2 (1.63.2)
Ft. Worth, TX 12.5 (10.814.4) 20.0 (14.127.7) 13.2 (7.921.3) 22.3 (19.425.4) 23.7 (16.333.1) 4.1 (3.05.6)
Houston, TX 14.7 (13.016.6) 30.5 (25.935.5) 28.0 (21.435.6) 25.3 (22.528.4) 40.7 (33.648.2) 5.5 (4.17.3)
Los Angeles, CA 5.0 (3.86.5) 13.1 (7.422.1) 20.3 (12.631.0) 8.9 (6.612.0) 25.4 (14.041.6) 1.9 (1.03.8)
Miami-Dade County, FL 7.1 (5.88.8) 17.5 (13.322.7) 19.1 (9.833.8) 12.4 (10.215.0) 25.2 (16.736.2) 2.0 (1.23.2)
New York City, NY 7.9 (6.79.4) 15.7 (11.720.7) 15.1 (10.421.5) 13.9 (11.516.7) 21.9 (16.328.7) 3.3 (2.34.7)
Oakland, CA 8.7 (7.010.9) 15.0 (10.021.9) 13.0 (6.125.7) 14.0 (10.818.0) 19.8 (12.530.0) 3.1 (1.85.1)
Orange County, FL 8.1 (6.510.0) 22.7 (14.833.1) 22.8 (12.737.4) 15.8 (12.619.7) 29.7 (19.642.3) 1.2 (0.72.2)
Palm Beach County, FL 12.8 (10.815.1) 34.6 (26.643.6) 22.7 (14.134.6) 19.9 (16.923.4) 37.1 (28.546.6) 3.6 (2.45.3)
Philadelphia, PA 9.4 (7.511.6) 30.3 (21.740.5) 26.6 (16.739.7) 14.5 (11.218.5) 36.7 (29.244.8) 1.8 (0.84.2)
San Diego, CA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
San Francisco, CA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Median 9.4 22.7 19.1 14.5 29.7 2.7
Range 5.014.7 13.134.6 9.033.7 8.925.3 19.840.7 1.25.5
* On at least 1 day during the 30 days before the survey.
95% confidence interval.
Not available.

126 MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
 Surveillance Summaries

TABLE 43. Percentage of high school students who currently used cigarettes, cigars, or smokeless tobacco,* by sexual identity and sex of sexual
contacts United States and selected U.S. sites, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2015
% CI
National survey
(all students) 18.5 (16.520.8)

Sexual identity Sex of sexual contacts

Heterosexual Gay, lesbian, or Opposite sex Same sex only or No
(straight) bisexual Not sure only both sexes sexual contact
Site % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI
National survey
Total 17.5 (15.320.0) 25.7 (21.630.2) 22.7 (16.430.5) 28.1 (25.530.8) 32.9 (27.938.4) 6.0 (5.07.1)
Male 22.8 (20.325.5) 27.4 (20.435.8) 35.0 (25.645.6) 34.1 (30.837.5) 43.9 (35.752.5) 8.1 (6.79.7)
Female 11.4 (9.114.0) 24.9 (20.429.9) 13.7 (8.720.9) 20.3 (17.223.8) 29.3 (24.135.2) 4.0 (3.24.9)
State surveys
Arizona 17.0 (13.621.0) 27.0 (19.536.2) 14.2 (4.138.7) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Arkansas 23.6 (20.227.5) 45.2 (36.454.3) 30.3 (22.739.1) 36.1 (29.643.1) 50.9 (38.563.3) 7.9 (5.711.0)
California 11.2 (8.414.7) 22.8 (12.538.0) 6.6 (2.714.9) 19.6 (15.225.1) 25.7 (12.346.2) 5.1 (3.57.4)
Connecticut NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Delaware 15.6 (12.619.0) 28.1 (20.437.3) 24.3 (15.136.7) 28.0 (23.033.7) 44.2 (33.955.1) 4.6 (3.46.2)
Florida NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Hawaii NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Illinois 13.9 (12.016.1) 32.7 (26.539.6) 23.6 (15.134.9) 24.3 (21.027.9) 38.0 (29.946.7) 4.3 (3.06.2)
Indiana 19.5 (14.925.2) 35.4 (25.746.5) 18.4 (10.430.6) 28.5 (21.736.5) 45.4 (37.553.6) 6.5 (4.110.2)
Kentucky 25.3 (21.929.0) 45.1 (35.555.1) 43.1 (29.457.8) 41.0 (36.046.3) 55.3 (43.666.4) 6.2 (4.58.5)
Maine 15.3 (13.817.0) 26.0 (22.130.3) 24.4 (19.130.6) 24.3 (22.426.4) 40.1 (35.345.0) 3.6 (3.04.2)
Maryland 13.1 (12.513.7) 32.9 (31.034.7) 24.2 (21.926.6) 23.1 (22.124.1) 38.7 (36.640.9) 3.5 (3.33.8)
Massachusetts 15.4 (13.018.1) 22.7 (18.028.2) 13.0 (6.723.7) 23.3 (20.226.8) 34.3 (27.242.3) 5.6 (4.07.9)
Michigan 15.9 (13.218.9) 30.1 (21.140.9) 20.9 (12.732.6) 26.6 (22.331.3) 42.8 (32.254.1) 4.1 (3.05.5)
Nevada 10.8 (9.112.7) 29.0 (20.938.6) 20.4 (10.336.4) 17.7 (14.221.7) 36.5 (28.045.9) 3.3 (2.05.3)
New Mexico 16.5 (14.918.2) 34.7 (31.038.6) 26.6 (21.332.7) 28.6 (26.530.8) 44.2 (39.249.2) 6.1 (4.97.5)
New York 13.5 (10.816.6) 34.5 (27.941.7) 25.9 (19.333.9) 22.3 (18.326.9) 50.8 (44.257.4) 4.4 (3.16.3)
North Carolina NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
North Dakota 19.8 (17.422.4) 32.3 (24.341.6) 25.1 (14.439.9) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oklahoma 19.1 (16.222.5) 33.1 (18.951.2) 17.3 (9.329.8) 30.3 (26.035.1) 44.4 (26.963.4) 7.3 (5.110.2)
Pennsylvania 20.9 (17.425.0) 34.6 (26.743.4) 20.3 (11.932.4) 33.4 (27.939.5) 40.5 (31.150.5) 6.6 (4.89.1)
Rhode Island 11.1 (8.813.9) 28.0 (19.538.5) 20.0 (9.537.3) 18.0 (14.222.5) 40.4 (27.554.8) 2.6 (1.54.2)
Vermont 17.1 (16.517.6) 30.3 (28.132.6) 17.6 (15.120.4) 26.9 (26.127.8) 44.7 (41.947.6) 4.5 (4.14.9)
West Virginia 26.9 (23.031.1) 43.4 (34.153.2) 35.0 (26.045.2) 39.3 (33.945.1) 50.5 (40.760.2) 9.3 (7.212.0)
Wyoming 22.9 (19.826.3) 48.2 (39.057.6) 31.8 (18.848.4) 35.9 (31.340.7) 56.4 (47.664.9) 8.0 (5.811.0)
Median 16.5 32.7 23.6 26.9 44.2 5.1
Range 10.826.9 22.748.2 6.643.1 17.741.0 25.756.4 2.69.3
Large urban school district surveys
Baltimore, MD 13.9 (10.618.1) 37.4 (27.648.3) 33.7 (16.956.0) 20.7 (15.726.7) 39.6 (28.451.9) 4.6 (2.19.8)
Boston, MA 8.0 (6.410.0) 17.5 (12.923.2) 9.0 (3.521.5) 10.4 (8.213.0) 25.4 (17.834.8) 1.6 (0.83.0)
Broward County, FL 8.3 (6.610.5) 24.5 (16.634.5) 19.1 (11.031.1) 14.0 (10.818.1) 31.0 (22.041.6) 1.9 (1.13.0)
Cleveland, OH NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
DeKalb County, GA 10.4 (8.712.5) 23.8 (18.630.0) 18.9 (11.529.4) 16.0 (13.319.3) 32.1 (25.040.3) 2.8 (1.74.6)
Detroit, MI 14.7 (11.119.4) 35.0 (25.945.3) 33.9 (22.547.5) 14.7 (11.618.4) 34.1 (25.543.9) 3.9 (1.87.9)
District of Columbia NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Duval County, FL 13.2 (11.615.0) 34.9 (28.342.1) 19.4 (13.028.0) 20.0 (17.422.8) 37.2 (30.444.5) 2.8 (1.94.0)
Ft. Worth, TX 13.7 (11.915.6) 20.3 (14.328.0) 13.6 (8.221.6) 23.7 (20.727.0) 24.1 (16.633.5) 4.8 (3.66.4)
Houston, TX 16.0 (14.218.0) 34.6 (29.739.9) 31.3 (24.139.7) 27.4 (24.630.5) 44.4 (37.851.3) 5.9 (4.57.8)
Los Angeles, CA 5.8 (4.57.5) 13.9 (8.122.8) 21.2 (13.332.1) 9.9 (7.413.1) 28.3 (16.644.1) 2.1 (1.04.1)
Miami-Dade County, FL 7.7 (6.39.3) 17.5 (13.322.7) 20.3 (10.934.8) 13.5 (11.216.1) 25.5 (17.036.5) 2.0 (1.23.2)
New York City, NY 9.1 (7.910.5) 16.8 (12.821.8) 16.3 (11.223.1) 15.7 (13.518.2) 24.5 (19.230.7) 3.8 (2.75.2)
Oakland, CA 9.3 (7.511.4) 15.7 (10.722.6) 18.9 (9.733.7) 14.7 (11.418.7) 20.8 (13.330.9) 3.4 (2.15.4)
Orange County, FL 9.4 (7.611.5) 23.3 (15.533.6) 24.2 (13.838.9) 18.3 (14.822.5) 30.6 (20.543.0) 1.6 (0.92.7)
Palm Beach County, FL 14.4 (12.217.1) 36.8 (28.046.7) 24.2 (15.435.8) 22.1 (18.725.8) 38.3 (29.747.6) 3.9 (2.65.8)
Philadelphia, PA 11.0 (8.813.7) 34.1 (24.844.9) 27.2 (17.240.2) 17.1 (13.321.8) 38.5 (31.446.0) 2.3 (1.24.4)
San Diego, CA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
San Francisco, CA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Median 10.4 23.8 20.3 16.0 31.0 2.8
Range 5.816.0 13.937.4 9.033.9 9.927.4 20.844.4 1.65.9
* On at least 1 day during the 30 days before the survey.
95% confidence interval.
Not available.

US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 127
 Surveillance Summaries

TABLE 44. Percentage of high school students who used cigarettes, cigars, smokeless tobacco, or electronic vapor products,* by sexual identity
and sex of sexual contacts United States and selected U.S. sites, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2015
% CI
National survey
(all students) 31.4 (29.133.8)

Sexual identity Sex of sexual contacts

Heterosexual Gay, lesbian, or Opposite sex Same sex only or No
(straight) bisexual Not sure only both sexes sexual contact
Site % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI
National survey
Total 30.3 (27.832.9) 40.5 (36.544.6) 33.7 (27.141.1) 45.0 (42.447.8) 50.6 (45.655.6) 13.9 (12.515.4)
Male 34.4 (31.537.4) 38.6 (31.646.1) 42.1 (30.754.3) 48.9 (45.552.3) 57.9 (48.466.9) 15.2 (13.217.4)
Female 25.5 (22.728.5) 41.1 (36.146.3) 27.7 (21.734.6) 40.1 (37.043.2) 48.2 (42.853.6) 12.7 (11.014.5)
State surveys
Arizona 33.6 (29.538.0) 48.8 (37.660.1) 33.2 (20.149.6) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Arkansas 34.0 (29.039.5) 60.6 (50.370.1) 36.6 (27.347.0) 49.9 (41.058.9) 66.0 (58.472.8) 15.0 (12.218.3)
California 26.8 (21.832.3) 40.2 (30.051.3) 17.3 (9.230.3) 41.6 (34.149.6) 55.4 (41.668.5) 14.5 (11.518.2)
Connecticut NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Delaware 29.0 (26.331.9) 36.9 (29.145.5) 28.2 (18.839.9) 46.1 (41.750.4) 53.1 (42.863.1) 13.8 (11.716.3)
Florida NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Hawaii NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Illinois 29.3 (26.132.7) 53.2 (43.662.5) 46.8 (29.964.5) 43.6 (40.346.9) 64.6 (55.772.5) 15.9 (13.019.3)
Indiana 30.3 (25.835.3) 49.3 (39.559.1) 23.6 (14.735.7) 43.6 (37.949.4) 57.7 (46.668.1) 12.6 (9.316.8)
Kentucky 33.2 (29.437.3) 52.0 (40.962.9) 51.0 (35.866.0) 52.4 (47.257.4) 60.3 (49.969.8) 10.5 (8.512.9)
Maine 23.2 (21.724.7) 34.4 (30.039.0) 31.1 (25.237.7) 35.7 (33.737.8) 50.4 (46.354.4) 7.0 (6.17.9)
Maryland 24.2 (23.624.9) 45.5 (43.747.3) 32.9 (30.335.6) 39.9 (38.940.9) 52.5 (50.254.7) 9.7 (9.210.2)
Massachusetts 28.7 (25.532.2) 38.9 (32.345.8) 23.9 (16.333.5) 43.5 (39.647.5) 50.2 (43.157.4) 12.3 (9.715.6)
Michigan 27.4 (24.230.9) 44.0 (36.452.0) 27.4 (16.941.1) 43.5 (38.249.0) 56.6 (46.666.1) 10.7 (8.713.1)
Nevada 27.7 (25.030.7) 48.3 (37.659.2) 43.4 (32.155.3) 42.3 (38.246.6) 57.1 (48.465.3) 13.4 (10.616.9)
New Mexico 29.7 (28.031.5) 49.7 (45.354.1) 37.2 (31.243.7) 46.1 (44.048.2) 59.5 (54.264.7) 15.8 (14.117.6)
New York 25.0 (21.928.3) 51.8 (45.158.4) 36.5 (28.845.0) 41.3 (37.745.1) 64.0 (57.470.2) 11.6 (9.314.3)
North Carolina NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
North Dakota 30.5 (27.633.6) 38.7 (29.748.7) 32.0 (20.845.8) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oklahoma 30.8 (27.134.9) 41.6 (28.356.1) 17.3 (9.329.8) 46.6 (41.052.3) 52.8 (35.969.2) 13.1 (10.616.1)
Pennsylvania 31.3 (27.435.5) 44.3 (35.853.1) 28.2 (18.640.1) 47.6 (41.853.4) 49.3 (40.258.5) 13.2 (10.416.5)
Rhode Island 22.7 (18.827.1) 43.5 (34.952.6) 29.4 (16.047.8) 34.5 (29.340.0) 58.7 (46.569.9) 9.5 (7.412.2)
Vermont 23.7 (23.124.3) 36.3 (34.038.7) 22.2 (19.425.2) 36.1 (35.137.0) 53.6 (50.856.5) 7.4 (6.98.0)
West Virginia 38.0 (33.842.4) 58.1 (50.265.7) 55.4 (42.567.6) 54.4 (48.460.2) 68.2 (57.977.0) 15.8 (13.218.8)
Wyoming 36.1 (32.340.2) 63.5 (55.371.1) 38.2 (23.755.2) 53.4 (48.458.4) 71.8 (65.177.5) 16.3 (13.220.1)
Median 29.3 45.5 32.0 43.6 57.1 13.1
Range 22.738.0 34.463.5 17.355.4 34.554.4 49.371.8 7.016.3
Large urban school district surveys
Baltimore, MD 21.8 (18.425.7) 51.1 (41.360.9) 38.3 (20.959.3) 29.6 (23.935.9) 56.3 (46.765.5) 11.8 (7.518.0)
Boston, MA 18.3 (15.721.3) 34.4 (27.542.0) 13.4 (6.326.2) 24.4 (20.628.7) 38.5 (29.748.1) 10.4 (8.412.9)
Broward County, FL 23.9 (21.226.9) 48.4 (38.758.3) 32.3 (21.545.5) 36.9 (32.441.6) 53.0 (42.463.5) 11.4 (8.714.8)
Cleveland, OH NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
DeKalb County, GA 21.4 (18.924.1) 37.6 (30.145.7) 27.7 (17.640.7) 30.3 (26.434.6) 48.4 (39.457.4) 9.5 (7.212.6)
Detroit, MI 21.9 (18.126.3) 44.8 (35.254.9) 38.5 (26.552.0) 23.0 (19.427.0) 47.7 (38.956.6) 9.4 (6.313.8)
District of Columbia NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Duval County, FL 25.2 (23.127.4) 50.5 (44.256.8) 31.6 (23.541.0) 35.5 (32.438.8) 55.5 (48.862.0) 9.9 (8.212.0)
Ft. Worth, TX 25.2 (22.927.7) 38.2 (30.646.3) 20.4 (13.928.9) 39.6 (35.843.5) 46.6 (36.656.8) 12.2 (10.314.4)
Houston, TX 27.3 (25.129.5) 44.8 (39.350.4) 38.3 (30.646.7) 42.8 (39.546.0) 56.4 (48.963.6) 12.8 (10.914.9)
Los Angeles, CA 18.6 (16.321.2) 28.2 (21.835.7) 31.5 (18.248.7) 28.8 (23.634.6) 43.2 (29.558.1) 10.2 (8.312.6)
Miami-Dade County, FL 22.5 (20.524.6) 31.7 (25.438.8) 30.2 (18.145.8) 33.6 (30.536.9) 49.4 (39.659.3) 10.0 (8.212.1)
New York City, NY 19.5 (17.621.5) 35.0 (28.741.8) 26.6 (19.834.7) 30.8 (27.134.7) 41.8 (35.947.9) 11.3 (9.813.0)
Oakland, CA 21.1 (18.524.0) 34.1 (25.144.3) 24.2 (14.637.4) 29.4 (24.534.9) 43.6 (32.954.8) 10.1 (7.912.9)
Orange County, FL 22.3 (19.625.1) 42.4 (33.052.5) 38.0 (25.152.8) 37.8 (33.342.5) 48.5 (38.259.0) 9.9 (7.812.5)
Palm Beach County, FL 30.3 (27.533.2) 60.8 (51.069.9) 35.8 (24.748.6) 43.8 (40.147.5) 56.5 (48.064.7) 14.3 (11.318.1)
Philadelphia, PA 22.4 (19.026.3) 42.8 (33.452.6) 35.6 (26.945.4) 31.3 (26.536.4) 46.2 (38.753.8) 9.4 (6.613.4)
San Diego, CA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
San Francisco, CA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Median 22.3 42.4 31.6 31.3 48.4 10.2
Range 18.330.3 28.260.8 13.438.5 23.043.8 38.556.5 9.414.3
* On at least 1 day during the 30 days before the survey.
95% confidence interval.
Not available.

128 MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
 Surveillance Summaries

TABLE 45. Percentage of high school students who ever drank alcohol,* by sexual identity and sex of sexual contacts United States and
selected U.S. sites, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2015
% CI
National survey
(all students) 63.2 (60.665.8)

Sexual identity Sex of sexual contacts

Heterosexual Gay, lesbian, or Opposite sex Same sex only or No
(straight) bisexual Not sure only both sexes sexual contact
Site % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI
National survey
Total 62.5 (59.665.4) 75.3 (71.578.7) 62.7 (55.269.6) 80.7 (78.882.5) 86.7 (83.289.6) 43.2 (40.246.3)
Male 61.6 (59.164.1) 64.7 (55.472.9) 63.6 (53.672.5) 78.3 (76.180.5) 82.0 (75.886.9) 41.1 (37.944.4)
Female 63.8 (59.567.9) 79.4 (74.683.6) 60.6 (50.869.5) 83.8 (81.685.8) 88.3 (84.191.4) 45.2 (40.849.8)
State surveys
Arizona NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Arkansas 59.8 (55.863.7) 76.4 (68.682.8) 57.3 (49.264.9) 78.2 (75.280.8) 79.3 (67.887.4) 38.8 (34.043.9)
California 58.5 (52.164.6) 69.1 (60.676.5) 45.7 (32.359.8) 79.9 (69.587.4) 82.4 (69.390.7) 42.8 (37.847.9)
Connecticut NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Delaware 57.6 (54.261.0) 77.6 (69.983.8) 52.5 (38.166.5) 76.7 (72.980.2) 89.4 (81.694.2) 42.4 (39.245.7)
Florida NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Hawaii NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Illinois 59.0 (53.964.0) 78.5 (70.684.8) 62.9 (43.978.6) 78.1 (73.981.8) 84.8 (77.590.0) 43.0 (37.448.8)
Indiana 60.5 (56.064.7) 78.3 (72.283.3) 53.6 (40.766.1) 79.4 (74.483.6) 84.2 (76.489.8) 38.7 (35.242.4)
Kentucky 54.4 (50.758.0) 79.3 (67.887.4) 67.6 (49.481.7) 75.2 (70.879.1) 84.9 (74.491.6) 32.7 (27.838.1)
Maine 52.2 (50.354.0) 65.9 (61.669.9) 49.2 (42.655.9) 69.8 (67.572.0) 79.2 (76.082.2) 31.9 (30.034.0)
Maryland 50.4 (49.551.3) 69.4 (67.771.1) 55.4 (52.658.1) 71.6 (70.572.6) 81.4 (79.882.8) 33.3 (32.534.1)
Massachusetts 61.1 (57.864.2) 71.8 (65.377.6) 47.6 (37.857.6) 79.0 (76.481.5) 91.0 (85.894.5) 41.3 (38.044.6)
Michigan 57.1 (52.261.8) 74.4 (68.479.5) 58.9 (44.372.0) 76.6 (71.081.5) 83.7 (74.789.9) 39.2 (34.144.5)
Nevada 63.1 (59.167.0) 74.3 (62.783.3) 76.2 (60.687.0) 82.4 (78.086.1) 82.0 (72.189.0) 45.8 (41.750.0)
New Mexico NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
New York NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
North Carolina NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
North Dakota 62.0 (59.064.9) 69.7 (61.177.0) 57.6 (44.369.8) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oklahoma 62.6 (58.466.6) 82.7 (73.489.2) 55.0 (39.170.0) 79.5 (76.082.7) 89.5 (78.395.2) 46.3 (41.950.7)
Pennsylvania 59.5 (55.463.6) 79.8 (72.985.2) 53.7 (42.464.6) 79.4 (75.482.9) 87.2 (80.292.0) 38.0 (34.441.7)
Rhode Island 51.1 (47.155.1) 68.8 (60.276.3) 43.1 (25.862.3) 72.4 (67.077.2) 79.8 (69.687.2) 32.3 (28.136.9)
Vermont NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
West Virginia 64.4 (59.668.8) 71.8 (63.578.8) 67.7 (57.476.5) 84.0 (80.886.7) 84.1 (74.990.3) 38.8 (32.945.1)
Wyoming 60.1 (55.764.4) 77.8 (71.383.2) 48.1 (36.260.2) 80.2 (75.784.1) 87.9 (83.291.4) 38.6 (33.643.8)
Median 59.5 74.4 55.0 78.6 84.1 38.8
Range 50.464.4 65.982.7 43.176.2 69.884.0 79.291.0 31.946.3
Large urban school district surveys
Baltimore, MD 47.6 (43.152.1) 70.3 (60.878.2) 69.6 (49.584.2) 59.5 (53.565.2) 79.9 (72.485.7) 36.1 (29.243.6)
Boston, MA 52.4 (48.356.5) 79.4 (70.986.0) 46.3 (31.761.6) 70.2 (66.473.8) 82.3 (75.287.7) 35.8 (31.240.6)
Broward County, FL 60.2 (56.264.1) 71.1 (61.379.3) 63.7 (47.877.1) 77.8 (73.281.8) 80.0 (71.886.2) 44.7 (40.349.1)
Cleveland, OH 53.9 (50.357.4) 69.3 (61.975.7) 59.8 (48.270.3) 65.7 (61.569.7) 75.3 (68.281.3) 39.1 (34.044.5)
DeKalb County, GA 49.4 (45.453.4) 69.5 (61.076.8) 51.2 (38.164.2) 64.9 (60.169.5) 84.5 (77.589.6) 31.5 (27.236.1)
Detroit, MI 52.7 (48.556.8) 72.5 (61.381.5) 59.8 (43.174.5) 62.8 (57.767.6) 74.4 (66.481.1) 39.4 (35.243.9)
District of Columbia 43.1 (42.044.3) 65.2 (62.467.8) 52.7 (47.457.9) 56.6 (54.858.3) 76.2 (73.279.0) 32.6 (31.034.1)
Duval County, FL NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Ft. Worth, TX 59.5 (56.962.1) 79.4 (72.085.2) 42.8 (31.455.1) 75.4 (72.178.5) 85.9 (78.391.1) 45.4 (42.248.7)
Houston, TX 54.3 (51.756.9) 73.5 (68.178.4) 52.8 (44.061.4) 75.4 (72.378.2) 86.3 (80.790.5) 38.3 (35.541.2)
Los Angeles, CA 51.7 (46.756.6) 70.2 (54.982.0) 52.4 (40.464.1) 71.5 (66.575.9) 76.6 (63.286.1) 37.8 (32.443.5)
Miami-Dade County, FL 62.3 (59.864.8) 77.4 (69.483.8) 58.8 (46.070.5) 78.4 (75.581.0) 87.2 (79.892.1) 47.3 (44.350.4)
New York City, NY NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oakland, CA 51.6 (48.055.2) 67.8 (59.175.4) 54.2 (40.866.9) 67.4 (62.372.1) 70.3 (58.679.8) 39.2 (34.843.7)
Orange County, FL 55.0 (51.158.8) 78.4 (70.484.7) 56.1 (42.269.0) 77.0 (72.481.0) 83.9 (73.690.7) 38.3 (34.042.7)
Palm Beach County, FL 61.4 (57.864.8) 76.1 (68.582.3) 63.8 (54.472.4) 78.9 (75.781.7) 80.1 (72.985.8) 44.1 (39.249.2)
Philadelphia, PA 57.5 (52.961.9) 76.0 (70.181.1) 71.5 (61.779.6) 71.0 (66.874.8) 81.2 (74.886.3) 40.0 (34.745.6)
San Diego, CA 55.7 (51.460.0) 76.7 (69.282.9) 49.7 (37.961.6) 77.9 (74.381.2) 79.0 (71.784.8) 36.4 (32.240.8)
San Francisco, CA 43.3 (38.847.9) 57.6 (40.573.0) 32.1 (22.843.2) 71.6 (65.477.0) 75.7 (64.384.4) 28.8 (25.432.5)
Median 53.9 72.5 54.2 71.5 80.0 38.3
Range 43.162.3 57.679.4 32.171.5 56.678.9 70.387.2 28.847.3
* At least one drink of alcohol on at least 1 day during their life.
95% confidence interval.
Not available.

US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 129
 Surveillance Summaries

TABLE 46. Percentage of high school students who drank alcohol* for the first time before age 13 years, by sexual identity and sex of sexual
contacts United States and selected U.S. sites, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2015
% CI
National survey
(all students) 17.2 (16.018.4)

Sexual identity Sex of sexual contacts

Heterosexual Gay, lesbian, or Opposite sex Same sex only or No
(straight) bisexual Not sure only both sexes sexual contact
Site % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI
National survey
Total 16.3 (15.017.6) 24.5 (21.427.8) 22.9 (18.128.5) 20.5 (19.022.1) 32.5 (28.137.2) 11.4 (10.112.8)
Male 19.3 (17.521.2) 23.8 (17.631.3) 27.7 (17.441.1) 24.4 (22.226.7) 38.1 (28.948.2) 12.5 (10.414.9)
Female 12.9 (10.915.2) 24.5 (21.128.3) 19.4 (15.124.6) 15.5 (13.318.1) 30.6 (25.536.2) 10.4 (8.412.8)
State surveys
Arizona 15.7 (12.619.3) 22.2 (18.426.6) 23.8 (11.143.9) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Arkansas 19.5 (17.222.0) 33.8 (27.241.1) 23.9 (18.430.5) 24.1 (20.627.9) 41.8 (35.748.1) 11.9 (9.914.3)
California 16.1 (13.619.0) 23.0 (15.832.1) 20.7 (13.131.2) 21.0 (16.626.2) 37.3 (23.953.0) 12.1 (9.814.9)
Connecticut 9.4 (7.611.6) 15.2 (10.920.7) 19.1 (11.729.6) 15.7 (12.519.5) 17.3 (11.425.3) 4.9 (3.96.1)
Delaware 14.4 (12.516.4) 22.7 (17.828.5) 20.7 (12.632.1) 20.3 (17.123.8) 33.7 (25.542.9) 9.1 (7.510.9)
Florida 14.7 (13.116.4) 23.4 (20.227.0) 21.3 (16.826.7) 20.6 (18.722.7) 33.9 (28.639.7) 8.2 (6.99.6)
Hawaii 14.7 (12.716.8) 31.3 (25.138.2) 17.3 (11.725.0) 22.1 (18.626.1) 39.4 (32.546.8) 9.0 (7.211.1)
Illinois 13.7 (11.416.4) 32.0 (26.837.6) 20.8 (12.632.5) 19.4 (16.023.2) 33.7 (26.242.1) 8.9 (6.611.7)
Indiana 12.6 (10.515.0) 32.2 (24.740.7) 26.6 (15.541.7) 16.9 (14.419.8) 36.1 (27.046.4) 8.8 (6.511.9)
Kentucky 13.3 (11.415.4) 35.7 (30.141.7) 27.3 (15.643.3) 19.8 (17.422.5) 33.3 (26.540.8) 5.7 (3.69.0)
Maine 12.7 (11.514.0) 18.5 (15.322.2) 20.4 (15.626.3) 16.7 (14.918.8) 25.2 (21.029.9) 7.3 (6.38.4)
Maryland 15.0 (14.615.5) 29.5 (27.931.2) 25.2 (23.227.3) 21.5 (20.722.3) 34.6 (32.636.6) 9.1 (8.69.6)
Massachusetts 11.8 (10.013.9) 22.5 (17.328.7) 21.3 (14.630.0) 15.3 (12.918.0) 29.6 (23.236.8) 6.7 (5.08.9)
Michigan 13.8 (11.816.1) 21.0 (16.726.1) 20.1 (10.834.4) 18.7 (15.222.7) 33.3 (23.544.9) 8.4 (7.49.5)
Nevada 15.1 (12.518.2) 28.3 (20.138.3) 23.9 (14.137.5) 19.8 (15.425.3) 32.0 (24.340.9) 10.3 (8.013.2)
New Mexico 18.2 (16.919.6) 31.3 (28.534.3) 27.5 (22.533.1) 24.6 (22.626.8) 35.7 (32.139.4) 13.4 (12.014.9)
New York 13.8 (12.315.5) 29.9 (24.635.8) 26.7 (20.933.5) 19.0 (17.121.1) 35.4 (30.041.3) 9.6 (8.211.3)
North Carolina 13.3 (10.816.3) 17.1 (10.227.4) 14.3 (6.229.4) 16.8 (13.620.5) 20.8 (14.129.5) 7.3 (5.39.9)
North Dakota 11.7 (9.913.8) 19.0 (12.827.1) 18.9 (9.334.6) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oklahoma 13.9 (11.716.3) 23.7 (15.534.3) 14.8 (6.231.4) 16.7 (13.420.6) 33.4 (21.647.6) 10.5 (8.113.5)
Pennsylvania 12.0 (10.214.0) 23.3 (17.929.8) 13.2 (7.721.8) 15.8 (13.119.1) 23.7 (18.429.8) 7.4 (6.09.1)
Rhode Island 9.4 (6.912.6) 23.9 (17.431.9) 20.5 (11.833.2) 12.7 (9.017.6) 32.0 (19.747.3) 6.4 (4.78.8)
Vermont 11.4 (10.911.9) 21.4 (19.523.4) 13.7 (11.516.2) 15.5 (14.816.2) 28.2 (25.730.9) 6.1 (5.66.6)
West Virginia 15.9 (13.818.2) 31.8 (22.742.6) 41.0 (25.958.0) 22.3 (18.926.2) 35.2 (26.245.3) 8.2 (6.011.0)
Wyoming 17.8 (15.420.4) 32.2 (25.140.2) 22.0 (14.332.3) 23.5 (20.027.4) 37.2 (29.046.1) 11.0 (8.514.0)
Median 13.8 23.7 20.8 19.4 33.7 8.8
Range 9.419.5 15.235.7 13.241.0 12.724.6 17.341.8 4.913.4
Large urban school district surveys
Baltimore, MD 18.2 (15.021.9) 25.1 (18.133.8) 31.0 (17.848.3) 20.5 (16.924.7) 34.1 (24.545.2) 14.1 (9.420.7)
Boston, MA 14.5 (12.317.0) 31.8 (23.541.4) 19.0 (9.833.6) 18.9 (15.822.3) 38.8 (29.349.1) 9.4 (7.012.4)
Broward County, FL 16.2 (14.218.4) 25.2 (19.631.9) 25.3 (14.640.3) 20.2 (16.824.2) 33.3 (24.942.9) 11.6 (8.915.0)
Cleveland, OH 19.4 (16.922.2) 39.4 (33.945.1) 31.4 (20.345.0) 25.7 (21.830.0) 36.2 (29.443.6) 13.4 (10.517.0)
DeKalb County, GA 15.2 (13.117.5) 23.8 (17.930.9) 15.9 (8.926.7) 19.0 (15.922.7) 28.5 (22.036.1) 9.6 (7.112.8)
Detroit, MI 16.3 (14.218.7) 36.0 (27.945.1) 26.7 (14.843.2) 19.1 (15.723.0) 37.9 (30.246.2) 11.6 (8.615.4)
District of Columbia 17.2 (16.318.1) 27.2 (24.829.7) 20.5 (16.525.0) 21.2 (19.822.7) 29.6 (26.832.6) 12.4 (11.313.6)
Duval County, FL 17.2 (15.319.2) 29.9 (24.835.6) 20.3 (14.228.1) 22.7 (20.025.7) 28.6 (23.134.8) 9.8 (8.111.8)
Ft. Worth, TX 15.0 (13.516.7) 27.1 (21.034.2) 16.5 (9.227.7) 20.8 (18.024.0) 22.0 (15.829.9) 11.4 (9.713.4)
Houston, TX 15.4 (13.717.2) 31.6 (26.537.2) 24.0 (17.332.2) 21.9 (19.225.0) 35.2 (28.642.4) 10.7 (9.012.7)
Los Angeles, CA 14.1 (12.116.2) 22.6 (14.633.3) 25.4 (16.636.7) 19.1 (16.322.2) 31.2 (21.742.7) 9.4 (7.412.0)
Miami-Dade County, FL 17.9 (16.020.0) 21.5 (15.529.1) 31.5 (21.343.9) 23.6 (20.626.9) 28.9 (21.337.9) 12.8 (10.914.9)
New York City, NY 16.8 (15.518.3) 27.3 (22.133.3) 24.7 (19.630.6) 23.1 (20.525.8) 36.3 (29.643.6) 12.1 (10.813.5)
Oakland, CA 19.2 (17.121.6) 23.9 (16.633.1) 23.9 (14.536.7) 25.4 (21.329.9) 31.2 (21.542.8) 11.5 (8.815.0)
Orange County, FL 14.1 (12.016.5) 26.4 (18.536.3) 25.2 (14.739.6) 20.9 (17.824.4) 26.6 (18.137.2) 9.4 (7.411.9)
Palm Beach County, FL 15.6 (13.817.5) 34.9 (27.343.5) 30.2 (20.841.5) 21.1 (18.424.0) 33.8 (27.241.0) 11.8 (9.514.7)
Philadelphia, PA 14.1 (11.217.6) 29.9 (22.438.7) 29.4 (20.340.6) 17.2 (14.320.6) 28.0 (21.935.0) 10.6 (7.814.1)
San Diego, CA 13.9 (12.016.0) 24.0 (16.633.3) 14.9 (7.627.0) 17.8 (14.821.4) 30.2 (23.637.6) 9.4 (7.611.6)
San Francisco, CA 14.4 (12.416.7) 28.4 (19.439.6) 10.3 (5.817.4) 20.9 (16.925.5) 28.6 (19.140.3) 10.4 (8.812.2)
Median 15.6 27.2 24.7 20.9 31.2 11.4
Range 13.919.4 21.539.4 10.331.5 17.225.7 22.038.8 9.414.1
* Other than a few sips.
95% confidence interval.
Not available.

130 MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
 Surveillance Summaries

TABLE 47. Percentage of high school students who currently drank alcohol,* by sexual identity and sex of sexual contacts United States and
selected U.S. sites, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2015
% CI
National survey
(all students) 32.8 (30.435.2)

Sexual identity Sex of sexual contacts

Heterosexual Gay, lesbian, or Opposite sex Same sex only or No
(straight) bisexual Not sure only both sexes sexual contact
Site % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI
National survey
Total 32.1 (29.534.7) 40.5 (36.444.7) 34.6 (29.240.5) 48.2 (45.251.3) 53.7 (48.558.8) 15.1 (13.516.9)
Male 32.0 (30.233.9) 37.9 (30.346.1) 36.4 (28.345.3) 47.9 (44.951.0) 53.9 (46.661.1) 13.3 (11.814.9)
Female 32.3 (28.036.8) 41.8 (36.747.0) 33.2 (25.741.7) 48.6 (44.153.2) 53.6 (47.459.7) 16.9 (14.220.1)
State surveys
Arizona 33.8 (28.140.0) 44.6 (32.457.5) 37.5 (23.953.4) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Arkansas 26.2 (23.029.7) 42.2 (31.054.3) 20.9 (11.235.4) 39.9 (35.944.0) 48.2 (39.657.0) 10.5 (7.914.0)
California 28.5 (23.334.2) 37.3 (25.650.6) 21.0 (11.535.2) 46.7 (34.359.4) 51.4 (34.567.9) 14.9 (12.217.9)
Connecticut 28.3 (24.932.1) 39.2 (31.547.5) 40.6 (31.350.7) 45.8 (40.950.7) 59.9 (51.367.8) 12.6 (10.415.1)
Delaware 30.8 (27.134.8) 44.6 (36.153.5) 24.3 (15.436.2) 49.1 (43.654.6) 60.7 (49.870.7) 15.1 (12.817.8)
Florida 31.9 (30.034.0) 46.6 (42.151.1) 30.0 (24.636.0) 47.1 (44.350.0) 61.1 (55.566.5) 15.8 (14.217.6)
Hawaii 23.1 (21.125.2) 41.1 (35.447.1) 24.4 (17.632.8) 40.0 (37.143.0) 65.3 (55.474.1) 11.4 (9.813.3)
Illinois 29.8 (25.334.7) 39.7 (33.446.5) 31.0 (21.941.9) 45.6 (40.550.7) 48.6 (36.860.6) 15.8 (12.220.1)
Indiana 29.8 (25.734.4) 43.8 (32.755.5) 20.2 (11.533.1) 44.9 (39.050.9) 47.1 (37.357.2) 12.8 (10.415.8)
Kentucky 27.0 (23.730.6) 42.0 (32.652.0) 32.1 (18.549.5) 44.6 (39.449.8) 53.7 (41.565.5) 7.6 (5.610.3)
Maine 23.3 (22.024.7) 32.0 (27.636.8) 23.2 (18.728.5) 35.2 (33.437.0) 47.3 (43.051.7) 8.8 (7.810.0)
Maryland 24.9 (24.125.8) 37.1 (35.438.9) 29.6 (27.132.2) 41.8 (40.543.2) 50.6 (48.452.8) 11.4 (10.812.0)
Massachusetts 34.2 (31.137.5) 36.3 (30.542.5) 23.6 (15.234.8) 49.4 (45.153.6) 58.1 (49.266.5) 16.4 (14.119.1)
Michigan 25.2 (21.529.2) 34.3 (26.942.6) 25.6 (14.541.1) 41.1 (35.746.7) 49.9 (36.863.0) 10.2 (7.613.5)
Nevada 30.7 (26.235.7) 50.5 (36.064.8) 53.6 (34.871.5) 46.2 (39.952.7) 63.0 (50.274.1) 16.3 (13.120.1)
New Mexico 24.0 (22.325.9) 40.9 (36.845.1) 30.7 (25.236.7) 40.2 (37.742.8) 53.8 (48.159.3) 11.2 (9.912.6)
New York 28.6 (24.633.1) 40.4 (33.947.2) 29.8 (21.639.4) 47.5 (41.653.6) 61.7 (56.167.1) 15.8 (13.318.6)
North Carolina 27.5 (24.630.5) 40.8 (28.854.0) 29.9 (15.350.3) 42.4 (38.646.3) 42.1 (34.450.2) 11.1 (8.215.0)
North Dakota 31.1 (27.934.6) 27.8 (20.436.5) 30.7 (18.646.1) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oklahoma 26.2 (22.330.5) 38.3 (25.752.8) 26.4 (13.744.8) 39.3 (33.046.0) 57.6 (42.171.7) 12.6 (10.315.3)
Pennsylvania 30.2 (26.933.7) 39.5 (29.550.3) 22.2 (13.434.6) 46.2 (42.450.1) 53.2 (43.662.5) 12.1 (9.615.2)
Rhode Island 25.0 (20.330.4) 35.9 (27.645.1) 26.8 (14.544.0) 41.8 (32.352.0) 52.4 (42.562.2) 9.8 (7.812.3)
Vermont 29.4 (28.830.1) 40.1 (37.642.5) 22.3 (19.525.4) 44.5 (43.445.5) 56.3 (53.359.2) 10.9 (10.311.6)
West Virginia 30.1 (26.933.5) 35.8 (26.346.6) 45.4 (33.258.3) 46.7 (42.451.0) 48.7 (39.158.5) 9.7 (7.312.8)
Wyoming 29.8 (26.932.9) 47.3 (38.756.1) 26.5 (16.839.2) 47.9 (43.552.2) 59.7 (51.767.2) 10.6 (8.613.0)
Median 28.6 40.1 26.8 44.9 53.7 11.4
Range 23.134.2 27.850.5 20.253.6 35.249.4 42.165.3 7.616.4
Large urban school district surveys
Baltimore, MD 17.7 (13.922.3) 35.9 (25.448.0) 36.9 (16.163.9) 26.3 (20.433.2) 51.6 (40.662.5) 6.5 (3.711.1)
Boston, MA 23.3 (20.626.4) 47.4 (37.557.4) 14.1 (6.428.0) 36.3 (31.841.1) 51.3 (40.062.5) 9.7 (7.812.1)
Broward County, FL 30.5 (26.734.6) 37.1 (28.247.0) 24.3 (13.340.2) 44.0 (38.549.6) 53.5 (42.664.1) 15.9 (12.520.0)
Cleveland, OH 23.7 (20.926.7) 41.2 (33.749.1) 30.8 (18.646.4) 32.1 (28.336.1) 46.3 (39.353.5) 13.2 (9.717.7)
DeKalb County, GA 19.2 (16.622.1) 33.0 (25.541.4) 22.1 (12.037.2) 28.7 (25.132.7) 45.2 (35.255.5) 7.6 (6.09.7)
Detroit, MI 20.7 (16.925.1) 38.8 (27.251.8) 28.3 (16.643.8) 23.0 (18.728.1) 46.0 (34.857.7) 9.8 (6.614.2)
District of Columbia 17.8 (16.918.7) 33.2 (30.636.0) 23.4 (19.228.3) 25.5 (24.027.1) 40.8 (37.544.1) 10.3 (9.411.4)
Duval County, FL 26.9 (24.529.4) 47.3 (41.053.7) 31.5 (23.341.0) 39.7 (36.043.4) 50.2 (42.857.6) 13.2 (11.315.5)
Ft. Worth, TX 28.2 (26.130.5) 38.3 (30.047.3) 16.5 (9.926.1) 43.4 (39.946.9) 48.3 (39.057.7) 14.3 (12.316.7)
Houston, TX 24.9 (22.727.2) 36.7 (29.943.9) 22.8 (16.131.3) 40.1 (36.643.7) 52.4 (44.760.0) 13.2 (11.215.6)
Los Angeles, CA 21.1 (17.425.4) 21.1 (14.529.7) 28.2 (17.142.8) 35.3 (29.541.5) 41.7 (31.952.2) 10.8 (8.214.0)
Miami-Dade County, FL 37.4 (34.440.6) 51.6 (43.060.1) 38.7 (26.552.5) 52.7 (48.756.7) 67.6 (59.274.9) 23.0 (19.726.6)
New York City, NY 19.9 (17.522.6) 34.6 (29.740.0) 20.2 (15.825.5) 35.7 (31.240.5) 45.5 (39.251.9) 9.7 (8.111.4)
Oakland, CA 21.3 (18.724.2) 28.5 (20.338.5) 22.4 (13.335.4) 31.9 (27.636.5) 36.2 (25.748.1) 12.6 (9.716.3)
Orange County, FL 27.2 (24.030.7) 47.9 (37.358.6) 32.1 (18.948.9) 45.8 (40.551.2) 56.2 (42.369.2) 13.4 (10.816.4)
Palm Beach County, FL 33.7 (30.537.1) 46.9 (39.154.8) 31.3 (20.744.2) 50.1 (45.854.3) 53.1 (44.961.1) 17.4 (14.520.8)
Philadelphia, PA 22.6 (19.326.2) 43.5 (34.952.6) 42.2 (31.453.9) 31.1 (26.136.6) 47.6 (39.556.0) 12.0 (9.515.1)
San Diego, CA 24.5 (22.027.2) 33.5 (24.843.4) 17.9 (10.329.3) 40.1 (36.843.4) 48.0 (40.555.7) 9.6 (7.612.0)
San Francisco, CA 18.4 (15.022.5) 25.5 (16.736.8) 13.4 (7.523.0) 40.0 (32.847.7) 45.7 (32.659.4) 8.5 (6.511.0)
Median 23.3 37.1 24.3 36.3 48.0 12.0
Range 17.737.4 21.151.6 13.442.2 23.052.7 36.267.6 6.523.0
* At least one drink of alcohol on at least 1 day during the 30 days before the survey.
95% confidence interval.
Not available.

US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 131
 Surveillance Summaries

TABLE 48. Percentage of high school students who usually obtained the alcohol they drank by someone giving it to them,* by sexual identity
and sex of sexual contacts United States and selected U.S. sites, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2015
% CI
National survey
(all students) 44.1 (41.946.4)

Sexual identity Sex of sexual contacts

Heterosexual Gay, lesbian, or Opposite sex Same sex only or No
(straight) bisexual Not sure only both sexes sexual contact
Site % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI
National survey
Total 45.3 (42.748.0) 41.4 (35.647.5) 35.2 (27.444.0) 42.5 (39.845.3) 42.8 (36.549.2) 51.3 (46.755.9)
Male 40.8 (37.544.2) 35.9 (23.051.3) 24.7 (13.441.2) 38.2 (34.342.2) 36.9 (25.649.8) 48.8 (42.155.5)
Female 50.6 (47.054.2) 43.3 (36.850.1) 44.2 (33.655.3) 47.9 (44.851.1) 44.7 (38.051.5) 53.3 (47.259.2)
State surveys
Arizona 46.5 (40.153.0) 34.9 (22.150.3) NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Arkansas 42.5 (36.149.2) 53.7 (38.268.4) NA NA 39.2 (32.646.3) 54.8 (40.268.6) 56.4 (43.668.5)
California 42.2 (36.747.8) 42.0 (25.660.4) NA NA 44.6 (37.352.1) 39.4 (25.954.6) 40.2 (29.551.9)
Connecticut 35.5 (31.439.9) 36.4 (26.547.5) 20.8 (8.542.6) 32.5 (27.138.5) 35.0 (23.848.2) 43.2 (34.152.8)
Delaware 41.8 (36.747.2) 34.6 (23.048.3) NA NA 38.2 (32.244.6) 32.9 (21.247.1) 50.3 (40.660.1)
Florida NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Hawaii NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Illinois 42.5 (37.747.5) 27.2 (17.639.6) 30.9 (16.151.1) 41.0 (36.845.3) 26.7 (18.237.2) 45.7 (36.854.9)
Indiana 38.9 (30.148.4) 34.0 (20.650.7) NA NA 35.5 (27.144.8) 33.8 (20.350.6) 53.3 (37.768.2)
Kentucky 35.9 (30.741.4) 33.7 (18.253.7) NA NA 32.4 (26.638.7) 37.4 (25.651.0) 48.5 (31.066.4)
Maine 41.6 (38.345.0) 40.4 (34.346.8) 29.5 (17.944.5) 41.6 (37.246.1) 38.0 (32.244.2) 45.7 (40.351.1)
Maryland 47.1 (45.948.2) 40.2 (37.343.1) 37.7 (33.142.5) 44.5 (43.245.8) 40.8 (38.143.6) 55.7 (53.557.9)
Massachusetts NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Michigan 37.3 (30.644.5) 44.2 (30.259.1) 51.6 (24.877.5) 35.6 (28.743.2) 37.9 (26.550.7) 48.5 (36.161.1)
Nevada 36.3 (31.441.5) 41.1 (26.058.1) NA NA 36.4 (31.241.9) 34.1 (24.645.0) 39.5 (26.654.0)
New Mexico 41.2 (38.144.4) 32.2 (26.838.2) 28.2 (19.638.7) 38.2 (34.242.3) 31.9 (26.038.4) 48.8 (43.554.0)
New York 32.7 (29.336.3) 28.5 (21.137.4) 34.2 (27.541.7) 30.1 (26.334.0) 21.2 (15.129.0) 42.8 (34.152.0)
North Carolina 38.7 (33.743.9) 39.2 (24.656.0) 13.6 (5.828.7) 38.3 (33.243.6) 27.0 (17.339.7) 44.4 (33.655.7)
North Dakota 41.7 (37.945.5) 36.6 (22.054.1) NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oklahoma 44.9 (37.652.5) 50.8 (27.873.5) NA NA 42.9 (35.550.6) 48.8 (29.568.5) 51.7 (35.767.2)
Pennsylvania 45.1 (40.749.7) 46.3 (29.863.7) NA NA 44.2 (38.949.5) 45.7 (32.060.1) 49.9 (38.761.0)
Rhode Island 40.5 (34.646.7) 34.3 (23.846.7) 27.2 (9.557.0) 37.6 (30.445.4) 37.3 (25.650.7) 49.6 (39.559.8)
Vermont 41.7 (40.343.1) 36.3 (32.640.3) 31.8 (25.139.4) 41.1 (39.642.6) 32.6 (28.936.4) 45.9 (42.749.1)
West Virginia 41.3 (37.745.0) 30.7 (18.746.2) NA NA 40.6 (36.644.8) 29.9 (19.842.3) 48.5 (37.359.8)
Wyoming 42.1 (36.947.4) 39.3 (29.350.3) NA NA 38.3 (32.844.1) 42.2 (29.955.5) 53.9 (41.366.0)
Median 41.6 36.5 30.2 38.3 36.2 48.5
Range 32.747.1 27.253.7 13.651.6 30.144.6 21.254.8 39.556.4
Large urban school district surveys
Baltimore, MD 29.8 (21.040.4) 23.0 (8.050.7) NA NA 21.9 (13.633.3) 34.6 (15.460.4) NA NA
Boston, MA 34.5 (28.640.9) 37.8 (26.350.9) NA NA 33.9 (27.141.5) 41.9 (26.159.4) 40.2 (28.553.1)
Broward County, FL 39.7 (34.245.4) 48.9 (34.064.0) NA NA 37.2 (29.845.2) 36.2 (25.049.1) 48.8 (36.261.7)
Cleveland, OH NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
DeKalb County, GA 34.4 (27.741.8) 43.3 (29.058.8) NA NA 36.7 (30.543.4) 38.9 (27.551.8) 27.9 (16.742.6)
Detroit, MI 39.0 (29.949.0) 37.2 (22.754.4) NA NA 35.2 (25.845.8) 25.7 (16.537.6) 39.0 (23.457.3)
District of Columbia NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Duval County, FL 42.8 (38.547.3) 35.4 (26.944.9) 41.4 (27.357.0) 41.3 (35.847.0) 37.2 (27.947.4) 53.9 (44.862.7)
Ft. Worth, TX 39.0 (34.443.8) 46.3 (32.261.1) NA NA 35.1 (30.440.2) 51.7 (36.966.2) 47.0 (38.855.5)
Houston, TX 36.3 (32.240.6) 31.9 (21.844.2) NA NA 32.1 (27.537.0) 33.2 (23.744.3) 47.1 (38.755.7)
Los Angeles, CA 34.9 (28.641.8) 19.4 (6.147.1) NA NA 39.2 (31.847.0) 23.3 (13.836.5) 27.9 (19.538.3)
Miami-Dade County, FL 42.3 (38.546.3) 32.5 (22.843.9) 24.6 (11.545.2) 39.3 (34.744.1) 37.3 (25.650.7) 44.8 (38.251.6)
New York City, NY 32.1 (27.836.7) 36.0 (27.645.4) 31.4 (20.345.2) 32.7 (28.337.5) 32.1 (25.040.1) 34.8 (29.640.4)
Oakland, CA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Orange County, FL 46.7 (40.752.7) 36.9 (24.651.1) NA NA 45.5 (38.852.3) 36.2 (22.652.4) 47.2 (38.855.8)
Palm Beach County, FL 39.5 (35.343.9) 35.5 (22.850.7) NA NA 35.7 (30.541.2) 29.7 (18.344.4) 53.3 (43.762.7)
Philadelphia, PA 43.4 (36.750.3) 41.8 (32.252.1) NA NA 41.9 (35.248.9) 41.2 (31.351.9) 44.6 (34.455.4)
San Diego, CA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
San Francisco, CA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Median 39.0 36.4 NA 36.2 36.2 44.8
Range 29.846.7 19.448.9 NA 21.945.5 23.351.7 27.953.9
* During the 30 days before the survey, among students who currently drank alcohol.
95% confidence interval.
Not available.

132 MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
 Surveillance Summaries

TABLE 49. Percentage of high school students who drank five or more drinks of alcohol in a row,* by sexual identity and sex of sexual contacts
United States and selected U.S. sites, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2015
% CI
National survey
(all students) 17.7 (15.819.8)

Sexual identity Sex of sexual contacts

Heterosexual Gay, lesbian, or Opposite sex Same sex only or No
(straight) bisexual Not sure only both sexes sexual contact
Site % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI
National survey
Total 17.3 (15.419.5) 21.8 (18.725.2) 17.7 (13.622.8) 27.5 (25.030.2) 29.9 (26.034.1) 6.3 (5.17.7)
Male 18.5 (16.720.5) 26.2 (20.133.4) 20.5 (14.128.7) 28.8 (26.031.8) 34.7 (27.143.3) 6.2 (4.88.0)
Female 16.0 (13.419.0) 20.4 (17.323.9) 15.8 (11.521.3) 25.9 (22.429.7) 28.4 (23.733.6) 6.4 (4.98.3)
State surveys
Arizona 19.3 (14.725.0) 19.4 (11.930.0) 17.1 (6.238.9) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Arkansas 16.2 (14.418.2) 22.0 (14.531.9) 12.9 (6.025.6) 24.3 (20.628.4) 33.9 (22.747.2) 4.8 (3.07.4)
California 14.9 (11.219.5) 21.5 (12.933.6) 10.9 (5.022.1) 26.6 (19.635.0) 38.2 (23.455.5) 6.1 (4.58.3)
Connecticut 12.7 (10.116.0) 16.3 (10.324.9) 23.5 (16.432.3) 22.0 (17.826.8) 32.8 (22.944.5) 4.0 (2.75.8)
Delaware 14.0 (11.816.6) 25.7 (18.734.3) 13.9 (7.823.6) 25.0 (21.229.3) 35.3 (25.446.6) 4.5 (3.36.1)
Florida 14.3 (12.815.9) 22.7 (18.727.3) 18.5 (13.824.2) 23.3 (20.925.8) 34.6 (29.939.7) 4.5 (3.65.6)
Hawaii 11.5 (10.212.9) 25.2 (20.430.7) 16.9 (12.322.9) 21.6 (18.824.6) 41.1 (32.550.3) 4.7 (3.75.8)
Illinois 15.0 (11.719.0) 22.3 (16.829.0) 22.2 (12.037.4) 24.8 (19.830.5) 30.6 (20.243.5) 5.9 (4.28.4)
Indiana 16.8 (13.620.7) 25.8 (16.138.8) 10.7 (4.323.9) 25.8 (21.131.3) 29.5 (20.540.5) 6.0 (4.48.2)
Kentucky 17.4 (14.820.4) 22.0 (15.530.3) 17.9 (9.232.0) 30.0 (25.534.9) 33.3 (23.345.0) 3.6 (2.45.5)
Maine 11.2 (10.312.2) 15.6 (12.319.6) 14.4 (9.121.9) 17.7 (16.119.4) 26.1 (22.330.3) 2.5 (1.83.4)
Maryland 12.3 (11.712.9) 18.2 (16.919.5) 16.7 (14.918.6) 22.3 (21.323.4) 25.4 (23.727.2) 3.8 (3.54.1)
Massachusetts 17.9 (15.520.7) 19.5 (15.124.7) 12.7 (8.119.3) 27.5 (24.031.4) 30.5 (23.238.9) 6.7 (5.48.3)
Michigan 12.2 (9.615.5) 18.5 (11.827.9) 10.1 (4.222.3) 21.9 (16.828.0) 31.9 (20.546.0) 2.2 (1.33.7)
Nevada 14.2 (12.116.5) 25.8 (15.938.9) 27.5 (14.446.2) 25.9 (21.630.7) 34.4 (23.547.2) 3.1 (2.04.9)
New Mexico 12.9 (11.714.3) 24.3 (20.928.0) 22.3 (17.528.1) 23.5 (21.525.6) 33.8 (29.438.4) 4.4 (3.75.3)
New York 14.9 (11.818.6) 18.2 (14.622.6) 20.4 (14.627.7) 27.3 (22.632.5) 34.0 (29.538.8) 6.1 (4.09.3)
North Carolina 13.2 (11.615.0) 16.7 (9.228.3) 20.8 (8.542.8) 22.0 (19.125.1) 20.6 (13.530.3) 3.5 (2.05.9)
North Dakota 17.8 (15.320.5) 15.4 (10.322.3) 18.9 (10.731.2) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oklahoma 15.8 (12.719.5) 19.4 (12.429.0) 20.3 (10.335.9) 25.3 (20.830.5) 39.6 (28.352.3) 5.2 (3.77.4)
Pennsylvania 14.9 (12.617.6) 21.0 (14.729.2) 15.2 (7.827.3) 25.3 (22.028.9) 29.4 (21.738.6) 3.1 (1.94.9)
Rhode Island 11.6 (8.315.9) 22.0 (14.132.6) 16.4 (7.233.4) 21.8 (14.631.3) 31.2 (22.142.1) 2.2 (1.43.5)
Vermont 15.6 (15.116.2) 21.3 (19.323.4) 13.7 (11.416.2) 24.8 (24.025.7) 35.1 (32.438.0) 3.8 (3.44.2)
West Virginia 19.1 (16.821.5) 23.8 (17.132.0) 32.5 (18.949.8) 30.6 (28.033.4) 31.6 (25.638.2) 4.5 (3.26.3)
Wyoming 18.9 (16.421.6) 28.6 (21.337.1) 18.6 (10.630.7) 33.0 (28.937.3) 39.8 (31.848.3) 4.5 (3.55.8)
Median 14.9 21.5 17.1 24.8 33.3 4.5
Range 11.219.3 15.428.6 10.132.5 17.733.0 20.641.1 2.26.7
Large urban school district surveys
Baltimore, MD 6.8 (4.79.7) 14.2 (7.126.2) 14.9 (4.340.6) 11.2 (7.815.7) 16.2 (10.624.1) 1.6 (0.54.8)
Boston, MA 10.6 (8.812.8) 18.3 (11.827.4) 4.2 (1.214.3) 16.0 (13.219.1) 23.0 (14.634.2) 3.7 (2.65.3)
Broward County, FL 11.0 (8.813.5) 17.2 (11.824.2) 12.6 (5.825.3) 17.0 (13.621.1) 27.1 (18.737.6) 4.1 (2.86.1)
Cleveland, OH 11.0 (9.213.0) 20.5 (14.628.0) 16.2 (7.830.6) 15.2 (12.518.2) 22.3 (16.928.7) 5.5 (3.58.5)
DeKalb County, GA 7.2 (5.79.0) 13.4 (8.919.6) 8.2 (3.119.7) 11.5 (8.914.6) 19.0 (12.627.7) 1.8 (1.03.3)
Detroit, MI 7.6 (5.99.6) 19.2 (12.129.0) 15.9 (7.431.0) 10.4 (7.813.6) 29.1 (21.338.3) 2.7 (1.54.7)
District of Columbia 7.0 (6.47.6) 14.5 (12.616.5) 10.3 (7.514.2) 10.8 (9.811.9) 18.7 (16.321.4) 2.5 (2.03.1)
Duval County, FL 11.1 (9.413.0) 19.5 (14.825.3) 11.2 (6.718.2) 18.3 (15.921.0) 20.4 (14.827.5) 2.0 (1.32.9)
Ft. Worth, TX 15.0 (13.316.8) 16.2 (10.823.7) 7.0 (3.712.8) 25.5 (22.728.6) 22.2 (15.031.5) 4.6 (3.56.0)
Houston, TX 11.9 (10.413.5) 15.6 (11.820.4) 13.8 (8.821.0) 20.7 (18.123.5) 24.7 (19.530.8) 4.4 (3.55.5)
Los Angeles, CA 9.6 (7.712.0) 13.1 (8.619.4) 12.6 (5.426.8) 16.9 (12.921.8) 25.5 (16.437.3) 4.3 (3.06.2)
Miami-Dade County, FL 15.0 (12.817.4) 26.4 (19.235.1) 26.1 (15.440.7) 25.3 (21.929.2) 41.3 (34.248.9) 5.1 (3.76.9)
New York City, NY 8.2 (6.89.9) 11.4 (8.415.2) 9.7 (7.013.3) 15.9 (13.019.2) 20.6 (17.424.3) 2.9 (2.33.8)
Oakland, CA 10.5 (8.612.7) 12.5 (7.919.2) 11.0 (4.922.8) 15.2 (12.118.9) 24.0 (15.934.6) 3.9 (2.66.0)
Orange County, FL 11.1 (9.113.3) 20.7 (13.929.7) 22.3 (11.738.4) 20.5 (17.124.5) 28.6 (19.439.9) 3.2 (2.14.9)
Palm Beach County, FL 15.2 (13.317.4) 27.0 (21.034.0) 14.7 (8.524.1) 23.7 (20.727.0) 29.4 (22.237.7) 6.3 (4.78.4)
Philadelphia, PA 9.3 (7.311.6) 15.9 (10.822.9) 17.2 (8.830.8) 14.4 (11.118.4) 17.4 (10.627.2) 2.8 (1.55.3)
San Diego, CA 12.6 (10.914.5) 16.1 (10.124.6) 8.7 (4.217.4) 21.1 (18.723.7) 26.1 (19.034.8) 3.6 (2.45.2)
San Francisco, CA 8.8 (6.911.1) 11.9 (6.620.5) 7.3 (3.315.6) 20.1 (16.224.7) 24.4 (15.935.6) 2.7 (1.84.1)
Median 10.6 16.1 12.6 16.9 24.0 3.6
Range 6.815.2 11.427.0 4.226.1 10.425.5 16.241.3 1.66.3
* Within a couple of hours on at least 1 day during the 30 days before the survey.
95% confidence interval.
Not available.

US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 133
 Surveillance Summaries

TABLE 50. Percentage of high school students whose largest number of drinks in a row was 10 or more,* by sexual identity and sex of sexual
contacts United States and selected U.S. sites, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2015
% CI
National survey
(all students) 4.3 (3.65.1)

Sexual identity Sex of sexual contacts

Heterosexual Gay, lesbian, or Opposite sex Same sex only or No
(straight) bisexual Not sure only both sexes sexual contact
Site % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI
National survey
Total 4.4 (3.65.3) 3.2 (2.05.0) 7.0 (4.510.9) 7.4 (6.28.7) 9.3 (7.012.3) 0.8 (0.51.2)
Male 6.1 (5.07.4) 1.5 (0.63.7) 11.4 (7.217.6) 10.1 (8.512.0) 11.7 (7.318.3) 1.1 (0.71.9)
Female 2.4 (1.83.2) 3.9 (2.36.6) 3.5 (0.912.2) 3.9 (2.85.3) 8.5 (5.612.7) 0.5 (0.20.9)
State surveys
Arizona NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Arkansas 5.9 (4.28.3) 6.0 (2.314.4) 7.5 (3.315.9) 9.3 (6.014.1) 14.1 (8.123.5) 0.8 (0.32.3)
California 2.8 (1.94.3) 5.0 (1.317.6) 2.2 (0.76.8) 5.0 (3.37.6) 8.0 (3.318.2) 1.3 (0.72.6)
Connecticut NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Delaware 3.1 (2.14.6) 5.4 (2.99.8) 5.4 (2.113.4) 6.1 (4.38.8) 9.4 (5.316.3) 0.7 (0.31.4)
Florida NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Hawaii 2.4 (1.93.1) 3.7 (1.97.0) 1.7 (0.83.7) 4.0 (2.85.6) 9.2 (7.012.1) 0.9 (0.51.6)
Illinois 3.0 (1.75.5) 7.2 (3.813.1) 3.1 (1.18.4) 6.0 (3.210.9) 7.6 (3.714.8) 0.6 (0.21.9)
Indiana 4.3 (2.96.5) 5.3 (2.212.0) 3.3 (0.517.3) 7.2 (4.910.7) 5.9 (2.513.2) 0.7 (0.32.0)
Kentucky 4.5 (3.26.5) 7.5 (3.614.8) 3.4 (0.519.4) 8.4 (6.111.5) 10.0 (4.819.8) 0.4 (0.11.4)
Maine NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Maryland NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Massachusetts NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Michigan 2.6 (1.74.0) 2.8 (0.97.8) 2.0 (0.311.5) 4.9 (3.17.6) 6.2 (2.912.9) 0.3 (0.10.9)
Nevada NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
New Mexico 3.4 (2.84.0) 5.0 (3.47.3) 6.5 (3.810.9) 6.4 (5.47.7) 10.1 (6.914.4) 0.6 (0.40.9)
New York 3.2 (2.34.4) 2.3 (1.05.1) 2.8 (0.611.8) 6.7 (4.79.5) 5.9 (2.313.9) 0.3 (0.10.7)
North Carolina NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
North Dakota NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oklahoma 5.8 (3.98.4) 3.2 (1.28.2) 7.0 (1.922.5) 9.5 (6.813.1) 14.8 (6.430.7) 1.1 (0.42.9)
Pennsylvania NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Rhode Island NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Vermont 3.4 (3.13.7) 5.1 (4.16.3) 4.6 (3.46.4) 5.7 (5.36.2) 10.4 (8.712.3) 0.4 (0.30.6)
West Virginia 7.1 (5.59.0) 6.8 (3.213.8) 19.0 (9.235.3) 10.9 (7.914.7) 16.2 (11.622.0) 1.7 (0.93.0)
Wyoming 6.7 (5.48.5) 10.9 (6.817.1) 6.3 (2.216.6) 12.1 (9.615.1) 16.9 (11.923.4) 0.8 (0.41.8)
Median 3.4 5.2 4.0 6.6 9.7 0.7
Range 2.47.1 2.310.9 1.719.0 4.012.1 5.916.9 0.31.7
Large urban school district surveys
Baltimore, MD 1.0 (0.52.4) 1.4 (0.29.3) 4.0 (0.524.0) 2.0 (0.94.5) 1.9 (0.311.9) 0.0
Boston, MA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Broward County, FL 1.7 (0.93.1) 5.4 (1.815.1) 5.7 (1.717.4) 2.7 (1.55.0) 9.7 (4.220.9) 0.2 (0.01.1)
Cleveland, OH NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
DeKalb County, GA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Detroit, MI 0.7 (0.41.5) 0.0 2.1 (0.313.8) 1.4 (0.63.1) 0.0 0.2 (0.01.8)
District of Columbia NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Duval County, FL NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Ft. Worth, TX 3.6 (2.84.7) 2.9 (1.36.0) 2.2 (0.58.6) 7.5 (5.89.7) 3.2 (1.47.1) 0.4 (0.21.0)
Houston, TX 2.9 (2.23.9) 3.5 (1.67.4) 5.7 (2.413.2) 5.9 (4.57.8) 6.5 (3.611.5) 0.8 (0.51.3)
Los Angeles, CA 1.8 (1.32.6) 3.9 (1.310.8) 4.0 (1.212.3) 4.1 (2.56.7) 6.1 (2.812.7) 0.4 (0.11.0)
Miami-Dade County, FL 2.1 (1.62.9) 5.0 (2.59.9) 16.4 (8.030.8) 4.5 (3.45.9) 9.8 (4.918.5) 0.4 (0.11.0)
New York City, NY 1.2 (0.91.6) 1.2 (0.62.5) 1.1 (0.33.9) 2.5 (1.83.5) 3.0 (1.55.7) 0.3 (0.20.6)
Oakland, CA 2.2 (1.53.2) 1.8 (0.65.2) 5.2 (1.516.3) 3.8 (2.45.8) 3.9 (2.26.8) 0.8 (0.32.2)
Orange County, FL 1.7 (1.02.9) 5.4 (2.013.8) 11.8 (5.922.2) 3.4 (1.95.9) 11.8 (6.121.5) 0.2 (0.01.6)
Palm Beach County, FL 3.3 (2.34.8) 3.7 (1.68.5) 2.5 (0.511.2) 5.5 (3.88.0) 4.4 (1.910.0) 1.0 (0.52.0)
Philadelphia, PA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
San Diego, CA 3.0 (2.33.9) 2.4 (1.05.6) 1.3 (0.35.6) 5.5 (4.17.2) 7.1 (3.314.5) 0.3 (0.10.8)
San Francisco, CA 1.2 (0.72.1) 1.4 (0.45.2) 0.3 (0.02.5) 2.5 (1.34.8) 8.1 (3.517.8) 0.2 (0.00.9)
Median 1.8 2.9 4.0 3.8 6.1 0.3
Range 0.73.6 0.05.4 0.316.4 1.47.5 0.011.8 0.01.0
* Within a couple of hours on at least 1 day during the 30 days before the survey.
95% confidence interval.
Not available.

134 MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
 Surveillance Summaries

TABLE 51. Percentage of high school students who ever used marijuana,* by sexual identity and sex of sexual contacts United States and
selected U.S. sites, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2015
% CI
National survey
(all students) 38.6 (35.541.8)

Sexual identity Sex of sexual contacts

Heterosexual Gay, lesbian, or Opposite sex Same sex only or No
(straight) bisexual Not sure only both sexes sexual contact
Site % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI
National survey
Total 37.5 (34.141.0) 52.9 (48.557.3) 42.3 (36.248.7) 57.1 (53.960.2) 69.4 (65.373.2) 16.3 (14.018.8)
Male 40.2 (36.843.8) 41.8 (31.053.5) 38.8 (29.049.7) 58.3 (54.761.8) 63.7 (54.272.1) 17.3 (14.520.5)
Female 34.4 (30.338.7) 57.1 (52.861.3) 44.0 (36.152.2) 55.5 (51.559.5) 71.2 (66.675.3) 15.3 (12.918.0)
State surveys
Arizona 41.5 (35.447.9) 56.0 (44.566.9) 43.0 (27.460.2) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Arkansas 32.7 (28.437.3) 53.7 (46.460.8) 35.5 (20.154.6) 50.4 (45.155.7) 65.0 (57.272.1) 11.7 (8.515.9)
California 38.4 (33.243.8) 48.6 (35.462.0) 28.2 (18.041.3) 63.2 (57.268.9) 67.5 (52.979.3) 18.9 (14.923.7)
Connecticut 33.1 (29.836.6) 52.4 (45.559.2) 40.3 (27.155.0) 55.9 (51.560.3) 71.1 (63.277.8) 13.1 (10.715.8)
Delaware 40.5 (36.544.6) 57.3 (49.365.0) 28.2 (19.239.5) 67.5 (63.071.6) 81.4 (72.488.0) 17.2 (14.420.3)
Florida 34.4 (32.636.4) 56.9 (52.161.6) 39.5 (32.447.1) 55.0 (52.157.9) 75.9 (71.380.0) 13.4 (12.314.6)
Hawaii NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Illinois 33.1 (28.338.2) 62.8 (55.269.8) 42.0 (27.857.7) 51.5 (46.656.4) 71.3 (63.178.2) 16.1 (12.720.3)
Indiana 32.9 (28.837.2) 55.4 (44.266.1) 30.9 (20.443.8) 50.0 (44.955.1) 70.1 (57.780.1) 12.5 (8.717.5)
Kentucky 31.1 (28.034.4) 54.8 (44.764.5) 29.8 (16.547.7) 50.7 (45.555.8) 68.4 (53.880.1) 9.1 (6.313.0)
Maine 33.2 (31.634.9) 49.4 (45.153.8) 35.9 (31.240.8) 51.4 (49.553.2) 68.3 (64.372.2) 11.9 (10.713.3)
Maryland 30.1 (29.230.9) 49.3 (47.451.1) 35.1 (32.637.8) 52.3 (51.353.3) 64.0 (61.666.2) 11.5 (11.012.0)
Massachusetts 40.5 (37.044.1) 50.0 (42.857.2) 33.6 (25.842.4) 59.4 (55.163.5) 74.5 (65.382.0) 18.8 (15.822.2)
Michigan 31.8 (28.835.0) 54.6 (46.662.5) 26.8 (17.638.6) 51.5 (46.956.2) 69.2 (58.778.1) 12.7 (9.916.2)
Nevada 39.0 (34.044.1) 54.1 (40.567.1) 50.4 (36.664.1) 61.4 (55.966.7) 71.1 (60.779.7) 15.9 (12.420.0)
New Mexico NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
New York NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
North Carolina 39.1 (35.942.3) 57.8 (43.271.1) 41.7 (29.655.0) 58.8 (54.363.2) 72.1 (59.482.0) 14.3 (10.818.7)
North Dakota NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oklahoma 31.3 (26.736.4) 53.2 (42.463.7) 30.3 (17.646.9) 48.4 (42.254.6) 71.2 (55.383.1) 13.4 (10.217.4)
Pennsylvania 30.2 (26.733.9) 48.3 (40.556.2) 26.0 (17.436.9) 48.2 (43.752.7) 60.1 (51.368.2) 9.8 (7.912.1)
Rhode Island 37.3 (34.440.3) 54.0 (46.861.0) 24.9 (15.238.1) 59.2 (56.561.9) 72.6 (65.279.0) 15.9 (13.518.7)
Vermont NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
West Virginia 32.1 (27.936.5) 53.2 (41.864.2) 52.5 (32.571.7) 49.1 (43.554.7) 63.7 (50.974.8) 11.2 (8.514.6)
Wyoming 32.4 (27.837.4) 56.1 (49.462.5) 27.7 (16.942.1) 53.6 (48.059.0) 67.4 (59.674.3) 10.8 (7.814.9)
Median 33.1 54.0 34.4 52.3 70.1 13.1
Range 30.141.5 48.362.8 24.952.5 48.267.5 60.181.4 9.118.9
Large urban school district surveys
Baltimore, MD 41.7 (36.846.8) 65.3 (55.574.0) 43.3 (25.363.2) 59.5 (53.964.8) 71.4 (59.780.8) 20.0 (15.425.7)
Boston, MA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Broward County, FL 39.4 (35.343.7) 46.5 (36.756.5) 38.9 (25.953.6) 61.1 (56.665.4) 65.5 (54.375.2) 16.8 (13.720.5)
Cleveland, OH 38.9 (35.043.0) 62.8 (53.671.1) 39.1 (25.654.5) 54.0 (49.358.6) 70.4 (62.077.6) 18.1 (14.322.6)
DeKalb County, GA 38.8 (35.542.3) 53.8 (46.461.0) 40.8 (29.253.5) 57.2 (52.961.4) 66.8 (58.074.6) 17.3 (14.021.1)
Detroit, MI 39.3 (35.243.7) 59.6 (49.868.7) 48.0 (33.662.9) 52.7 (47.557.8) 65.4 (54.474.9) 21.5 (17.226.6)
District of Columbia NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Duval County, FL NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Ft. Worth, TX 38.8 (36.241.4) 62.4 (54.170.0) 22.1 (13.534.1) 61.2 (57.764.6) 72.7 (64.179.9) 18.7 (16.621.1)
Houston, TX 36.6 (34.239.1) 59.2 (52.565.6) 35.3 (27.244.3) 60.3 (57.263.4) 74.0 (67.979.2) 18.1 (15.920.5)
Los Angeles, CA 33.0 (28.437.9) 52.3 (46.558.0) 42.2 (31.154.1) 53.3 (48.458.2) 65.7 (57.473.2) 18.9 (15.323.0)
Miami-Dade County, FL 32.7 (29.536.1) 45.0 (37.952.3) 34.8 (23.647.8) 50.4 (46.854.0) 62.6 (53.770.6) 14.6 (12.217.5)
New York City, NY NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oakland, CA 44.1 (40.847.5) 69.7 (60.078.0) 33.5 (22.746.3) 62.9 (58.267.3) 74.6 (64.482.8) 25.4 (21.629.6)
Orange County, FL 31.5 (28.235.0) 56.7 (47.265.7) 39.3 (26.753.5) 55.7 (51.060.2) 70.4 (60.079.0) 12.0 (9.215.5)
Palm Beach County, FL 39.3 (36.542.0) 60.7 (53.267.8) 43.1 (32.454.5) 60.4 (56.963.7) 69.0 (61.975.3) 18.6 (15.821.8)
Philadelphia, PA 37.2 (31.443.3) 58.1 (47.767.9) 46.6 (36.057.5) 54.4 (48.560.1) 68.3 (63.772.5) 11.5 (8.016.1)
San Diego, CA 35.6 (32.239.1) 48.6 (38.658.7) 25.7 (16.138.5) 58.5 (55.261.8) 62.6 (51.972.2) 13.2 (10.916.0)
San Francisco, CA 27.8 (23.332.9) 46.2 (36.656.1) 23.7 (16.133.3) 62.7 (55.769.2) 61.5 (49.871.9) 11.5 (9.314.1)
Median 38.8 58.1 39.1 58.5 68.3 18.1
Range 27.844.1 45.069.7 22.148.0 50.462.9 61.574.6 11.525.4
* One or more times during their life.
95% confidence interval.
Not available.

US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 135
 Surveillance Summaries

TABLE 52. Percentage of high school students who tried marijuana for the first time before age 13 years, by sexual identity and sex of sexual
contacts United States and selected U.S. sites, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2015
% CI*
National survey
(all students) 7.5 (6.58.7)

Sexual identity Sex of sexual contacts

Heterosexual Gay, lesbian, or Opposite sex Same sex only or No
(straight) bisexual Not sure only both sexes sexual contact
Site % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI
National survey
Total 6.8 (5.88.0) 13.9 (11.017.3) 9.9 (6.714.4) 10.8 (9.412.3) 18.1 (15.021.5) 2.3 (1.73.1)
Male 9.0 (7.410.7) 13.1 (7.821.1) 14.6 (9.022.7) 13.8 (11.816.1) 19.0 (12.428.0) 2.7 (1.83.9)
Female 4.3 (3.55.4) 13.8 (10.518.0) 6.1 (3.211.4) 6.9 (5.58.5) 17.8 (14.521.6) 2.0 (1.33.0)
State surveys
Arizona 8.4 (6.610.7) 18.7 (13.325.7) 18.1 (8.534.5) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Arkansas 9.4 (7.212.2) 20.7 (12.931.5) 10.3 (4.024.2) 14.5 (10.819.2) 30.3 (25.136.2) 1.4 (0.82.7)
California 7.1 (5.39.6) 12.8 (8.319.4) 2.6 (1.16.3) 12.8 (9.517.1) 16.2 (7.431.7) 2.8 (1.84.2)
Connecticut 4.9 (3.56.8) 12.3 (8.317.9) 12.6 (4.630.3) 9.7 (7.213.0) 8.7 (4.416.5) 1.4 (0.63.0)
Delaware 7.0 (5.78.6) 14.1 (8.721.9) 7.3 (3.514.8) 12.6 (10.415.3) 23.8 (15.035.4) 2.0 (1.33.0)
Florida 7.3 (6.38.4) 16.8 (13.320.9) 18.3 (13.724.1) 11.7 (10.113.6) 29.1 (24.234.5) 2.0 (1.52.6)
Hawaii 7.6 (6.29.4) 19.2 (13.526.7) 14.7 (7.726.3) 14.2 (11.417.5) 26.6 (22.231.6) 2.8 (1.94.0)
Illinois 5.5 (4.46.9) 19.2 (14.425.1) 14.2 (8.223.5) 10.5 (8.313.2) 20.0 (14.327.3) 1.4 (0.82.5)
Indiana 5.1 (4.16.4) 14.9 (10.121.5) 10.0 (3.824.1) 7.3 (5.79.3) 22.5 (13.834.4) 2.2 (1.23.9)
Kentucky 5.0 (3.57.2) 19.0 (13.026.9) 4.4 (1.313.9) 8.8 (6.312.1) 18.4 (11.627.9) 0.9 (0.32.6)
Maine 6.4 (5.67.3) 11.8 (9.814.2) 12.8 (9.617.0) 10.1 (9.111.2) 20.0 (16.923.5) 1.3 (0.92.0)
Maryland 6.1 (5.86.5) 17.7 (16.419.0) 14.3 (12.516.2) 11.2 (10.611.8) 21.4 (19.623.4) 1.6 (1.41.9)
Massachusetts 5.8 (4.77.3) 8.4 (5.512.5) 11.9 (6.022.4) 8.7 (6.711.2) 18.2 (13.224.5) 1.6 (1.02.6)
Michigan 5.4 (4.26.9) 11.8 (6.321.2) 4.3 (1.412.1) 9.0 (6.811.7) 14.3 (8.622.8) 1.4 (0.72.9)
Nevada 7.2 (5.59.3) 19.7 (13.028.7) 11.1 (4.425.3) 11.5 (9.314.0) 21.4 (16.028.0) 2.4 (1.53.7)
New Mexico 14.3 (12.815.9) 29.3 (25.733.1) 21.6 (17.326.6) 23.9 (21.726.2) 35.1 (30.839.6) 6.6 (5.28.4)
New York 5.4 (4.46.7) 13.4 (10.417.1) 8.2 (4.514.6) 9.7 (7.612.2) 21.3 (16.926.5) 1.1 (0.71.6)
North Carolina 6.9 (5.68.5) 14.3 (9.620.7) 13.1 (6.824.0) 10.9 (8.513.9) 17.4 (11.625.3) 2.3 (1.34.2)
North Dakota 4.3 (3.25.7) 6.1 (3.111.9) 27.1 (16.141.8) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oklahoma 6.9 (4.211.2) 11.7 (6.320.9) 8.5 (2.624.6) 10.9 (6.617.7) 17.6 (9.530.4) 2.9 (1.55.5)
Pennsylvania 5.1 (3.96.6) 15.1 (9.622.9) 5.3 (2.212.2) 8.6 (6.311.5) 17.0 (10.127.1) 1.0 (0.51.9)
Rhode Island 5.2 (4.06.8) 16.6 (9.228.1) 9.8 (2.928.1) 7.8 (5.910.4) 25.0 (15.038.6) 1.6 (0.92.7)
Vermont 5.6 (5.36.0) 14.0 (12.415.8) 9.9 (8.112.2) 9.0 (8.49.6) 23.2 (20.825.7) 1.1 (1.01.4)
West Virginia 6.9 (4.89.8) 13.3 (7.522.5) 29.9 (16.647.8) 11.6 (8.216.2) 20.2 (12.830.4) 1.5 (0.63.7)
Wyoming 6.5 (4.88.7) 20.8 (14.429.1) 11.1 (5.022.7) 10.6 (7.514.8) 27.1 (19.536.4) 1.7 (1.02.8)
Median 6.4 14.9 11.1 10.6 21.3 1.6
Range 4.314.3 6.129.3 2.629.9 7.323.9 8.735.1 0.96.6
Large urban school district surveys
Baltimore, MD 14.0 (10.718.2) 22.0 (15.630.1) 22.5 (9.045.9) 20.7 (16.126.1) 24.9 (16.336.0) 4.2 (1.99.1)
Boston, MA 6.1 (4.68.2) 16.9 (10.625.7) 4.0 (0.915.8) 9.7 (7.213.0) 21.5 (13.632.4) 1.3 (0.72.7)
Broward County, FL 6.8 (5.58.3) 12.1 (7.818.3) 14.2 (7.624.8) 12.0 (9.515.0) 18.2 (11.926.9) 1.4 (0.72.7)
Cleveland, OH 10.8 (8.713.3) 23.4 (17.231.0) 19.4 (10.732.7) 15.3 (12.518.5) 24.6 (18.432.0) 3.6 (2.06.2)
DeKalb County, GA 9.1 (7.610.7) 11.6 (7.118.4) 11.2 (5.122.7) 15.1 (12.418.4) 11.7 (6.719.6) 2.0 (1.23.3)
Detroit, MI 9.4 (7.611.5) 22.7 (16.829.9) 23.2 (12.738.7) 13.1 (10.516.1) 24.2 (17.632.2) 5.6 (3.29.5)
District of Columbia 14.2 (13.415.1) 22.7 (20.525.2) 13.3 (10.217.3) 20.8 (19.422.3) 27.2 (24.430.2) 4.1 (3.54.9)
Duval County, FL 9.0 (7.710.6) 21.2 (16.427.0) 12.7 (7.720.2) 14.1 (11.916.6) 21.2 (16.027.6) 2.4 (1.63.6)
Ft. Worth, TX 8.6 (7.210.3) 17.3 (12.124.2) 5.6 (2.412.5) 15.6 (13.018.6) 22.8 (16.031.4) 2.3 (1.53.4)
Houston, TX 8.4 (7.29.8) 13.9 (10.418.4) 12.1 (7.219.8) 14.7 (12.517.4) 19.8 (14.726.1) 3.2 (2.24.6)
Los Angeles, CA 6.8 (5.48.5) 16.0 (9.625.5) 13.1 (7.422.0) 12.2 (9.315.8) 17.6 (8.732.6) 3.2 (2.24.7)
Miami-Dade County, FL 4.7 (3.85.7) 10.9 (6.817.1) 17.6 (9.231.1) 8.5 (6.810.6) 15.1 (9.024.2) 1.5 (1.02.5)
New York City, NY 5.7 (4.67.0) 11.7 (8.016.8) 7.0 (4.810.0) 9.7 (8.111.6) 19.0 (14.225.0) 1.6 (0.83.2)
Oakland, CA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Orange County, FL 5.9 (4.57.7) 14.9 (8.724.4) 19.2 (9.734.5) 10.8 (8.114.3) 23.5 (15.933.4) 1.6 (0.82.9)
Palm Beach County, FL 7.7 (6.49.3) 20.7 (14.428.8) 13.3 (7.522.4) 12.0 (10.014.5) 23.2 (16.831.2) 2.6 (1.73.9)
Philadelphia, PA 6.2 (4.78.2) 16.6 (10.225.9) 17.5 (9.330.5) 9.4 (7.112.3) 18.4 (14.023.7) 1.4 (0.82.3)
San Diego, CA 7.1 (5.98.6) 10.7 (6.317.4) 9.8 (3.723.8) 12.6 (10.115.7) 15.4 (10.022.9) 1.8 (1.03.1)
San Francisco, CA 5.7 (4.17.9) 12.4 (7.021.1) 9.2 (3.721.4) 14.0 (10.318.8) 18.6 (12.626.8) 1.4 (0.92.1)
Median 7.4 16.3 13.2 12.9 20.5 2.1
Range 4.714.2 10.723.4 4.023.2 8.520.8 11.727.2 1.35.6
* 95% confidence interval.
Not available.

136 MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
 Surveillance Summaries

TABLE 53. Percentage of high school students who currently used marijuana,* by sexual identity and sex of sexual contacts United States
and selected U.S. sites, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2015
% CI
National survey
(all students) 21.7 (19.324.2)

Sexual identity Sex of sexual contacts

Heterosexual Gay, lesbian, or Opposite sex Same sex only or No
(straight) bisexual Not sure only both sexes sexual contact
Site % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI
National survey
Total 20.7 (18.223.4) 32.0 (28.835.4) 26.0 (21.630.8) 32.7 (29.736.0) 43.7 (38.948.6) 7.5 (6.09.2)
Male 23.2 (20.226.5) 25.5 (19.333.0) 29.8 (21.539.7) 35.1 (31.239.2) 45.9 (36.255.9) 7.9 (6.29.9)
Female 17.8 (15.320.7) 34.3 (30.738.0) 23.3 (18.529.0) 29.7 (26.832.8) 42.9 (38.147.9) 7.1 (5.69.0)
State surveys
Arizona 22.0 (18.426.0) 37.4 (23.653.5) 26.4 (14.942.5) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Arkansas 16.5 (14.219.1) 30.7 (23.139.7) 17.5 (8.033.9) 25.1 (22.427.9) 42.8 (37.947.8) 5.1 (3.57.3)
California 22.1 (17.727.3) 37.2 (25.750.3) 13.2 (7.622.1) 37.8 (30.146.1) 49.9 (35.564.3) 9.6 (6.913.1)
Connecticut 19.8 (16.923.1) 27.7 (21.534.9) 20.8 (12.532.6) 34.1 (29.738.7) 47.0 (37.057.2) 6.1 (4.18.9)
Delaware 21.8 (19.124.8) 36.3 (27.346.3) 19.0 (11.429.9) 37.4 (33.541.6) 58.0 (45.369.6) 7.9 (6.010.2)
Florida 19.6 (18.021.3) 37.5 (33.142.2) 27.9 (21.835.0) 33.3 (30.935.8) 52.3 (47.257.3) 5.4 (4.56.4)
Hawaii 17.7 (15.919.7) 28.3 (23.733.3) 21.0 (13.830.7) 33.4 (30.037.0) 47.1 (38.056.3) 6.1 (5.17.3)
Illinois 17.0 (14.220.1) 30.3 (22.239.7) 26.8 (15.242.8) 27.7 (24.830.9) 40.5 (33.947.5) 7.4 (5.410.1)
Indiana 15.0 (12.917.4) 30.6 (25.136.7) 12.4 (5.724.6) 23.0 (19.926.4) 39.6 (29.850.3) 4.4 (3.16.3)
Kentucky 15.4 (13.118.1) 35.9 (25.547.8) 12.6 (5.725.7) 26.3 (22.131.0) 40.9 (29.953.0) 3.1 (1.85.5)
Maine 18.8 (17.819.9) 29.1 (25.233.3) 23.3 (19.128.1) 30.3 (28.732.0) 44.6 (40.149.2) 4.7 (4.15.6)
Maryland 17.1 (16.517.8) 30.2 (28.731.6) 21.6 (19.523.8) 31.0 (30.132.0) 40.7 (38.642.9) 5.3 (5.05.7)
Massachusetts 24.4 (21.727.3) 28.7 (22.336.0) 21.2 (13.032.5) 36.8 (33.040.9) 54.1 (44.863.2) 9.3 (7.211.9)
Michigan 18.1 (15.321.4) 31.0 (23.839.3) 17.5 (10.527.6) 31.4 (26.636.6) 44.6 (35.554.0) 4.4 (3.06.3)
Nevada 16.9 (14.120.1) 36.7 (26.048.8) 30.6 (20.842.6) 27.7 (23.232.6) 50.0 (42.357.8) 5.5 (3.58.5)
New Mexico 22.7 (21.224.4) 41.9 (37.346.7) 32.2 (26.039.1) 37.4 (35.439.4) 52.4 (47.557.2) 10.6 (9.112.5)
New York 17.7 (15.020.8) 33.5 (29.238.1) 20.1 (14.926.7) 33.4 (29.637.4) 43.6 (35.152.4) 6.4 (5.27.9)
North Carolina 20.7 (18.523.1) 33.6 (21.648.1) 25.3 (14.141.3) 33.8 (29.638.2) 37.9 (26.850.3) 5.2 (3.77.3)
North Dakota 13.9 (12.016.0) 26.0 (19.034.4) 22.0 (11.438.2) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oklahoma 16.9 (13.421.0) 32.9 (22.046.0) 16.0 (8.827.5) 27.8 (23.133.0) 48.2 (37.459.1) 5.5 (3.58.6)
Pennsylvania 17.1 (14.819.6) 29.3 (23.236.1) 18.4 (11.129.0) 27.5 (24.131.2) 36.6 (29.444.5) 5.2 (3.77.4)
Rhode Island 22.1 (19.924.4) 37.5 (28.247.7) 15.3 (5.934.4) 36.7 (33.440.1) 49.4 (38.560.3) 7.4 (6.09.1)
Vermont 21.3 (20.721.9) 34.6 (32.337.0) 20.9 (18.223.8) 33.2 (32.334.1) 51.3 (48.454.1) 6.3 (5.86.8)
West Virginia 14.3 (11.317.9) 32.7 (23.943.0) 29.6 (17.046.4) 23.3 (18.928.3) 35.4 (26.046.1) 3.5 (2.15.6)
Wyoming 16.7 (13.820.2) 34.5 (28.341.3) 19.6 (11.232.1) 28.8 (24.133.9) 43.5 (35.651.8) 4.6 (3.16.8)
Median 17.7 32.9 20.9 31.4 44.6 5.5
Range 13.924.4 26.041.9 12.432.2 23.037.8 35.458.0 3.110.6
Large urban school district surveys
Baltimore, MD 19.8 (15.824.5) 42.3 (34.151.0) 17.4 (7.834.3) 30.7 (26.135.7) 47.7 (39.655.9) 4.9 (2.310.0)
Boston, MA 20.6 (17.923.6) 39.6 (31.847.9) 16.5 (8.330.1) 33.3 (29.037.9) 51.4 (41.860.9) 5.7 (4.17.9)
Broward County, FL 24.3 (21.427.4) 23.2 (16.931.0) 22.6 (14.733.0) 37.6 (33.941.5) 36.6 (27.646.6) 8.9 (6.811.5)
Cleveland, OH 20.7 (18.123.5) 37.9 (30.346.2) 21.3 (11.336.5) 31.3 (27.735.1) 41.7 (34.149.8) 7.5 (5.310.5)
DeKalb County, GA 21.6 (18.924.6) 27.8 (21.535.0) 19.8 (10.833.4) 33.0 (29.137.1) 40.5 (32.748.9) 6.5 (4.69.0)
Detroit, MI 20.6 (17.324.3) 38.5 (31.546.1) 25.9 (16.338.5) 26.3 (22.031.0) 40.5 (34.047.3) 7.8 (5.610.9)
District of Columbia 26.3 (25.327.3) 43.9 (41.246.7) 24.3 (20.229.0) 39.2 (37.540.9) 50.8 (47.654.0) 11.7 (10.712.8)
Duval County, FL 21.0 (19.023.2) 41.5 (35.747.6) 29.1 (21.438.2) 33.7 (30.437.1) 46.0 (39.852.3) 6.6 (5.18.5)
Ft. Worth, TX 18.3 (16.220.5) 35.2 (28.242.8) 11.3 (5.720.9) 30.4 (26.734.5) 44.6 (36.153.4) 6.7 (5.38.4)
Houston, TX 18.0 (16.319.8) 26.6 (21.732.1) 18.5 (12.526.6) 31.4 (28.534.5) 41.0 (34.447.8) 5.5 (4.56.8)
Los Angeles, CA 15.6 (13.118.5) 22.1 (15.630.3) 24.5 (13.440.6) 27.3 (23.930.9) 38.1 (28.249.2) 7.0 (5.58.8)
Miami-Dade County, FL 18.8 (16.621.2) 25.2 (19.432.1) 23.6 (14.636.0) 30.0 (26.733.5) 41.3 (32.451.0) 7.2 (5.79.0)
New York City, NY 14.7 (13.016.6) 29.0 (23.735.1) 13.6 (10.717.0) 29.8 (26.433.4) 35.9 (30.042.3) 5.1 (4.06.5)
Oakland, CA 24.8 (22.327.4) 36.5 (28.345.5) 18.6 (10.730.2) 36.3 (32.040.9) 44.0 (34.254.3) 12.1 (9.615.0)
Orange County, FL 16.9 (14.719.5) 40.5 (32.449.1) 25.1 (14.240.5) 33.0 (29.037.2) 45.3 (35.455.6) 4.7 (3.46.7)
Palm Beach County, FL 21.6 (19.324.0) 33.4 (26.640.9) 22.1 (14.632.0) 34.8 (31.538.3) 40.2 (32.748.1) 6.7 (5.09.0)
Philadelphia, PA 18.1 (13.923.2) 36.8 (27.447.4) 25.7 (16.936.9) 27.8 (22.533.7) 37.7 (30.245.9) 4.5 (2.67.8)
San Diego, CA 17.7 (15.719.7) 27.3 (20.235.8) 9.1 (4.617.4) 30.8 (28.333.5) 36.2 (28.245.2) 4.9 (3.56.8)
San Francisco, CA 17.2 (13.321.8) 23.1 (15.433.2) 14.2 (8.423.0) 39.8 (32.447.8) 39.1 (29.549.6) 6.1 (4.48.3)
Median 19.8 35.2 21.3 31.4 41.0 6.6
Range 14.726.3 22.143.9 9.129.1 26.339.8 35.951.4 4.512.1
* One or more times during the 30 days before the survey.
95% confidence interval.
Not available.

US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 137
 Surveillance Summaries

TABLE 54. Percentage of high school students who usually used marijuana by smoking it,* by sexual identity and sex of sexual contacts
United States, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2015
% CI
National survey
(all students) 90.0 (87.592.1)

Sexual identity Sex of sexual contacts

Heterosexual Gay, lesbian, or Opposite sex Same sex only or No
(straight) bisexual Not sure only both sexes sexual contact
Site % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI
National survey
Total 91.5 (89.293.3) 85.3 (76.091.4) 87.3 (70.995.1) 93.0 (90.994.6) 87.9 (81.492.3) 88.5 (83.192.4)
Male 90.2 (87.492.5) 83.7 (67.692.7) 86.5 (70.994.4) 91.9 (88.594.4) 85.8 (69.294.2) 87.1 (79.892.0)
Female 93.9 (90.995.9) 86.9 (76.093.3) 95.5 (84.898.8) 94.6 (91.896.5) 88.6 (79.793.8) 90.2 (83.594.4)
* In a joint, bong, pipe, or blunt during the 30 days before the survey, among students who currently used marijuana.
95% confidence interval.

138 MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
 Surveillance Summaries

TABLE 55. Percentage of high school students who ever used synthetic marijuana,* by sexual identity and sex of sexual contacts United States
and selected U.S. sites, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2015
% CI
National survey
(all students) 9.2 (7.910.8)

Sexual identity Sex of sexual contacts

Heterosexual Gay, lesbian, or Opposite sex Same sex only or No
(straight) bisexual Not sure only both sexes sexual contact
Site % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI
National survey
Total 8.6 (7.210.1) 14.6 (11.817.9) 14.1 (9.820.0) 14.0 (12.216.1) 21.6 (18.325.2) 2.2 (1.62.9)
Male 10.0 (8.511.7) 13.1 (8.420.1) 18.7 (10.630.8) 15.9 (13.718.3) 22.1 (15.031.5) 2.4 (1.73.4)
Female 6.9 (5.68.6) 14.3 (11.318.0) 9.0 (6.013.3) 11.7 (9.813.9) 21.4 (17.925.3) 1.9 (1.42.7)
State surveys
Arizona NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Arkansas 9.8 (6.614.5) 22.7 (18.527.6) 17.5 (10.428.0) 16.2 (10.723.9) 28.8 (23.235.2) 1.7 (0.73.8)
California 7.4 (5.410.1) 13.6 (7.922.5) 5.7 (2.811.2) 12.7 (9.516.9) 24.7 (14.439.2) 2.7 (1.64.5)
Connecticut 5.0 (3.96.5) 13.0 (9.118.1) 19.1 (11.330.5) 9.7 (7.612.4) 15.3 (11.520.1) 1.1 (0.62.0)
Delaware 5.9 (4.67.5) 17.2 (11.025.9) 15.0 (7.926.8) 10.9 (8.613.6) 27.6 (18.239.5) 1.4 (0.82.2)
Florida NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Hawaii 5.6 (4.76.7) 14.8 (11.319.2) 14.9 (8.924.0) 10.5 (9.012.3) 28.2 (21.935.4) 1.6 (1.02.4)
Illinois NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Indiana 8.0 (6.110.6) 26.2 (17.437.3) 12.8 (5.427.5) 13.4 (10.517.1) 27.0 (16.540.9) 2.5 (1.25.1)
Kentucky 7.9 (6.49.8) 27.7 (19.737.4) 21.0 (9.141.4) 13.7 (10.717.4) 32.2 (21.545.2) 0.7 (0.22.0)
Maine NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Maryland 6.9 (6.57.3) 21.3 (19.722.9) 17.2 (15.319.1) 12.3 (11.713.1) 25.8 (23.927.8) 1.3 (1.21.6)
Massachusetts 7.5 (6.09.4) 10.8 (7.215.8) 9.5 (4.917.8) 11.4 (9.014.3) 21.9 (15.629.8) 1.8 (1.22.9)
Michigan 6.6 (5.18.5) 16.0 (9.425.8) 5.4 (2.312.2) 10.9 (8.613.7) 24.4 (17.233.4) 1.1 (0.52.7)
Nevada 8.4 (6.610.6) 21.7 (14.231.7) 15.7 (7.928.9) 14.9 (11.918.5) 25.6 (18.534.4) 2.2 (1.14.4)
New Mexico NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
New York 7.5 (5.89.7) 22.7 (16.730.1) 22.7 (15.731.5) 13.0 (10.515.9) 39.0 (32.845.5) 1.4 (0.82.5)
North Carolina NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
North Dakota NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oklahoma 8.5 (6.511.0) 18.9 (10.731.2) 8.9 (3.321.6) 14.5 (11.019.0) 29.5 (16.946.3) 2.0 (0.94.2)
Pennsylvania 8.0 (6.59.8) 20.3 (14.827.3) 10.5 (5.020.5) 14.7 (12.117.8) 23.0 (17.030.3) 0.9 (0.51.7)
Rhode Island 7.2 (5.98.7) 18.4 (10.929.3) 15.9 (8.028.9) 12.5 (10.015.4) 32.2 (20.247.3) 1.0 (0.51.9)
Vermont NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
West Virginia 12.7 (10.515.2) 23.1 (13.935.8) 36.1 (20.255.8) 20.3 (17.123.9) 32.8 (23.943.1) 2.3 (1.53.6)
Wyoming 8.7 (7.010.8) 24.4 (18.132.0) 13.6 (7.623.1) 14.5 (11.618.0) 33.7 (25.842.5) 2.3 (1.43.7)
Median 7.5 20.3 15.0 13.0 27.6 1.6
Range 5.012.7 10.827.7 5.436.1 9.720.3 15.339.0 0.72.7
Large urban school district surveys
Baltimore, MD 8.2 (5.911.3) 27.8 (19.338.3) 25.3 (12.843.8) 13.3 (9.418.5) 25.3 (17.435.1) 1.2 (0.43.3)
Boston, MA 5.1 (3.76.9) 12.6 (7.819.7) 12.1 (4.926.7) 6.6 (4.79.3) 20.4 (12.032.3) 1.9 (1.03.6)
Broward County, FL 5.2 (3.87.2) 19.0 (12.927.2) 9.1 (3.820.6) 9.4 (6.812.8) 18.5 (12.227.1) 1.4 (0.72.6)
Cleveland, OH 7.6 (6.09.6) 26.4 (19.834.4) 21.7 (12.335.4) 11.8 (9.015.3) 22.7 (16.530.5) 2.6 (1.54.6)
DeKalb County, GA 4.0 (3.05.2) 10.5 (6.616.3) 4.8 (1.712.5) 6.3 (4.39.3) 7.8 (4.413.4) 1.4 (0.82.7)
Detroit, MI 3.4 (2.54.7) 18.9 (12.927.0) 25.8 (15.739.4) 5.6 (3.68.7) 16.0 (10.723.2) 0.8 (0.32.0)
District of Columbia 7.6 (7.08.3) 12.4 (10.614.4) 9.8 (7.113.4) 9.7 (8.710.7) 16.2 (13.918.8) 2.7 (2.23.3)
Duval County, FL 7.5 (6.38.8) 19.3 (14.425.3) 12.5 (7.819.4) 11.5 (9.613.6) 19.8 (15.025.7) 1.0 (0.61.7)
Ft. Worth, TX 9.6 (8.211.1) 15.9 (10.224.0) 9.3 (4.219.3) 17.5 (15.020.4) 16.9 (10.825.5) 2.5 (1.83.6)
Houston, TX 9.6 (8.211.1) 24.3 (19.729.6) 17.7 (12.025.5) 16.7 (14.319.2) 34.1 (28.140.6) 2.7 (1.83.9)
Los Angeles, CA 5.2 (4.26.4) 15.6 (10.223.3) 18.0 (11.327.5) 10.1 (8.412.1) 18.8 (12.327.7) 2.3 (1.63.3)
Miami-Dade County, FL 5.5 (4.66.5) 13.4 (8.720.0) 18.0 (9.132.4) 9.3 (7.511.5) 21.9 (14.431.9) 1.3 (0.82.1)
New York City, NY 4.7 (3.95.6) 8.9 (6.611.7) 10.4 (7.015.1) 6.8 (5.38.6) 16.6 (13.220.7) 1.3 (0.62.8)
Oakland, CA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Orange County, FL 6.8 (5.68.3) 25.5 (17.136.2) 26.3 (14.243.6) 11.7 (9.214.6) 36.6 (26.048.6) 2.2 (1.43.4)
Palm Beach County, FL 7.9 (6.69.4) 28.6 (21.936.3) 14.5 (8.124.6) 12.6 (10.215.4) 27.6 (20.136.5) 2.3 (1.34.2)
Philadelphia, PA 8.0 (6.210.2) 20.0 (14.626.8) 6.5 (2.515.7) 12.8 (9.816.6) 19.2 (15.124.1) 0.8 (0.32.1)
San Diego, CA 7.6 (6.48.9) 16.4 (10.924.0) 7.7 (3.516.2) 12.5 (10.714.7) 26.4 (20.233.8) 1.9 (1.23.0)
San Francisco, CA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Median 7.5 18.9 12.5 11.5 19.8 1.9
Range 3.49.6 8.928.6 4.826.3 5.617.5 7.836.6 0.82.7
* Also called K2, Spice, fake weed, King Kong, Yucatan Fire, Skunk, or Moon Rocks, one or more times during their life.
95% confidence interval.
Not available.

US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 139
 Surveillance Summaries

TABLE 56. Percentage of high school students who ever used hallucinogenic drugs,* by sexual identity and sex of sexual contacts United
States, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2015
% CI
National survey
(all students) 6.4 (5.37.7)

Sexual identity Sex of sexual contacts

Heterosexual Gay, lesbian, or Opposite sex Same sex only or No
(straight) bisexual Not sure only both sexes sexual contact
Site % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI
National survey
Total 5.5 (4.66.6) 11.5 (8.415.5) 15.7 (11.121.5) 9.6 (8.111.3) 18.3 (14.722.6) 1.1 (0.81.6)
Male 7.2 (6.18.4) 12.8 (8.319.3) 25.2 (14.939.2) 12.5 (10.514.8) 26.7 (18.836.4) 1.0 (0.71.6)
Female 3.5 (2.64.7) 10.7 (7.515.0) 7.3 (4.411.9) 5.9 (4.67.5) 15.5 (11.820.0) 1.2 (0.81.9)
* Such as LSD, acid, PCP, angel dust, mescaline, or mushrooms, one or more times during their life.
95% confidence interval.

140 MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
 Surveillance Summaries

TABLE 57. Percentage of high school students who ever used cocaine,* by sexual identity and sex of sexual contacts United States and
selected U.S. sites, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2015
% CI
National survey
(all students) 5.2 (4.36.2)

Sexual identity Sex of sexual contacts

Heterosexual Gay, lesbian, or Opposite sex Same sex only or No
(straight) bisexual Not sure only both sexes sexual contact
Site % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI
National survey
Total 4.2 (3.55.0) 10.6 (7.514.6) 13.7 (9.419.6) 7.2 (6.18.6) 14.8 (11.618.6) 0.8 (0.51.1)
Male 5.2 (4.26.3) 18.1 (11.527.2) 20.5 (12.431.9) 8.8 (7.210.6) 27.9 (19.438.4) 0.7 (0.51.0)
Female 3.0 (2.33.9) 7.3 (5.210.2) 7.0 (4.011.8) 5.2 (4.16.7) 10.3 (7.513.9) 0.9 (0.51.5)
State surveys
Arizona 8.4 (6.211.3) 13.1 (7.921.0) 18.8 (10.930.6) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Arkansas 6.2 (4.58.4) 15.8 (11.022.3) 17.0 (8.431.4) 9.5 (6.114.4) 26.7 (19.635.2) 0.6 (0.22.0)
California 5.2 (3.38.1) 11.7 (4.626.5) 4.9 (1.812.5) 9.9 (6.514.7) 15.9 (6.035.6) 1.5 (0.63.4)
Connecticut 3.0 (2.34.0) 10.6 (5.918.4) 14.2 (6.528.2) 5.9 (4.38.1) 13.1 (8.619.3) 0.5 (0.21.3)
Delaware 3.2 (2.44.3) 8.2 (5.512.2) 12.3 (6.322.7) 5.8 (4.37.8) 19.5 (12.629.0) 0.5 (0.21.1)
Florida 4.8 (4.05.7) 13.7 (9.918.5) 19.1 (13.626.0) 7.8 (6.69.2) 25.3 (20.431.0) 0.8 (0.61.3)
Hawaii 4.1 (3.35.0) 13.6 (9.918.3) 10.6 (6.417.1) 8.3 (6.810.1) 23.8 (17.930.9) 0.6 (0.31.4)
Illinois 3.4 (2.64.3) 18.5 (12.526.6) 13.4 (6.724.8) 6.4 (4.98.5) 20.6 (14.528.5) 0.6 (0.31.2)
Indiana 2.4 (1.63.5) 15.7 (8.427.5) 9.5 (3.423.7) 4.8 (3.07.6) 14.5 (8.424.0) 0.5 (0.21.4)
Kentucky 2.8 (2.13.6) 15.9 (10.523.3) 18.1 (7.039.2) 5.5 (4.17.3) 10.6 (5.120.7) 0.5 (0.12.1)
Maine NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Maryland 3.4 (3.13.7) 14.2 (12.815.7) 14.7 (12.916.7) 5.8 (5.36.2) 18.1 (16.419.9) 0.4 (0.40.5)
Massachusetts 4.2 (3.05.8) 6.8 (3.911.7) 6.6 (3.014.3) 6.6 (4.59.6) 13.1 (8.619.4) 0.7 (0.31.6)
Michigan 3.1 (2.14.5) 10.8 (6.617.3) 7.3 (4.212.4) 4.9 (3.47.1) 11.5 (6.519.5) 0.4 (0.11.2)
Nevada 4.8 (3.27.1) 15.5 (8.327.3) 22.6 (12.437.6) 8.4 (6.111.6) 22.3 (14.832.1) 0.5 (0.12.6)
New Mexico 6.8 (6.17.6) 18.8 (15.822.3) 20.6 (16.425.5) 12.5 (11.114.1) 27.9 (24.132.1) 1.9 (1.42.5)
New York 5.2 (4.16.7) 19.8 (15.025.8) 16.2 (10.524.1) 8.9 (6.711.7) 32.1 (25.339.7) 1.1 (0.72.0)
North Carolina 3.3 (2.34.8) 9.6 (5.815.6) 11.6 (4.725.9) 5.0 (3.37.6) 15.3 (10.821.3) 0.7 (0.31.5)
North Dakota 3.3 (2.54.4) 8.5 (5.213.6) 13.4 (5.827.9) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oklahoma 3.3 (2.34.7) 3.1 (1.09.1) 5.8 (1.718.6) 5.9 (4.47.8) 7.2 (2.023.2) 0.3 (0.11.3)
Pennsylvania 2.9 (2.23.7) 8.9 (5.314.5) 8.2 (4.913.4) 5.0 (3.86.6) 9.0 (5.015.7) 0.5 (0.21.2)
Rhode Island 2.9 (2.14.0) 15.8 (7.729.7) 15.3 (7.628.6) 3.9 (3.05.3) 23.6 (11.143.3) 0.5 (0.21.5)
Vermont 3.8 (3.64.1) 12.5 (11.014.2) 10.1 (8.212.3) 6.3 (5.96.8) 22.5 (20.224.9) 0.5 (0.40.7)
West Virginia 3.7 (2.26.3) 6.8 (2.716.1) 18.1 (8.733.8) 6.0 (3.79.6) 12.9 (8.120.0) 0.3 (0.11.6)
Wyoming 5.8 (4.18.0) 20.3 (14.627.6) 17.2 (9.628.9) 9.6 (7.212.6) 25.0 (17.035.0) 0.7 (0.31.9)
Median 3.6 13.3 13.8 6.2 18.8 0.5
Range 2.48.4 3.120.3 4.922.6 3.912.5 7.232.1 0.31.9
Large urban school district surveys
Baltimore, MD 4.7 (3.07.4) 15.3 (9.423.8) 11.4 (3.431.9) 7.2 (4.511.2) 9.5 (5.117.1) 0.3 (0.11.4)
Boston, MA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Broward County, FL 4.3 (3.16.1) 18.6 (13.025.9) 10.1 (3.525.6) 7.7 (5.411.1) 19.5 (12.928.3) 1.3 (0.63.1)
Cleveland, OH NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
DeKalb County, GA 3.5 (2.64.7) 8.5 (5.013.9) 5.7 (2.213.9) 5.5 (3.88.1) 8.9 (4.417.4) 0.8 (0.32.0)
Detroit, MI 3.3 (2.44.6) 12.0 (7.718.1) 20.8 (10.836.3) 3.8 (2.36.3) 11.8 (7.817.4) 0.6 (0.22.1)
District of Columbia 5.5 (5.06.1) 8.2 (6.89.9) 7.8 (5.411.2) 5.9 (5.16.7) 14.2 (12.016.7) 1.1 (0.81.5)
Duval County, FL 5.4 (4.36.7) 21.4 (15.628.7) 13.7 (8.721.0) 8.0 (6.49.9) 18.2 (13.623.9) 0.8 (0.41.7)
Ft. Worth, TX 5.3 (4.26.5) 9.6 (5.615.9) 7.1 (3.015.7) 10.4 (8.313.0) 11.1 (6.318.8) 1.1 (0.61.9)
Houston, TX 7.0 (5.98.3) 22.1 (17.227.8) 16.0 (10.424.0) 12.3 (10.115.0) 27.6 (22.034.1) 1.6 (1.02.5)
Los Angeles, CA 3.9 (2.95.2) 13.7 (7.024.9) 14.5 (8.922.6) 8.4 (6.311.1) 17.7 (9.830.1) 1.3 (0.53.0)
Miami-Dade County, FL 4.1 (3.25.3) 12.1 (7.918.1) 20.7 (12.133.2) 7.3 (5.49.8) 19.6 (13.827.1) 0.8 (0.41.6)
New York City, NY 3.5 (2.74.6) 8.5 (5.512.8) 10.3 (6.615.8) 5.3 (4.07.1) 15.7 (11.920.6) 0.6 (0.41.0)
Oakland, CA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Orange County, FL 3.7 (2.65.1) 10.8 (4.922.3) 20.9 (10.437.5) 6.9 (5.09.4) 20.4 (11.733.3) 0.4 (0.11.6)
Palm Beach County, FL 4.5 (3.55.8) 20.0 (15.225.8) 16.4 (9.626.6) 7.7 (6.09.8) 20.8 (15.427.5) 0.9 (0.41.9)
Philadelphia, PA 1.7 (1.03.0) 14.5 (7.825.5) 10.0 (5.118.7) 3.2 (1.66.3) 11.2 (6.319.2) 0.8 (0.22.8)
San Diego, CA 5.0 (3.96.4) 8.2 (4.813.9) 7.6 (3.415.9) 9.1 (7.111.6) 16.2 (10.723.7) 0.4 (0.11.3)
San Francisco, CA 4.6 (3.36.3) 12.2 (6.920.7) 7.7 (3.914.3) 8.9 (5.913.4) 17.6 (10.627.8) 1.2 (0.72.0)
Median 4.4 12.2 10.9 7.5 16.9 0.8
Range 1.77.0 8.222.1 5.720.9 3.212.3 8.927.6 0.31.6
* Any form of cocaine, such as powder, crack, or freebase, one or more times during their life.
95% confidence interval.
Not available.

US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 141
 Surveillance Summaries

TABLE 58. Percentage of high school students who ever used ecstasy,* by sexual identity and sex of sexual contacts United States and
selected U.S. sites, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2015
% CI
National survey
(all students) 5.0 (4.35.8)

Sexual identity Sex of sexual contacts

Heterosexual Gay, lesbian, or Opposite sex Same sex only or No
(straight) bisexual Not sure only both sexes sexual contact
Site % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI
National survey
Total 4.1 (3.54.8) 10.1 (8.412.0) 13.7 (9.918.8) 7.4 (6.48.6) 15.0 (12.518.1) 0.6 (0.40.9)
Male 4.9 (3.96.0) 16.3 (11.522.5) 22.2 (13.434.5) 8.8 (7.210.7) 26.8 (19.435.7) 0.5 (0.30.8)
Female 3.1 (2.44.1) 7.5 (5.89.7) 6.1 (3.610.3) 5.7 (4.47.3) 11.1 (8.714.0) 0.7 (0.41.3)
State surveys
Arizona NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Arkansas 4.9 (3.66.5) 15.3 (11.719.7) 15.9 (9.425.6) 7.1 (5.19.8) 23.4 (18.629.2) 0.6 (0.13.3)
California 6.2 (4.09.3) 13.8 (8.921.0) 5.2 (2.311.2) 11.4 (7.217.8) 20.2 (11.034.0) 1.7 (0.93.2)
Connecticut 3.1 (2.44.0) 13.8 (9.819.1) 12.0 (6.920.1) 5.8 (4.18.3) 18.7 (13.824.9) 0.6 (0.21.4)
Delaware 3.4 (2.54.5) 14.7 (9.621.8) 10.8 (5.520.2) 6.6 (5.08.7) 28.6 (18.541.3) 0.3 (0.10.9)
Florida NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Hawaii 5.4 (4.46.5) 21.1 (16.326.9) 14.2 (9.620.4) 10.7 (8.513.3) 36.6 (29.444.5) 1.0 (0.61.6)
Illinois 4.1 (3.25.3) 17.3 (11.625.1) 16.2 (9.127.0) 7.5 (5.710.0) 20.2 (12.531.1) 0.6 (0.31.4)
Indiana 2.8 (1.64.9) 19.0 (11.629.4) 11.9 (4.727.0) 6.1 (3.510.3) 20.8 (12.632.3) 0.3 (0.11.3)
Kentucky 3.6 (2.74.8) 15.2 (9.922.8) 7.3 (2.321.1) 6.9 (5.19.1) 15.6 (10.223.0) 0.0
Maine NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Maryland 4.0 (3.84.3) 17.6 (16.119.2) 14.7 (13.116.4) 7.3 (6.87.8) 20.1 (18.422.0) 0.4 (0.30.5)
Massachusetts 3.8 (2.85.2) 7.6 (4.213.4) 7.1 (3.215.1) 6.3 (4.68.5) 13.6 (8.521.0) 0.3 (0.11.1)
Michigan NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Nevada 5.3 (4.36.4) 18.5 (11.628.2) 20.7 (11.733.9) 9.3 (7.611.4) 24.9 (17.134.9) 0.8 (0.32.4)
New Mexico 5.7 (5.16.4) 22.8 (19.426.6) 15.2 (11.619.8) 11.6 (10.313.1) 28.6 (24.832.7) 1.4 (1.02.0)
New York NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
North Carolina NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
North Dakota 2.8 (2.13.8) 8.4 (4.515.2) 15.3 (6.930.6) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oklahoma 3.7 (2.55.4) 6.4 (2.118.1) 7.3 (2.420.0) 6.6 (4.69.5) 14.5 (4.537.7) 0.1 (0.00.8)
Pennsylvania 3.6 (2.74.6) 9.2 (5.315.6) 7.3 (3.813.7) 6.0 (4.58.1) 12.7 (8.718.2) 0.6 (0.21.5)
Rhode Island 3.7 (2.75.2) 13.1 (7.521.9) 13.5 (6.326.5) 6.1 (4.48.3) 23.2 (12.040.1) 0.5 (0.30.8)
Vermont NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
West Virginia 4.5 (3.16.6) 15.5 (9.424.6) 28.5 (15.845.9) 7.9 (6.010.4) 22.2 (14.432.5) 0.1 (0.00.8)
Wyoming 5.7 (4.17.7) 22.1 (15.830.0) 14.3 (6.229.9) 9.2 (6.712.4) 27.3 (19.337.2) 0.7 (0.31.8)
Median 3.9 15.2 13.8 7.1 20.8 0.6
Range 2.86.2 6.422.8 5.228.5 5.811.6 12.736.6 0.01.7
Large urban school district surveys
Baltimore, MD 4.1 (2.47.0) 15.9 (10.024.2) 15.6 (5.935.2) 6.9 (4.211.3) 10.6 (5.818.4) 0.6 (0.22.2)
Boston, MA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Broward County, FL 3.7 (2.55.4) 14.3 (9.121.8) 11.5 (5.323.2) 6.5 (4.69.0) 16.6 (10.225.9) 0.8 (0.22.5)
Cleveland, OH NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
DeKalb County, GA 3.5 (2.54.8) 11.3 (7.317.2) 10.1 (4.720.4) 6.5 (4.69.1) 9.5 (5.516.0) 0.3 (0.11.3)
Detroit, MI NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
District of Columbia 4.8 (4.35.3) 7.6 (6.29.2) 7.2 (5.110.3) 5.2 (4.56.0) 13.0 (10.915.3) 0.5 (0.30.8)
Duval County, FL 5.4 (4.56.6) 18.4 (14.023.6) 12.4 (7.021.1) 8.9 (7.310.7) 17.2 (12.722.7) 0.4 (0.20.9)
Ft. Worth, TX 5.1 (4.06.4) 8.2 (4.813.5) 8.2 (3.617.9) 9.8 (7.712.5) 8.5 (4.614.9) 1.2 (0.72.1)
Houston, TX 5.6 (4.66.8) 20.6 (15.826.4) 20.6 (14.328.8) 11.0 (9.113.3) 28.2 (21.835.7) 0.9 (0.51.7)
Los Angeles, CA 3.6 (2.55.3) 10.4 (7.414.4) 11.6 (5.622.6) 7.1 (5.39.6) 18.6 (11.229.4) 0.8 (0.32.0)
Miami-Dade County, FL 5.1 (4.06.4) 12.3 (7.519.4) 24.1 (14.337.6) 9.1 (7.011.7) 25.0 (16.236.5) 0.7 (0.31.6)
New York City, NY NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oakland, CA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Orange County, FL 4.0 (3.05.5) 15.8 (9.425.3) 18.8 (8.835.5) 7.8 (5.610.8) 19.2 (11.829.6) 0.9 (0.42.1)
Palm Beach County, FL 6.7 (5.08.9) 21.3 (16.227.4) 14.7 (8.025.6) 9.8 (7.412.7) 28.4 (21.436.6) 0.9 (0.42.1)
Philadelphia, PA 2.1 (1.33.5) 11.6 (6.320.4) 6.4 (2.714.5) 3.6 (1.67.7) 10.1 (5.119.0) 0.4 (0.13.1)
San Diego, CA 6.4 (5.28.0) 11.2 (6.119.5) 8.2 (3.816.8) 11.5 (9.314.2) 19.4 (13.127.7) 0.9 (0.41.9)
San Francisco, CA 4.4 (3.16.0) 12.8 (7.421.1) 5.9 (2.712.4) 8.7 (5.912.7) 14.1 (8.223.3) 1.5 (0.92.6)
Median 4.6 12.5 11.6 8.3 16.9 0.8
Range 2.16.7 7.621.3 5.924.1 3.611.5 8.528.4 0.31.5
* Also called MDMA, one or more times during their life.
95% confidence interval.
Not available.

142 MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
 Surveillance Summaries

TABLE 59. Percentage of high school students who ever used heroin,* by sexual identity and sex of sexual contacts United States and selected
U.S. sites, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2015
% CI
National survey
(all students) 2.1 (1.52.8)

Sexual identity Sex of sexual contacts

Heterosexual Gay, lesbian, or Opposite sex Same sex only or No
(straight) bisexual Not sure only both sexes sexual contact
Site % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI
National survey
Total 1.3 (1.01.7) 6.0 (3.79.6) 9.3 (6.213.7) 2.2 (1.72.9) 8.9 (6.212.6) 0.3 (0.10.6)
Male 1.7 (1.22.4) 13.7 (7.224.6) 15.6 (9.923.8) 2.9 (2.14.1) 20.6 (12.931.2) 0.2 (0.10.5)
Female 0.8 (0.51.3) 2.9 (1.84.6) 2.9 (1.26.9) 1.2 (0.81.9) 4.9 (3.17.6) 0.4 (0.11.0)
State surveys
Arizona 2.0 (1.52.6) 7.0 (3.015.5) 8.6 (2.724.4) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Arkansas 2.8 (1.94.2) 13.6 (9.519.1) 23.6 (16.931.9) 4.4 (2.77.2) 21.4 (15.928.0) 0.5 (0.12.0)
California 1.2 (0.72.1) 5.8 (2.214.2) 2.1 (0.66.6) 1.8 (1.03.2) 9.7 (4.420.2) 0.3 (0.10.9)
Connecticut 0.9 (0.51.7) 8.3 (4.913.7) 8.0 (3.417.9) 1.8 (1.03.4) 6.9 (3.812.2) 0.2 (0.01.4)
Delaware 1.9 (1.32.9) 5.1 (3.08.5) 10.8 (5.121.5) 3.8 (2.55.8) 13.8 (8.222.3) 0.0
Florida NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Hawaii 1.6 (1.22.0) 11.5 (8.116.1) 7.9 (4.314.3) 2.5 (1.83.4) 19.7 (14.226.7) 0.3 (0.10.8)
Illinois 1.1 (0.71.7) 18.0 (11.327.3) 10.6 (5.519.6) 2.7 (1.54.8) 16.4 (11.123.6) 0.0
Indiana 0.9 (0.32.6) 11.9 (5.623.4) 7.8 (2.621.5) 2.2 (0.86.1) 10.1 (5.119.3) 0.1 (0.00.5)
Kentucky 2.1 (1.23.6) 12.9 (8.618.9) 13.1 (4.831.1) 3.3 (1.95.7) 10.9 (5.121.8) 0.1 (0.01.0)
Maine NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Maryland 2.1 (1.92.3) 13.6 (12.215.2) 13.5 (11.715.4) 3.6 (3.23.9) 14.5 (13.016.1) 0.2 (0.10.3)
Massachusetts 1.3 (0.91.9) 4.3 (2.09.0) 6.6 (3.213.2) 1.7 (1.12.4) 8.4 (4.814.3) 0.1 (0.00.7)
Michigan 1.5 (0.92.7) 9.4 (5.515.5) 5.5 (2.810.7) 2.4 (1.34.4) 12.9 (7.720.9) 0.1 (0.00.5)
Nevada 1.7 (1.02.8) 9.1 (5.614.6) 8.6 (3.021.9) 2.1 (1.13.7) 9.5 (6.214.3) 0.7 (0.22.0)
New Mexico 1.6 (1.32.0) 13.3 (10.317.1) 16.0 (12.420.6) 4.0 (3.34.9) 17.4 (13.821.7) 0.2 (0.10.4)
New York 2.6 (2.13.2) 14.9 (9.822.1) 13.4 (8.520.6) 3.6 (2.25.9) 27.7 (21.335.2) 0.1 (0.00.5)
North Carolina NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
North Dakota 1.0 (0.61.5) 1.2 (0.35.5) 6.7 (2.317.9) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oklahoma 0.7 (0.41.5) 1.1 (0.34.6) 5.8 (1.718.6) 1.6 (0.82.9) 3.8 (0.816.2) 0.0
Pennsylvania 1.4 (0.92.4) 5.3 (3.09.2) 5.8 (2.612.3) 2.5 (1.54.0) 5.4 (2.312.1) 0.1 (0.00.6)
Rhode Island 2.0 (1.23.2) 12.0 (6.620.8) 11.5 (4.128.4) 2.6 (1.83.8) 21.3 (10.937.5) 0.0
Vermont 1.6 (1.41.8) 6.7 (5.68.0) 7.8 (6.29.8) 2.5 (2.22.9) 13.5 (11.715.6) 0.2 (0.20.4)
West Virginia 2.2 (1.23.8) 8.4 (3.519.1) 15.3 (7.030.4) 3.7 (2.35.9) 13.5 (7.223.7) 0.0
Wyoming 2.0 (1.42.9) 13.3 (8.220.9) 10.3 (4.023.8) 3.8 (2.75.4) 11.6 (6.619.5) 0.1 (0.00.5)
Median 1.6 9.2 8.6 2.6 13.2 0.1
Range 0.72.8 1.118.0 2.123.6 1.64.4 3.827.7 0.00.7
Large urban school district surveys
Baltimore, MD 4.0 (2.66.3) 17.6 (11.126.7) 16.8 (6.835.9) 5.5 (3.19.4) 12.9 (7.321.6) 0.9 (0.33.2)
Boston, MA 1.4 (0.82.3) 2.8 (1.07.6) 9.0 (3.024.0) 1.2 (0.62.2) 8.3 (3.717.9) 0.1 (0.01.1)
Broward County, FL 2.2 (1.63.1) 13.2 (7.921.1) 8.0 (3.417.7) 4.4 (2.67.3) 11.3 (7.017.5) 0.5 (0.11.5)
Cleveland, OH NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
DeKalb County, GA 1.4 (0.82.5) 6.6 (3.611.8) 5.5 (1.715.9) 2.6 (1.54.5) 4.7 (2.29.6) 0.0
Detroit, MI 2.2 (1.53.2) 10.9 (6.617.5) 25.0 (13.741.2) 2.4 (1.14.9) 10.1 (5.717.1) 0.5 (0.12.2)
District of Columbia 3.9 (3.44.4) 6.2 (4.97.7) 9.0 (6.312.6) 3.5 (2.94.1) 11.0 (9.113.2) 0.3 (0.10.6)
Duval County, FL 3.3 (2.54.4) 12.9 (9.317.7) 11.4 (6.818.4) 4.2 (3.15.5) 13.4 (9.119.4) 0.5 (0.21.3)
Ft. Worth, TX 1.1 (0.71.7) 3.7 (1.68.2) 5.2 (1.714.7) 1.9 (1.13.2) 4.3 (1.810.1) 0.2 (0.10.8)
Houston, TX 3.1 (2.24.3) 17.1 (12.922.3) 16.9 (11.424.2) 5.7 (4.17.7) 24.4 (19.130.7) 0.4 (0.10.9)
Los Angeles, CA 1.2 (0.72.0) 5.8 (2.612.3) 6.9 (2.716.5) 1.7 (0.93.3) 10.0 (5.018.9) 0.4 (0.11.4)
Miami-Dade County, FL 1.6 (1.12.4) 6.7 (3.711.9) 23.5 (13.537.7) 3.3 (2.05.2) 14.4 (8.323.9) 0.1 (0.00.6)
New York City, NY 1.9 (1.52.6) 4.3 (2.47.4) 8.3 (5.113.4) 2.5 (1.63.8) 11.9 (8.815.9) 0.1 (0.00.3)
Oakland, CA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Orange County, FL 2.4 (1.53.9) 11.9 (5.224.9) 17.9 (7.935.8) 4.2 (2.66.7) 18.1 (8.634.0) 0.5 (0.11.6)
Palm Beach County, FL 3.0 (1.94.6) 21.0 (15.328.0) 14.6 (7.725.8) 4.2 (2.66.7) 19.4 (13.027.8) 0.3 (0.11.3)
Philadelphia, PA 1.4 (0.63.0) 9.1 (4.717.1) 6.8 (3.014.6) 2.2 (0.76.1) 8.1 (4.314.6) 0.4 (0.13.1)
San Diego, CA 1.9 (1.32.7) 7.0 (3.912.4) 5.7 (2.114.3) 3.4 (2.34.9) 11.1 (6.917.5) 0.2 (0.01.0)
San Francisco, CA 1.9 (1.13.2) 7.4 (3.514.7) 4.3 (0.721.6) 2.0 (1.03.9) 9.1 (3.919.7) 0.4 (0.11.2)
Median 1.9 7.4 9.0 3.3 11.1 0.4
Range 1.14.0 2.821.0 4.325.0 1.25.7 4.324.4 0.00.9
* Also called smack, junk, or China White, one or more times during their life.
95% confidence interval.
Not available.

US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 143
 Surveillance Summaries

TABLE 60. Percentage of high school students who ever used methamphetamines,* by sexual identity and sex of sexual contacts United States
and selected U.S. sites, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2015
% CI
National survey
(all students) 3.0 (2.43.8)

Sexual identity Sex of sexual contacts

Heterosexual Gay, lesbian, or Opposite sex Same sex only or No
(straight) bisexual Not sure only both sexes sexual contact
Site % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI
National survey
Total 2.1 (1.62.7) 8.2 (5.811.6) 10.8 (7.315.6) 3.5 (2.74.5) 11.4 (8.615.2) 0.5 (0.31.0)
Male 2.5 (1.93.3) 14.8 (8.225.3) 16.5 (9.327.6) 4.3 (3.35.7) 20.4 (12.631.3) 0.3 (0.20.6)
Female 1.5 (1.12.2) 5.7 (3.59.0) 5.0 (3.37.4) 2.3 (1.63.3) 8.5 (5.512.7) 0.7 (0.41.5)
State surveys
Arizona 2.7 (1.64.5) 7.2 (3.016.7) 15.9 (6.633.8) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Arkansas 4.4 (2.77.0) 13.6 (7.623.2) 17.1 (10.925.8) 6.4 (3.411.7) 19.5 (13.227.9) 0.5 (0.12.1)
California 2.2 (1.33.7) 8.1 (3.716.9) 6.3 (1.819.8) 4.2 (2.66.7) 14.0 (5.431.7) 0.5 (0.21.5)
Connecticut 1.2 (0.81.9) 10.8 (6.517.5) 10.0 (4.122.2) 2.6 (1.74.1) 9.4 (5.117.0) 0.0
Delaware 1.9 (1.22.9) 5.5 (3.39.2) 10.2 (4.421.8) 3.5 (2.35.4) 15.3 (9.324.1) 0.3 (0.10.9)
Florida NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Hawaii 1.7 (1.42.1) 12.4 (8.617.6) 11.8 (7.318.5) 3.3 (2.44.4) 21.4 (16.327.7) 0.4 (0.21.0)
Illinois 1.7 (1.22.3) 13.5 (8.121.4) 14.3 (7.625.1) 3.7 (2.35.9) 15.4 (9.823.5) 0.1 (0.00.6)
Indiana 1.6 (0.73.5) 12.7 (5.825.8) 5.7 (1.519.3) 2.6 (1.35.2) 8.6 (3.818.1) 0.7 (0.21.9)
Kentucky 2.1 (1.33.4) 13.1 (7.721.4) 17.6 (6.639.1) 3.2 (2.05.0) 14.6 (8.324.4) 0.1 (0.01.0)
Maine NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Maryland 2.2 (2.02.4) 13.0 (11.714.5) 12.9 (11.314.7) 3.6 (3.34.0) 13.8 (12.315.5) 0.2 (0.20.3)
Massachusetts 1.7 (1.22.4) 4.3 (2.08.9) 5.4 (2.610.8) 2.1 (1.33.3) 8.3 (4.913.8) 0.2 (0.10.9)
Michigan 2.2 (1.33.4) 8.9 (4.417.2) 5.3 (2.610.5) 3.1 (1.75.4) 9.3 (4.717.6) 0.8 (0.42.0)
Nevada 2.1 (1.43.3) 13.1 (6.724.1) 15.1 (8.725.0) 3.5 (2.64.9) 14.9 (9.622.5) 0.6 (0.12.7)
New Mexico 2.6 (2.22.9) 14.4 (11.517.8) 15.5 (11.919.9) 5.4 (4.66.3) 19.9 (16.423.9) 0.5 (0.20.9)
New York NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
North Carolina NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
North Dakota NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oklahoma 1.6 (1.02.6) 2.9 (1.07.7) 3.4 (0.714.5) 2.9 (1.84.7) 6.0 (1.917.7) 0.1 (0.00.5)
Pennsylvania 1.4 (0.92.2) 7.8 (4.413.6) 8.6 (4.316.2) 2.7 (1.74.3) 9.5 (5.715.4) 0.1 (0.00.8)
Rhode Island NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Vermont 1.9 (1.72.1) 7.7 (6.59.1) 8.7 (7.010.9) 2.9 (2.63.2) 15.2 (13.317.4) 0.4 (0.30.6)
West Virginia 3.3 (2.15.2) 9.1 (3.720.6) 22.7 (11.739.4) 5.5 (3.78.2) 15.5 (8.027.8) 0.0
Wyoming 2.6 (1.74.1) 14.6 (8.823.1) 13.1 (6.524.9) 4.7 (2.87.6) 17.9 (11.127.5) 0.3 (0.11.0)
Median 2.1 10.8 11.8 3.4 14.8 0.3
Range 1.24.4 2.914.6 3.422.7 2.16.4 6.021.4 0.00.8
Large urban school district surveys
Baltimore, MD 4.6 (2.97.2) 16.7 (10.924.7) 10.5 (3.726.3) 5.9 (3.59.7) 13.2 (7.123.3) 0.5 (0.12.7)
Boston, MA 1.7 (1.02.8) 3.5 (1.67.7) 11.7 (4.626.5) 1.6 (1.02.7) 7.2 (3.016.5) 0.6 (0.22.0)
Broward County, FL 2.7 (1.94.0) 16.8 (11.124.7) 6.5 (2.516.0) 5.1 (3.67.2) 13.4 (8.021.8) 0.6 (0.21.7)
Cleveland, OH NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
DeKalb County, GA 2.1 (1.43.1) 9.0 (5.514.2) 6.3 (2.515.0) 4.1 (2.85.9) 8.2 (3.916.2) 0.1 (0.00.9)
Detroit, MI 1.5 (0.92.5) 12.2 (7.718.6) 25.1 (14.539.8) 2.2 (1.14.2) 9.8 (5.816.1) 0.0
District of Columbia 3.8 (3.44.3) 6.3 (5.07.8) 6.4 (4.39.6) 3.3 (2.73.9) 10.8 (8.913.1) 0.3 (0.20.6)
Duval County, FL 3.8 (3.04.9) 18.0 (12.724.9) 13.4 (8.021.6) 5.3 (3.97.2) 15.3 (10.921.1) 0.4 (0.21.0)
Ft. Worth, TX 2.2 (1.63.0) 6.4 (3.311.9) 6.5 (2.615.1) 4.2 (2.96.0) 8.8 (4.716.0) 0.6 (0.31.1)
Houston, TX 3.3 (2.64.3) 19.5 (14.525.7) 17.4 (11.725.3) 6.3 (4.88.2) 24.4 (18.631.3) 0.6 (0.31.2)
Los Angeles, CA 2.4 (1.34.3) 8.4 (4.614.9) 9.2 (4.617.8) 4.6 (2.87.6) 12.5 (6.722.3) 0.7 (0.32.0)
Miami-Dade County, FL 2.1 (1.43.0) 7.5 (4.113.3) 21.3 (12.134.7) 3.7 (2.45.8) 18.2 (9.831.3) 0.4 (0.11.1)
New York City, NY NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oakland, CA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Orange County, FL 1.8 (1.13.2) 8.6 (3.719.0) 19.8 (9.536.8) 2.8 (1.64.9) 16.7 (8.929.3) 0.6 (0.21.8)
Palm Beach County, FL 3.5 (2.35.2) 17.6 (12.823.6) 11.9 (5.723.5) 5.2 (3.57.8) 20.8 (15.227.7) 0.4 (0.11.5)
Philadelphia, PA 1.0 (0.52.0) 12.9 (6.823.1) 7.9 (3.516.6) 2.4 (1.05.8) 8.2 (5.312.4) 0.4 (0.13.1)
San Diego, CA 3.0 (2.24.1) 8.2 (4.714.1) 6.3 (2.614.2) 5.2 (3.87.1) 15.8 (9.525.0) 0.1 (0.00.6)
San Francisco, CA 3.3 (2.34.7) 12.2 (7.219.9) 1.8 (0.65.6) 4.5 (2.77.6) 13.3 (6.226.0) 0.9 (0.41.8)
Median 2.6 10.6 9.8 4.4 13.2 0.5
Range 1.04.6 3.519.5 1.825.1 1.66.3 7.224.4 0.00.9
* Also called speed, crystal, crank, or ice, one or more times during their life.
95% confidence interval.
Not available.

144 MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
 Surveillance Summaries

TABLE 61. Percentage of high school students who ever took steroids without a doctors prescription,* by sexual identity and sex of sexual
contacts United States and selected U.S. sites, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2015
% CI
National survey
(all students) 3.5 (2.84.3)

Sexual identity Sex of sexual contacts

Heterosexual Gay, lesbian, or Opposite sex Same sex only or No
(straight) bisexual Not sure only both sexes sexual contact
Site % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI
National survey
Total 2.6 (2.13.1) 9.7 (6.813.7) 9.6 (6.314.3) 4.2 (3.45.1) 12.6 (9.616.3) 0.8 (0.51.2)
Male 3.0 (2.43.8) 16.1 (9.725.6) 14.1 (8.921.4) 5.1 (3.86.6) 20.8 (12.732.2) 0.6 (0.41.0)
Female 2.0 (1.52.6) 6.6 (4.79.2) 4.5 (2.29.0) 3.0 (2.33.9) 9.7 (7.312.8) 0.9 (0.51.6)
State surveys
Arizona 4.1 (2.85.9) 5.8 (2.314.1) 10.1 (2.631.8) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Arkansas 3.3 (1.95.6) 13.5 (8.919.9) 12.4 (6.223.3) 4.7 (2.68.4) 18.4 (13.125.4) 0.7 (0.22.6)
California 1.1 (0.62.0) 4.1 (1.610.3) 2.2 (0.76.8) 2.1 (1.23.9) 8.1 (4.414.3) 0.3 (0.11.3)
Connecticut NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Delaware 1.3 (0.91.9) 7.8 (3.715.7) 13.0 (6.723.8) 2.6 (1.73.9) 19.4 (11.032.0) 0.2 (0.10.5)
Florida 2.9 (2.23.7) 8.5 (5.812.3) 15.4 (10.921.4) 4.4 (3.45.8) 17.4 (13.721.8) 0.6 (0.41.1)
Hawaii NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Illinois 2.2 (1.53.1) 15.1 (8.824.7) 16.5 (9.926.3) 4.3 (2.47.7) 15.6 (9.125.3) 0.7 (0.31.6)
Indiana 1.9 (0.94.1) 11.4 (5.821.4) 7.3 (2.420.5) 3.4 (1.67.2) 10.2 (5.019.7) 0.4 (0.12.7)
Kentucky 3.4 (2.44.9) 10.1 (6.116.4) 15.0 (5.534.8) 5.0 (3.17.9) 15.3 (8.226.7) 0.2 (0.00.9)
Maine NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Maryland 2.3 (2.22.5) 13.2 (11.814.7) 13.3 (11.615.2) 3.9 (3.64.2) 14.3 (12.915.8) 0.4 (0.40.5)
Massachusetts NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Michigan 1.7 (1.22.5) 7.8 (5.011.9) 7.1 (4.012.3) 2.9 (1.94.3) 8.5 (5.014.2) 0.4 (0.11.4)
Nevada 2.9 (1.94.2) 10.0 (5.318.0) 9.0 (3.123.6) 4.0 (2.76.0) 13.5 (7.623.0) 1.3 (0.91.8)
New Mexico NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
New York NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
North Carolina 3.2 (2.04.9) 9.1 (5.016.0) 6.5 (2.614.9) 4.3 (2.76.8) 11.6 (8.216.3) 1.1 (0.33.8)
North Dakota NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oklahoma 1.9 (1.23.0) 8.3 (4.714.1) 5.8 (1.718.6) 3.3 (2.15.2) 14.7 (6.928.6) 0.3 (0.11.0)
Pennsylvania 1.7 (1.22.5) 7.1 (3.812.9) 10.8 (4.722.8) 2.7 (1.84.1) 6.4 (3.212.2) 0.6 (0.21.5)
Rhode Island 2.2 (1.33.6) 12.3 (6.123.4) 11.5 (5.422.8) 3.5 (2.15.7) 18.0 (8.634.0) 0.1 (0.00.5)
Vermont NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
West Virginia 3.4 (2.54.8) 6.6 (3.412.3) 21.3 (12.633.7) 5.6 (3.97.9) 13.9 (8.621.6) 0.7 (0.41.2)
Wyoming 3.0 (2.14.2) 18.9 (12.926.9) 10.1 (3.824.2) 4.8 (3.56.6) 20.0 (13.328.9) 0.2 (0.10.6)
Median 2.3 9.1 10.8 3.9 14.5 0.4
Range 1.14.1 4.118.9 2.221.3 2.15.6 6.420.0 0.11.3
Large urban school district surveys
Baltimore, MD 4.2 (2.66.7) 19.7 (13.328.2) 17.9 (7.536.9) 6.7 (4.110.8) 16.3 (9.227.3) 0.2 (0.00.8)
Boston, MA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Broward County, FL 2.0 (1.23.2) 14.2 (8.622.4) 6.5 (2.019.3) 3.7 (2.26.1) 13.4 (7.323.2) 0.5 (0.21.6)
Cleveland, OH NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
DeKalb County, GA 2.1 (1.43.2) 8.0 (4.912.7) 4.4 (1.115.6) 3.5 (2.25.3) 7.4 (4.212.8) 0.3 (0.01.8)
Detroit, MI 3.1 (2.14.4) 14.6 (9.322.1) 22.4 (12.736.5) 3.2 (1.85.6) 11.4 (7.018.0) 2.0 (1.04.2)
District of Columbia NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Duval County, FL NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Ft. Worth, TX 2.5 (1.93.2) 7.2 (4.012.6) 6.4 (2.814.0) 3.9 (2.85.4) 8.9 (4.815.9) 1.3 (0.82.2)
Houston, TX 3.4 (2.64.5) 20.9 (17.025.4) 15.6 (10.323.0) 6.6 (5.18.6) 21.2 (16.127.2) 1.4 (0.92.1)
Los Angeles, CA 1.5 (1.12.1) 8.2 (4.016.2) 10.5 (5.718.6) 2.9 (2.04.3) 10.0 (5.218.2) 0.6 (0.21.4)
Miami-Dade County, FL 2.0 (1.43.0) 7.5 (4.213.0) 18.8 (10.531.3) 3.9 (2.66.0) 9.2 (4.318.9) 0.5 (0.21.2)
New York City, NY NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oakland, CA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Orange County, FL 2.1 (1.23.6) 8.7 (3.818.9) 20.1 (10.136.2) 3.8 (2.36.1) 13.9 (5.929.2) 0.2 (0.10.9)
Palm Beach County, FL 2.8 (1.94.1) 17.5 (11.426.0) 10.6 (5.918.5) 3.9 (2.65.8) 15.8 (11.022.0) 0.8 (0.31.9)
Philadelphia, PA 3.4 (1.76.4) 14.7 (9.422.3) 13.3 (8.021.4) 6.5 (3.212.7) 10.8 (6.118.4) 0.4 (0.13.1)
San Diego, CA 2.1 (1.63.0) 8.6 (4.914.6) 4.9 (1.912.1) 3.1 (2.14.6) 13.3 (8.420.3) 0.9 (0.42.0)
San Francisco, CA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Median 2.3 11.5 12.0 3.8 12.4 0.5
Range 1.54.2 7.220.9 4.422.4 2.96.7 7.421.2 0.22.0
* Pills or shots one or more times during their life.
95% confidence interval.
Not available.

US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 145
 Surveillance Summaries

TABLE 62. Percentage of high school students who ever took prescription drugs without a doctors prescription,* by sexual identity and sex
of sexual contacts United States and selected U.S. sites, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2015
% CI
National survey
(all students) 16.8 (15.418.2)

Sexual identity Sex of sexual contacts

Heterosexual Gay, lesbian, or Opposite sex Same sex only or No
(straight) bisexual Not sure only both sexes sexual contact
Site % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI
National survey
Total 15.5 (14.217.0) 27.5 (24.830.4) 24.3 (19.030.6) 24.0 (22.225.8) 35.0 (29.940.5) 7.0 (5.98.1)
Male 17.0 (15.418.8) 29.7 (24.036.1) 27.2 (18.937.4) 25.8 (23.428.4) 41.3 (31.851.6) 6.8 (5.28.8)
Female 13.8 (12.415.2) 26.4 (23.629.4) 20.9 (15.527.4) 21.5 (19.623.7) 32.9 (27.139.2) 7.1 (5.98.6)
State surveys
Arizona NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Arkansas 17.2 (15.119.6) 29.6 (23.436.7) 32.5 (24.441.8) 24.8 (20.230.0) 45.0 (30.760.2) 5.7 (4.37.5)
California 13.0 (10.116.6) 25.0 (17.834.0) 18.9 (13.226.2) 22.6 (17.229.0) 35.9 (21.353.6) 5.9 (4.67.6)
Connecticut 10.5 (9.112.2) 17.3 (13.022.7) 23.2 (16.032.2) 17.6 (15.919.4) 28.5 (22.934.8) 3.7 (2.45.8)
Delaware 11.1 (9.013.7) 22.6 (16.829.7) 22.7 (14.933.0) 19.5 (15.823.8) 34.0 (24.445.2) 4.7 (3.66.0)
Florida 11.2 (9.812.9) 26.1 (22.530.0) 24.1 (17.831.6) 17.4 (14.920.3) 39.8 (34.145.8) 4.2 (3.55.2)
Hawaii 9.9 (8.611.3) 26.6 (21.332.7) 19.1 (11.529.9) 17.6 (14.621.0) 40.7 (28.254.6) 4.3 (3.55.3)
Illinois 12.2 (10.214.6) 28.4 (21.436.6) 29.7 (19.742.2) 21.6 (18.425.3) 33.2 (27.239.8) 4.9 (3.76.6)
Indiana 13.8 (11.716.1) 34.5 (27.142.8) 31.7 (21.743.9) 20.3 (17.623.4) 46.3 (36.756.2) 6.5 (4.78.9)
Kentucky 10.8 (9.112.8) 25.6 (18.434.4) 28.3 (18.041.6) 17.7 (14.821.2) 33.9 (26.242.5) 2.6 (1.64.1)
Maine 9.2 (8.410.1) 22.0 (18.825.7) 19.3 (14.924.6) 14.0 (12.815.3) 31.6 (28.235.3) 2.8 (2.33.3)
Maryland 11.4 (10.911.9) 29.5 (27.831.2) 25.0 (22.927.2) 19.1 (18.319.9) 36.2 (34.538.0) 4.6 (4.34.9)
Massachusetts NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Michigan 13.5 (11.315.9) 35.1 (28.242.7) 26.5 (14.643.1) 21.8 (18.126.0) 43.8 (31.656.8) 5.2 (3.97.0)
Nevada 15.9 (13.818.2) 31.3 (22.142.2) 38.3 (25.752.6) 26.1 (23.029.6) 40.9 (30.352.4) 6.0 (4.67.8)
New Mexico 11.3 (10.412.3) 33.0 (29.037.2) 24.6 (19.330.9) 20.3 (18.822.0) 43.3 (38.448.4) 4.7 (4.05.5)
New York NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
North Carolina 16.7 (13.919.9) 26.6 (20.134.3) 15.8 (10.323.5) 23.6 (18.729.3) 35.8 (28.444.0) 6.6 (4.89.1)
North Dakota 13.1 (11.414.9) 26.3 (19.534.5) 32.1 (19.448.0) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oklahoma 12.4 (9.915.4) 32.0 (22.543.3) 17.8 (10.328.9) 20.7 (17.224.6) 47.3 (28.566.8) 3.7 (2.26.2)
Pennsylvania 11.3 (9.812.9) 26.3 (18.336.3) 22.8 (13.835.3) 18.1 (15.920.6) 33.0 (24.842.3) 4.4 (3.26.0)
Rhode Island 9.3 (7.411.6) 28.0 (17.641.5) 19.1 (11.729.7) 14.7 (11.818.3) 40.9 (29.753.2) 3.1 (1.75.5)
Vermont NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
West Virginia 13.3 (10.616.7) 26.5 (17.338.2) 35.1 (21.152.3) 19.8 (16.024.3) 35.7 (25.647.3) 4.7 (2.97.4)
Wyoming 12.4 (10.414.7) 28.9 (22.236.7) 17.6 (9.231.0) 18.3 (14.922.2) 39.5 (32.147.3) 5.2 (3.87.1)
Median 12.2 26.6 24.1 19.6 37.9 4.7
Range 9.217.2 17.335.1 15.838.3 14.026.1 28.547.3 2.66.6
Large urban school district surveys
Baltimore, MD 10.6 (8.113.7) 25.3 (19.032.9) 31.2 (13.856.3) 12.8 (9.217.6) 32.9 (24.642.4) 5.7 (3.39.4)
Boston, MA 7.3 (5.79.3) 10.9 (6.218.4) 13.1 (5.627.6) 10.2 (8.013.0) 16.8 (9.328.5) 3.5 (2.45.0)
Broward County, FL 11.9 (9.914.2) 22.2 (15.530.8) 19.9 (11.232.9) 18.5 (15.322.2) 28.3 (20.238.0) 4.4 (3.16.3)
Cleveland, OH 10.7 (8.713.0) 30.7 (24.138.2) 30.1 (18.944.3) 14.0 (11.017.6) 27.4 (19.536.9) 6.8 (4.79.8)
DeKalb County, GA 13.5 (11.615.8) 25.6 (19.532.9) 19.4 (13.127.6) 21.2 (18.124.6) 30.2 (22.838.7) 5.5 (4.27.2)
Detroit, MI 9.8 (8.311.4) 21.7 (15.529.6) 21.1 (10.737.3) 12.9 (10.416.0) 26.7 (19.235.9) 4.7 (3.17.1)
District of Columbia 12.1 (11.412.9) 18.4 (16.420.6) 16.1 (12.720.3) 17.1 (15.918.4) 24.8 (22.127.6) 3.9 (3.34.5)
Duval County, FL NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Ft. Worth, TX 12.8 (11.214.6) 24.3 (17.932.2) 14.0 (7.524.8) 21.6 (18.724.8) 35.3 (27.344.3) 4.0 (3.05.3)
Houston, TX 12.5 (11.214.0) 28.0 (22.134.7) 22.7 (16.230.8) 21.2 (18.823.9) 33.6 (27.240.7) 4.9 (3.96.3)
Los Angeles, CA 8.1 (6.410.3) 16.6 (10.425.4) 23.1 (16.831.0) 14.7 (12.017.7) 31.2 (20.544.2) 3.2 (2.24.8)
Miami-Dade County, FL 11.2 (9.413.3) 23.0 (17.130.1) 22.3 (12.736.2) 19.0 (16.222.1) 30.9 (22.540.7) 3.7 (2.55.4)
New York City, NY NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oakland, CA 10.7 (8.912.9) 19.5 (13.726.9) 16.2 (8.827.9) 16.8 (13.620.5) 28.4 (19.838.9) 3.4 (2.25.1)
Orange County, FL 11.5 (9.813.5) 20.4 (14.328.1) 27.9 (16.543.0) 19.5 (16.422.9) 31.2 (21.742.6) 4.4 (2.96.6)
Palm Beach County, FL 11.7 (10.113.5) 29.4 (23.835.7) 16.3 (9.227.4) 18.2 (15.621.2) 35.1 (28.542.3) 3.7 (2.65.2)
Philadelphia, PA 10.2 (8.012.9) 23.4 (16.232.7) 18.1 (10.230.0) 14.5 (10.919.0) 28.3 (19.638.9) 3.3 (2.14.9)
San Diego, CA 12.3 (10.514.3) 27.8 (21.735.0) 10.4 (5.319.6) 20.7 (17.724.0) 31.9 (24.839.9) 4.4 (3.26.0)
San Francisco, CA 12.2 (9.515.4) 18.5 (10.829.7) 12.3 (7.220.1) 24.6 (19.830.2) 27.9 (19.538.3) 4.4 (3.25.9)
Median 11.5 23.0 19.4 18.2 30.2 4.4
Range 7.313.5 10.930.7 10.431.2 10.224.6 16.835.3 3.26.8
* Such as Oxycontin, Percocet, Vicodin, codeine, Adderall, Ritalin, or Xanax, one or more times during their life.
95% confidence interval.
Not available.

146 MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
 Surveillance Summaries

TABLE 63. Percentage of high school students who ever used inhalants,* by sexual identity and sex of sexual contacts United States and
selected U.S. sites, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2015
% CI
National survey
(all students) 7.0 (6.28.0)

Sexual identity Sex of sexual contacts

Heterosexual Gay, lesbian, or Opposite sex Same sex only or No
(straight) bisexual Not sure only both sexes sexual contact
Site % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI
National survey
Total 5.6 (5.06.4) 17.3 (13.721.6) 18.1 (13.823.3) 8.2 (7.29.3) 20.3 (16.624.6) 3.3 (2.64.0)
Male 6.0 (5.16.9) 21.0 (14.230.0) 24.2 (17.432.7) 9.0 (7.610.5) 26.9 (18.237.9) 2.7 (1.83.8)
Female 5.2 (4.26.4) 15.2 (11.919.3) 11.3 (7.017.7) 7.2 (5.79.0) 18.0 (14.322.5) 3.8 (2.95.1)
State surveys
Arizona 6.4 (4.78.7) 18.3 (14.722.5) 17.5 (8.732.0) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Arkansas 8.2 (5.811.6) 16.0 (11.821.4) 24.2 (15.236.2) 11.6 (7.617.2) 29.3 (23.835.4) 2.9 (2.14.1)
California 5.9 (4.57.8) 13.5 (7.423.3) 13.1 (4.234.2) 9.7 (6.414.3) 23.1 (11.740.5) 3.1 (2.04.7)
Connecticut 4.1 (3.15.3) 15.5 (10.622.1) 17.3 (11.325.6) 6.5 (5.08.5) 11.6 (7.118.4) 2.5 (1.44.1)
Delaware 2.3 (1.63.3) 8.6 (5.114.2) 7.3 (3.017.0) 3.6 (2.35.6) 17.3 (10.926.4) 0.5 (0.31.0)
Florida NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Hawaii 5.3 (4.76.1) 21.7 (17.826.2) 17.2 (9.628.9) 9.2 (7.810.9) 28.4 (22.035.8) 2.6 (2.13.4)
Illinois 4.4 (3.65.3) 22.5 (17.228.8) 19.6 (9.636.0) 6.9 (5.48.9) 24.1 (16.134.3) 3.1 (2.14.4)
Indiana 4.7 (3.36.6) 23.7 (16.133.5) 17.6 (9.231.1) 7.7 (5.111.5) 22.3 (13.634.5) 2.9 (1.84.6)
Kentucky 5.4 (4.17.0) 18.5 (12.626.3) 27.8 (14.646.4) 7.3 (5.59.7) 27.4 (20.335.9) 2.2 (1.33.8)
Maine 6.6 (5.97.3) 14.4 (11.517.9) 18.2 (12.925.1) 8.2 (7.49.2) 23.5 (19.128.4) 3.2 (2.64.0)
Maryland 5.7 (5.46.0) 22.5 (21.024.1) 19.1 (17.021.4) 8.3 (7.88.8) 24.2 (22.526.0) 3.1 (2.93.4)
Massachusetts NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Michigan 5.7 (4.47.4) 22.7 (17.329.2) 12.5 (7.719.4) 8.7 (6.511.4) 28.0 (21.335.8) 2.8 (1.84.2)
Nevada 6.0 (4.57.9) 21.6 (15.429.3) 13.1 (6.425.1) 8.9 (6.512.2) 27.1 (20.534.8) 2.7 (1.55.0)
New Mexico NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
New York NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
North Carolina 5.7 (4.37.4) 19.7 (13.228.2) 28.9 (18.242.8) 7.3 (5.69.4) 26.0 (19.134.4) 4.8 (2.68.8)
North Dakota NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oklahoma 4.2 (3.25.4) 9.8 (4.320.5) 10.9 (4.324.9) 6.3 (4.58.6) 18.8 (11.329.6) 1.9 (1.03.6)
Pennsylvania 4.5 (3.55.7) 20.4 (13.529.6) 14.1 (9.919.7) 7.3 (5.89.2) 21.5 (13.233.1) 2.2 (1.43.5)
Rhode Island 3.8 (2.55.6) 20.1 (14.427.4) 18.8 (10.331.8) 5.4 (3.77.9) 29.8 (18.843.8) 1.4 (0.82.5)
Vermont 5.1 (4.75.4) 18.3 (16.520.2) 14.2 (12.016.8) 7.3 (6.87.8) 27.6 (25.130.2) 2.5 (2.22.9)
West Virginia 7.1 (5.39.4) 18.9 (11.729.1) 33.1 (18.252.3) 10.5 (7.714.3) 25.7 (19.932.6) 2.9 (1.74.8)
Wyoming 8.6 (6.710.9) 28.6 (21.936.3) 17.0 (9.129.3) 12.2 (9.415.7) 29.2 (22.537.0) 4.5 (3.26.3)
Median 5.5 19.3 17.4 7.7 25.7 2.8
Range 2.38.6 8.628.6 7.333.1 3.612.2 11.629.8 0.54.8
Large urban school district surveys
Baltimore, MD 7.6 (5.610.2) 22.3 (15.730.6) 30.2 (14.053.6) 9.4 (6.114.2) 22.3 (14.732.4) 5.0 (2.79.1)
Boston, MA 4.2 (3.15.9) 3.6 (1.49.2) 14.6 (7.426.6) 3.6 (2.45.4) 13.3 (8.121.0) 2.6 (1.64.2)
Broward County, FL 5.9 (4.47.9) 18.5 (12.925.7) 12.4 (6.921.4) 7.9 (5.511.1) 16.5 (11.024.1) 4.3 (3.06.2)
Cleveland, OH NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
DeKalb County, GA 7.6 (6.29.2) 16.3 (11.323.0) 11.9 (6.420.9) 10.1 (7.713.0) 17.0 (11.724.1) 4.4 (3.06.5)
Detroit, MI 7.0 (5.68.8) 17.6 (12.125.1) 23.5 (13.138.5) 8.7 (6.112.3) 16.7 (11.224.2) 4.8 (3.37.1)
District of Columbia 10.1 (9.410.9) 17.7 (15.619.9) 14.5 (11.218.7) 11.7 (10.712.9) 22.0 (19.524.7) 6.2 (5.47.1)
Duval County, FL 9.1 (7.810.5) 24.5 (19.030.9) 18.9 (12.427.7) 11.7 (9.714.1) 20.8 (16.026.5) 4.2 (3.15.7)
Ft. Worth, TX 4.7 (3.85.8) 14.4 (8.922.4) 12.6 (6.822.1) 6.7 (5.28.7) 19.2 (12.328.8) 3.2 (2.44.2)
Houston, TX 5.7 (4.86.6) 20.6 (15.327.2) 17.0 (11.923.7) 8.8 (7.210.9) 27.8 (22.034.4) 2.4 (1.73.4)
Los Angeles, CA 5.8 (4.67.5) 16.1 (10.324.2) 19.7 (10.633.4) 9.1 (6.412.9) 26.8 (17.838.3) 3.4 (2.34.9)
Miami-Dade County, FL 4.8 (4.05.8) 11.8 (7.717.8) 27.0 (16.640.7) 7.3 (5.59.5) 19.2 (12.029.3) 3.0 (2.14.3)
New York City, NY NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oakland, CA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Orange County, FL 5.5 (4.07.5) 17.3 (10.427.3) 30.3 (17.946.5) 8.1 (5.811.2) 24.5 (15.735.9) 3.5 (2.25.6)
Palm Beach County, FL 7.6 (6.19.3) 25.4 (19.132.9) 19.4 (11.930.0) 10.5 (8.113.5) 25.3 (18.433.7) 4.6 (3.26.6)
Philadelphia, PA 5.0 (3.67.1) 15.4 (11.320.7) 13.3 (7.522.5) 7.1 (4.511.1) 14.6 (9.521.8) 2.4 (1.24.6)
San Diego, CA 5.3 (4.16.7) 17.6 (11.625.9) 11.8 (5.423.9) 8.3 (6.410.9) 17.5 (12.024.9) 3.4 (2.35.0)
San Francisco, CA 4.3 (3.35.7) 12.1 (6.720.7) 9.3 (3.721.5) 7.2 (4.810.8) 12.8 (6.523.6) 1.9 (1.22.9)
Median 5.8 17.5 15.8 8.5 19.2 3.4
Range 4.210.1 3.625.4 9.330.3 3.611.7 12.827.8 1.96.2
* Sniffed glue, breathed the contents of aerosol spray cans, or inhaled any paints or sprays to get high, one or more times during their life.
95% confidence interval.
Not available.

US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 147
 Surveillance Summaries

TABLE 64. Percentage of high school students who ever injected any illegal drug,* by sexual identity and sex of sexual contacts United States
and selected U.S. sites, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2015
% CI
National survey
(all students) 1.8 (1.32.3)

Sexual identity Sex of sexual contacts

Heterosexual Gay, lesbian, or Opposite sex Same sex only or No
(straight) bisexual Not sure only both sexes sexual contact
Site % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI
National survey
Total 1.1 (0.81.5) 5.4 (3.68.1) 7.6 (4.911.5) 1.8 (1.32.5) 7.3 (5.410.0) 0.3 (0.10.6)
Male 1.5 (1.02.3) 10.1 (5.817.0) 15.1 (9.423.4) 2.6 (1.83.7) 14.9 (9.123.4) 0.2 (0.10.5)
Female 0.5 (0.30.9) 3.3 (1.95.8) 2.0 (0.84.7) 0.8 (0.51.4) 4.9 (3.07.8) 0.3 (0.11.1)
State surveys
Arizona NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Arkansas 2.5 (2.03.2) 13.1 (8.819.0) 15.9 (10.623.2) 3.6 (2.64.8) 22.5 (15.232.0) 0.0
California 1.2 (0.62.4) 1.1 (0.34.6) 2.2 (0.76.7) 2.0 (0.94.3) 4.1 (1.411.5) 0.4 (0.11.1)
Connecticut 0.7 (0.41.3) 8.3 (4.215.8) 8.9 (3.023.6) 1.8 (0.93.9) 3.3 (1.28.5) 0.2 (0.00.8)
Delaware 1.5 (1.02.2) 7.4 (3.415.4) 9.8 (4.320.6) 2.7 (1.74.4) 19.5 (10.832.6) 0.1 (0.00.5)
Florida NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Hawaii 1.7 (1.32.2) 12.6 (9.017.2) 6.3 (2.515.1) 3.0 (2.24.0) 18.3 (12.725.7) 0.4 (0.20.7)
Illinois 1.4 (0.92.1) 14.6 (8.125.0) 16.7 (7.832.0) 2.5 (1.34.6) 13.8 (9.120.3) 0.4 (0.11.5)
Indiana 0.8 (0.32.1) 13.4 (7.223.6) 3.0 (0.515.8) 2.2 (1.05.0) 6.9 (3.313.9) 0.2 (0.00.9)
Kentucky NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Maine NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Maryland 2.1 (2.02.3) 10.1 (9.111.1) 10.6 (9.012.3) 3.2 (2.93.5) 11.3 (10.012.9) 0.5 (0.40.6)
Massachusetts NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Michigan 1.5 (1.02.3) 8.0 (4.115.2) 5.8 (2.911.2) 1.7 (0.93.2) 12.5 (7.221.0) 0.4 (0.11.1)
Nevada 1.1 (0.61.8) 15.9 (8.328.1) 10.2 (4.720.7) 1.8 (0.93.5) 16.2 (10.424.4) 0.7 (0.31.7)
New Mexico 1.5 (1.21.9) 12.2 (9.215.9) 15.4 (12.019.6) 3.2 (2.44.2) 16.9 (13.021.7) 0.4 (0.20.7)
New York 2.0 (1.42.7) 10.9 (7.216.3) 10.1 (6.116.2) 2.6 (1.64.2) 18.4 (14.023.7) 0.4 (0.11.3)
North Carolina NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
North Dakota 1.0 (0.61.5) 3.3 (1.47.9) 6.6 (2.217.7) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oklahoma 0.8 (0.41.9) 2.0 (0.65.8) 5.8 (1.718.6) 1.3 (0.53.2) 6.2 (1.720.1) 0.2 (0.02.0)
Pennsylvania 1.1 (0.61.8) 3.7 (2.07.0) 2.7 (0.79.7) 1.3 (0.72.6) 5.9 (2.612.9) 0.3 (0.11.1)
Rhode Island NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Vermont NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
West Virginia 2.1 (1.23.5) 11.0 (4.723.8) 13.0 (6.324.8) 3.5 (2.35.4) 14.8 (8.325.0) 0.3 (0.01.4)
Wyoming 2.2 (1.43.6) 10.3 (5.917.3) 12.3 (6.422.3) 3.8 (2.17.0) 11.7 (6.021.3) 0.3 (0.11.2)
Median 1.5 10.3 9.8 2.5 13.2 0.4
Range 0.72.5 1.115.9 2.216.7 1.33.8 3.322.5 0.00.7
Large urban school district surveys
Baltimore, MD 3.9 (2.56.1) 13.8 (8.521.6) 10.5 (2.931.7) 5.5 (3.19.4) 10.4 (5.419.2) 0.9 (0.33.0)
Boston, MA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Broward County, FL 1.7 (1.12.7) 9.6 (6.114.9) 10.0 (4.720.0) 2.7 (1.74.4) 8.2 (4.714.1) 0.6 (0.21.8)
Cleveland, OH NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
DeKalb County, GA 1.4 (0.82.2) 4.6 (2.29.4) 7.1 (2.717.3) 2.3 (1.24.3) 5.5 (2.710.7) 0.1 (0.00.7)
Detroit, MI 2.9 (2.04.2) 9.2 (4.916.5) 12.9 (5.926.0) 2.7 (1.55.0) 5.1 (2.69.8) 0.8 (0.32.2)
District of Columbia NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Duval County, FL NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Ft. Worth, TX 1.2 (0.81.8) 4.1 (1.69.9) 4.7 (1.712.3) 2.3 (1.53.5) 5.7 (2.313.5) 0.3 (0.10.9)
Houston, TX 2.5 (1.93.4) 13.9 (10.018.9) 13.8 (8.821.0) 4.0 (2.95.5) 19.0 (14.225.1) 0.7 (0.41.4)
Los Angeles, CA 1.1 (0.52.2) 5.8 (2.612.3) 8.1 (3.717.1) 2.2 (1.23.8) 6.5 (3.013.4) 0.5 (0.21.4)
Miami-Dade County, FL 1.4 (0.92.1) 6.6 (3.611.8) 17.2 (8.731.3) 3.3 (2.15.1) 8.4 (3.817.5) 0.1 (0.00.7)
New York City, NY 1.8 (1.32.5) 3.1 (1.65.8) 7.1 (4.511.2) 2.3 (1.43.7) 8.8 (6.112.3) 0.1 (0.00.2)
Oakland, CA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Orange County, FL 2.1 (1.13.9) 7.4 (3.515.1) 18.8 (8.137.8) 3.4 (1.96.1) 14.7 (6.928.5) 0.5 (0.11.6)
Palm Beach County, FL 3.1 (2.24.4) 14.3 (9.421.3) 12.4 (6.821.5) 3.5 (2.25.4) 16.0 (10.024.5) 1.0 (0.42.4)
Philadelphia, PA 1.3 (0.72.7) 5.6 (2.711.2) 4.1 (1.311.9) 1.5 (0.63.2) 6.3 (3.411.5) 0.1 (0.00.7)
San Diego, CA 1.7 (1.12.4) 3.8 (1.68.9) 6.1 (2.514.4) 2.7 (1.74.3) 8.1 (4.614.1) 0.3 (0.11.0)
San Francisco, CA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Median 1.7 6.6 10.0 2.7 8.2 0.5
Range 1.13.9 3.114.3 4.118.8 1.55.5 5.119.0 0.11.0
* Used a needle to inject any illegal drug into their body one or more times during their life.
95% confidence interval.
Not available.

148 MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
 Surveillance Summaries

TABLE 65. Percentage of high school students who were offered, sold, or given an illegal drug on school property,* by sexual identity and sex
of sexual contacts United States and selected U.S. sites, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2015
% CI
National survey
(all students) 21.7 (19.424.2)

Sexual identity Sex of sexual contacts

Heterosexual Gay, lesbian, or Opposite sex Same sex only or No
(straight) bisexual Not sure only both sexes sexual contact
Site % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI
National survey
Total 20.8 (18.423.4) 29.3 (25.433.6) 28.4 (22.734.9) 27.2 (24.030.7) 38.6 (33.244.3) 13.2 (11.415.3)
Male 23.9 (21.426.6) 28.7 (22.336.2) 31.3 (22.541.8) 30.8 (27.034.9) 43.4 (34.253.0) 14.7 (12.716.9)
Female 17.1 (14.620.0) 29.8 (25.134.9) 25.9 (20.432.3) 22.5 (19.725.7) 37.1 (31.443.2) 11.8 (9.414.8)
State surveys
Arizona 27.7 (24.730.8) 44.9 (36.353.7) 46.0 (25.867.5) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Arkansas 27.0 (23.930.4) 28.3 (24.332.6) 35.0 (26.744.4) 33.8 (29.937.9) 32.5 (22.045.1) 16.4 (13.519.7)
California 25.2 (22.128.6) 29.2 (21.438.4) 33.9 (17.056.3) 35.9 (30.042.3) 46.1 (27.665.8) 16.9 (14.719.3)
Connecticut 27.5 (24.330.9) 34.8 (27.642.8) 34.8 (27.043.6) 33.8 (29.938.0) 36.2 (27.346.1) 20.1 (16.923.6)
Delaware 14.5 (12.916.3) 26.9 (19.336.0) 13.8 (8.322.1) 21.6 (18.724.8) 35.0 (24.347.5) 8.5 (7.110.0)
Florida 17.4 (16.018.8) 28.2 (24.032.7) 22.7 (18.128.1) 23.9 (22.125.9) 41.1 (36.346.0) 9.7 (8.311.4)
Hawaii 24.1 (22.426.0) 39.3 (32.246.9) 22.0 (15.230.6) 33.1 (30.835.6) 41.9 (32.152.4) 18.2 (16.120.4)
Illinois 23.5 (20.626.7) 36.6 (27.846.3) 46.4 (33.859.6) 29.9 (25.734.5) 43.9 (33.155.4) 15.8 (13.418.6)
Indiana 21.1 (19.023.4) 32.3 (21.844.9) 24.1 (13.539.3) 26.1 (22.629.9) 32.2 (22.643.5) 13.7 (10.517.6)
Kentucky 19.7 (17.122.6) 33.8 (25.543.2) 18.2 (7.637.5) 24.9 (20.829.4) 29.6 (19.841.6) 12.4 (10.115.1)
Maine 13.7 (12.415.0) 22.3 (19.225.6) 19.8 (15.325.3) 18.1 (16.419.8) 26.3 (23.229.5) 7.7 (6.88.8)
Maryland 24.9 (24.425.5) 33.9 (32.335.5) 30.9 (28.533.4) 31.6 (30.732.5) 41.1 (39.243.0) 16.9 (16.317.5)
Massachusetts 20.0 (18.221.9) 24.1 (19.129.9) 23.9 (16.433.6) 25.2 (22.628.1) 37.8 (29.347.1) 12.5 (10.315.0)
Michigan 25.2 (21.629.2) 27.2 (20.934.6) 21.9 (14.232.2) 31.4 (26.736.4) 31.0 (23.240.1) 16.4 (13.120.4)
Nevada 28.3 (25.231.7) 42.0 (32.851.9) 34.3 (23.047.7) 36.8 (30.943.1) 44.0 (33.055.6) 19.7 (17.821.8)
New Mexico 26.4 (24.827.9) 35.4 (31.839.3) 29.8 (24.335.8) 31.7 (29.533.9) 40.3 (35.845.0) 20.7 (18.622.8)
New York NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
North Carolina 23.6 (20.227.3) 33.6 (24.644.1) 22.2 (12.835.6) 29.0 (24.833.6) 32.4 (24.341.6) 14.6 (11.119.0)
North Dakota 17.8 (16.019.8) 23.4 (16.731.8) 18.5 (9.034.1) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oklahoma 13.9 (11.916.3) 26.1 (16.937.9) 21.6 (11.337.5) 17.6 (13.921.9) 40.0 (28.053.4) 9.5 (7.611.7)
Pennsylvania 18.6 (16.720.6) 27.5 (21.434.5) 18.8 (11.828.6) 23.7 (21.126.6) 32.2 (23.442.5) 12.2 (10.214.6)
Rhode Island NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Vermont 17.1 (16.617.7) 29.0 (26.931.3) 17.8 (15.320.6) 23.9 (23.124.8) 38.7 (36.041.5) 8.8 (8.29.4)
West Virginia 24.3 (20.828.2) 33.1 (23.444.4) 41.1 (27.855.8) 29.3 (24.834.2) 35.7 (27.045.4) 15.6 (10.622.4)
Wyoming 20.3 (17.723.2) 36.2 (26.946.6) 28.7 (18.841.1) 26.8 (23.131.0) 37.1 (28.746.4) 12.3 (10.114.8)
Median 23.5 32.3 23.9 29.0 37.1 14.6
Range 13.728.3 22.344.9 13.846.4 17.636.8 26.346.1 7.720.7
Large urban school district surveys
Baltimore, MD 24.0 (19.828.7) 31.1 (24.738.5) 37.6 (24.852.4) 24.6 (20.129.9) 31.3 (24.439.0) 17.4 (13.422.3)
Boston, MA 19.9 (17.922.1) 23.7 (16.632.7) 23.5 (12.938.8) 25.4 (21.929.1) 29.1 (21.038.8) 11.9 (9.614.6)
Broward County, FL 29.8 (26.733.1) 41.0 (32.749.8) 35.4 (24.448.1) 34.4 (30.438.6) 47.2 (38.156.4) 22.4 (18.726.6)
Cleveland, OH NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
DeKalb County, GA 29.1 (26.032.4) 34.2 (27.641.6) 39.0 (28.550.7) 34.7 (30.738.8) 45.6 (36.854.7) 20.3 (16.724.3)
Detroit, MI 33.4 (30.336.5) 44.5 (34.854.7) 43.0 (29.657.6) 35.0 (30.140.2) 43.2 (32.954.0) 24.7 (19.830.4)
District of Columbia NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Duval County, FL 28.1 (26.230.1) 33.8 (28.939.0) 29.2 (22.137.5) 32.8 (29.935.7) 38.2 (32.843.9) 19.0 (16.721.4)
Ft. Worth, TX 21.4 (19.623.4) 29.1 (22.337.0) 17.7 (11.326.6) 28.3 (25.431.4) 33.0 (25.541.5) 14.7 (12.617.1)
Houston, TX 28.8 (26.830.8) 40.2 (34.446.3) 30.3 (23.038.8) 36.3 (33.239.6) 42.1 (35.449.1) 21.0 (18.823.5)
Los Angeles, CA 26.6 (23.829.6) 38.5 (28.948.9) 32.4 (21.645.4) 35.9 (29.942.4) 42.6 (31.254.9) 19.3 (17.121.6)
Miami-Dade County, FL 21.1 (19.223.1) 29.8 (23.337.2) 33.8 (24.145.1) 28.9 (26.231.7) 31.0 (21.941.8) 14.1 (11.716.8)
New York City, NY NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oakland, CA 29.5 (27.132.1) 44.6 (34.954.7) 29.2 (15.947.3) 40.1 (36.543.9) 38.2 (27.350.4) 19.2 (16.122.8)
Orange County, FL 18.8 (16.721.2) 38.3 (30.147.3) 26.6 (16.739.4) 25.7 (21.930.1) 39.2 (29.749.7) 13.3 (10.916.0)
Palm Beach County, FL 24.4 (21.827.1) 34.4 (27.342.4) 25.4 (17.535.4) 30.5 (27.433.9) 41.4 (33.150.2) 15.8 (13.318.8)
Philadelphia, PA 23.6 (20.227.4) 35.0 (27.842.8) 46.1 (34.558.2) 28.6 (23.534.3) 43.0 (34.751.7) 15.5 (12.119.6)
San Diego, CA 27.5 (25.629.6) 35.5 (26.046.2) 16.5 (10.924.2) 34.3 (30.837.8) 45.4 (35.156.0) 18.9 (16.321.8)
San Francisco, CA 23.4 (20.626.5) 32.1 (23.841.8) 22.3 (14.732.2) 36.5 (31.242.0) 37.7 (27.049.7) 14.5 (12.017.4)
Median 25.5 34.7 29.7 33.5 40.3 18.2
Range 18.833.4 23.744.6 16.546.1 24.640.1 29.147.2 11.924.7
* During the 12 months before the survey.
95% confidence interval.
Not available.

US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 149
 Surveillance Summaries

TABLE 66. Percentage of high school students who ever had sexual intercourse, by sexual identity and sex of sexual contacts* United States
and selected U.S. sites, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2015
% CI
National survey
(all students) 41.2 (37.545.0)

Sexual identity Sex of sexual contacts

Heterosexual Gay, lesbian, or Opposite sex Same sex only or
(straight) bisexual Not sure only both sexes
Site % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI
National survey
Total 40.9 (37.144.8) 50.8 (45.755.8) 31.6 (26.936.7) 78.5 (74.881.7) 72.4 (67.576.7)
Male 43.3 (39.447.2) 47.4 (40.055.0) 37.3 (28.547.1) 78.3 (74.182.0) 83.5 (73.890.2)
Female 38.2 (33.742.8) 52.2 (46.457.8) 28.4 (22.734.8) 78.7 (74.882.2) 68.8 (62.774.4)
State surveys
Arizona 37.9 (31.344.9) 55.1 (47.162.9) 36.0 (20.455.3) NA NA NA NA
Arkansas 44.6 (37.052.5) 64.4 (49.477.1) 36.1 (19.956.3) 84.6 (77.389.8) 81.0 (63.791.2)
California 32.5 (27.937.5) 37.5 (27.848.3) 23.1 (13.337.1) 74.3 (70.278.0) 68.1 (56.278.1)
Connecticut 31.9 (28.136.0) 43.5 (34.752.7) 24.0 (12.640.7) 68.5 (64.472.2) 71.7 (61.480.2)
Delaware 46.2 (41.351.2) 64.1 (55.372.0) 26.5 (15.142.2) 99.6 (98.899.8) 98.6 (93.899.7)
Florida 38.9 (36.441.5) 55.1 (50.659.6) 37.2 (30.844.1) 78.2 (75.780.6) 80.1 (75.084.3)
Hawaii NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Illinois 37.1 (30.344.4) 61.7 (52.470.2) 28.6 (14.149.4) 76.6 (70.382.0) 78.3 (66.486.8)
Indiana 40.3 (34.846.1) 63.4 (52.073.5) 23.3 (12.738.8) 74.8 (68.080.5) 82.8 (72.489.8)
Kentucky 40.2 (35.844.8) 60.8 (50.969.9) 37.4 (24.652.2) 78.2 (73.382.5) 78.1 (69.784.7)
Maine 38.3 (35.840.8) 50.5 (44.756.2) 35.7 (29.242.8) 73.4 (70.775.9) 77.8 (73.881.3)
Maryland 31.1 (30.032.2) 45.7 (43.847.6) 28.1 (25.730.7) 70.2 (68.871.6) 68.7 (66.670.7)
Massachusetts 36.7 (32.741.0) 41.3 (33.150.0) 15.7 (7.230.7) 72.4 (68.376.1) 66.0 (56.274.6)
Michigan 35.0 (30.939.3) 49.5 (40.159.0) 27.4 (17.739.9) 72.6 (65.978.5) 68.3 (55.079.1)
Nevada 39.1 (33.644.8) 47.9 (35.460.7) 45.6 (33.558.3) 80.4 (76.583.8) 69.6 (58.079.1)
New Mexico 35.7 (33.338.1) 50.9 (47.154.8) 30.9 (24.538.1) 80.1 (77.982.1) 73.2 (68.977.2)
New York 28.9 (24.333.8) 48.7 (40.157.4) 29.2 (21.638.3) 72.1 (64.778.4) 72.5 (64.279.5)
North Carolina 42.8 (38.946.9) 52.8 (37.267.8) 28.0 (15.644.9) 77.0 (73.780.0) 81.1 (73.786.8)
North Dakota 38.7 (35.442.1) 42.8 (34.251.9) 35.7 (22.451.7) NA NA NA NA
Oklahoma 42.8 (37.847.9) 61.1 (48.772.1) 26.0 (14.043.1) 84.3 (80.787.3) 78.9 (67.887.0)
Pennsylvania 34.9 (30.539.6) 56.9 (46.466.7) 23.6 (15.933.5) 68.2 (63.173.0) 72.1 (62.979.7)
Rhode Island 36.8 (33.440.3) 43.5 (34.752.7) 22.0 (12.136.4) 77.2 (71.382.1) 70.0 (63.775.6)
Vermont NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
West Virginia 46.0 (40.052.2) 62.1 (53.670.0) 35.1 (22.949.6) 79.9 (75.683.7) 78.3 (68.585.7)
Wyoming 40.3 (36.644.1) 65.1 (54.374.4) 39.0 (26.253.5) 80.9 (77.484.0) 85.1 (77.690.3)
Median 38.3 52.8 28.6 77.0 77.8
Range 28.946.2 37.565.1 15.745.6 68.299.6 66.098.6
Large urban school district surveys
Baltimore, MD 47.9 (40.555.5) 57.9 (40.473.7) 45.5 (26.266.2) 88.5 (83.892.0) 76.4 (60.887.1)
Boston, MA 41.1 (36.845.4) 51.8 (42.661.0) 37.6 (23.953.6) 80.7 (76.484.3) 78.2 (68.485.6)
Broward County, FL 39.4 (35.243.8) 47.8 (36.958.9) 26.2 (16.139.7) 79.5 (75.583.1) 67.3 (54.478.0)
Cleveland, OH 50.7 (45.955.4) 56.8 (47.865.3) 23.3 (12.040.3) 85.4 (81.088.9) 71.4 (60.780.1)
DeKalb County, GA 38.1 (34.342.1) 56.3 (47.564.8) 32.0 (20.346.4) 72.6 (66.877.6) 74.6 (64.282.7)
Detroit, MI 44.0 (39.248.8) 52.3 (39.864.4) 16.7 (7.533.0) 84.8 (81.987.3) 73.9 (63.782.1)
District of Columbia 40.6 (39.341.8) 49.2 (46.152.2) 20.7 (16.525.6) 82.1 (80.783.5) 70.8 (67.474.0)
Duval County, FL 34.9 (32.137.8) 51.5 (44.258.7) 28.5 (18.341.4) 68.8 (65.472.0) 64.1 (56.970.8)
Ft. Worth, TX 38.8 (35.642.1) 61.0 (53.268.3) 18.5 (10.530.5) 82.8 (79.485.8) 83.2 (75.089.1)
Houston, TX 36.4 (33.439.4) 48.0 (40.555.5) 31.5 (23.540.8) 82.6 (79.185.7) 77.8 (70.383.8)
Los Angeles, CA 26.8 (22.032.2) 37.6 (30.645.2) 23.5 (14.036.8) 67.9 (61.573.7) 49.5 (37.761.2)
Miami-Dade County, FL 37.7 (34.141.5) 55.3 (46.064.2) 34.5 (21.550.3) 76.8 (73.080.2) 81.1 (72.687.4)
New York City, NY 26.3 (22.930.0) 41.7 (35.847.8) 18.2 (13.823.8) 70.9 (64.077.0) 62.0 (55.668.0)
Oakland, CA 36.6 (32.041.4) 47.5 (36.858.3) 34.9 (22.649.6) 75.4 (69.680.4) 72.0 (58.482.5)
Orange County, FL 35.2 (30.839.8) 60.3 (50.169.6) 30.2 (19.244.0) 78.0 (72.682.5) 74.4 (63.183.1)
Palm Beach County, FL 40.3 (36.844.0) 60.4 (51.668.5) 27.2 (17.739.3) 78.7 (75.082.0) 77.1 (68.483.9)
Philadelphia, PA 51.1 (44.657.6) 59.0 (47.769.3) 55.3 (39.869.8) 86.7 (81.890.4) 74.5 (65.681.7)
San Diego, CA 31.9 (27.636.5) 40.3 (32.848.3) 21.8 (13.633.1) 66.5 (61.870.8) 63.5 (54.072.1)
San Francisco, CA 24.8 (20.629.7) 48.7 (36.760.8) 14.8 (8.325.2) 79.5 (74.583.7) 71.9 (58.482.3)
Median 38.1 51.8 27.2 79.5 73.9
Range 24.851.1 37.661.0 14.855.3 66.588.5 49.583.2
* Students who had no sexual contact are excluded from these analyses.
95% confidence interval.
Not available.

150 MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
 Surveillance Summaries

TABLE 67. Percentage of high school students who had sexual intercourse for the first time before age 13 years, by sexual identity and sex of
sexual contacts* United States and selected U.S. sites, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2015
% CI
National survey
(all students) 3.9 (3.24.8)

Sexual identity Sex of sexual contacts

Heterosexual Gay, lesbian, or Opposite sex Same sex only or
(straight) bisexual Not sure only both sexes
Site % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI
National survey
Total 3.4 (2.74.3) 7.3 (5.310.1) 8.8 (6.412.0) 6.4 (5.27.9) 14.9 (11.618.8)
Male 5.1 (3.96.6) 9.6 (4.718.8) 15.2 (10.222.2) 9.1 (7.211.5) 26.6 (19.934.5)
Female 1.6 (1.22.2) 6.4 (4.49.3) 4.6 (2.48.6) 3.0 (2.24.2) 11.1 (8.015.1)
State surveys
Arizona 2.7 (2.03.6) 8.1 (3.916.0) 3.3 (0.617.0) NA NA NA NA
Arkansas 4.7 (3.36.6) 13.8 (8.621.2) 12.2 (7.419.7) 8.9 (6.312.4) 21.7 (14.131.8)
California 2.4 (1.63.6) 7.1 (2.518.1) 10.8 (3.032.1) 5.4 (3.48.3) 19.6 (9.137.4)
Connecticut 2.2 (1.43.5) 3.0 (1.08.3) 5.2 (1.913.6) 4.9 (3.57.0) 5.8 (2.911.3)
Delaware 6.1 (4.58.3) 12.5 (8.118.9) 6.3 (2.315.9) 13.4 (10.017.7) 22.1 (13.933.2)
Florida 5.1 (4.16.2) 7.5 (5.510.1) 11.4 (7.517.0) 10.1 (8.312.1) 16.7 (12.721.7)
Hawaii 2.9 (2.43.5) 7.9 (4.912.4) 5.3 (2.411.3) 7.2 (5.78.9) 17.0 (12.223.4)
Illinois 2.4 (1.53.9) 6.3 (3.112.4) 13.7 (5.529.9) 4.9 (3.17.8) 15.9 (9.126.2)
Indiana 2.3 (1.63.4) 7.7 (3.715.4) 6.3 (1.919.1) 4.2 (2.96.0) 13.2 (6.724.5)
Kentucky 4.0 (2.85.7) 12.5 (9.017.0) 7.3 (2.718.6) 7.0 (5.09.7) 17.6 (12.524.2)
Maine 2.3 (1.92.8) 5.5 (3.87.9) 9.5 (5.515.9) 4.4 (3.75.2) 10.7 (8.213.9)
Maryland 4.3 (3.94.6) 9.1 (8.110.2) 9.6 (8.011.5) 9.6 (8.910.3) 15.6 (14.117.3)
Massachusetts 2.7 (1.83.8) 4.7 (2.68.6) 7.4 (3.016.9) 5.0 (3.66.8) 11.8 (8.116.9)
Michigan 2.7 (1.74.3) 3.6 (1.77.4) 7.7 (2.124.8) 5.4 (3.58.3) 9.3 (4.817.3)
Nevada 2.5 (1.34.6) 5.4 (2.212.8) 9.2 (3.422.3) 5.6 (3.010.2) 7.0 (2.816.4)
New Mexico 3.5 (2.94.1) 10.4 (8.013.4) 5.3 (3.48.3) 8.2 (7.09.5) 14.4 (10.818.9)
New York 2.7 (2.03.7) 8.4 (4.714.6) 10.8 (5.620.0) 5.7 (4.27.6) 20.2 (13.529.1)
North Carolina 4.3 (3.35.7) 7.2 (4.311.6) 11.2 (3.928.0) 8.1 (6.110.6) 13.3 (7.622.2)
North Dakota 2.1 (1.43.1) 6.4 (2.813.9) 10.4 (3.825.6) NA NA NA NA
Oklahoma 3.1 (1.36.9) 13.2 (7.522.3) 6.8 (1.822.7) 6.8 (3.313.5) 12.6 (8.119.2)
Pennsylvania 3.4 (2.54.6) 8.4 (4.415.3) 3.1 (0.810.7) 6.9 (5.29.1) 8.9 (4.716.0)
Rhode Island 2.2 (1.33.8) 6.6 (3.312.8) 9.8 (2.829.0) 4.4 (2.67.5) 16.3 (8.030.4)
Vermont 2.6 (2.32.8) 8.9 (7.610.5) 6.6 (5.08.6) 4.6 (4.25.1) 15.7 (13.618.0)
West Virginia 3.8 (2.65.4) 14.3 (7.725.2) 14.3 (7.326.1) 6.1 (4.58.3) 22.2 (12.935.4)
Wyoming 2.9 (1.94.3) 14.0 (8.921.4) 10.9 (3.926.8) 5.4 (3.77.8) 23.0 (15.133.4)
Median 2.7 7.9 9.2 5.7 15.7
Range 2.16.1 3.014.3 3.114.3 4.213.4 5.823.0
Large urban school district surveys
Baltimore, MD 12.6 (9.516.5) 8.7 (5.114.4) 13.3 (3.738.2) 23.0 (17.329.9) 9.7 (5.217.2)
Boston, MA 5.8 (4.57.3) 8.6 (4.216.8) 10.8 (5.520.3) 10.8 (8.413.9) 17.5 (9.829.3)
Broward County, FL 4.8 (3.76.2) 8.5 (4.515.7) 7.4 (2.619.5) 8.9 (6.612.0) 17.0 (10.227.0)
Cleveland, OH 10.2 (8.212.5) 11.0 (6.318.4) 5.2 (1.615.6) 17.2 (14.020.9) 13.1 (7.721.4)
DeKalb County, GA 7.9 (6.39.8) 5.5 (2.611.2) 4.4 (1.116.0) 14.4 (11.218.4) 10.6 (6.117.8)
Detroit, MI 8.9 (6.412.2) 10.4 (5.120.0) 2.4 (0.316.0) 16.4 (11.722.4) 19.6 (12.629.3)
District of Columbia 11.7 (10.812.6) 9.1 (7.511.0) 3.9 (2.26.9) 22.6 (21.024.3) 15.0 (12.717.8)
Duval County, FL 5.3 (4.36.7) 8.5 (5.512.8) 0.9 (0.24.3) 9.5 (7.711.7) 10.9 (6.916.7)
Ft. Worth, TX 4.4 (3.35.7) 10.7 (6.716.7) 4.6 (1.811.5) 9.7 (7.612.3) 15.3 (9.224.4)
Houston, TX 5.2 (4.16.5) 5.8 (3.39.9) 12.2 (7.120.3) 11.5 (9.114.4) 16.0 (11.122.5)
Los Angeles, CA 3.5 (2.74.6) 2.6 (0.87.6) 8.1 (2.522.9) 8.1 (6.010.8) 11.0 (5.819.9)
Miami-Dade County, FL 4.7 (3.75.9) 4.0 (2.27.1) 18.7 (9.334.0) 10.0 (8.112.4) 13.2 (6.823.9)
New York City, NY 4.2 (3.15.8) 5.2 (3.47.9) 5.8 (3.210.1) 9.9 (7.413.2) 13.5 (10.117.8)
Oakland, CA 7.9 (6.110.1) 3.6 (1.49.0) 4.6 (1.414.2) 15.3 (11.420.1) 9.7 (4.519.7)
Orange County, FL 4.7 (3.26.7) 8.7 (4.616.0) 13.2 (6.026.6) 10.5 (7.414.7) 12.6 (7.420.7)
Palm Beach County, FL 4.9 (3.96.1) 14.9 (8.924.0) 9.2 (4.318.6) 9.4 (7.411.9) 23.1 (16.331.7)
Philadelphia, PA 9.3 (7.711.3) 8.9 (4.915.6) 7.5 (3.017.6) 15.3 (12.818.3) 13.7 (8.221.9)
San Diego, CA 3.3 (2.44.6) 6.3 (3.610.7) 0.0 6.9 (4.89.7) 7.2 (4.312.0)
San Francisco, CA 2.1 (1.33.2) 10.8 (5.719.5) 3.4 (1.29.2) 6.8 (4.510.1) 14.4 (6.030.7)
Median 5.2 8.6 5.8 10.5 13.5
Range 2.112.6 2.614.9 0.018.7 6.823.0 7.223.1
* Students who had no sexual contact are excluded from these analyses.
95% confidence interval.
Not available.

US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 151
 Surveillance Summaries

TABLE 68. Percentage of high school students who had sexual intercourse with four or more persons during their life, by sexual identity and
sex of sexual contacts* United States and selected U.S. sites, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2015
% CI
National survey
(all students) 11.5 (9.913.3)

Sexual identity Sex of sexual contacts

Heterosexual Gay, lesbian, or Opposite sex Same sex only or
(straight) bisexual Not sure only both sexes
Site % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI
National survey
Total 11.2 (9.513.1) 14.7 (12.317.4) 12.9 (8.918.3) 20.9 (18.623.5) 28.3 (24.332.7)
Male 14.1 (11.816.7) 11.7 (8.216.4) 20.9 (13.331.2) 25.4 (22.129.0) 33.4 (25.542.2)
Female 7.9 (6.39.7) 15.5 (12.519.1) 7.8 (3.715.9) 15.3 (13.117.9) 26.7 (21.632.5)
State surveys
Arizona 10.1 (7.413.6) 14.5 (7.825.2) 11.9 (3.633.1) NA NA NA NA
Arkansas 15.8 (12.220.3) 17.2 (13.721.4) 18.4 (7.339.1) 28.6 (23.134.8) 31.6 (17.749.9)
California 7.7 (5.410.8) 11.5 (5.821.6) 5.4 (1.815.3) 17.5 (13.821.9) 20.4 (9.438.9)
Connecticut 5.7 (4.57.1) 10.0 (5.318.1) 8.6 (2.922.6) 11.4 (9.413.8) 23.6 (16.931.9)
Delaware 12.0 (9.215.5) 20.4 (15.426.4) 17.4 (9.330.2) 25.9 (20.831.7) 40.4 (31.949.6)
Florida 10.5 (9.112.1) 19.1 (15.922.8) 12.5 (8.318.6) 20.5 (18.223.0) 31.8 (26.937.1)
Hawaii 6.2 (5.27.4) 9.7 (5.915.7) 9.1 (4.517.5) 15.2 (13.017.8) 27.5 (19.437.3)
Illinois 7.5 (5.510.0) 21.5 (14.930.2) 16.8 (8.331.2) 14.9 (11.119.9) 36.5 (28.745.0)
Indiana 7.6 (5.510.3) 17.6 (11.126.7) 10.3 (3.725.2) 13.3 (9.818.0) 29.5 (19.342.3)
Kentucky 9.1 (6.812.0) 20.0 (12.430.7) 16.9 (9.229.0) 16.9 (13.221.3) 32.1 (23.641.9)
Maine 7.5 (6.58.6) 14.1 (10.618.5) 11.5 (7.018.3) 13.4 (11.715.2) 28.3 (23.833.2)
Maryland 7.8 (7.38.2) 14.6 (13.416.0) 11.4 (9.713.4) 17.3 (16.418.2) 24.5 (22.726.4)
Massachusetts 7.5 (5.69.9) 12.7 (8.718.1) 5.9 (2.612.8) 14.5 (11.618.1) 22.2 (16.828.9)
Michigan 8.8 (6.711.5) 9.0 (3.421.8) 10.3 (2.930.6) 17.9 (13.423.5) 18.4 (9.732.2)
Nevada 9.5 (6.912.9) 19.7 (11.631.6) 18.5 (8.635.6) 18.8 (14.424.2) 31.7 (24.340.1)
New Mexico 8.0 (7.19.1) 13.9 (11.117.2) 12.5 (8.218.4) 17.8 (16.119.6) 24.0 (19.329.4)
New York 6.5 (4.98.6) 11.3 (7.317.1) 13.4 (7.522.9) 14.9 (11.519.0) 28.5 (21.536.7)
North Carolina 12.4 (9.516.1) 14.1 (6.827.0) 6.8 (3.214.1) 22.6 (17.029.4) 19.6 (12.928.7)
North Dakota NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oklahoma 13.1 (10.216.6) 17.9 (10.728.3) 7.9 (2.522.2) 24.6 (19.930.1) 32.6 (20.647.6)
Pennsylvania 9.6 (7.512.2) 20.5 (13.430.2) 5.8 (2.015.8) 19.1 (15.623.1) 22.0 (15.031.1)
Rhode Island 6.4 (5.08.2) 14.7 (9.621.8) 12.9 (4.929.7) 13.6 (10.717.2) 28.1 (21.036.7)
Vermont 9.0 (8.69.5) 20.2 (18.322.3) 10.5 (8.412.9) 16.1 (15.416.9) 34.9 (32.137.8)
West Virginia 11.7 (9.414.5) 25.3 (16.936.1) 25.5 (13.942.3) 19.9 (17.023.3) 36.7 (26.847.9)
Wyoming 11.9 (9.514.8) 23.4 (16.731.8) 14.5 (6.329.8) 23.0 (18.727.9) 39.5 (30.050.0)
Median 8.9 15.9 11.7 17.5 28.5
Range 5.715.8 9.025.3 5.425.5 11.428.6 18.440.4
Large urban school district surveys
Baltimore, MD 17.9 (12.724.6) 11.6 (4.427.3) 20.8 (7.745.3) 32.7 (25.041.5) 18.7 (9.234.5)
Boston, MA 11.5 (9.513.9) 10.8 (5.719.5) 17.3 (8.930.8) 22.5 (18.826.7) 21.6 (12.634.4)
Broward County, FL 10.5 (8.313.2) 10.4 (5.518.9) 8.5 (2.624.5) 19.4 (16.023.2) 26.5 (17.637.9)
Cleveland, OH 18.3 (15.521.4) 16.0 (10.723.2) 14.0 (6.029.4) 29.9 (25.834.5) 25.4 (17.335.6)
DeKalb County, GA 11.6 (9.713.8) 14.2 (8.822.2) 8.3 (3.020.7) 20.8 (17.624.4) 25.7 (17.835.5)
Detroit, MI 11.9 (9.514.7) 17.4 (10.128.3) 15.5 (6.632.3) 22.9 (18.927.5) 27.5 (18.439.1)
District of Columbia 14.4 (13.515.4) 12.2 (10.314.4) 5.4 (3.48.6) 27.9 (26.229.7) 22.6 (19.725.8)
Duval County, FL 9.4 (7.911.3) 16.2 (10.923.3) 5.0 (2.210.7) 18.1 (15.321.3) 20.1 (14.826.7)
Ft. Worth, TX 10.3 (8.912.0) 19.3 (13.527.0) 4.9 (1.911.9) 21.4 (18.924.1) 32.5 (24.142.3)
Houston, TX 10.6 (8.912.5) 15.8 (10.822.6) 13.9 (8.222.4) 23.8 (20.527.4) 28.7 (21.437.3)
Los Angeles, CA 5.6 (4.27.3) 5.4 (2.312.1) 6.8 (2.318.3) 13.5 (10.617.1) 11.2 (5.421.8)
Miami-Dade County, FL 10.6 (8.912.6) 12.3 (6.921.0) 20.9 (11.435.0) 21.9 (18.925.2) 25.2 (16.935.8)
New York City, NY 7.5 (5.89.8) 9.8 (6.614.3) 5.3 (3.09.2) 19.1 (15.223.7) 20.4 (15.925.7)
Oakland, CA 11.4 (9.114.1) 12.0 (6.920.1) 5.4 (1.320.4) 22.0 (17.926.7) 23.8 (14.636.3)
Orange County, FL 8.9 (6.911.4) 16.9 (10.925.3) 13.2 (6.026.6) 19.3 (15.523.9) 24.5 (17.632.9)
Palm Beach County, FL 11.1 (9.213.2) 24.3 (17.632.6) 9.7 (4.818.5) 21.2 (18.124.6) 35.8 (27.844.8)
Philadelphia, PA 18.8 (15.023.3) 23.3 (18.428.9) 14.9 (8.923.8) 31.1 (25.936.7) 30.1 (24.037.0)
San Diego, CA 6.5 (5.37.9) 9.0 (5.315.0) 7.8 (3.915.2) 13.6 (11.216.5) 16.8 (11.523.8)
San Francisco, CA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Median 10.8 13.3 9.1 21.7 24.8
Range 5.618.8 5.424.3 4.920.9 13.532.7 11.235.8
* Students who had no sexual contact are excluded from these analyses.
95% confidence interval.
Not available.

152 MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
 Surveillance Summaries

TABLE 69. Percentage of high school students who were currently sexually active,* by sexual identity and sex of sexual contacts United States
and selected U.S. sites, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2015
% CI
National survey
(all students) 30.1 (27.432.9)

Sexual identity Sex of sexual contacts

Heterosexual Gay, lesbian, or Opposite sex Same sex only or
(straight) bisexual Not sure only both sexes
Site % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI
National survey
Total 30.1 (27.333.1) 35.1 (31.139.4) 22.9 (17.928.8) 57.6 (54.760.6) 51.9 (47.456.3)
Male 30.5 (27.933.2) 31.9 (25.039.8) 30.7 (22.640.2) 55.3 (52.258.3) 58.6 (49.766.9)
Female 29.7 (26.233.5) 36.3 (31.741.3) 18.1 (12.425.7) 60.6 (57.264.0) 49.7 (44.854.5)
State surveys
Arizona 27.8 (21.934.6) 43.5 (35.052.4) 17.4 (6.638.3) NA NA NA NA
Arkansas 32.9 (27.538.9) 42.5 (33.552.0) 28.7 (13.550.9) 62.4 (57.966.7) 52.9 (40.165.4)
California 24.3 (19.929.3) 28.3 (21.037.0) 17.7 (7.436.7) 55.7 (49.661.5) 55.3 (41.168.8)
Connecticut 22.8 (19.726.2) 30.0 (21.440.2) 18.2 (10.031.0) 48.6 (44.952.2) 53.4 (40.665.7)
Delaware 32.6 (28.337.2) 47.6 (39.455.9) 24.7 (13.441.0) 71.1 (66.974.9) 73.2 (63.381.2)
Florida 26.5 (24.328.7) 37.5 (32.942.3) 27.2 (21.433.8) 52.9 (50.055.8) 57.5 (52.362.5)
Hawaii 21.4 (19.223.9) 32.0 (24.440.6) 22.5 (13.734.6) 55.1 (51.658.5) 62.2 (53.170.4)
Illinois 28.5 (23.234.4) 44.2 (35.653.2) 25.6 (11.946.5) 58.2 (52.463.7) 60.2 (48.870.6)
Indiana 30.5 (26.135.4) 48.0 (38.258.0) 20.2 (10.735.0) 56.1 (51.260.9) 67.3 (58.774.9)
Kentucky 29.7 (25.734.0) 39.7 (29.550.9) 19.2 (10.233.1) 56.9 (51.262.5) 51.5 (41.761.1)
Maine 28.0 (26.129.9) 35.1 (30.140.5) 28.2 (21.635.9) 53.2 (51.255.1) 58.0 (52.663.2)
Maryland 21.7 (20.822.6) 30.9 (29.232.7) 21.1 (18.723.7) 48.6 (47.449.9) 47.8 (45.749.9)
Massachusetts 28.3 (24.932.0) 27.9 (21.835.0) 9.7 (3.822.7) 55.9 (51.959.8) 45.7 (39.152.5)
Michigan 25.0 (21.828.6) 35.6 (26.046.5) 19.4 (9.834.7) 53.0 (47.358.6) 43.4 (29.358.6)
Nevada 26.1 (21.331.6) 34.8 (24.446.9) 27.5 (18.239.3) 52.6 (47.158.1) 53.1 (45.160.9)
New Mexico 24.6 (22.726.6) 31.7 (28.335.4) 21.6 (15.329.4) 54.2 (51.756.8) 50.6 (45.655.5)
New York 22.1 (18.526.3) 37.1 (30.644.0) 24.2 (18.031.8) 54.5 (49.059.9) 59.2 (50.267.7)
North Carolina 32.4 (29.435.6) 38.2 (27.949.7) 21.6 (12.135.4) 59.3 (55.862.8) 50.9 (43.158.7)
North Dakota 29.8 (26.733.0) 31.7 (23.041.9) 20.6 (9.738.5) NA NA NA NA
Oklahoma 31.1 (26.635.9) 36.5 (24.750.1) 21.0 (9.440.3) 61.1 (55.866.2) 55.2 (42.767.0)
Pennsylvania 26.3 (22.330.7) 35.9 (26.746.2) 17.1 (10.726.1) 50.6 (45.655.5) 49.3 (38.859.8)
Rhode Island 25.7 (23.228.4) 31.1 (23.240.4) 13.7 (6.426.9) 54.1 (49.458.7) 49.3 (37.860.8)
Vermont 30.8 (30.131.5) 41.8 (39.444.3) 22.0 (19.225.1) 56.3 (55.357.2) 60.9 (58.063.7)
West Virginia 34.5 (29.140.3) 51.0 (40.761.2) 27.2 (16.142.1) 59.5 (54.564.3) 63.3 (53.672.1)
Wyoming 30.8 (27.434.4) 43.2 (34.452.4) 23.4 (13.038.4) 61.0 (56.964.9) 62.0 (51.571.4)
Median 28.0 36.5 21.6 55.7 55.2
Range 21.434.5 27.951.0 9.728.7 48.671.1 43.473.2
Large urban school district surveys
Baltimore, MD 34.6 (27.842.3) 43.7 (27.261.7) 10.9 (2.437.5) 64.6 (57.471.2) 47.4 (28.267.4)
Boston, MA 29.4 (25.833.2) 40.1 (31.249.7) 21.3 (11.735.4) 57.5 (52.662.3) 57.5 (46.368.0)
Broward County, FL 27.5 (23.931.4) 32.1 (23.642.0) 14.9 (8.524.7) 53.5 (48.658.3) 52.7 (40.964.2)
Cleveland, OH 34.7 (30.239.4) 42.3 (33.851.2) 8.6 (3.021.9) 57.9 (52.563.1) 52.5 (43.461.4)
DeKalb County, GA 24.1 (20.827.8) 32.8 (24.242.7) 24.3 (13.839.3) 45.5 (40.550.6) 48.0 (37.358.9)
Detroit, MI 27.3 (23.331.7) 33.0 (23.344.4) 14.4 (5.931.1) 52.2 (47.756.7) 50.3 (40.160.3)
District of Columbia 27.8 (26.628.9) 34.8 (32.037.8) 14.0 (10.518.4) 56.3 (54.558.2) 51.4 (47.955.0)
Duval County, FL 24.2 (21.627.1) 37.4 (30.544.8) 16.6 (9.228.0) 46.8 (42.950.7) 48.2 (40.855.6)
Ft. Worth, TX 26.8 (24.229.6) 39.6 (32.647.0) 14.3 (7.625.5) 56.9 (53.460.4) 59.0 (49.168.2)
Houston, TX 24.0 (21.626.5) 30.4 (24.237.5) 19.6 (12.729.0) 54.7 (51.358.1) 47.8 (40.055.8)
Los Angeles, CA 18.6 (15.322.5) 23.2 (16.431.7) 18.2 (9.831.4) 46.7 (41.152.4) 32.0 (21.245.2)
Miami-Dade County, FL 26.0 (23.029.2) 32.5 (25.140.9) 30.0 (18.245.1) 53.4 (49.357.5) 52.0 (41.962.0)
New York City, NY 17.8 (15.220.8) 30.1 (24.236.7) 14.4 (10.519.4) 48.6 (43.753.6) 44.8 (37.352.6)
Oakland, CA 23.8 (20.527.5) 27.7 (19.937.2) 19.2 (9.435.2) 49.0 (43.055.0) 40.7 (29.752.7)
Orange County, FL 22.8 (19.326.6) 44.3 (35.653.3) 18.6 (10.031.9) 50.9 (45.855.9) 50.6 (40.360.9)
Palm Beach County, FL 29.6 (26.532.8) 46.3 (38.154.8) 22.8 (14.833.4) 56.8 (52.860.8) 62.7 (53.471.2)
Philadelphia, PA 36.6 (30.942.8) 38.3 (29.647.9) 36.6 (22.154.1) 60.4 (55.465.3) 52.3 (43.061.4)
San Diego, CA 22.9 (19.326.9) 23.8 (16.732.8) 11.1 (5.920.0) 47.2 (42.551.9) 41.2 (32.150.8)
San Francisco, CA 18.7 (14.723.4) 26.6 (17.738.0) 11.3 (5.920.8) 57.5 (50.764.0) 53.7 (41.665.4)
Median 26.0 33.0 16.6 53.5 50.6
Range 17.836.6 23.246.3 8.636.6 45.564.6 32.062.7
* Had sexual intercourse with at least one person during the 3 months before the survey.
Students who had no sexual contact are excluded from these analyses.
95% confidence interval.
Not available.

US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 153
 Surveillance Summaries

TABLE 70. Percentage of high school students who used a condom during last sexual intercourse,* by sexual identity and sex of sexual
contacts United States and selected U.S. sites, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2015
% CI
National survey
(all students) 56.9 (53.959.8)

Sexual identity Sex of sexual contacts

Heterosexual Gay, lesbian, or Opposite sex Same sex only or
(straight) bisexual Not sure only both sexes
Site % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI
National survey
Total 57.8 (54.561.0) 47.5 (41.153.9) 52.2 (37.966.1) 58.3 (55.161.5) 44.7 (37.652.1)
Male 62.3 (58.266.3) 52.7 (34.370.4) 45.5 (27.265.2) 62.1 (57.866.2) 51.4 (39.063.5)
Female 52.5 (48.856.2) 45.7 (39.252.4) 59.5 (34.780.2) 54.0 (50.257.7) 41.8 (35.148.8)
State surveys
Arizona 55.7 (46.364.7) 57.8 (41.072.9) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Arkansas 55.1 (48.861.3) 39.1 (26.952.9) NA NA 55.6 (48.762.2) 22.8 (9.246.1)
California 57.6 (49.965.0) 72.4 (56.584.1) NA NA 57.2 (49.764.3) 55.0 (29.778.0)
Connecticut 62.6 (56.568.2) 38.6 (25.054.2) NA NA 62.7 (56.668.4) 34.3 (22.948.0)
Delaware 59.3 (53.964.5) 44.0 (31.857.0) NA NA 58.8 (53.663.9) 39.5 (25.655.5)
Florida 64.7 (61.168.1) 43.7 (36.451.4) 50.2 (37.962.5) 65.4 (62.068.7) 43.9 (36.651.5)
Hawaii 49.4 (44.354.5) 36.7 (26.448.4) 52.4 (31.772.3) 50.7 (46.454.9) 27.0 (15.443.0)
Illinois 59.2 (54.164.1) 33.3 (25.941.7) NA NA 59.2 (54.263.9) 34.6 (23.248.1)
Indiana 56.2 (47.364.7) 37.1 (23.353.4) NA NA 57.0 (48.665.0) 30.2 (17.546.9)
Kentucky 57.4 (51.862.8) 25.7 (11.448.1) NA NA 58.2 (52.663.6) 25.5 (10.649.7)
Maine 59.9 (57.262.6) 43.8 (37.250.7) 52.6 (42.162.8) 60.5 (57.763.3) 43.2 (35.751.1)
Maryland 64.3 (62.965.7) 45.0 (41.648.4) 43.6 (36.950.5) 64.7 (63.366.1) 43.2 (39.746.8)
Massachusetts 63.9 (59.967.7) 47.5 (35.559.9) NA NA 63.4 (59.866.7) 55.5 (42.367.9)
Michigan 60.8 (53.967.2) 36.6 (20.656.1) NA NA 59.2 (52.765.4) 40.7 (21.763.0)
Nevada 56.6 (49.663.3) 35.1 (20.253.5) NA NA 56.2 (49.462.7) 41.0 (27.056.7)
New Mexico 55.1 (52.058.2) 34.3 (27.541.7) 39.5 (26.753.9) 55.1 (51.958.3) 37.5 (29.046.9)
New York 62.8 (58.666.8) 36.0 (24.649.2) 32.2 (14.457.1) 61.5 (57.265.8) 41.2 (32.950.0)
North Carolina 62.5 (56.768.0) 42.0 (26.559.2) 36.6 (9.576.0) 62.3 (56.268.1) 44.6 (25.865.0)
North Dakota 62.3 (57.666.8) 51.8 (34.468.8) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oklahoma 62.4 (53.470.7) 29.8 (13.853.1) NA NA 62.2 (53.470.3) 41.2 (21.464.3)
Pennsylvania 64.9 (60.269.3) 50.8 (38.263.3) NA NA 64.6 (59.669.3) 53.7 (42.664.5)
Rhode Island 63.4 (56.969.5) 51.2 (38.863.4) NA NA 63.3 (57.069.2) 43.8 (29.759.0)
Vermont 60.5 (59.161.8) 43.1 (39.347.0) 46.3 (38.754.1) 61.0 (59.662.3) 38.4 (34.642.3)
West Virginia 54.7 (49.959.4) 38.7 (26.053.3) NA NA 54.9 (50.259.5) 34.7 (24.446.8)
Wyoming 55.2 (50.060.4) 27.6 (16.742.2) NA NA 56.7 (51.162.0) 26.9 (18.237.8)
Median 59.9 39.1 45.0 59.2 40.7
Range 49.464.9 25.772.4 32.252.6 50.765.4 22.855.5
Large urban school district surveys
Baltimore, MD 64.2 (57.670.3) 49.6 (36.862.5) NA NA 64.0 (57.470.1) NA NA
Boston, MA 62.0 (56.367.5) 48.5 (31.665.8) NA NA 63.3 (57.468.9) 42.8 (27.859.2)
Broward County, FL 63.3 (57.069.2) 46.3 (29.563.9) NA NA 65.7 (60.170.9) 45.2 (29.262.3)
Cleveland, OH 57.4 (50.364.2) 40.9 (27.955.4) NA NA 55.9 (48.363.3) 44.7 (29.960.5)
DeKalb County, GA 70.6 (63.776.6) 34.4 (22.248.9) NA NA 69.8 (63.175.7) 49.3 (35.962.7)
Detroit, MI 71.5 (65.377.0) 49.4 (33.665.3) NA NA 70.6 (63.976.5) 54.5 (38.070.0)
District of Columbia 70.4 (68.172.7) 50.9 (45.656.3) 44.7 (29.660.8) 70.4 (68.072.7) 52.9 (46.958.9)
Duval County, FL 62.6 (57.867.2) 48.3 (35.061.8) NA NA 62.6 (57.867.3) 48.9 (37.960.1)
Ft. Worth, TX 58.5 (54.262.6) 30.7 (19.145.4) NA NA 57.1 (52.761.5) 45.6 (31.560.4)
Houston, TX 63.0 (58.767.2) 27.1 (16.341.5) NA NA 62.8 (58.467.0) 31.4 (20.544.8)
Los Angeles, CA 63.8 (55.871.1) 57.2 (40.772.2) NA NA 63.3 (56.569.6) NA NA
Miami-Dade County, FL 66.4 (61.571.0) 50.3 (36.863.8) NA NA 66.1 (61.470.5) 46.7 (33.060.9)
New York City, NY 65.6 (61.769.3) 51.5 (40.462.5) 50.9 (32.569.1) 64.6 (61.168.0) 57.0 (44.968.4)
Oakland, CA 61.7 (55.068.0) 48.1 (30.566.1) NA NA 63.8 (57.469.8) 33.8 (20.051.1)
Orange County, FL 66.4 (59.672.7) 25.2 (14.639.8) NA NA 64.6 (57.870.8) 25.8 (14.841.0)
Palm Beach County, FL 63.8 (59.168.1) 34.8 (22.150.1) NA NA 64.8 (60.169.3) 32.0 (21.344.9)
Philadelphia, PA 55.5 (49.061.8) 56.9 (35.875.8) NA NA 57.0 (49.763.9) 47.1 (26.868.3)
San Diego, CA 60.5 (55.665.2) 52.7 (36.568.2) NA NA 60.1 (55.164.9) 46.2 (32.460.5)
San Francisco, CA 58.5 (49.566.9) 54.4 (32.874.5) NA NA 59.3 (50.067.9) 46.5 (27.766.4)
Median 63.3 48.5 NA 63.8 46.2
Range 55.571.5 25.257.2 NA 55.970.6 25.857.0
* Among students who were currently sexually active.
Male and female students who had no sexual contact and female students who had sexual contact with only females are excluded from these analyses.
95% confidence interval.
Not available.

154 MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
 Surveillance Summaries

TABLE 71. Percentage of high school students who used birth control pills before last sexual intercourse,* by sexual identity and sex of sexual
contacts United States and selected U.S. sites, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2015
% CI
National survey
(all students) 18.2 (16.120.5)

Sexual identity Sex of sexual contacts

Heterosexual Gay, lesbian, or Opposite sex Same sex only or
(straight) bisexual Not sure only both sexes
Site % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI
National survey
Total 18.7 (16.421.3) 14.8 (10.919.7) 10.9 (5.321.0) 18.6 (16.321.1) 18.6 (14.024.1)
Male 15.8 (13.518.5) 8.2 (3.319.2) 4.9 (0.629.6) 15.9 (13.518.6) 7.3 (2.618.8)
Female 22.1 (19.125.4) 16.8 (12.622.0) 17.3 (9.329.8) 21.7 (18.825.0) 21.4 (15.728.4)
State surveys
Arizona 22.9 (15.931.8) 8.0 (2.622.0) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Arkansas 19.6 (15.225.0) 8.9 (1.735.7) NA NA 18.9 (14.624.1) 6.9 (1.922.4)
California 12.9 (9.317.6) 11.0 (3.231.2) NA NA 12.9 (10.216.1) 15.1 (6.332.0)
Connecticut 28.0 (22.134.8) 22.8 (10.542.8) NA NA 27.8 (22.134.4) 32.3 (16.054.5)
Delaware 19.3 (15.623.7) 11.6 (6.519.7) NA NA 19.1 (15.523.3) 10.8 (4.822.4)
Florida 14.3 (12.316.5) 7.7 (4.612.8) 19.7 (10.334.4) 14.4 (12.516.7) 11.1 (7.017.3)
Hawaii 15.8 (12.719.5) 25.4 (15.339.1) 16.8 (8.331.1) 15.4 (12.418.9) 27.2 (16.341.8)
Illinois 26.5 (18.536.4) 13.4 (7.522.7) NA NA 25.9 (18.035.7) 11.2 (6.119.7)
Indiana 22.3 (15.630.8) 8.4 (3.518.8) NA NA 22.4 (15.830.7) 11.1 (3.033.4)
Kentucky 22.2 (17.927.1) 24.2 (14.337.7) NA NA 22.0 (17.527.2) 25.8 (14.242.2)
Maine 34.6 (31.537.7) 17.8 (12.325.2) 27.8 (17.741.0) 34.4 (31.437.4) 23.2 (17.929.6)
Maryland 18.6 (17.519.7) 13.5 (11.415.8) 15.7 (11.720.7) 18.6 (17.619.8) 14.1 (11.916.6)
Massachusetts 29.9 (25.634.5) 13.1 (5.926.4) NA NA 29.7 (25.534.3) 17.8 (9.431.0)
Michigan 24.6 (18.631.7) 18.3 (8.435.3) NA NA 23.4 (18.129.8) 17.4 (4.747.1)
Nevada 20.8 (13.231.1) 13.1 (6.724.2) NA NA 19.4 (12.229.3) 28.6 (14.349.0)
New Mexico 15.6 (13.617.9) 9.5 (5.815.3) 16.1 (6.335.2) 15.7 (13.718.0) 12.6 (7.819.7)
New York 23.0 (17.929.0) 22.0 (13.533.6) 11.5 (3.830.1) 23.7 (18.729.4) 21.2 (13.032.7)
North Carolina 20.4 (16.325.1) 4.4 (1.711.1) 18.4 (4.452.4) 19.7 (16.123.9) 3.2 (1.56.5)
North Dakota NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oklahoma 16.0 (11.521.9) 5.1 (1.318.5) NA NA 15.3 (10.920.9) 13.9 (3.839.7)
Pennsylvania 20.7 (15.626.9) 15.1 (6.730.6) NA NA 19.9 (15.125.8) 23.9 (13.039.7)
Rhode Island 27.5 (20.535.9) 21.8 (10.141.0) NA NA 27.5 (20.136.4) 25.6 (14.042.1)
Vermont 36.3 (35.037.7) 24.5 (21.328.1) 23.4 (17.430.7) 35.9 (34.537.2) 26.9 (23.430.7)
West Virginia 29.8 (25.734.3) 19.6 (9.037.6) NA NA 29.2 (25.133.7) 23.3 (10.244.7)
Wyoming 21.7 (16.627.7) 17.3 (8.033.6) NA NA 20.3 (15.625.9) 21.3 (10.937.3)
Median 21.9 13.4 17.6 20.3 17.8
Range 12.936.3 4.425.4 11.527.8 12.935.9 3.232.3
Large urban school district surveys
Baltimore, MD 15.2 (10.022.4) 9.1 (2.924.9) NA NA 16.0 (10.324.0) NA NA
Boston, MA 18.0 (13.623.5) 27.1 (13.247.6) NA NA 17.5 (13.123.0) 35.7 (18.457.8)
Broward County, FL 14.5 (10.320.0) 6.6 (1.920.0) NA NA 14.1 (10.219.3) 15.7 (5.636.9)
Cleveland, OH 14.4 (10.619.3) 10.3 (4.820.7) NA NA 14.4 (10.519.3) 7.3 (2.917.4)
DeKalb County, GA 11.4 (8.015.9) 12.4 (4.331.0) NA NA 11.7 (8.316.3) 16.0 (7.231.8)
Detroit, MI 7.9 (5.112.0) 8.5 (2.624.4) NA NA 7.9 (5.112.1) 3.4 (0.422.0)
District of Columbia 7.8 (6.69.3) 7.0 (4.810.1) 2.8 (0.417.0) 7.5 (6.39.0) 10.4 (7.214.9)
Duval County, FL 15.7 (12.519.5) 10.5 (5.918.1) NA NA 15.2 (12.318.8) 10.6 (5.220.3)
Ft. Worth, TX 11.6 (8.515.6) 9.3 (3.920.8) NA NA 11.4 (8.315.3) 13.3 (5.528.9)
Houston, TX 7.3 (5.310.0) 2.3 (0.59.5) NA NA 6.9 (5.09.5) 2.8 (0.710.6)
Los Angeles, CA 6.9 (3.612.9) 14.4 (3.742.6) NA NA 6.4 (3.910.2) NA NA
Miami-Dade County, FL 8.1 (6.010.8) 9.4 (3.523.0) NA NA 8.4 (6.311.1) 5.0 (1.813.4)
New York City, NY 11.1 (8.214.8) 16.1 (9.226.5) 12.8 (4.730.4) 11.9 (9.015.6) 15.5 (9.125.1)
Oakland, CA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Orange County, FL 11.7 (8.116.5) 10.7 (4.921.7) NA NA 11.6 (8.216.3) 11.2 (4.127.1)
Palm Beach County, FL 16.0 (12.320.7) 11.1 (4.923.2) NA NA 16.5 (12.521.4) 14.7 (6.928.5)
Philadelphia, PA 12.2 (9.315.8) 3.1 (0.712.4) NA NA 11.8 (8.715.9) 13.0 (6.125.5)
San Diego, CA 17.2 (13.521.6) 18.2 (9.133.1) NA NA 17.0 (13.221.6) 22.3 (10.441.4)
San Francisco, CA 12.3 (8.118.4) 1.2 (0.35.1) NA NA 12.4 (7.519.9) 1.7 (0.38.2)
Median 11.9 9.9 NA 11.9 12.1
Range 6.918.0 1.227.1 NA 6.417.5 1.735.7
* To prevent pregnancy, among students who were currently sexually active.
Students who had no sexual contact and students who had sexual contact with only the same sex are excluded from these analyses.
95% confidence interval.
Not available.

US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 155
 Surveillance Summaries

TABLE 72. Percentage of high school students who used an IUD* or implant before last sexual intercourse, by sexual identity and sex of sexual
contacts United States and selected U.S. sites, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2015
% CI**
National survey
(all students) 3.3 (2.54.4)

Sexual identity Sex of sexual contacts

Heterosexual Gay, lesbian, or Opposite sex
(straight) bisexual Not sure only Both sexes
Site % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI
National survey
Total 3.1 (2.34.1) 3.7 (1.59.0) 7.0 (2.617.3) 3.0 (2.34.1) 6.5 (3.212.6)
Male 2.1 (1.43.1) 0.8 (0.15.5) 7.8 (2.720.3) 2.2 (1.53.3) 3.0 (0.810.4)
Female 4.2 (3.06.0) 4.6 (1.811.2) 6.2 (0.834.4) 4.0 (2.85.7) 7.3 (3.415.0)
State surveys
Arizona 4.7 (2.010.6) 2.9 (0.417.6) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Arkansas 1.7 (0.74.1) 0.0 NA NA 1.6 (0.73.9) 0.0
California 3.2 (1.47.5) 2.8 (0.321.5) NA NA 3.2 (1.37.4) 2.8 (0.323.9)
Connecticut 3.9 (2.36.6) 7.2 (2.320.1) NA NA 4.5 (2.77.3) 3.3 (0.422.9)
Delaware 3.4 (2.15.3) 4.3 (1.412.2) NA NA 3.6 (2.35.8) 2.0 (0.76.0)
Florida 1.2 (0.72.1) 2.6 (1.06.7) 1.5 (0.210.9) 1.2 (0.62.1) 2.5 (0.96.7)
Hawaii 4.7 (2.97.7) 4.2 (1.511.1) 2.5 (0.79.1) 4.8 (2.98.0) 2.7 (0.79.8)
Illinois 2.7 (1.35.3) 7.0 (2.816.5) NA NA 2.4 (1.05.3) 11.2 (4.724.6)
Indiana 3.2 (1.37.6) 2.9 (0.419.4) NA NA 3.7 (1.49.2) 4.1 (0.526.0)
Kentucky 5.6 (2.811.0) 2.8 (0.415.5) NA NA 6.1 (3.011.8) 0.2 (0.01.7)
Maine 4.8 (3.17.4) 6.8 (3.911.5) 5.0 (1.515.9) 4.2 (2.66.6) 13.5 (9.019.7)
Maryland 1.9 (1.52.2) 2.9 (2.04.3) 1.2 (0.52.7) 1.8 (1.52.2) 2.6 (1.83.7)
Massachusetts 2.9 (1.65.0) 10.2 (4.620.9) NA NA 2.9 (1.74.7) 10.4 (4.124.0)
Michigan 2.6 (0.88.0) 0.2 (0.00.9) NA NA 2.4 (0.77.7) 1.6 (0.55.6)
Nevada 1.6 (0.46.2) 5.3 (2.013.5) NA NA 1.8 (0.56.1) 3.6 (1.012.4)
New Mexico 6.4 (5.28.0) 7.6 (4.711.9) 5.0 (0.924.1) 6.3 (5.07.8) 12.3 (8.417.6)
New York 3.5 (1.58.1) 5.8 (2.214.8) 4.6 (0.628.8) 2.4 (0.87.2) 8.3 (3.319.2)
North Carolina 1.0 (0.42.7) 4.6 (1.712.0) 0.4 (0.03.5) 1.0 (0.42.6) 9.5 (3.125.9)
North Dakota NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oklahoma 3.6 (1.68.0) 0.0 NA NA 3.6 (1.67.9) 0.0
Pennsylvania 1.2 (0.62.7) 5.9 (1.223.8) NA NA 1.3 (0.62.7) 1.2 (0.35.6)
Rhode Island 2.1 (0.94.8) 4.8 (1.316.3) NA NA 2.1 (0.85.4) 5.3 (1.220.8)
Vermont 6.2 (5.56.9) 6.5 (4.88.7) 6.9 (3.812.4) 6.0 (5.36.6) 9.9 (7.612.7)
West Virginia 4.0 (2.56.4) 0.0 NA NA 4.0 (2.56.4) 0.0
Wyoming 5.0 (3.18.1) 1.0 (0.17.1) NA NA 4.6 (2.68.0) 6.7 (1.623.6)
Median 3.3 4.2 3.6 3.2 3.3
Range 1.06.4 0.010.2 0.46.9 1.06.3 0.013.5
Large urban school district surveys
Baltimore, MD 2.9 (1.08.3) 3.3 (0.714.9) NA NA 2.8 (0.98.0) NA NA
Boston, MA 5.8 (3.69.2) 6.5 (1.524.3) NA NA 5.0 (3.08.0) 11.3 (3.431.7)
Broward County, FL 0.5 (0.13.4) 0.0 NA NA 0.5 (0.13.4) 0.0
Cleveland, OH 2.6 (1.35.3) 5.9 (1.619.1) NA NA 2.9 (1.55.5) 0.0
DeKalb County, GA 0.8 (0.22.6) 7.3 (1.924.6) NA NA 1.5 (0.54.6) 3.1 (0.615.0)
Detroit, MI 1.5 (0.54.4) 5.3 (0.730.5) NA NA 1.6 (0.54.6) 5.3 (0.731.0)
District of Columbia 3.5 (2.74.5) 3.0 (1.65.5) 5.0 (1.218.4) 3.6 (2.84.7) 2.7 (1.35.7)
Duval County, FL 1.1 (0.43.3) 4.9 (1.812.4) NA NA 1.1 (0.43.3) 7.1 (2.618.0)
Ft. Worth, TX 0.9 (0.32.2) 0.7 (0.14.7) NA NA 0.9 (0.32.2) 5.4 (1.914.3)
Houston, TX 1.7 (0.83.6) 3.6 (0.814.2) NA NA 1.9 (0.93.7) 2.9 (0.418.0)
Los Angeles, CA 3.0 (1.27.1) 1.1 (0.17.9) NA NA 2.7 (1.16.4) NA NA
Miami-Dade County, FL 0.5 (0.21.5) 0.0 NA NA 0.5 (0.21.5) 0.0
New York City, NY 1.3 (0.72.4) 3.3 (1.29.0) 0.0 1.2 (0.62.3) 4.9 (1.812.6)
Oakland, CA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Orange County, FL 2.8 (1.45.7) 1.6 (0.211.0) NA NA 1.8 (0.74.5) 7.6 (1.926.2)
Palm Beach County, FL 0.6 (0.12.4) 2.1 (0.313.2) NA NA 0.6 (0.12.4) 2.7 (0.416.5)

See table footnotes on next page.

156 MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
 Surveillance Summaries

TABLE 72.(Continued) Percentage of high school students who used an IUD* or implant before last sexual intercourse, by sexual identity and
sex of sexual contacts United States and selected U.S. sites, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2015

Sexual identity Sex of sexual contacts

Heterosexual Gay, lesbian, or Opposite sex
(straight) bisexual Not sure only Both sexes
Site % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI
Philadelphia, PA 1.9 (0.94.0) 3.7 (0.815.1) NA NA 2.0 (1.04.1) 3.1 (0.613.6)
San Diego, CA 1.9 (0.84.3) 1.8 (0.212.2) NA NA 2.1 (1.04.4) 0.0
San Francisco, CA 17.9 (11.626.7) 15.2 (5.236.8) NA NA 16.4 (10.125.3) 27.9 (14.147.7)
Median 1.8 3.3 NA 1.8 3.1
Range 0.517.9 0.015.2 NA 0.516.4 0.027.9
* Such as Mirena or ParaGard.
Such as Implanon or Nexplanon.
To prevent pregnancy, among students who were currently sexually active.
Students who had no sexual contact and students who had sexual contact with only the same sex are excluded from these analyses.
** 95% confidence interval.
Not available.

TABLE 73. Percentage of high school students who used a shot*, patch, or birth control ring before last sexual intercourse, by sexual identity
and sex of sexual contacts** United States and selected U.S. sites, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2015
% CI
National survey
(all students) 5.3 (4.36.6)

Sexual identity Sex of sexual contacts

Heterosexual Gay, lesbian, or Opposite sex
(straight) bisexual Not sure only Both sexes
Site % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI
National survey
Total 5.3 (4.16.7) 5.8 (3.59.4) 6.5 (3.013.6) 5.4 (4.36.7) 5.8 (3.59.4)
Male 2.9 (2.13.9) 0.3 (0.02.4) 1.5 (0.210.5) 2.8 (2.13.8) 1.6 (0.38.1)
Female 8.0 (5.910.6) 7.4 (4.312.3) 11.9 (4.925.9) 8.3 (6.410.8) 6.8 (4.111.2)
State surveys
Arizona 2.5 (1.44.4) 2.7 (0.319.2) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Arkansas 8.9 (5.414.4) 4.3 (1.214.3) NA NA 9.1 (5.714.5) 6.3 (1.919.2)
California 4.4 (2.77.1) 9.5 (2.134.4) NA NA 4.3 (2.66.8) 9.2 (1.246.1)
Connecticut 1.5 (0.63.3) 1.4 (0.210.8) NA NA 1.4 (0.63.3) 1.7 (0.212.3)
Delaware 6.0 (3.89.1) 8.6 (3.917.9) NA NA 5.9 (3.89.0) 11.3 (4.824.4)
Florida 2.5 (1.44.2) 3.3 (1.57.3) 0.0 2.6 (1.54.3) 3.4 (1.57.4)
Hawaii 5.8 (4.18.0) 1.8 (0.47.5) 9.8 (1.937.7) 5.5 (3.97.7) 8.1 (2.523.5)
Illinois 3.6 (2.26.0) 7.2 (3.116.1) NA NA 3.4 (2.25.4) 7.5 (2.718.8)
Indiana 6.3 (2.913.1) 2.3 (0.314.9) NA NA 6.1 (2.712.8) 4.8 (1.414.8)
Kentucky 5.8 (3.88.9) 9.2 (2.726.9) NA NA 5.6 (3.78.4) 12.3 (3.833.3)
Maine 6.2 (4.88.0) 8.7 (5.413.6) 4.0 (1.212.1) 6.0 (4.67.8) 8.3 (5.113.1)
Maryland 3.9 (3.44.5) 4.4 (3.25.9) 3.6 (1.87.0) 3.9 (3.44.4) 5.3 (3.87.4)
Massachusetts 3.8 (2.55.8) 2.2 (0.314.9) NA NA 3.8 (2.45.9) 4.1 (1.113.6)
Michigan 7.3 (4.312.1) 11.8 (3.831.3) NA NA 7.6 (4.712.1) 10.8 (4.125.5)
Nevada 2.7 (1.25.8) 5.7 (1.322.1) NA NA 2.5 (1.06.0) 8.7 (2.824.3)
New Mexico 6.9 (5.58.7) 7.8 (4.812.2) 4.3 (1.115.0) 6.9 (5.58.6) 9.6 (4.818.4)
New York 3.8 (2.36.3) 4.4 (2.28.6) 0.0 3.9 (2.36.5) 3.5 (1.48.8)
North Carolina 5.2 (3.87.0) 14.6 (4.836.7) 0.0 5.8 (4.37.7) 11.3 (2.143.2)
North Dakota NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oklahoma 6.6 (3.910.8) 3.1 (0.518.3) NA NA 6.7 (4.110.8) 3.1 (0.420.1)
Pennsylvania 3.3 (2.25.0) 7.7 (2.520.9) NA NA 3.1 (2.04.8) 7.8 (2.521.7)
Rhode Island 4.2 (2.47.1) 3.5 (0.912.4) NA NA 4.2 (2.37.5) 3.0 (0.613.4)
Vermont 6.5 (5.87.2) 6.9 (5.19.3) 4.4 (2.19.0) 6.4 (5.87.1) 7.5 (5.510.0)
West Virginia 4.7 (2.88.0) 8.2 (3.020.4) NA NA 5.4 (3.19.3) 3.8 (1.013.0)
Wyoming 9.5 (6.114.5) 9.4 (3.821.4) NA NA 8.6 (5.413.4) 19.5 (10.134.4)
Median 5.0 6.3 3.8 5.5 7.5
Range 1.59.5 1.414.6 0.09.8 1.49.1 1.719.5

See table footnotes on next page.

US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 157
 Surveillance Summaries

TABLE 73. (Continued) Percentage of high school students who used a shot*, patch, or birth control ring before last sexual intercourse, by
sexual identity and sex of sexual contacts** United States and selected U.S. sites, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2015

Sexual identity Sex of sexual contacts

Heterosexual Gay, lesbian, or Opposite sex
(straight) bisexual Not sure only Both sexes
Site % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI
Large urban school district surveys
Baltimore, MD 9.0 (5.913.5) 3.3 (0.714.9) NA NA 7.9 (4.912.5) NA NA
Boston, MA 7.1 (4.411.5) 3.6 (0.520.9) NA NA 6.6 (4.210.3) 10.3 (2.336.2)
Broward County, FL 1.3 (0.44.3) 0.0 NA NA 1.3 (0.44.4) 0.0
Cleveland, OH 11.4 (7.616.7) 8.4 (3.618.6) NA NA 10.6 (7.215.1) 14.3 (5.831.0)
DeKalb County, GA 5.0 (2.88.7) 0.0 NA NA 4.7 (2.68.2) 3.0 (0.419.4)
Detroit, MI 1.7 (0.74.0) 0.0 NA NA 1.7 (0.74.1) 2.2 (0.314.8)
District of Columbia 5.4 (4.46.6) 6.8 (4.610.0) 3.1 (0.518.9) 5.1 (4.16.3) 8.8 (5.813.2)
Duval County, FL 4.3 (2.57.2) 1.7 (0.65.0) NA NA 3.6 (1.96.6) 6.2 (2.813.5)
Ft. Worth, TX 2.6 (1.44.7) 0.8 (0.15.5) NA NA 2.6 (1.44.9) 2.6 (0.610.4)
Houston, TX 4.5 (3.16.3) 3.8 (0.914.2) NA NA 4.1 (2.85.9) 6.0 (1.818.2)
Los Angeles, CA 5.6 (3.39.4) 7.4 (2.024.2) NA NA 5.0 (2.88.6) NA NA
Miami-Dade County, FL 2.0 (1.04.2) 0.0 NA NA 2.0 (0.94.2) 2.7 (0.417.3)
New York City, NY 4.5 (2.86.9) 8.1 (3.716.8) 0.0 4.9 (3.07.9) 4.1 (1.98.8)
Oakland, CA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Orange County, FL 1.0 (0.42.6) 3.4 (0.520.7) NA NA 1.3 (0.43.9) 2.0 (0.312.1)
Palm Beach County, FL 2.5 (1.35.0) 0.6 (0.14.3) NA NA 2.6 (1.35.1) 0.8 (0.15.6)
Philadelphia, PA 7.7 (5.011.6) 6.8 (2.219.0) NA NA 8.8 (5.513.6) 4.9 (1.218.5)
San Diego, CA 4.6 (2.87.3) 1.8 (0.212.8) NA NA 4.3 (2.86.6) 6.0 (1.521.0)
San Francisco, CA 9.0 (5.813.8) 6.0 (1.718.8) NA NA 9.3 (6.213.7) 8.7 (1.636.8)
Median 4.5 3.4 NA 4.5 4.5
Range 1.011.4 0.08.4 NA 1.310.6 0.014.3
* Such as Depo-Provera.
Such as OrthoEvra.
Such as NuvaRing.
To prevent pregnancy, among students who were currently sexually active.
** Students who had no sexual contact and students who had sexual contact with only the same sex are excluded from these analyses.
95% confidence interval.
Not available.

TABLE 74. Percentage of high school students who used birth control pills, an IUD* or implant, or a shot, patch, or birth control ring** before
last sexual intercourse, by sexual identity and sex of sexual contacts United States and selected U.S. sites, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2015
% CI
National survey
(all students) 41.2 (37.545.0)

Sexual identity Sex of sexual contacts

Heterosexual Gay, lesbian, or Opposite sex
(straight) bisexual Not sure only Both sexes
Site % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI
National survey
Total 27.1 (24.330.1) 24.2 (18.630.9) 24.4 (16.235.0) 27.1 (24.429.9) 30.8 (24.138.5)
Male 20.8 (18.323.7) 9.3 (4.020.0) 14.2 (6.030.2) 20.9 (18.423.7) 11.8 (5.424.0)
Female 34.3 (30.638.2) 28.7 (21.936.6) 35.3 (22.850.2) 34.0 (30.537.8) 35.5 (26.845.3)
State surveys
Arizona 30.1 (22.439.1) 13.6 (5.529.8) NA*** NA NA NA NA NA
Arkansas 30.2 (26.534.2) 13.2 (3.439.8) NA NA 29.7 (26.533.0) 13.2 (4.632.3)
California 20.5 (17.923.3) 23.3 (8.151.1) NA NA 20.3 (17.723.2) 27.1 (14.445.2)
Connecticut 33.4 (26.840.6) 31.5 (16.950.9) NA NA 33.7 (27.141.0) 37.3 (19.160.1)
Delaware 28.7 (24.733.0) 24.5 (15.636.3) NA NA 28.6 (24.633.0) 24.1 (13.239.8)
Florida 17.9 (15.720.4) 13.6 (9.818.7) 21.2 (11.336.2) 18.2 (15.920.8) 16.9 (11.623.9)
Hawaii 26.3 (22.430.6) 31.4 (21.044.1) 29.2 (15.548.1) 25.7 (21.929.9) 38.0 (24.853.2)
Illinois 32.8 (24.542.3) 27.6 (17.241.1) NA NA 31.7 (23.740.8) 29.9 (16.448.1)
Indiana 31.8 (22.642.7) 13.6 (6.725.5) NA NA 32.1 (23.642.1) 20.0 (9.237.9)
Kentucky 33.6 (27.840.0) 36.1 (22.452.4) NA NA 33.6 (27.540.4) 38.3 (23.755.3)

See table footnotes on next page.

158 MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
 Surveillance Summaries

TABLE 74. (Continued) Percentage of high school students who used birth control pills, an IUD* or implant, or a shot, patch, or birth control
ring** before last sexual intercourse, by sexual identity and sex of sexual contacts United States and selected U.S. sites, Youth Risk
Behavior Survey, 2015

Sexual identity Sex of sexual contacts

Heterosexual Gay, lesbian, or Opposite sex
(straight) bisexual Not sure only Both sexes
Site % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI
Maine 45.6 (42.249.0) 33.3 (25.442.3) 36.8 (24.251.5) 44.6 (41.248.0) 45.0 (39.051.1)
Maryland 24.4 (23.325.5) 20.8 (18.323.5) 20.5 (15.926.0) 24.3 (23.325.4) 22.0 (19.424.9)
Massachusetts 36.6 (32.341.0) 25.5 (15.638.6) NA NA 36.3 (32.140.8) 32.3 (20.646.6)
Michigan 34.5 (27.642.2) 30.3 (18.046.3) NA NA 33.5 (26.741.1) 29.8 (15.050.6)
Nevada 25.1 (16.136.8) 24.1 (14.736.9) NA NA 23.7 (14.935.7) 40.9 (25.558.4)
New Mexico 29.0 (26.331.9) 24.8 (19.531.0) 25.4 (14.041.4) 28.9 (26.131.8) 34.5 (26.943.0)
New York 30.3 (25.535.5) 32.2 (21.145.8) 16.2 (5.837.7) 30.0 (25.734.7) 33.0 (25.541.5)
North Carolina 26.6 (22.131.6) 23.6 (11.043.4) 18.8 (4.752.2) 26.4 (22.930.4) 24.0 (12.441.3)
North Dakota NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oklahoma 26.2 (20.432.9) 8.3 (3.020.9) NA NA 25.6 (20.331.6) 17.0 (5.641.2)
Pennsylvania 25.2 (20.231.0) 28.6 (16.245.5) NA NA 24.2 (19.529.7) 33.0 (20.049.1)
Rhode Island 33.8 (27.340.9) 30.1 (16.249.0) NA NA 33.8 (26.841.6) 33.9 (20.051.3)
Vermont 49.0 (47.650.4) 37.9 (34.141.8) 34.7 (27.642.6) 48.2 (46.949.6) 44.2 (40.148.4)
West Virginia 38.6 (33.044.4) 27.8 (14.546.6) NA NA 38.6 (32.944.7) 27.1 (12.050.1)
Wyoming 36.1 (31.141.5) 27.7 (15.744.1) NA NA 33.5 (28.638.8) 47.5 (33.761.7)
Median 30.3 26.5 23.3 30.0 32.3
Range 17.949.0 8.337.9 16.236.8 18.248.2 13.247.5
Large urban school district surveys
Baltimore, MD 27.1 (19.835.9) 15.7 (7.529.9) NA NA 26.7 (19.036.1) NA NA
Boston, MA 31.0 (25.836.7) 37.2 (21.356.5) NA NA 29.1 (24.134.6) 57.3 (37.974.8)
Broward County, FL 16.3 (11.822.0) 6.6 (1.920.0) NA NA 16.0 (12.021.0) 15.7 (5.636.9)
Cleveland, OH 28.4 (22.035.9) 24.6 (15.736.4) NA NA 27.9 (21.734.9) 21.6 (11.636.6)
DeKalb County, GA 17.2 (13.022.3) 19.8 (8.838.5) NA NA 18.0 (13.623.3) 22.1 (11.837.5)
Detroit, MI 11.0 (7.915.2) 13.9 (4.933.6) NA NA 11.2 (7.815.9) 11.0 (3.132.1)
District of Columbia 16.7 (14.918.7) 16.8 (13.221.1) 10.9 (4.125.8) 16.3 (14.518.2) 22.0 (17.227.6)
Duval County, FL 21.1 (17.425.3) 17.0 (9.927.7) NA NA 19.9 (16.224.3) 23.9 (15.235.5)
Ft. Worth, TX 15.0 (11.619.3) 10.8 (4.922.3) NA NA 14.8 (11.419.1) 21.4 (11.137.2)
Houston, TX 13.5 (10.916.6) 9.7 (4.121.1) NA NA 12.8 (10.216.1) 11.7 (5.024.8)
Los Angeles, CA 15.5 (10.222.8) 22.9 (9.346.2) NA NA 14.0 (9.320.7) NA NA
Miami-Dade County, FL 10.6 (7.914.2) 9.4 (3.523.0) NA NA 11.0 (8.314.4) 7.7 (2.918.9)
New York City, NY 16.8 (13.021.3) 27.5 (18.838.5) 12.8 (4.730.4) 18.0 (14.322.5) 24.6 (16.235.5)
Oakland, CA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Orange County, FL 15.4 (11.420.6) 15.7 (6.931.9) NA NA 14.7 (10.620.0) 20.8 (10.736.6)
Palm Beach County, FL 19.2 (15.423.6) 13.8 (6.726.2) NA NA 19.6 (15.724.3) 18.1 (9.332.3)
Philadelphia, PA 21.8 (16.927.5) 13.6 (4.733.3) NA NA 22.5 (17.029.3) 21.0 (9.440.5)
San Diego, CA 23.6 (19.528.3) 21.8 (12.335.5) NA NA 23.4 (19.128.3) 28.3 (15.845.4)
San Francisco, CA 39.3 (31.447.8) 22.4 (10.441.8) NA NA 38.0 (29.647.2) 38.3 (21.159.0)
Median 17.0 16.2 NA 18.0 21.5
Range 10.639.3 6.637.2 NA 11.038.0 7.757.3
* Such as Mirena or ParaGard.
Such as Implanon or Nexplanon.
Such as Depo-Provera.
Such as OrthoEvra.
** Such as NuvaRing.
To prevent pregnancy, among students who were currently sexually active.
Students who had no sexual contact and students who had sexual contact with only the same sex are excluded from these analyses.
95% confidence interval.
*** Not available.

US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 159
 Surveillance Summaries

TABLE 75. Percentage of high school students who used both a condom during last sexual intercourse and birth control pills, an IUD* or implant,
or a shot, patch, or birth control ring** before last sexual intercourse, by sexual identity and sex of sexual contacts United States and
selected U.S. sites, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2015
% CI
National survey
(all students) 41.2 (37.545.0)

Sexual identity Sex of sexual contacts

Heterosexual Gay, lesbian, or Opposite sex
(straight) bisexual Not sure only Both sexes
Site % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI
National survey
Total 8.5 (6.910.4) 8.7 (5.713.1) 16.1 (9.226.8) 8.8 (7.210.6) 9.8 (6.614.2)
Male 5.9 (4.47.9) 3.8 (1.310.7) 10.8 (3.528.7) 6.1 (4.68.0) 3.9 (1.211.8)
Female 11.4 (9.114.3) 10.1 (6.315.7) 21.8 (10.839.1) 11.7 (9.514.5) 11.3 (7.317.1)
State surveys
Arizona 7.7 (4.313.2) 7.2 (2.022.3) NA*** NA NA NA NA NA
Arkansas 11.8 (8.416.4) 3.8 (0.914.7) NA NA 11.2 (8.015.4) 7.4 (1.726.5)
California 5.1 (2.310.7) 16.5 (4.446.1) NA NA 5.2 (2.89.5) 9.7 (1.247.9)
Connecticut 12.1 (8.816.4) 6.9 (1.526.1) NA NA 11.7 (8.416.1) 11.5 (2.737.5)
Delaware 8.0 (5.811.0) 10.0 (4.919.2) NA NA 7.8 (5.710.6) 10.9 (4.723.2)
Florida 7.8 (6.29.7) 5.2 (2.89.5) 9.6 (3.324.4) 7.7 (6.09.7) 8.5 (4.714.9)
Hawaii 6.9 (5.29.2) 10.0 (4.620.3) 3.0 (0.811.1) 7.1 (5.49.3) 0.3 (0.11.5)
Illinois 13.3 (8.520.4) 2.2 (0.85.7) NA NA 13.1 (8.320.0) 0.5 (0.13.6)
Indiana 9.8 (6.015.4) 6.7 (2.119.4) NA NA 10.0 (6.315.5) 10.1 (3.227.8)
Kentucky 12.3 (8.717.2) 6.1 (1.719.8) NA NA 12.9 (9.417.6) 3.3 (0.616.2)
Maine 17.7 (15.620.0) 9.1 (6.213.2) 17.8 (11.925.8) 17.2 (15.119.5) 14.2 (9.820.0)
Maryland 9.1 (8.49.8) 7.2 (5.69.3) 6.5 (4.010.5) 9.2 (8.69.9) 6.2 (4.78.1)
Massachusetts 13.8 (11.716.2) 4.6 (1.413.8) NA NA 13.5 (11.316.1) 10.4 (4.322.9)
Michigan 12.7 (8.518.4) 7.8 (1.532.6) NA NA 11.6 (7.916.7) 12.6 (2.445.8)
Nevada 6.4 (3.611.2) 5.3 (1.814.5) NA NA 6.0 (3.210.9) 5.8 (2.015.9)
New Mexico 8.9 (7.410.7) 9.0 (5.115.4) 10.9 (3.032.3) 8.8 (7.310.6) 12.5 (7.619.9)
New York 12.9 (9.717.0) 9.0 (3.919.3) 1.7 (0.56.1) 12.2 (9.316.0) 9.4 (4.319.4)
North Carolina 11.0 (8.414.2) 6.9 (2.219.2) 21.4 (2.971.5) 11.1 (8.314.7) 8.7 (2.525.9)
North Dakota NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oklahoma 7.5 (5.210.8) 0.0 NA NA 7.5 (5.110.9) 0.0
Pennsylvania 8.4 (5.812.1) 4.8 (1.514.1) NA NA 8.2 (5.611.8) 8.7 (3.420.4)
Rhode Island 13.6 (10.916.7) 12.9 (6.723.5) NA NA 13.5 (10.716.9) 12.8 (6.124.8)
Vermont 19.8 (18.720.9) 13.3 (10.916.3) 11.3 (7.117.4) 19.6 (18.520.7) 13.6 (11.016.7)
West Virginia 11.8 (9.614.6) 12.2 (5.226.1) NA NA 12.4 (9.815.6) 9.3 (3.422.6)
Wyoming 13.5 (10.217.8) 3.7 (1.49.9) NA NA 12.9 (9.517.2) 8.9 (3.520.7)
Median 11.4 7.1 10.2 11.2 9.3
Range 5.119.8 0.016.5 1.721.4 5.219.6 0.014.2
Large urban school district surveys
Baltimore, MD 10.5 (6.716.2) 7.3 (2.817.8) NA NA 9.9 (6.315.3) NA NA
Boston, MA 9.5 (6.613.7) 8.7 (3.221.7) NA NA 9.0 (6.013.2) 13.2 (5.528.2)
Broward County, FL 6.5 (3.611.4) 0.0 NA NA 5.9 (3.59.8) NA NA
Cleveland, OH 9.8 (6.315.0) 3.2 (1.010.3) NA NA 8.7 (5.513.5) 8.4 (2.226.5)
DeKalb County, GA 7.9 (5.211.8) 5.4 (0.829.2) NA NA 7.5 (4.811.4) 14.8 (6.032.2)
Detroit, MI 5.9 (3.310.3) 8.4 (1.930.0) NA NA 5.3 (2.99.5) 9.6 (2.233.4)
District of Columbia 6.9 (5.78.3) 4.6 (2.97.3) 0.0 6.8 (5.68.2) 5.3 (3.18.8)
Duval County, FL 7.3 (5.010.6) 9.1 (4.517.4) NA NA 7.7 (5.211.1) 4.8 (1.713.2)
Ft. Worth, TX 6.3 (4.19.4) 2.5 (0.69.4) NA NA 6.0 (3.99.1) 5.0 (1.614.4)
Houston, TX 5.9 (3.98.7) 2.2 (0.59.2) NA NA 5.6 (3.88.4) 0.0
Los Angeles, CA 3.3 (1.66.5) 15.8 (5.139.7) NA NA 3.1 (1.65.8) NA NA
Miami-Dade County, FL 2.7 (1.64.5) 5.5 (1.518.1) NA NA 2.9 (1.84.6) 2.7 (0.610.9)
New York City, NY 5.8 (4.08.5) 9.8 (4.420.4) 5.7 (1.222.8) 5.4 (3.68.0) 13.9 (7.125.4)
Oakland, CA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

See table footnotes on next page.

160 MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
 Surveillance Summaries

TABLE 75. (Continued) Percentage of high school students who used both a condom during last sexual intercourse and birth control pills, an
IUD* or implant, or a shot, patch, or birth control ring** before last sexual intercourse, by sexual identity and sex of sexual contacts
United States and selected U.S. sites, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2015

Sexual identity Sex of sexual contacts

Heterosexual Gay, lesbian, or Opposite sex
(straight) bisexual Not sure only Both sexes
Site % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI
Orange County, FL 5.0 (2.98.6) 6.4 (1.919.4) NA NA 5.2 (3.08.9) 3.8 (0.915.1)
Palm Beach County, FL 7.7 (5.510.7) 4.6 (1.315.0) NA NA 8.1 (5.811.2) 5.4 (1.914.5)
Philadelphia, PA 7.5 (4.911.1) 6.9 (2.120.1) NA NA 7.5 (4.711.8) 12.0 (5.026.1)
San Diego, CA 5.7 (4.07.9) 1.3 (0.29.1) NA NA 5.8 (4.08.4) 1.2 (0.28.6)
San Francisco, CA 8.3 (5.811.7) 9.2 (2.034.0) NA NA 8.0 (5.311.8) 11.5 (3.134.2)
Median 6.7 5.9 NA 6.4 5.4
Range 2.710.5 0.015.8 NA 2.99.9 0.014.8
* Such as Mirena or ParaGard.
Such as Implanon or Nexplanon.
Such as Depo-Provera.
Such as OrthoEvra.
** Such as NuvaRing.
To prevent pregnancy, among students who were currently sexually active.
Students who had no sexual contact and students who had sexual contact with only the same sex are excluded from these analyses.
95% confidence interval.
*** Not available.

TABLE 76. Percentage of high school students who did not use any method to prevent pregnancy during last sexual intercourse,* by sexual
identity and sex of sexual contacts United States and selected U.S. sites, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2015
% CI
National survey
(all students) 41.2 (37.545.0)

Sexual identity Sex of sexual contacts

Heterosexual Gay, lesbian, or Opposite sex
(straight) bisexual Not sure only Both sexes
Site % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI
National survey
Total 12.4 (10.514.6) 26.4 (21.532.0) 19.4 (11.730.6) 12.0 (10.014.2) 24.3 (17.932.0)
Male 11.1 (8.714.0) 32.0 (16.952.2) 22.3 (10.541.1) 11.4 (8.814.7) 21.6 (11.437.0)
Female 13.6 (11.016.7) 24.9 (19.231.7) 16.6 (7.732.3) 12.6 (10.015.7) 24.9 (18.432.8)
State surveys
Arizona 12.4 (8.118.4) 27.9 (15.445.3) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Arkansas 17.1 (13.621.2) 36.4 (19.956.9) NA NA 16.7 (13.021.2) 51.0 (32.769.0)
California 11.0 (7.116.8) 27.9 (17.042.3) NA NA 11.3 (7.416.9) 16.4 (7.731.6)
Connecticut 9.7 (6.214.9) 25.2 (12.444.5) NA NA 9.6 (6.314.4) 17.4 (6.539.0)
Delaware 10.2 (7.513.7) 31.2 (19.046.7) NA NA 10.1 (7.313.8) 33.3 (15.757.2)
Florida 10.9 (9.412.6) 34.1 (25.344.0) 20.2 (11.632.9) 10.9 (9.412.5) 23.9 (16.932.6)
Hawaii 12.8 (8.618.6) 18.6 (9.733.0) 6.4 (1.919.5) 12.6 (8.318.5) 11.2 (5.421.6)
Illinois 10.5 (7.414.7) 40.7 (27.455.4) NA NA 11.7 (8.715.5) 22.0 (11.338.3)
Indiana 12.5 (7.719.6) 36.8 (23.952.0) NA NA 12.5 (7.719.7) 26.2 (11.748.8)
Kentucky 12.5 (9.815.7) 31.7 (16.352.5) NA NA 12.4 (9.715.7) 20.6 (9.339.4)
Maine 6.9 (5.68.6) 25.0 (20.430.1) 16.6 (9.427.6) 6.4 (5.27.9) 20.1 (15.525.6)
Maryland 11.4 (10.412.5) 32.9 (29.336.7) 24.4 (19.430.2) 11.3 (10.412.3) 26.8 (23.730.1)
Massachusetts 6.8 (5.19.1) 24.6 (16.135.7) NA NA 6.8 (4.99.4) 14.8 (8.025.9)
Michigan 8.4 (5.313.1) 28.0 (17.441.7) NA NA 9.7 (6.115.0) 23.8 (11.742.5)
Nevada 10.3 (8.113.0) 33.6 (21.448.5) NA NA 10.6 (8.413.3) 8.3 (2.524.2)
New Mexico 12.2 (9.815.0) 32.3 (26.538.8) 14.8 (7.128.3) 12.1 (9.814.9) 20.7 (14.528.8)
New York 11.5 (9.214.4) 30.9 (17.748.1) 40.8 (22.861.7) 11.8 (9.514.5) 27.6 (19.337.8)
North Carolina 10.7 (8.513.4) 34.1 (16.058.5) 34.7 (7.478.0) 11.1 (8.414.5) 23.3 (12.140.0)
North Dakota NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oklahoma 9.6 (6.114.9) 43.9 (24.665.2) NA NA 10.7 (7.016.1) 32.1 (16.852.6)
Pennsylvania 10.1 (7.413.5) 19.3 (10.832.2) NA NA 10.5 (7.814.0) 12.8 (5.726.4)
See table footnotes on next page.

US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 161
 Surveillance Summaries

TABLE 76. (Continued) Percentage of high school students who did not use any method to prevent pregnancy during last sexual intercourse,*
by sexual identity and sex of sexual contacts United States and selected U.S. sites, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2015

Sexual identity Sex of sexual contacts

Heterosexual Gay, lesbian, or Opposite sex
(straight) bisexual Not sure only Both sexes
Site % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI
Rhode Island 8.7 (5.413.7) 30.9 (22.341.1) NA NA 8.4 (5.113.5) 36.3 (24.749.7)
Vermont 5.0 (4.55.7) 22.3 (19.225.8) 12.6 (8.318.8) 5.1 (4.55.7) 19.4 (16.323.0)
West Virginia 9.7 (6.913.5) 26.2 (16.838.4) NA NA 9.5 (6.713.4) 17.7 (9.929.6)
Wyoming 11.6 (7.617.3) 31.4 (20.744.5) NA NA 12.4 (8.318.0) 21.1 (12.633.2)
Median 10.6 31.0 18.4 10.9 21.1
Range 5.017.1 18.643.9 6.440.8 5.116.7 8.351.0
Large urban school district surveys
Baltimore, MD 9.4 (5.815.1) 45.5 (32.659.0) NA NA 10.2 (6.116.4) NA NA
Boston, MA 8.5 (5.712.5) 23.9 (11.942.0) NA NA 8.5 (5.712.6) 24.1 (12.641.1)
Broward County, FL 10.0 (6.714.8) 39.9 (24.357.7) NA NA 9.9 (6.614.6) 15.6 (6.034.9)
Cleveland, OH 15.6 (11.420.9) 41.1 (30.352.8) NA NA 17.6 (13.023.3) 29.7 (18.943.5)
DeKalb County, GA 11.9 (8.316.9) 48.6 (31.466.1) NA NA 12.0 (8.416.9) 34.1 (20.750.6)
Detroit, MI 15.7 (11.720.7) 37.6 (20.658.3) NA NA 16.4 (12.221.8) 36.7 (17.062.1)
District of Columbia 16.2 (14.418.2) 33.0 (28.238.3) 36.7 (23.052.9) 15.9 (14.117.9) 26.7 (21.332.9)
Duval County, FL 14.5 (11.019.0) 32.6 (23.343.5) NA NA 14.8 (11.219.3) 24.3 (16.334.5)
Ft. Worth, TX 20.5 (16.525.2) 35.3 (22.750.2) NA NA 21.0 (17.025.8) 16.3 (8.030.2)
Houston, TX 17.2 (13.821.1) 50.8 (37.663.8) NA NA 17.8 (14.322.0) 41.5 (27.556.9)
Los Angeles, CA 13.8 (9.819.0) 32.7 (18.551.0) NA NA 15.4 (10.821.4) NA NA
Miami-Dade County, FL 12.3 (9.415.9) 35.7 (23.350.4) NA NA 12.5 (9.616.1) 23.8 (14.137.3)
New York City, NY 15.7 (13.917.8) 25.9 (16.638.0) 22.5 (9.744.0) 15.1 (13.516.9) 22.7 (14.433.9)
Oakland, CA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Orange County, FL 10.6 (7.015.7) 37.2 (25.351.0) NA NA 11.9 (8.316.9) 39.5 (25.256.0)
Palm Beach County, FL 15.0 (11.619.1) 35.4 (22.750.5) NA NA 14.1 (10.818.3) 28.9 (18.043.0)
Philadelphia, PA 15.9 (11.821.1) 24.2 (12.541.6) NA NA 15.1 (11.519.6) 22.4 (12.237.3)
San Diego, CA 11.2 (8.215.1) 15.5 (7.230.2) NA NA 11.7 (8.615.8) 18.3 (7.040.1)
San Francisco, CA 8.0 (4.613.6) 32.3 (14.357.6) NA NA 8.2 (5.013.2) 21.3 (6.551.3)
Median 14.1 35.3 NA 14.5 24.2
Range 8.020.5 15.550.8 NA 8.221.0 15.641.5
* Among students who were currently sexually active.
Students who had no sexual contact and students who had sexual contact with only the same sex are excluded from these analyses.
95% confidence interval.
Not available.

162 MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
 Surveillance Summaries

TABLE 77. Percentage of high school students who drank alcohol or used drugs before last sexual intercourse,* by sexual identity and sex of
sexual contacts United States and selected U.S. sites, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2015
% CI
National survey
(all students) 20.6 (18.922.5)

Sexual identity Sex of sexual contacts

Heterosexual Gay, lesbian, or Opposite sex Same sex only or
(straight) bisexual Not sure only both sexes
Site % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI
National survey
Total 20.0 (17.922.1) 22.4 (17.628.0) 44.5 (33.256.4) 19.5 (17.521.7) 31.0 (25.636.9)
Male 24.2 (20.728.2) 17.4 (9.729.3) 52.5 (33.770.5) 24.1 (20.528.1) 32.2 (22.244.2)
Female 14.9 (12.817.3) 23.5 (17.830.5) 35.8 (23.350.5) 14.2 (12.016.6) 30.5 (23.938.1)
State surveys
Arizona 22.3 (16.729.2) 27.1 (17.839.0) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Arkansas 19.0 (14.424.6) 17.9 (9.630.8) NA NA 17.4 (13.422.4) 32.0 (21.844.2)
California 19.5 (13.826.7) 31.8 (13.957.5) NA NA 19.9 (13.628.2) 35.1 (17.058.9)
Connecticut 21.8 (17.726.6) 19.4 (9.934.5) NA NA 20.1 (16.424.3) 36.9 (23.952.1)
Delaware 21.7 (18.225.8) 23.8 (15.834.2) NA NA 21.6 (17.925.8) 32.0 (20.945.5)
Florida 22.4 (19.925.1) 29.3 (23.236.2) 35.8 (24.049.6) 21.4 (19.024.0) 35.6 (29.042.9)
Hawaii 19.3 (16.722.2) 13.5 (7.922.2) 47.0 (25.669.5) 17.0 (13.720.8) 40.0 (27.154.5)
Illinois 18.8 (15.023.3) 20.5 (12.232.3) NA NA 18.0 (14.322.4) 32.6 (25.540.5)
Indiana 15.2 (11.220.2) 29.5 (12.455.2) NA NA 15.2 (10.920.7) 30.8 (14.454.2)
Kentucky 15.9 (11.621.4) 25.8 (13.942.9) NA NA 15.9 (11.521.5) 23.6 (13.039.0)
Maine 16.6 (14.618.8) 18.7 (13.824.7) 35.7 (26.546.1) 15.8 (14.017.8) 27.8 (24.032.0)
Maryland 21.7 (20.722.7) 30.7 (27.334.4) 45.1 (38.152.4) 21.5 (20.522.5) 34.5 (31.737.4)
Massachusetts 21.6 (17.825.9) 19.2 (11.231.0) NA NA 20.4 (16.624.8) 31.7 (19.447.3)
Michigan 23.6 (18.130.2) 14.0 (5.730.5) NA NA 22.5 (17.428.5) 18.2 (7.438.2)
Nevada 17.1 (12.323.3) 26.9 (13.646.2) NA NA 18.0 (13.323.8) 25.0 (13.741.3)
New Mexico 17.5 (15.519.8) 21.2 (15.827.8) 40.2 (24.658.0) 17.8 (15.720.0) 23.7 (18.529.7)
New York 21.1 (16.326.9) 35.6 (24.848.1) 49.6 (29.969.5) 19.9 (15.924.6) 46.9 (36.357.8)
North Carolina 15.6 (10.422.9) 25.0 (10.648.4) 21.2 (6.053.1) 16.1 (11.022.8) 25.0 (12.244.5)
North Dakota 17.7 (14.122.1) 23.0 (12.239.2) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oklahoma 14.0 (10.318.8) 16.0 (5.538.4) NA NA 12.9 (9.517.3) 27.7 (11.951.9)
Pennsylvania 17.8 (13.922.5) 22.5 (10.841.1) NA NA 17.6 (13.522.7) 28.1 (15.645.2)
Rhode Island NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Vermont 16.9 (15.917.9) 27.4 (24.130.9) 36.9 (29.844.6) 16.5 (15.517.5) 34.8 (31.338.5)
West Virginia 16.8 (12.721.8) 23.0 (13.336.7) NA NA 16.5 (12.022.3) 28.9 (18.941.5)
Wyoming 19.0 (15.423.2) 25.9 (14.042.9) NA NA 17.8 (14.122.2) 37.4 (25.850.6)
Median 18.9 23.4 38.5 17.8 31.8
Range 14.023.6 13.535.6 21.249.6 12.922.5 18.246.9
Large urban school district surveys
Baltimore, MD 17.8 (13.223.5) 29.5 (18.244.1) NA NA 19.1 (14.125.2) 30.6 (18.746.0)
Boston, MA 17.1 (13.621.4) 29.6 (16.347.6) NA NA 16.8 (13.221.2) 27.9 (15.245.6)
Broward County, FL 19.0 (14.524.4) 19.1 (9.036.1) NA NA 17.3 (13.222.4) 26.2 (15.840.1)
Cleveland, OH 19.1 (14.924.1) 25.1 (15.837.4) NA NA 18.3 (14.223.3) 26.8 (17.039.6)
DeKalb County, GA 21.6 (17.027.0) 17.9 (8.932.9) NA NA 20.9 (16.626.0) 23.5 (13.837.2)
Detroit, MI 15.9 (11.821.2) 27.4 (15.643.6) NA NA 14.9 (11.219.6) 25.0 (14.839.0)
District of Columbia 17.5 (15.619.4) 20.2 (16.224.7) 27.0 (15.343.2) 17.1 (15.319.1) 21.6 (17.726.0)
Duval County, FL 20.1 (16.424.3) 21.8 (13.832.6) NA NA 18.8 (15.422.8) 26.9 (18.237.9)
Ft. Worth, TX 17.8 (14.621.6) 20.5 (13.030.7) NA NA 17.9 (14.721.7) 22.1 (14.332.4)
Houston, TX 21.0 (17.824.7) 21.0 (13.131.8) NA NA 19.8 (16.423.5) 29.2 (19.740.9)
Los Angeles, CA 16.8 (12.921.5) 7.2 (1.527.7) NA NA 15.8 (12.719.7) 32.7 (20.148.4)
Miami-Dade County, FL 20.1 (16.524.4) 19.5 (10.234.0) NA NA 20.9 (17.325.0) 21.2 (12.433.8)
New York City, NY 16.2 (11.522.4) 26.7 (17.538.5) 20.2 (9.438.0) 15.0 (10.820.4) 32.8 (22.345.3)
Oakland, CA 20.6 (15.027.6) 29.6 (15.649.1) NA NA 19.8 (14.027.2) 26.3 (13.644.7)
Orange County, FL 21.3 (15.927.8) 35.0 (19.155.2) NA NA 21.2 (15.727.8) 42.3 (25.860.7)
Palm Beach County, FL 23.2 (19.128.0) 28.5 (17.742.4) NA NA 22.6 (18.627.2) 30.4 (20.442.7)
Philadelphia, PA 12.9 (10.016.3) 10.3 (3.625.9) NA NA 10.3 (7.713.7) 27.1 (16.141.9)
San Diego, CA 19.5 (16.223.2) 23.8 (11.343.5) NA NA 18.2 (14.822.2) 32.1 (22.443.7)
San Francisco, CA 26.4 (20.733.0) 13.0 (5.229.1) NA NA 25.2 (19.432.1) 22.6 (10.542.0)
Median 19.1 21.8 NA 18.3 26.9
Range 12.926.4 7.235.0 NA 10.325.2 21.242.3
* Among students who were currently sexually active.
Students who had no sexual contact are excluded from these analyses.
95% confidence interval.
Not available.

US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 163
 Surveillance Summaries

TABLE 78. Percentage of high school students who were ever tested for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV),* by sexual identity and sex of
sexual contacts United States and selected U.S. sites, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2015
% CI
National survey
(all students) 10.2 (8.711.8)

Sexual identity Sex of sexual contacts

Heterosexual Gay, lesbian, or Opposite sex Same sex only or No
(straight) bisexual Not sure only both sexes sexual contact
Site % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI
National survey
Total 9.3 (8.010.8) 18.2 (14.922.1) 12.8 (9.017.8) 13.7 (11.716.0) 23.2 (19.127.8) 4.4 (3.75.3)
Male 8.9 (7.111.1) 16.7 (10.924.8) 13.5 (8.021.8) 11.6 (9.114.7) 20.6 (15.227.1) 5.1 (3.67.2)
Female 9.8 (8.211.7) 19.0 (15.223.4) 12.4 (8.917.2) 16.4 (14.119.0) 24.1 (19.329.6) 3.8 (2.94.9)
State surveys
Arizona NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Arkansas 16.6 (12.821.2) 27.4 (19.736.6) 22.5 (13.635.0) 23.3 (17.230.8) 34.8 (27.442.9) 5.7 (3.68.9)
California 8.7 (7.410.2) 13.1 (7.821.2) 2.5 (0.68.8) 13.5 (10.617.1) 13.3 (5.130.5) 3.6 (2.55.0)
Connecticut 9.4 (7.911.1) 15.5 (10.123.2) 14.5 (7.725.8) 13.5 (11.415.9) 22.8 (14.334.2) 4.8 (3.46.8)
Delaware 12.5 (10.115.5) 23.1 (16.731.1) 10.3 (5.319.1) 22.3 (18.127.0) 34.2 (25.843.7) 3.6 (2.55.3)
Florida 11.8 (10.313.4) 21.1 (17.225.6) 14.1 (10.319.0) 16.9 (14.419.7) 27.4 (23.032.3) 6.1 (5.27.2)
Hawaii NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Illinois 13.4 (11.815.3) 26.6 (20.933.1) 23.4 (14.036.6) 18.4 (15.222.1) 29.5 (22.937.2) 6.5 (4.78.8)
Indiana 7.8 (6.29.9) 19.3 (12.728.3) 4.1 (1.114.0) 10.5 (8.013.6) 17.1 (10.925.9) 3.2 (2.34.4)
Kentucky 10.4 (8.512.6) 22.6 (15.531.8) 10.6 (4.125.0) 14.2 (11.617.3) 28.6 (18.641.3) 4.2 (2.86.1)
Maine NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Maryland 12.2 (11.612.9) 22.9 (21.424.5) 16.9 (15.019.1) 17.4 (16.518.3) 25.2 (23.227.3) 6.0 (5.66.4)
Massachusetts 9.6 (7.612.2) 12.5 (8.817.4) 9.5 (4.718.0) 14.0 (11.117.6) 21.4 (16.227.7) 3.0 (2.14.3)
Michigan 11.6 (8.715.4) 18.7 (14.423.8) 15.2 (8.027.1) 15.6 (11.820.5) 23.9 (18.730.0) 6.2 (4.78.1)
Nevada 11.2 (9.513.1) 17.6 (11.126.7) 15.5 (8.725.9) 13.3 (10.416.9) 26.2 (19.035.0) 5.6 (4.17.6)
New Mexico 9.7 (8.910.5) 16.2 (13.719.1) 11.1 (7.316.7) 14.7 (13.116.4) 20.3 (17.123.8) 4.4 (3.85.2)
New York 16.7 (14.119.6) 31.0 (23.939.2) 14.8 (9.123.2) 19.8 (16.124.1) 36.8 (29.544.6) 9.2 (7.810.9)
North Carolina 9.6 (7.612.1) 21.9 (14.631.5) 9.3 (4.917.0) 13.7 (10.417.9) 21.0 (13.231.8) 3.7 (2.75.2)
North Dakota NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oklahoma 9.2 (7.011.9) 19.6 (10.932.7) 3.9 (0.816.9) 14.5 (11.418.3) 30.1 (15.849.8) 2.9 (1.45.7)
Pennsylvania 9.7 (7.013.2) 26.9 (20.634.2) 8.6 (3.221.2) 14.0 (10.318.7) 31.7 (23.141.7) 4.6 (2.97.3)
Rhode Island 13.1 (10.616.0) 19.1 (13.526.5) 12.4 (4.529.7) 15.7 (12.719.3) 32.7 (23.343.6) 6.6 (4.49.8)
Vermont 9.6 (9.210.1) 18.8 (16.920.8) 8.7 (6.910.8) 14.5 (13.815.2) 27.4 (24.930.0) 3.2 (2.93.6)
West Virginia 11.9 (9.514.7) 22.0 (15.729.9) 19.2 (10.432.9) 16.5 (13.320.4) 23.9 (17.132.4) 3.1 (2.14.6)
Wyoming 10.3 (8.412.6) 25.7 (17.735.7) 12.1 (6.521.4) 14.9 (11.718.7) 24.2 (16.434.3) 4.6 (3.26.5)
Median 10.4 21.1 12.1 14.7 26.2 4.6
Range 7.816.7 12.531.0 2.523.4 10.523.3 13.336.8 2.99.2
Large urban school district surveys
Baltimore, MD 28.6 (24.033.6) 30.9 (24.038.9) 41.2 (24.260.5) 36.7 (29.444.6) 35.0 (25.645.6) 12.1 (8.117.7)
Boston, MA 19.6 (17.022.5) 25.1 (18.533.2) 27.4 (15.244.4) 28.6 (24.932.5) 33.0 (24.143.3) 7.8 (5.511.0)
Broward County, FL 18.2 (15.920.9) 23.5 (17.530.9) 22.4 (12.536.7) 24.5 (20.728.7) 29.5 (21.539.0) 9.3 (7.311.9)
Cleveland, OH 24.9 (21.129.2) 29.2 (23.136.2) 13.9 (6.626.9) 30.9 (26.635.5) 26.9 (20.234.8) 11.0 (8.114.8)
DeKalb County, GA 16.6 (14.718.8) 30.6 (22.639.8) 17.8 (9.930.1) 22.7 (19.326.6) 28.6 (21.836.6) 7.5 (5.410.3)
Detroit, MI 22.8 (19.726.2) 35.3 (27.543.8) 27.8 (16.243.4) 30.5 (26.035.4) 33.0 (24.542.9) 12.8 (9.816.4)
District of Columbia 36.2 (35.037.4) 46.7 (43.849.7) 27.2 (22.732.2) 49.0 (47.250.7) 51.1 (47.854.4) 20.6 (19.322.1)
Duval County, FL 18.2 (16.320.4) 22.4 (17.728.0) 18.4 (12.226.7) 22.9 (20.025.9) 28.1 (22.534.4) 8.2 (6.610.2)
Ft. Worth, TX 7.2 (6.08.5) 12.7 (7.620.3) 11.8 (5.822.6) 10.9 (8.913.3) 19.0 (12.128.6) 3.5 (2.64.9)
Houston, TX 18.1 (16.320.2) 32.2 (26.938.0) 15.5 (10.722.0) 25.5 (22.828.4) 31.4 (24.838.9) 10.4 (8.612.6)
Los Angeles, CA 12.3 (10.314.6) 22.2 (15.131.3) 11.6 (5.622.4) 20.5 (17.424.1) 16.7 (10.824.7) 5.8 (4.28.0)
Miami-Dade County, FL 12.4 (10.814.2) 18.5 (12.526.4) 18.3 (11.028.8) 19.7 (17.222.5) 23.6 (16.832.1) 5.2 (3.87.1)
New York City, NY 20.6 (17.424.2) 32.1 (24.241.3) 16.1 (10.024.9) 29.5 (24.934.6) 41.8 (31.253.2) 12.4 (10.514.6)
Oakland, CA 25.7 (22.629.0) 30.5 (22.340.1) 10.2 (4.422.0) 31.6 (27.236.3) 36.0 (26.946.2) 15.9 (12.420.1)
Orange County, FL 6.1 (4.97.5) 13.9 (9.120.6) 13.2 (6.425.3) 10.4 (7.813.7) 16.9 (10.925.3) 2.4 (1.43.9)
Palm Beach County, FL 15.1 (13.117.3) 23.1 (17.330.1) 11.8 (6.520.4) 18.3 (15.721.4) 32.1 (24.540.6) 7.1 (5.49.3)
Philadelphia, PA 33.9 (29.039.1) 45.4 (36.854.4) 30.1 (18.345.4) 43.4 (38.748.3) 50.1 (41.558.8) 18.3 (13.624.3)
San Diego, CA 11.6 (9.913.5) 12.5 (8.717.6) 18.2 (11.627.3) 17.5 (14.620.9) 20.5 (14.827.7) 5.4 (4.16.9)
San Francisco, CA 14.5 (12.117.1) 21.9 (13.533.5) 9.6 (4.718.9) 24.8 (20.130.1) 28.2 (17.342.4) 6.5 (5.18.4)
Median 18.2 25.1 17.8 24.8 29.5 8.2
Range 6.136.2 12.546.7 9.641.2 10.449.0 16.751.1 2.420.6
* Does not count tests conducted when donating blood.
95% confidence interval.
Not available.

164 MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
 Surveillance Summaries

TABLE 79. Percentage of high school students who did not eat fruit or drink 100% fruit juices,* by sexual identity and sex of sexual contacts
United States and selected U.S. sites, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2015
% CI
National survey
(all students) 5.2 (4.46.0)

Sexual identity Sex of sexual contacts

Heterosexual Gay, lesbian, or Opposite sex Same sex only or No
(straight) bisexual Not sure only both sexes sexual contact
Site % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI
National survey
Total 4.6 (3.95.5) 7.5 (5.89.8) 11.3 (6.718.5) 4.6 (3.85.5) 8.6 (6.211.8) 4.5 (3.55.8)
Male 5.5 (4.46.9) 9.9 (6.215.5) 8.2 (4.813.6) 5.1 (3.96.7) 8.5 (4.116.6) 5.7 (4.27.6)
Female 3.6 (2.94.5) 6.8 (4.510.1) 12.4 (7.021.0) 3.9 (2.95.1) 8.7 (6.012.5) 3.4 (2.64.6)
State surveys
Arizona 6.5 (4.98.6) 9.9 (4.918.9) 3.0 (0.515.7) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Arkansas 11.8 (9.914.1) 10.6 (6.217.6) 5.7 (2.214.3) 10.7 (8.114.0) 8.1 (3.816.4) 10.1 (7.413.6)
California 3.3 (2.44.6) 4.9 (2.310.2) 6.8 (3.612.3) 1.8 (1.03.2) 6.5 (2.615.2) 4.6 (2.97.2)
Connecticut 5.7 (4.47.2) 9.7 (6.214.9) 8.7 (3.818.5) 3.9 (2.75.6) 9.2 (5.215.7) 6.9 (5.29.2)
Delaware 6.0 (4.67.6) 5.8 (3.210.2) 11.9 (5.822.8) 5.4 (3.97.4) 4.8 (2.110.7) 5.6 (4.07.6)
Florida 7.3 (6.38.4) 6.9 (4.99.6) 16.1 (11.222.7) 6.1 (5.07.4) 8.5 (6.211.6) 8.2 (6.89.7)
Hawaii 7.3 (6.48.4) 11.0 (7.016.9) 8.1 (4.314.7) 7.7 (6.39.5) 7.9 (4.114.7) 7.2 (6.28.4)
Illinois 6.9 (5.68.6) 12.2 (7.519.3) 13.8 (7.424.1) 5.9 (4.47.8) 9.1 (4.717.0) 5.7 (4.47.4)
Indiana 6.0 (3.79.4) 8.8 (5.015.1) 14.5 (6.429.8) 5.0 (3.27.6) 8.9 (4.915.7) 5.9 (3.59.8)
Kentucky 7.5 (5.99.5) 8.9 (4.417.2) 13.5 (5.928.0) 6.6 (4.59.6) 5.8 (2.413.1) 7.7 (5.710.2)
Maine 5.1 (4.65.6) 7.3 (5.310.0) 11.5 (8.914.8) 5.0 (4.45.8) 6.3 (4.98.0) 5.0 (4.25.9)
Maryland 7.6 (7.27.9) 9.1 (8.310.0) 12.0 (10.413.7) 6.1 (5.76.5) 9.4 (8.410.5) 6.6 (6.27.1)
Massachusetts 5.3 (4.36.3) 7.8 (4.812.5) 6.8 (3.213.9) 4.1 (3.25.3) 6.4 (3.212.4) 6.0 (4.77.7)
Michigan 6.2 (4.97.8) 10.6 (6.018.1) 4.5 (1.711.4) 5.2 (3.77.5) 8.1 (4.115.4) 5.5 (3.97.7)
Nevada 5.1 (3.77.0) 3.9 (1.211.8) 9.6 (5.516.3) 3.5 (2.35.2) 2.3 (0.77.6) 5.5 (3.58.6)
New Mexico 7.5 (6.68.4) 6.4 (4.59.0) 10.6 (6.816.2) 6.6 (5.77.5) 6.7 (5.28.8) 7.0 (5.88.3)
New York 9.0 (7.310.9) 7.8 (5.510.9) 14.9 (10.620.5) 5.7 (4.67.1) 11.1 (8.015.2) 6.5 (5.47.8)
North Carolina 8.3 (6.710.4) 12.7 (6.523.4) 19.1 (8.039.3) 7.6 (5.710.2) 15.1 (8.026.6) 8.4 (5.512.7)
North Dakota 3.6 (2.84.6) 7.4 (3.714.1) 7.9 (2.919.8) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oklahoma 7.3 (5.89.2) 2.3 (0.67.8) 17.3 (6.339.2) 7.4 (5.310.3) 2.5 (0.610.1) 7.5 (5.89.6)
Pennsylvania 6.8 (5.78.0) 10.7 (7.015.9) 6.5 (2.316.8) 6.6 (5.28.4) 10.2 (4.720.6) 6.4 (5.18.2)
Rhode Island 5.9 (5.26.8) 5.8 (3.210.4) 17.2 (9.828.4) 4.4 (3.06.6) 4.8 (2.49.2) 6.3 (4.68.7)
Vermont 3.9 (3.64.2) 6.3 (5.27.6) 7.5 (5.99.5) 3.4 (3.13.8) 6.6 (5.38.1) 4.5 (4.15.0)
West Virginia 8.1 (6.010.6) 5.1 (1.912.9) 17.4 (9.230.7) 6.5 (4.78.9) 6.4 (4.010.2) 7.4 (5.310.3)
Wyoming 6.2 (5.07.6) 13.7 (8.521.1) 12.9 (6.723.3) 6.5 (4.98.5) 8.9 (4.915.5) 6.1 (4.48.2)
Median 6.5 7.8 11.5 5.9 7.9 6.4
Range 3.311.8 2.313.7 3.019.1 1.810.7 2.315.1 4.510.1
Large urban school district surveys
Baltimore, MD 12.2 (9.216.0) 10.0 (6.315.4) 12.7 (4.431.7) 10.7 (6.617.0) 8.8 (4.516.5) 9.5 (6.214.3)
Boston, MA 6.1 (5.07.4) 6.7 (3.113.7) 13.0 (7.222.4) 4.6 (3.07.0) 6.4 (2.913.5) 6.8 (5.09.1)
Broward County, FL 8.5 (6.411.2) 2.9 (1.17.2) 13.7 (7.324.1) 6.6 (4.210.3) 4.9 (1.812.7) 7.5 (5.310.5)
Cleveland, OH 7.0 (5.39.0) 5.0 (2.59.9) 8.4 (3.319.7) 6.4 (4.78.6) 6.2 (2.913.0) 5.3 (3.67.7)
DeKalb County, GA 5.1 (3.86.7) 6.8 (3.612.4) 6.8 (3.114.2) 4.3 (3.06.1) 6.3 (3.311.7) 4.5 (3.06.5)
Detroit, MI 9.7 (7.612.2) 8.8 (5.114.9) 12.3 (5.624.9) 9.0 (6.911.6) 6.7 (3.512.3) 6.6 (4.49.9)
District of Columbia 8.5 (7.89.2) 7.3 (5.99.0) 5.2 (3.28.4) 6.8 (5.97.7) 7.1 (5.69.0) 7.4 (6.68.4)
Duval County, FL 10.4 (8.912.1) 11.8 (8.616.0) 12.9 (7.720.9) 9.4 (7.411.8) 11.0 (7.815.2) 9.7 (8.211.6)
Ft. Worth, TX 4.7 (3.85.9) 6.6 (3.512.1) 5.5 (2.212.8) 3.2 (2.34.4) 5.2 (2.311.1) 5.6 (4.47.2)
Houston, TX 6.5 (5.47.7) 6.7 (4.410.0) 11.2 (6.618.5) 5.2 (4.06.7) 7.3 (4.511.5) 5.0 (3.96.4)
Los Angeles, CA 3.9 (2.85.5) 6.5 (2.914.0) 17.2 (10.826.3) 3.7 (2.94.9) 9.2 (4.119.1) 4.0 (2.56.6)
Miami-Dade County, FL 7.6 (6.29.2) 6.7 (3.811.7) 13.5 (6.825.0) 6.3 (4.88.2) 8.2 (4.713.6) 7.7 (5.810.1)
New York City, NY 7.9 (6.99.0) 6.5 (4.79.1) 12.3 (7.918.7) 6.2 (5.07.7) 7.5 (5.410.4) 7.4 (6.38.7)
Oakland, CA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Orange County, FL 5.7 (4.47.2) 4.8 (2.110.6) 12.0 (6.221.9) 4.9 (3.27.3) 6.0 (2.513.4) 5.7 (4.37.4)
Palm Beach County, FL 7.4 (6.38.8) 6.8 (4.210.9) 9.4 (5.116.5) 5.9 (4.47.8) 9.7 (5.815.7) 6.2 (4.88.0)
Philadelphia, PA 8.4 (6.510.8) 9.5 (5.615.6) 8.9 (4.018.8) 8.5 (5.812.1) 6.0 (2.911.9) 8.7 (5.413.6)
San Diego, CA 3.8 (3.04.8) 3.6 (1.48.6) 3.7 (1.49.4) 2.9 (2.04.2) 6.5 (3.412.3) 3.7 (2.65.2)
San Francisco, CA 4.2 (3.05.8) 7.4 (2.023.3) 10.4 (5.120.1) 3.5 (1.67.4) 2.3 (0.86.3) 3.8 (2.85.3)
Median 7.2 6.7 11.6 6.0 6.6 6.4
Range 3.812.2 2.911.8 3.717.2 2.910.7 2.311.0 3.79.7
* During the 7 days before the survey.
95% confidence interval.
Not available.

US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 165
 Surveillance Summaries

TABLE 80. Percentage of high school students who ate fruit or drank 100% fruit juices one or more times/day,* by sexual identity and sex of
sexual contacts United States and selected U.S. sites, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2015
% CI
National survey
(all students) 63.3 (61.365.3)

Sexual identity Sex of sexual contacts

Heterosexual Gay, lesbian, or Opposite sex Same sex only or No
(straight) bisexual Not sure only both sexes sexual contact
Site % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI
National survey
Total 64.3 (62.066.5) 58.6 (54.562.5) 52.3 (46.957.7) 64.3 (62.066.5) 57.9 (53.562.1) 63.7 (61.066.3)
Male 65.6 (63.168.0) 58.2 (51.065.1) 53.5 (45.061.7) 67.2 (64.669.8) 62.7 (54.969.9) 62.8 (59.466.1)
Female 62.8 (59.865.7) 58.7 (53.763.5) 52.6 (45.759.4) 60.5 (57.463.4) 56.3 (51.161.3) 64.5 (61.767.3)
State surveys
Arizona 60.4 (57.363.5) 54.6 (46.962.0) 57.2 (42.171.0) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Arkansas 52.1 (48.056.1) 51.2 (40.362.1) 54.4 (40.267.9) 53.3 (47.559.0) 54.8 (45.264.1) 51.9 (46.657.2)
California 68.2 (65.071.3) 64.0 (56.970.6) 62.4 (49.473.8) 67.5 (62.971.7) 71.6 (58.381.9) 67.8 (62.173.0)
Connecticut 64.2 (60.967.3) 48.7 (38.958.6) 46.3 (38.754.2) 63.2 (59.866.4) 54.3 (44.763.6) 62.8 (58.067.2)
Delaware 62.1 (59.264.9) 60.5 (51.968.5) 66.5 (54.676.6) 60.9 (56.864.8) 68.8 (60.775.9) 64.0 (60.467.5)
Florida 61.3 (59.363.2) 57.1 (52.861.3) 54.0 (46.861.0) 64.1 (61.766.4) 58.2 (53.862.5) 57.5 (55.259.8)
Hawaii 49.1 (46.252.1) 49.2 (43.554.9) 49.5 (39.559.6) 51.3 (46.456.2) 45.4 (36.254.9) 48.3 (44.651.9)
Illinois 60.5 (56.364.5) 50.5 (41.259.8) 58.3 (45.670.0) 61.4 (57.165.4) 58.7 (51.665.4) 61.0 (56.165.7)
Indiana 61.6 (58.165.0) 53.2 (44.561.7) 57.5 (44.969.2) 62.1 (57.166.8) 55.1 (47.162.9) 61.3 (56.765.7)
Kentucky 52.1 (48.655.6) 58.0 (45.070.0) 51.2 (37.764.4) 54.7 (50.159.3) 61.8 (51.870.9) 49.7 (44.654.7)
Maine 61.5 (59.064.0) 57.5 (54.460.5) 52.6 (46.758.3) 62.3 (60.364.3) 59.8 (55.963.6) 60.3 (57.463.1)
Maryland 57.5 (56.858.2) 51.1 (49.352.8) 51.4 (48.754.1) 58.3 (57.559.1) 53.2 (50.955.4) 57.7 (56.858.6)
Massachusetts 63.1 (60.365.9) 56.4 (49.063.6) 62.5 (53.770.5) 65.4 (62.168.6) 60.3 (49.470.2) 60.9 (56.964.7)
Michigan 59.0 (54.163.6) 46.2 (36.755.9) 53.7 (43.363.7) 58.6 (52.664.4) 59.1 (45.571.4) 58.8 (54.063.3)
Nevada 59.8 (56.762.9) 67.5 (56.876.5) 45.4 (33.857.4) 60.8 (57.064.5) 64.3 (55.572.2) 59.1 (53.764.4)
New Mexico 54.5 (52.656.4) 56.7 (52.261.2) 51.5 (44.858.1) 56.1 (53.758.3) 57.6 (52.462.6) 53.4 (50.756.2)
New York 56.7 (55.058.3) 55.9 (50.761.0) 50.6 (42.958.2) 59.8 (55.564.0) 58.7 (53.363.9) 58.4 (54.961.8)
North Carolina 58.7 (55.761.6) 52.7 (44.660.7) 47.1 (29.365.6) 58.3 (54.162.4) 52.5 (36.967.6) 58.5 (52.964.0)
North Dakota 62.6 (60.265.0) 61.1 (51.869.7) 58.7 (43.872.1) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oklahoma 56.7 (53.959.5) 40.2 (28.253.5) 44.9 (27.863.2) 56.2 (51.461.0) 50.8 (40.461.2) 54.5 (51.557.4)
Pennsylvania 59.8 (56.862.7) 54.0 (47.760.2) 47.9 (35.260.9) 61.5 (57.465.5) 49.3 (41.057.7) 57.9 (54.960.9)
Rhode Island 61.4 (55.766.8) 55.3 (46.463.8) 55.4 (44.066.2) 62.2 (56.767.5) 60.2 (51.867.9) 60.2 (53.966.2)
Vermont 67.9 (67.268.6) 62.7 (60.365.1) 64.1 (60.767.3) 68.5 (67.669.4) 65.3 (62.568.0) 66.6 (65.667.5)
West Virginia 55.1 (51.358.8) 58.2 (47.168.5) 44.9 (30.660.1) 57.1 (51.562.5) 60.0 (49.569.6) 53.2 (47.958.4)
Wyoming 61.0 (58.563.5) 51.4 (44.458.3) 58.1 (47.268.2) 60.0 (56.263.7) 52.2 (43.061.2) 62.3 (59.165.5)
Median 60.4 55.3 53.7 60.8 58.7 58.8
Range 49.168.2 40.267.5 44.966.5 51.368.5 45.471.6 48.367.8
Large urban school district surveys
Baltimore, MD 55.6 (50.260.8) 55.5 (47.663.1) 49.5 (31.867.4) 58.4 (50.865.5) 62.7 (54.170.7) 51.6 (43.759.6)
Boston, MA 55.7 (53.258.2) 59.7 (51.767.2) 51.0 (41.360.6) 58.1 (54.361.8) 67.3 (58.075.4) 53.3 (49.357.3)
Broward County, FL 60.3 (56.663.9) 57.3 (50.064.4) 57.2 (43.370.1) 63.4 (57.868.7) 64.2 (54.972.5) 57.9 (52.563.1)
Cleveland, OH 56.5 (53.159.9) 55.1 (47.262.6) 59.4 (45.871.8) 57.4 (53.761.1) 57.3 (49.365.0) 58.1 (53.162.9)
DeKalb County, GA 61.3 (58.264.3) 57.0 (49.064.7) 57.7 (44.570.0) 62.2 (58.366.0) 61.9 (54.269.0) 59.5 (54.664.3)
Detroit, MI 56.3 (52.560.0) 48.0 (39.356.8) 65.3 (49.978.0) 57.3 (52.761.9) 52.8 (44.860.7) 54.0 (48.659.4)
District of Columbia 53.9 (52.755.2) 52.7 (49.855.6) 51.7 (46.457.0) 55.7 (53.957.4) 49.9 (46.653.2) 54.4 (52.856.1)
Duval County, FL 52.9 (50.655.2) 46.1 (39.652.8) 58.8 (49.567.5) 55.7 (52.459.0) 50.2 (43.956.5) 50.6 (47.853.4)
Ft. Worth, TX 64.8 (62.567.0) 57.2 (48.665.5) 70.7 (61.578.4) 68.1 (65.171.0) 57.7 (48.266.8) 62.2 (59.165.3)
Houston, TX 57.9 (55.760.2) 52.1 (45.858.3) 54.1 (45.262.7) 60.5 (57.563.5) 56.3 (49.263.1) 56.9 (54.259.5)
Los Angeles, CA 64.4 (61.567.2) 57.8 (48.067.0) 67.8 (56.577.3) 64.7 (61.567.8) 60.7 (46.073.7) 64.6 (61.068.1)
Miami-Dade County, FL 59.5 (56.962.1) 54.8 (47.162.3) 60.8 (49.571.0) 64.2 (61.267.1) 52.3 (44.460.1) 56.1 (52.060.2)
New York City, NY 52.3 (50.154.5) 54.6 (47.961.1) 52.1 (45.458.7) 58.2 (55.161.2) 52.0 (46.757.3) 50.3 (47.453.2)
Oakland, CA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Orange County, FL 63.4 (60.466.2) 62.4 (51.472.3) 54.2 (40.267.5) 65.7 (60.770.4) 65.9 (54.475.8) 60.5 (56.964.1)
Palm Beach County, FL 58.4 (56.160.8) 52.0 (43.260.6) 57.5 (48.066.4) 61.0 (57.664.3) 54.7 (47.062.2) 56.6 (53.160.0)
Philadelphia, PA 56.9 (53.460.3) 57.0 (48.665.1) 50.6 (37.563.6) 57.3 (52.961.5) 61.8 (52.870.0) 54.5 (49.459.6)
San Diego, CA 65.8 (62.968.7) 68.9 (60.176.5) 57.9 (47.267.8) 67.9 (64.771.0) 62.8 (53.571.2) 64.0 (60.267.6)
San Francisco, CA 67.5 (64.670.3) 63.3 (53.072.5) 60.6 (49.370.9) 67.3 (61.772.4) 56.9 (47.565.9) 68.6 (65.171.8)
Median 58.2 56.3 57.6 60.8 57.5 56.7
Range 52.367.5 46.168.9 49.570.7 55.768.1 49.967.3 50.368.6
* During the 7 days before the survey.
95% confidence interval.
Not available.

166 MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
 Surveillance Summaries

TABLE 81. Percentage of high school students who ate fruit or drank 100% fruit juices two or more times/day,* by sexual identity and sex of
sexual contacts United States and selected U.S. sites, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2015
% CI
National survey
(all students) 31.5 (30.133.0)

Sexual identity Sex of sexual contacts

Heterosexual Gay, lesbian, or Opposite sex Same sex only or No
(straight) bisexual Not sure only both sexes sexual contact
Site % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI
National survey
Total 31.9 (30.233.5) 28.3 (24.432.6) 27.3 (22.033.3) 32.7 (31.034.4) 31.1 (27.534.9) 30.6 (28.332.9)
Male 33.7 (31.536.0) 22.7 (15.731.7) 32.3 (23.742.4) 35.8 (33.438.3) 36.7 (29.045.2) 30.6 (27.334.1)
Female 29.8 (28.131.6) 31.0 (26.935.4) 24.0 (18.231.1) 28.6 (26.630.6) 29.2 (24.933.9) 30.6 (28.233.1)
State surveys
Arizona 30.2 (26.534.2) 27.5 (19.137.9) 30.4 (17.447.5) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Arkansas 25.7 (21.630.3) 26.9 (19.236.4) 33.3 (21.447.9) 28.3 (22.934.3) 34.7 (29.240.7) 23.4 (18.828.8)
California 33.5 (30.936.1) 34.2 (27.741.4) 29.1 (17.644.1) 33.3 (29.737.2) 40.8 (29.653.0) 32.6 (28.836.8)
Connecticut 31.6 (28.834.5) 22.8 (15.332.5) 22.6 (14.433.6) 29.5 (25.533.8) 27.5 (18.039.7) 31.8 (28.835.0)
Delaware 30.2 (27.732.9) 34.6 (26.843.4) 35.6 (25.547.2) 31.8 (27.536.3) 45.8 (35.756.3) 29.4 (26.332.7)
Florida 33.1 (31.434.8) 34.4 (30.538.5) 32.2 (24.740.7) 36.0 (33.638.4) 35.0 (30.539.7) 29.6 (28.031.2)
Hawaii 22.6 (21.124.2) 25.2 (20.830.3) 22.8 (17.728.7) 23.3 (20.826.0) 24.8 (18.732.1) 22.3 (20.324.5)
Illinois 31.1 (28.234.2) 28.5 (22.335.6) 29.8 (18.045.2) 33.3 (29.137.9) 34.2 (27.042.2) 29.3 (26.032.8)
Indiana 27.0 (23.131.3) 15.7 (10.722.4) 24.0 (13.039.9) 25.0 (19.631.3) 16.5 (11.223.5) 28.2 (22.734.5)
Kentucky 20.0 (18.122.1) 28.2 (21.835.6) 27.2 (17.040.6) 21.5 (18.824.5) 32.1 (24.940.2) 17.8 (14.921.1)
Maine 30.1 (28.531.7) 28.2 (25.431.2) 32.3 (26.239.1) 30.2 (28.731.8) 28.3 (24.932.0) 30.0 (27.832.3)
Maryland 29.2 (28.629.7) 25.4 (23.926.8) 28.1 (25.830.5) 30.3 (29.531.2) 28.1 (26.329.9) 28.7 (28.029.5)
Massachusetts 31.4 (29.333.5) 27.7 (22.034.2) 35.3 (24.447.9) 32.2 (29.934.7) 31.7 (23.641.1) 30.4 (26.834.3)
Michigan 28.4 (25.331.7) 19.8 (14.027.1) 19.3 (11.929.9) 29.3 (26.032.8) 23.2 (16.032.3) 27.2 (23.731.0)
Nevada 28.9 (26.131.9) 30.9 (19.645.0) 31.8 (20.246.2) 30.0 (25.235.3) 32.3 (23.143.1) 29.4 (24.834.4)
New Mexico 27.3 (26.128.6) 27.3 (23.331.7) 29.4 (23.236.4) 29.6 (27.531.8) 29.3 (24.834.2) 25.6 (23.827.4)
New York 31.0 (28.833.3) 28.3 (22.135.4) 26.6 (18.736.4) 31.1 (27.335.1) 33.0 (25.141.9) 32.5 (29.535.7)
North Carolina 27.1 (24.729.7) 30.6 (20.642.8) 24.1 (11.344.1) 26.9 (23.730.3) 27.3 (17.140.7) 27.7 (22.633.5)
North Dakota 27.1 (24.430.0) 28.5 (19.140.3) 32.9 (22.145.9) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oklahoma 29.0 (26.831.3) 23.2 (15.233.7) 26.6 (13.046.7) 29.2 (25.533.2) 28.4 (16.843.8) 27.2 (24.530.1)
Pennsylvania 28.8 (26.231.6) 28.9 (23.435.2) 22.2 (12.137.2) 29.8 (26.433.3) 25.6 (18.334.7) 27.3 (24.530.4)
Rhode Island 30.6 (26.035.7) 22.2 (15.530.8) 25.1 (14.340.3) 30.4 (26.834.2) 29.8 (26.333.7) 28.7 (22.535.8)
Vermont 34.5 (33.835.1) 32.0 (29.734.3) 35.7 (32.539.0) 35.3 (34.436.3) 37.8 (35.040.6) 32.6 (31.633.5)
West Virginia 28.1 (25.530.8) 29.3 (21.139.1) 20.5 (10.835.5) 27.6 (24.031.7) 28.0 (21.535.6) 29.0 (24.833.6)
Wyoming 26.7 (24.229.3) 22.3 (16.729.1) 29.6 (19.741.8) 27.1 (23.630.9) 27.5 (20.336.1) 26.3 (23.828.9)
Median 29.0 28.2 29.1 29.8 29.3 28.7
Range 20.034.5 15.734.6 19.335.7 21.536.0 16.545.8 17.832.6
Large urban school district surveys
Baltimore, MD 32.1 (27.237.4) 31.0 (24.937.7) 32.6 (16.554.2) 35.6 (29.841.9) 33.7 (27.340.8) 28.1 (21.136.2)
Boston, MA 31.3 (29.033.7) 38.8 (30.847.6) 39.0 (28.650.5) 34.7 (31.537.9) 41.8 (33.350.9) 28.2 (24.532.3)
Broward County, FL 32.7 (29.536.1) 25.4 (18.134.3) 34.5 (24.146.6) 36.4 (31.441.8) 32.2 (23.642.2) 28.9 (25.732.4)
Cleveland, OH 30.5 (27.833.5) 26.5 (20.733.2) 30.1 (19.343.6) 32.2 (28.835.8) 30.4 (23.638.1) 29.4 (25.233.9)
DeKalb County, GA 34.8 (32.037.7) 31.9 (25.539.0) 20.4 (11.833.0) 34.1 (30.338.1) 34.8 (27.243.2) 33.3 (29.537.4)
Detroit, MI 24.2 (21.627.0) 18.8 (13.226.0) 30.0 (18.145.4) 28.5 (24.732.6) 23.9 (17.831.3) 25.0 (21.428.9)
District of Columbia 28.0 (26.929.1) 27.8 (25.230.4) 28.5 (24.033.5) 29.9 (28.331.5) 24.8 (22.127.8) 28.3 (26.829.9)
Duval County, FL 26.7 (24.529.0) 21.7 (17.726.5) 36.6 (28.146.0) 29.4 (26.532.5) 24.8 (20.130.2) 24.4 (21.827.2)
Ft. Worth, TX 34.0 (31.836.3) 37.7 (29.247.1) 33.7 (24.844.0) 37.9 (34.641.3) 37.7 (28.248.4) 31.2 (28.533.9)
Houston, TX 29.9 (27.932.0) 25.8 (21.330.9) 26.7 (19.435.5) 30.3 (27.433.5) 28.2 (22.334.8) 30.1 (27.732.7)
Los Angeles, CA 34.0 (31.636.6) 28.0 (19.937.7) 37.5 (23.354.1) 36.8 (33.939.9) 27.8 (20.137.1) 32.5 (29.635.6)
Miami-Dade County, FL 33.7 (31.735.7) 33.0 (26.340.6) 34.2 (23.147.3) 37.3 (34.540.1) 36.0 (27.845.0) 29.9 (27.232.7)
New York City, NY 28.3 (26.130.7) 31.2 (25.837.1) 26.2 (23.029.7) 33.5 (30.536.7) 28.9 (25.133.0) 26.1 (23.529.0)
Oakland, CA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Orange County, FL 33.9 (30.637.3) 34.9 (23.648.3) 34.7 (24.147.1) 36.7 (32.541.2) 39.8 (27.853.3) 30.4 (27.034.1)
Palm Beach County, FL 31.0 (28.633.5) 29.8 (23.636.7) 31.7 (21.743.7) 35.0 (31.738.4) 31.1 (25.537.2) 27.9 (24.831.3)
Philadelphia, PA 31.7 (28.435.1) 33.4 (24.843.3) 29.4 (21.938.3) 34.9 (30.140.0) 31.5 (22.542.1) 28.2 (23.533.5)
San Diego, CA 33.5 (30.736.5) 34.4 (27.142.4) 29.6 (17.345.7) 34.1 (30.637.7) 33.7 (26.042.2) 32.3 (28.036.8)
San Francisco, CA 38.0 (35.041.0) 34.2 (25.244.5) 36.6 (27.247.2) 39.0 (32.146.3) 32.0 (23.541.9) 39.3 (36.342.5)
Median 31.9 31.1 32.1 34.8 31.7 29.1
Range 24.238.0 18.838.8 20.439.0 28.539.0 23.941.8 24.439.3
* During the 7 days before the survey.
95% confidence interval.
Not available.

US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 167
 Surveillance Summaries

TABLE 82. Percentage of high school students who ate fruit or drank 100% fruit juices three or more times/day,* by sexual identity and sex of
sexual contacts United States and selected U.S. sites, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2015
% CI
National survey
(all students) 20.0 (18.921.1)

Sexual identity Sex of sexual contacts

Heterosexual Gay, lesbian, or Opposite sex Same sex only or No
(straight) bisexual Not sure only both sexes sexual contact
Site % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI
National survey
Total 20.0 (18.821.3) 19.2 (16.422.3) 18.6 (14.024.2) 21.8 (20.323.4) 24.3 (20.128.9) 17.7 (16.219.2)
Male 22.2 (20.623.9) 16.1 (10.823.5) 27.1 (19.037.1) 25.0 (23.226.9) 30.5 (23.338.9) 18.7 (16.321.3)
Female 17.6 (16.319.0) 20.6 (17.424.2) 12.8 (8.020.0) 17.7 (16.019.5) 22.2 (17.727.5) 16.7 (14.818.8)
State surveys
Arizona 18.6 (15.422.2) 13.6 (8.221.7) 21.0 (10.238.4) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Arkansas 16.9 (13.920.5) 11.7 (8.017.0) 21.8 (13.034.4) 18.1 (14.622.2) 17.8 (12.025.5) 15.5 (11.820.0)
California 20.6 (19.122.3) 17.8 (12.025.7) 16.0 (8.727.5) 21.2 (18.324.3) 24.0 (16.134.1) 18.8 (16.820.9)
Connecticut 18.9 (16.821.1) 13.1 (8.220.4) 16.7 (11.224.3) 16.4 (13.619.7) 19.1 (10.931.3) 20.0 (17.922.2)
Delaware 19.2 (17.321.4) 24.7 (17.933.1) 24.3 (15.136.7) 21.6 (18.325.2) 39.5 (28.252.0) 17.3 (14.920.0)
Florida 22.2 (20.723.8) 24.6 (21.028.7) 26.1 (19.633.9) 25.4 (23.527.5) 26.3 (22.430.6) 18.6 (17.220.1)
Hawaii 14.0 (12.915.3) 15.1 (10.122.0) 15.8 (11.621.1) 14.1 (12.416.0) 16.9 (12.023.4) 13.8 (12.115.6)
Illinois 19.0 (16.721.5) 21.5 (15.529.0) 17.3 (10.726.7) 21.0 (17.525.1) 27.1 (20.435.1) 17.1 (14.420.3)
Indiana 14.4 (12.616.5) 10.1 (6.016.5) 14.6 (7.426.9) 13.5 (10.417.4) 8.7 (5.014.8) 16.2 (12.720.4)
Kentucky 13.3 (11.815.0) 17.1 (12.922.3) 12.2 (5.126.4) 16.0 (13.718.6) 19.9 (15.125.9) 9.9 (8.012.3)
Maine 17.5 (16.418.6) 15.3 (13.017.8) 19.0 (14.224.9) 18.1 (16.819.5) 17.0 (14.220.2) 16.3 (14.817.9)
Maryland 18.1 (17.618.6) 16.8 (15.618.1) 18.1 (16.220.1) 20.1 (19.320.8) 19.0 (17.520.6) 16.6 (16.017.3)
Massachusetts 18.3 (17.019.8) 16.1 (10.823.3) 15.9 (9.026.6) 18.9 (16.821.3) 20.4 (13.829.0) 16.9 (14.719.4)
Michigan 16.3 (14.418.5) 14.9 (9.822.0) 7.1 (3.813.0) 16.7 (14.119.8) 15.9 (11.022.5) 15.3 (12.918.1)
Nevada 17.6 (15.020.4) 16.7 (9.727.1) 17.4 (8.731.8) 18.8 (14.224.5) 21.4 (14.630.1) 16.3 (12.720.7)
New Mexico 17.9 (16.819.1) 19.6 (16.523.1) 21.1 (15.428.2) 19.9 (18.121.8) 22.0 (18.226.4) 16.2 (14.817.7)
New York 18.2 (16.520.1) 21.2 (16.027.4) 14.9 (9.921.8) 20.1 (16.823.9) 23.4 (17.930.0) 17.9 (15.320.8)
North Carolina 16.7 (14.119.6) 23.1 (14.934.0) 12.2 (6.621.6) 17.2 (14.620.1) 20.9 (12.333.2) 15.8 (11.321.6)
North Dakota 14.7 (12.816.9) 12.1 (7.119.7) 21.6 (12.834.1) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oklahoma 18.1 (15.720.6) 13.5 (7.722.6) 14.7 (4.837.3) 19.7 (16.823.0) 21.3 (11.336.5) 14.5 (12.117.2)
Pennsylvania 16.4 (14.718.3) 18.0 (13.523.7) 11.1 (4.624.4) 18.9 (16.521.6) 14.4 (9.221.8) 13.2 (11.415.2)
Rhode Island 16.8 (12.921.6) 13.0 (7.222.4) 16.2 (9.426.5) 17.1 (13.122.2) 18.1 (12.325.9) 14.8 (11.319.2)
Vermont 19.8 (19.220.4) 19.2 (17.321.2) 22.8 (20.025.7) 21.3 (20.522.1) 24.3 (22.026.9) 17.4 (16.618.2)
West Virginia 18.6 (16.121.3) 17.5 (10.926.9) 11.1 (4.724.0) 18.6 (14.922.9) 20.4 (15.127.0) 17.3 (14.220.8)
Wyoming 16.1 (14.318.0) 11.5 (7.018.2) 19.2 (10.831.9) 17.6 (14.920.7) 12.3 (7.419.8) 14.7 (12.717.0)
Median 17.9 16.7 16.7 18.8 20.4 16.3
Range 13.322.2 10.124.7 7.126.1 13.525.4 8.739.5 9.920.0
Large urban school district surveys
Baltimore, MD 21.1 (17.325.5) 19.8 (13.827.5) 28.5 (13.151.3) 23.1 (19.027.9) 21.8 (15.529.8) 19.5 (13.926.6)
Boston, MA 20.4 (18.322.8) 25.9 (18.035.8) 30.0 (20.741.4) 24.1 (21.227.3) 31.0 (22.740.7) 16.5 (13.420.2)
Broward County, FL 21.8 (19.424.4) 14.8 (9.522.3) 29.5 (18.643.4) 23.6 (20.027.5) 21.7 (14.930.6) 20.1 (17.123.4)
Cleveland, OH 22.3 (19.725.0) 17.2 (12.423.4) 23.9 (14.836.1) 23.6 (20.527.0) 18.9 (13.525.7) 20.4 (16.724.7)
DeKalb County, GA 23.7 (21.526.1) 19.6 (14.426.1) 9.8 (4.918.6) 24.8 (21.528.4) 21.8 (15.030.4) 20.1 (17.123.4)
Detroit, MI 17.0 (15.219.0) 14.9 (10.021.6) 28.8 (17.244.0) 20.9 (18.124.0) 19.7 (14.326.5) 17.2 (13.921.2)
District of Columbia 19.3 (18.420.3) 18.5 (16.320.8) 18.2 (14.422.7) 21.7 (20.223.2) 15.9 (13.718.4) 18.4 (17.119.8)
Duval County, FL 17.6 (15.819.5) 17.3 (13.521.8) 26.8 (19.236.0) 19.7 (17.222.5) 19.0 (14.824.0) 15.4 (13.317.7)
Ft. Worth, TX 24.9 (23.026.8) 24.0 (17.831.6) 19.9 (13.029.3) 28.5 (25.631.6) 23.7 (16.333.2) 21.4 (19.024.0)
Houston, TX 19.7 (18.021.6) 19.8 (15.525.0) 15.8 (10.523.1) 21.1 (18.623.8) 19.0 (13.625.8) 19.0 (16.721.4)
Los Angeles, CA 21.2 (19.323.3) 18.6 (12.027.7) 30.3 (18.245.9) 24.3 (21.127.9) 18.0 (11.626.9) 19.5 (17.421.8)
Miami-Dade County, FL 23.1 (21.125.2) 25.8 (20.132.6) 24.2 (15.336.1) 27.0 (24.429.7) 23.4 (16.032.8) 19.6 (17.521.9)
New York City, NY 18.7 (17.420.1) 22.5 (18.027.7) 17.6 (13.722.3) 25.1 (22.727.6) 20.8 (18.223.7) 15.3 (13.817.0)
Oakland, CA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Orange County, FL 21.3 (18.524.3) 24.7 (15.636.9) 20.7 (13.630.3) 24.0 (20.228.3) 27.7 (17.940.2) 18.3 (15.421.7)
Palm Beach County, FL 19.7 (17.322.3) 19.7 (14.626.0) 22.8 (14.234.5) 23.3 (20.126.8) 22.9 (17.928.7) 16.1 (13.419.1)
Philadelphia, PA 22.4 (19.625.5) 23.7 (16.432.9) 24.4 (17.732.5) 26.1 (22.130.6) 22.7 (14.234.2) 18.1 (14.422.6)
San Diego, CA 20.9 (18.323.7) 20.2 (14.427.6) 16.5 (8.828.7) 21.0 (18.124.2) 23.2 (16.731.2) 19.4 (16.123.1)
San Francisco, CA 22.4 (20.124.9) 23.2 (15.134.1) 23.5 (16.233.0) 26.4 (20.433.6) 21.5 (13.831.8) 21.7 (19.224.4)
Median 21.2 19.8 23.7 23.8 21.7 19.2
Range 17.024.9 14.825.9 9.830.3 19.728.5 15.931.0 15.321.7
* During the 7 days before the survey.
95% confidence interval.
Not available.

168 MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
 Surveillance Summaries

TABLE 83. Percentage of high school students who did not eat vegetables,* by sexual identity and sex of sexual contacts United States and
selected U.S. sites, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2015
% CI
National survey
(all students) 6.7 (6.07.5)

Sexual identity Sex of sexual contacts

Heterosexual Gay, lesbian, or Opposite sex Same sex only or No
(straight) bisexual Not sure only both sexes sexual contact
Site % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI
National survey
Total 6.3 (5.57.1) 9.7 (7.812.1) 12.5 (9.017.0) 5.9 (5.16.8) 10.4 (8.113.3) 6.4 (5.57.5)
Male 7.2 (6.28.3) 12.4 (8.318.1) 13.9 (9.220.5) 6.9 (5.78.2) 11.9 (6.421.1) 7.4 (6.09.1)
Female 5.2 (4.46.1) 8.2 (6.111.0) 10.3 (7.114.5) 4.7 (3.95.8) 9.9 (7.612.8) 5.5 (4.56.8)
State surveys
Arizona 7.9 (6.29.9) 4.6 (2.38.9) 5.8 (1.916.4) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Arkansas 11.4 (9.613.5) 12.9 (7.820.5) 8.2 (3.717.2) 10.3 (8.812.0) 11.8 (5.623.2) 9.8 (7.612.5)
California 6.5 (4.49.5) 5.5 (2.810.4) 15.2 (4.441.1) 6.5 (3.412.0) 6.6 (2.416.6) 6.4 (4.59.2)
Connecticut 6.4 (5.27.8) 12.8 (8.718.5) 11.1 (4.724.1) 6.2 (4.68.3) 10.0 (5.517.6) 7.2 (5.59.4)
Delaware NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Florida 9.5 (8.510.7) 10.3 (7.514.1) 13.1 (9.517.9) 8.2 (7.29.3) 10.5 (7.714.2) 10.4 (9.012.0)
Hawaii NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Illinois 9.3 (7.811.1) 10.3 (6.615.7) 19.5 (12.529.1) 8.0 (6.49.8) 10.7 (8.014.1) 8.5 (6.610.9)
Indiana 6.9 (5.19.3) 8.3 (4.115.9) 15.3 (6.532.0) 6.2 (4.58.5) 10.0 (5.118.8) 6.6 (4.79.1)
Kentucky 8.4 (6.610.7) 11.5 (5.323.4) 4.0 (1.311.8) 6.9 (5.38.8) 6.9 (3.911.7) 9.0 (6.911.7)
Maine NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Maryland 8.3 (7.98.7) 7.7 (6.98.7) 11.3 (9.613.2) 7.2 (6.87.7) 8.7 (7.79.8) 7.2 (6.77.7)
Massachusetts 5.4 (4.17.1) 8.4 (5.512.7) 11.6 (7.118.2) 4.1 (2.95.8) 8.6 (5.213.9) 6.8 (4.99.3)
Michigan 5.9 (4.57.7) 9.8 (5.317.4) 5.8 (2.513.0) 5.7 (4.17.9) 6.0 (2.414.6) 5.2 (3.97.0)
Nevada 6.8 (5.19.0) 4.3 (1.511.6) 20.4 (11.433.9) 5.6 (3.49.1) 5.9 (2.911.8) 6.9 (5.09.4)
New Mexico 7.3 (6.58.3) 5.7 (4.37.5) 7.7 (5.111.5) 6.5 (5.57.7) 5.3 (3.87.4) 6.7 (5.97.6)
New York NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
North Carolina 9.2 (6.912.1) 5.0 (2.211.2) 12.9 (5.029.5) 9.5 (6.713.4) 8.0 (4.015.2) 7.6 (4.512.6)
North Dakota 4.5 (3.55.6) 8.3 (4.515.0) 7.4 (2.619.5) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oklahoma 7.7 (6.09.7) 9.1 (4.019.6) 15.1 (4.739.1) 7.2 (5.210.0) 7.6 (3.615.4) 8.2 (6.011.2)
Pennsylvania 5.8 (4.67.2) 8.0 (4.214.9) 7.7 (3.018.5) 6.2 (4.78.2) 6.9 (3.313.7) 5.2 (3.96.8)
Rhode Island 6.8 (4.79.9) 7.2 (3.613.9) 10.6 (4.921.5) 5.3 (3.48.3) 9.6 (5.815.6) 6.7 (4.210.4)
Vermont 4.0 (3.84.3) 5.5 (4.46.7) 7.5 (5.99.6) 3.5 (3.13.8) 6.3 (5.07.9) 4.7 (4.35.2)
West Virginia 8.5 (6.211.5) 4.5 (2.19.3) 10.2 (5.119.5) 7.1 (5.39.4) 6.2 (2.415.2) 8.1 (5.112.9)
Wyoming 6.4 (5.47.7) 7.9 (4.513.5) 5.4 (2.113.4) 6.7 (5.08.9) 7.0 (3.413.6) 5.8 (4.47.6)
Median 6.9 8.0 10.6 6.5 7.6 6.9
Range 4.011.4 4.312.9 4.020.4 3.510.3 5.311.8 4.710.4
Large urban school district surveys
Baltimore, MD 12.4 (9.216.6) 3.5 (1.58.0) 14.9 (5.733.8) 10.1 (6.515.4) 8.0 (3.816.0) 10.6 (7.315.2)
Boston, MA 11.3 (9.413.6) 9.0 (4.816.0) 22.5 (15.032.2) 12.1 (9.016.2) 10.5 (5.618.6) 9.6 (7.212.6)
Broward County, FL 10.5 (8.612.8) 9.6 (4.917.7) 13.6 (6.227.4) 9.9 (7.712.7) 10.2 (5.917.0) 10.0 (7.513.2)
Cleveland, OH 11.8 (9.814.2) 10.0 (6.614.9) 10.0 (4.520.5) 11.3 (8.914.3) 10.7 (6.616.8) 10.8 (8.214.2)
DeKalb County, GA 9.5 (7.911.4) 8.9 (4.616.5) 11.3 (5.721.1) 9.7 (7.512.4) 14.9 (9.522.6) 6.6 (4.79.2)
Detroit, MI 9.3 (7.511.5) 5.1 (2.510.1) 10.4 (4.223.6) 6.3 (4.58.8) 5.8 (2.911.2) 9.6 (7.113.0)
District of Columbia 11.5 (10.712.4) 10.4 (8.712.4) 10.8 (7.814.9) 10.6 (9.511.8) 7.7 (6.19.7) 10.6 (9.611.8)
Duval County, FL 10.9 (9.612.4) 9.1 (6.113.3) 7.9 (3.915.2) 9.3 (7.611.4) 13.6 (9.519.1) 9.0 (7.510.8)
Ft. Worth, TX 9.8 (8.311.5) 11.3 (6.917.9) 13.0 (7.122.5) 7.9 (6.010.3) 11.0 (6.518.0) 11.3 (9.313.8)
Houston, TX 11.7 (10.313.3) 11.0 (8.015.0) 13.2 (7.721.6) 11.2 (9.413.3) 5.7 (3.59.0) 10.2 (8.512.3)
Los Angeles, CA 7.9 (6.59.6) 7.6 (3.615.2) 10.8 (6.417.7) 8.0 (5.711.0) 4.6 (1.612.4) 8.0 (6.69.6)
Miami-Dade County, FL 11.7 (10.113.4) 8.9 (4.915.6) 14.0 (7.823.8) 9.4 (7.711.5) 9.4 (5.415.7) 13.1 (10.915.7)
New York City, NY NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oakland, CA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Orange County, FL 11.2 (9.213.5) 7.5 (4.312.8) 17.7 (10.029.3) 9.4 (7.012.4) 11.7 (6.619.8) 10.9 (8.613.9)
Palm Beach County, FL 9.8 (8.611.3) 9.7 (6.214.8) 7.4 (3.614.7) 7.7 (6.29.6) 12.6 (7.919.5) 9.5 (7.711.7)
Philadelphia, PA 9.2 (7.112.0) 8.9 (5.414.6) 8.3 (4.614.8) 9.1 (6.512.5) 8.4 (4.116.7) 8.5 (5.313.5)
San Diego, CA 5.8 (4.87.0) 3.7 (1.87.3) 5.0 (2.310.5) 4.2 (3.15.7) 6.4 (3.312.1) 6.4 (5.18.0)
San Francisco, CA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Median 10.7 9.0 11.1 9.4 9.8 9.8
Range 5.812.4 3.511.3 5.022.5 4.212.1 4.614.9 6.413.1
* Green salad, potatoes (excluding French fries, fried potatoes, or potato chips), carrots, or other vegetables during the 7 days before the survey.
95% confidence interval.
Not available.

US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 169
 Surveillance Summaries

TABLE 84. Percentage of high school students who ate vegetables one or more times/day,* by sexual identity and sex of sexual contacts
United States and selected U.S. sites, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2015
% CI
National survey
(all students) 61.0 (58.963.0)

Sexual identity Sex of sexual contacts

Heterosexual Gay, lesbian, or Opposite sex Same sex only or No
(straight) bisexual Not sure only both sexes sexual contact
Site % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI
National survey
Total 61.1 (59.063.3) 56.4 (51.461.3) 57.9 (52.463.1) 61.1 (59.063.3) 58.0 (52.763.1) 61.1 (58.563.6)
Male 62.1 (59.764.4) 59.2 (51.566.4) 60.3 (51.268.7) 62.8 (60.265.4) 67.2 (58.475.0) 61.1 (57.764.4)
Female 60.1 (57.462.7) 56.0 (50.561.4) 56.1 (48.163.8) 59.0 (55.862.0) 54.9 (48.760.9) 61.0 (58.463.5)
State surveys
Arizona 58.4 (54.762.0) 60.7 (46.673.1) 55.2 (37.172.1) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Arkansas 53.4 (50.856.0) 58.6 (47.968.6) 65.6 (54.775.1) 55.1 (50.959.2) 68.5 (58.377.2) 51.5 (46.356.7)
California 62.1 (57.766.4) 57.2 (46.667.3) 54.8 (40.468.5) 61.5 (55.067.7) 63.8 (52.074.2) 61.6 (56.166.7)
Connecticut 65.4 (62.068.7) 51.8 (44.658.8) 57.7 (42.971.2) 64.4 (60.268.4) 58.4 (50.066.3) 63.7 (59.168.1)
Delaware NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Florida 56.6 (54.558.7) 55.5 (50.160.8) 56.4 (49.563.0) 59.1 (56.761.5) 58.1 (52.063.9) 53.4 (50.955.8)
Hawaii NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Illinois 57.8 (53.861.6) 52.6 (45.859.4) 49.8 (38.860.9) 57.5 (53.061.9) 55.3 (48.362.2) 58.3 (53.463.1)
Indiana 56.9 (52.761.1) 57.4 (47.566.7) 68.0 (55.078.7) 57.8 (52.962.4) 54.1 (44.463.5) 57.9 (53.362.4)
Kentucky 56.4 (53.259.6) 56.6 (47.265.5) 73.5 (57.185.2) 56.5 (52.860.1) 62.4 (53.270.8) 55.6 (50.960.2)
Maine NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Maryland 59.0 (58.259.7) 59.6 (57.961.2) 59.3 (56.562.1) 59.7 (58.960.5) 58.7 (56.860.5) 59.8 (58.860.7)
Massachusetts 62.6 (59.066.0) 60.9 (52.468.7) 61.8 (50.671.8) 64.9 (61.268.4) 58.6 (49.766.9) 60.7 (55.765.6)
Michigan 56.9 (52.860.9) 60.8 (51.869.2) 49.9 (41.158.7) 55.4 (50.260.5) 65.5 (56.673.4) 58.2 (54.162.1)
Nevada 57.9 (54.061.7) 70.4 (57.380.9) 58.7 (46.170.2) 58.7 (53.863.4) 68.7 (54.180.4) 58.4 (52.763.9)
New Mexico 58.9 (57.060.9) 62.7 (58.267.0) 61.1 (52.968.8) 61.6 (59.363.9) 65.2 (59.870.2) 57.3 (54.859.8)
New York NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
North Carolina 59.2 (53.964.3) 59.3 (51.966.4) 55.8 (36.873.3) 59.3 (52.965.4) 65.2 (53.875.2) 59.1 (53.664.3)
North Dakota 59.1 (56.761.5) 50.0 (40.559.5) 65.2 (51.077.2) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oklahoma 57.6 (55.160.0) 57.8 (43.471.0) 53.6 (37.469.0) 59.8 (54.964.5) 59.1 (43.073.4) 55.1 (50.759.4)
Pennsylvania 60.1 (56.763.4) 53.6 (44.162.8) 59.9 (45.273.1) 58.5 (54.562.4) 49.7 (39.859.7) 61.8 (57.865.7)
Rhode Island 58.3 (52.563.8) 61.6 (51.570.7) 55.1 (43.965.7) 61.7 (56.866.4) 65.5 (57.672.6) 56.0 (49.262.7)
Vermont 72.6 (72.073.3) 70.0 (67.772.2) 71.4 (68.274.4) 72.8 (71.973.6) 71.8 (69.174.3) 72.3 (71.473.2)
West Virginia 55.7 (52.259.1) 55.7 (45.665.4) 61.5 (48.173.4) 55.7 (51.360.0) 59.5 (48.469.7) 55.9 (49.861.8)
Wyoming 65.2 (62.967.5) 60.2 (52.067.8) 66.9 (56.076.3) 64.4 (61.167.5) 67.1 (57.175.8) 65.5 (62.168.7)
Median 58.4 58.6 59.3 59.3 62.4 58.3
Range 53.472.6 50.070.4 49.873.5 55.172.8 49.771.8 51.572.3
Large urban school district surveys
Baltimore, MD 51.6 (47.056.1) 57.1 (48.864.9) 64.0 (45.279.3) 55.6 (49.261.8) 62.5 (51.672.2) 46.9 (40.353.6)
Boston, MA 49.3 (45.952.6) 49.9 (42.457.5) 43.4 (31.056.6) 46.4 (42.050.9) 53.7 (42.964.3) 50.4 (45.855.0)
Broward County, FL 53.4 (50.256.5) 52.2 (42.162.2) 48.3 (34.362.7) 55.0 (50.559.5) 56.3 (45.366.7) 51.1 (46.356.0)
Cleveland, OH 46.1 (42.250.0) 56.3 (48.963.4) 63.2 (49.375.3) 46.3 (41.351.3) 52.9 (42.063.6) 48.8 (43.654.1)
DeKalb County, GA 55.2 (52.158.2) 52.0 (43.959.9) 54.3 (42.166.0) 53.9 (49.258.5) 50.4 (43.257.7) 57.2 (52.561.7)
Detroit, MI 53.8 (50.856.9) 55.9 (47.264.3) 63.4 (50.774.5) 51.6 (47.855.4) 52.1 (44.259.8) 53.0 (48.757.2)
District of Columbia 51.1 (49.952.4) 50.0 (47.052.9) 59.4 (53.964.6) 51.5 (49.753.3) 53.6 (50.256.9) 51.3 (49.653.0)
Duval County, FL 55.2 (52.857.5) 59.9 (53.066.4) 61.3 (52.569.4) 57.7 (54.660.9) 59.5 (52.965.8) 53.8 (50.457.1)
Ft. Worth, TX 54.5 (52.156.9) 54.1 (46.761.3) 62.0 (53.469.9) 57.9 (54.761.1) 53.2 (44.561.7) 52.7 (49.555.9)
Houston, TX 50.0 (47.952.2) 54.9 (48.061.7) 57.9 (49.665.9) 49.6 (46.652.6) 57.7 (50.664.6) 52.6 (49.555.6)
Los Angeles, CA 54.7 (50.758.7) 55.7 (48.962.4) 58.8 (44.771.5) 54.6 (49.559.6) 67.4 (53.678.7) 54.0 (49.358.6)
Miami-Dade County, FL 53.5 (50.456.5) 50.6 (42.358.9) 67.9 (55.278.4) 55.2 (52.258.2) 59.9 (49.969.1) 51.7 (47.356.2)
New York City, NY NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oakland, CA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Orange County, FL 55.3 (51.758.9) 49.7 (40.758.6) 47.5 (34.361.0) 56.4 (51.561.1) 45.7 (35.256.5) 54.4 (49.659.2)
Palm Beach County, FL 53.3 (50.855.8) 63.3 (56.269.8) 62.5 (53.470.8) 55.2 (51.159.3) 54.8 (46.163.3) 54.4 (51.457.4)
Philadelphia, PA 53.5 (49.957.2) 49.0 (41.456.7) 47.2 (34.760.0) 50.5 (45.855.2) 52.5 (45.759.2) 55.9 (49.761.8)
San Diego, CA 61.1 (58.763.5) 57.5 (49.465.2) 69.2 (59.777.3) 64.0 (61.067.0) 64.7 (57.271.6) 57.6 (54.161.1)
San Francisco, CA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Median 53.5 54.5 60.3 54.8 54.3 52.9
Range 46.161.1 49.063.3 43.469.2 46.364.0 45.767.4 46.957.6
* Green salad, potatoes (excluding French fries, fried potatoes, or potato chips), carrots, or other vegetables during the 7 days before the survey.
95% confidence interval.
Not available.

170 MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
 Surveillance Summaries

TABLE 85. Percentage of high school students who ate vegetables two or more times/day,* by sexual identity and sex of sexual contacts
United States and selected U.S. sites, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2015
% CI
National survey
(all students) 28.0 (26.429.7)

Sexual identity Sex of sexual contacts

Heterosexual Gay, lesbian, or Opposite sex Same sex only or No
(straight) bisexual Not sure only both sexes sexual contact
Site % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI
National survey
Total 27.8 (26.029.7) 29.0 (25.233.1) 26.2 (22.130.8) 27.8 (26.129.6) 27.6 (24.431.0) 28.1 (25.331.1)
Male 29.1 (27.131.3) 36.0 (28.344.6) 34.3 (25.244.7) 29.4 (27.231.8) 39.0 (30.048.8) 29.3 (24.934.1)
Female 26.3 (24.028.8) 26.6 (22.830.7) 20.0 (16.124.6) 25.7 (22.828.9) 23.7 (20.027.9) 27.0 (24.729.5)
State surveys
Arizona 25.3 (21.629.3) 28.2 (16.643.6) 22.2 (10.939.8) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Arkansas 23.2 (21.125.5) 30.6 (23.438.8) 36.2 (22.352.9) 26.2 (23.029.7) 35.9 (28.544.1) 20.3 (17.723.2)
California 28.9 (26.032.0) 27.9 (20.337.0) 25.7 (16.338.0) 27.8 (23.632.4) 34.4 (21.849.7) 28.5 (24.233.3)
Connecticut 29.0 (26.132.2) 21.7 (15.829.2) 30.4 (18.445.9) 28.3 (24.932.0) 28.0 (21.236.0) 28.6 (24.732.9)
Delaware NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Florida 26.6 (25.228.0) 29.6 (25.334.3) 30.3 (24.836.6) 28.9 (27.030.9) 31.7 (26.937.0) 23.6 (22.025.2)
Hawaii NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Illinois 24.5 (22.027.2) 25.4 (18.533.8) 24.1 (15.136.0) 24.8 (20.429.7) 28.3 (21.935.7) 24.0 (21.027.3)
Indiana 22.8 (20.125.7) 20.4 (15.027.1) 30.8 (20.144.1) 22.5 (18.726.7) 19.3 (11.131.4) 23.5 (19.927.4)
Kentucky 22.8 (20.625.2) 24.0 (16.832.9) 29.3 (17.844.3) 24.4 (21.927.1) 27.1 (18.737.6) 19.6 (14.825.4)
Maine NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Maryland 25.2 (24.725.8) 26.9 (25.528.2) 28.5 (26.330.9) 25.9 (25.126.6) 26.3 (24.728.1) 25.3 (24.426.1)
Massachusetts 25.9 (23.128.9) 23.4 (18.129.7) 27.4 (17.440.5) 26.0 (23.029.3) 21.2 (14.030.9) 25.2 (21.829.1)
Michigan 22.2 (19.924.6) 25.8 (21.031.3) 14.6 (8.424.2) 20.6 (17.124.6) 28.0 (21.435.8) 23.4 (20.227.0)
Nevada 25.2 (22.727.9) 30.5 (20.343.1) 24.4 (16.534.4) 24.5 (21.128.3) 37.8 (28.148.5) 24.3 (20.428.7)
New Mexico 26.6 (24.828.4) 33.8 (29.038.8) 39.7 (32.047.9) 30.1 (27.932.4) 37.6 (32.043.6) 24.5 (22.426.7)
New York NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
North Carolina 26.2 (22.430.4) 25.0 (17.933.8) 36.4 (20.556.1) 27.8 (24.431.5) 26.7 (18.436.9) 25.7 (20.431.8)
North Dakota 24.3 (22.326.3) 24.2 (17.033.2) 27.5 (15.843.5) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oklahoma 22.1 (19.325.1) 25.9 (16.338.6) 26.5 (12.547.5) 23.5 (18.629.3) 33.7 (22.547.0) 20.1 (17.523.1)
Pennsylvania 24.2 (21.727.0) 22.6 (15.531.9) 30.0 (19.643.0) 23.7 (20.527.2) 24.6 (15.536.7) 24.0 (20.627.8)
Rhode Island 23.5 (20.426.9) 26.5 (19.834.5) 24.2 (15.435.8) 23.0 (19.926.4) 31.1 (24.438.8) 23.7 (19.528.4)
Vermont 35.9 (35.236.6) 35.8 (33.438.1) 43.4 (40.146.9) 36.0 (35.137.0) 39.0 (36.241.8) 35.8 (34.936.8)
West Virginia 23.3 (20.526.3) 25.9 (19.034.3) 29.6 (18.643.7) 23.2 (19.327.6) 27.4 (18.239.2) 23.2 (19.127.8)
Wyoming 29.5 (27.132.1) 31.0 (23.739.3) 37.8 (27.849.0) 29.4 (25.933.2) 33.2 (24.143.7) 30.1 (27.133.3)
Median 25.2 25.9 29.3 25.9 28.3 24.0
Range 22.135.9 20.435.8 14.643.4 20.636.0 19.339.0 19.635.8
Large urban school district surveys
Baltimore, MD 23.2 (19.627.2) 24.7 (17.633.4) 21.7 (9.542.2) 24.4 (19.430.3) 20.5 (12.132.5) 22.7 (16.330.6)
Boston, MA 19.9 (17.622.4) 23.1 (16.631.2) 20.7 (12.432.6) 16.7 (13.920.0) 26.6 (18.237.0) 21.9 (19.025.2)
Broward County, FL 23.3 (20.726.1) 21.6 (15.729.0) 20.7 (12.133.1) 24.7 (21.328.4) 28.8 (21.237.8) 21.3 (17.525.7)
Cleveland, OH 19.6 (17.022.4) 29.2 (22.936.4) 27.6 (16.342.7) 20.9 (17.624.7) 28.8 (21.138.1) 18.9 (15.423.1)
DeKalb County, GA 24.5 (22.327.0) 22.9 (16.730.5) 29.6 (20.540.8) 23.1 (20.326.2) 22.6 (16.829.7) 25.7 (22.129.8)
Detroit, MI 17.3 (15.119.8) 20.7 (14.628.6) 45.3 (32.958.4) 20.3 (16.924.2) 17.8 (11.826.0) 19.4 (15.324.4)
District of Columbia 22.0 (20.923.0) 19.5 (17.321.9) 28.2 (23.633.2) 21.8 (20.423.3) 19.9 (17.422.6) 21.3 (19.922.7)
Duval County, FL 22.9 (21.324.6) 25.4 (20.631.0) 34.8 (27.043.6) 23.7 (21.326.2) 27.2 (22.133.0) 21.8 (19.724.0)
Ft. Worth, TX 25.0 (22.727.6) 28.9 (23.035.5) 38.2 (29.447.8) 28.8 (25.332.6) 28.2 (21.136.6) 23.7 (21.326.3)
Houston, TX 20.5 (18.722.4) 22.5 (17.827.9) 30.6 (23.139.2) 20.2 (17.723.0) 25.3 (19.432.2) 21.3 (19.023.9)
Los Angeles, CA 21.9 (20.024.0) 24.8 (18.232.9) 36.0 (23.151.3) 23.0 (19.427.0) 31.6 (23.740.7) 21.8 (18.125.9)
Miami-Dade County, FL 26.2 (24.028.6) 31.1 (24.638.3) 41.2 (29.054.5) 29.0 (26.232.0) 40.2 (30.750.4) 23.6 (20.626.8)
New York City, NY NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oakland, CA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Orange County, FL 26.6 (23.729.7) 31.3 (22.441.9) 27.5 (15.444.1) 27.9 (23.732.5) 30.9 (20.543.5) 24.7 (21.228.5)
Palm Beach County, FL 21.8 (19.424.3) 32.0 (25.339.4) 28.5 (20.438.3) 22.2 (19.425.2) 31.2 (24.738.6) 21.8 (18.625.3)
Philadelphia, PA 21.8 (19.224.7) 21.2 (15.228.7) 30.5 (19.244.8) 22.8 (19.426.5) 22.4 (17.028.9) 20.1 (16.324.7)
San Diego, CA 26.6 (24.428.9) 29.8 (23.537.1) 35.3 (27.444.1) 26.4 (23.729.3) 31.3 (23.939.8) 26.8 (24.029.8)
San Francisco, CA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Median 22.4 24.7 30.1 23.1 27.7 21.8
Range 17.326.6 19.532.0 20.745.3 16.729.0 17.840.2 18.926.8
* Green salad, potatoes (excluding French fries, fried potatoes, or potato chips), carrots, or other vegetables during the 7 days before the survey.
95% confidence interval.
Not available.

US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 171
 Surveillance Summaries

TABLE 86. Percentage of high school students who ate vegetables three or more time/day,* by sexual identity and sex of sexual contacts
United States and selected U.S. sites, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2015
% CI
National survey
(all students) 14.8 (13.815.7)

Sexual identity Sex of sexual contacts

Heterosexual Gay, lesbian, or Opposite sex Same sex only or No
(straight) bisexual Not sure only both sexes sexual contact
Site % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI
National survey
Total 14.4 (13.315.4) 15.5 (12.918.4) 18.3 (13.723.9) 15.1 (13.916.4) 18.0 (15.221.2) 13.7 (12.215.4)
Male 16.0 (14.717.4) 20.8 (15.627.1) 25.8 (17.935.7) 17.0 (15.318.8) 28.0 (20.037.5) 15.3 (12.618.4)
Female 12.4 (11.213.7) 13.5 (10.816.8) 12.9 (8.918.2) 12.7 (10.814.8) 14.6 (11.718.2) 12.2 (10.913.7)
State surveys
Arizona 13.6 (11.316.2) 15.8 (7.729.8) 19.6 (9.137.1) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Arkansas 12.4 (10.614.4) 15.1 (10.421.4) 21.5 (8.644.4) 15.6 (12.519.2) 17.8 (10.229.3) 9.5 (7.412.0)
California 16.1 (14.118.3) 17.1 (11.724.1) 11.4 (6.419.6) 16.5 (13.220.6) 21.6 (13.632.5) 14.6 (12.417.1)
Connecticut 12.5 (10.714.5) 11.1 (7.216.8) 19.7 (11.132.6) 11.7 (8.915.2) 18.4 (11.827.5) 12.7 (11.014.6)
Delaware NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Florida 14.7 (13.615.8) 18.9 (15.123.3) 22.0 (17.227.6) 16.9 (15.218.6) 19.7 (15.524.7) 12.3 (11.313.3)
Hawaii NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Illinois 12.4 (11.113.8) 12.0 (8.816.2) 14.3 (8.922.0) 13.7 (11.116.8) 13.4 (8.720.0) 11.4 (9.513.8)
Indiana 9.0 (7.211.1) 11.5 (7.217.9) 20.2 (10.834.6) 8.2 (5.911.3) 11.6 (6.120.9) 10.7 (8.513.3)
Kentucky 10.7 (9.212.5) 13.0 (7.820.9) 13.4 (5.031.1) 13.2 (11.115.6) 13.2 (7.721.9) 7.1 (5.39.5)
Maine NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Maryland 12.8 (12.413.2) 14.4 (13.315.6) 17.9 (16.119.8) 13.6 (13.014.2) 14.8 (13.416.4) 12.3 (11.712.8)
Massachusetts 11.9 (10.413.6) 12.6 (8.218.8) 15.4 (9.424.1) 13.1 (11.015.5) 11.7 (6.918.9) 10.6 (8.712.9)
Michigan 9.5 (8.210.9) 14.5 (10.120.3) 6.5 (3.711.2) 8.3 (6.310.8) 10.3 (6.216.8) 10.6 (8.612.9)
Nevada 13.2 (11.215.6) 18.6 (10.929.8) 13.0 (6.823.3) 13.4 (10.716.8) 20.7 (13.430.7) 12.3 (9.815.3)
New Mexico 15.4 (14.116.9) 19.8 (16.523.6) 24.2 (19.130.2) 18.1 (16.320.2) 22.9 (18.527.9) 13.4 (11.615.4)
New York NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
North Carolina 11.9 (9.215.3) 12.3 (7.918.6) 30.6 (14.753.1) 13.3 (9.817.9) 16.3 (11.322.8) 10.8 (7.415.3)
North Dakota 10.7 (9.412.1) 12.6 (7.819.6) 20.4 (10.535.8) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oklahoma 11.9 (9.614.7) 12.1 (6.521.4) 20.9 (9.041.4) 14.2 (10.219.6) 22.8 (13.037.0) 8.9 (6.512.1)
Pennsylvania 10.0 (8.511.7) 12.7 (7.720.2) 23.4 (13.437.8) 10.5 (8.213.4) 10.9 (5.520.6) 9.6 (7.811.8)
Rhode Island 11.3 (9.713.1) 14.9 (9.323.1) 17.3 (9.629.3) 11.8 (9.215.0) 21.3 (15.828.1) 9.9 (8.311.8)
Vermont 17.5 (16.918.0) 19.2 (17.321.1) 27.6 (24.630.8) 17.9 (17.218.7) 23.6 (21.226.1) 17.0 (16.217.8)
West Virginia 12.7 (10.914.7) 11.7 (7.118.8) 18.2 (8.534.9) 12.9 (10.316.0) 15.0 (8.924.3) 11.2 (9.113.8)
Wyoming 12.9 (11.214.9) 20.0 (13.828.1) 21.5 (14.131.3) 14.0 (11.816.5) 21.0 (14.928.7) 12.4 (10.514.5)
Median 12.4 14.4 19.7 13.4 17.8 11.2
Range 9.017.5 11.120.0 6.530.6 8.218.1 10.323.6 7.117.0
Large urban school district surveys
Baltimore, MD 13.6 (10.317.8) 13.7 (8.421.4) 20.6 (8.841.3) 13.1 (9.018.7) 13.9 (7.823.7) 14.1 (9.420.6)
Boston, MA 9.3 (7.711.2) 14.7 (8.823.4) 12.6 (5.725.6) 7.3 (5.310.1) 15.1 (9.423.2) 10.2 (8.013.1)
Broward County, FL 12.4 (10.414.7) 14.2 (9.021.6) 13.8 (7.025.4) 14.6 (11.818.0) 14.9 (9.522.7) 11.1 (8.713.9)
Cleveland, OH 11.6 (9.713.8) 19.5 (14.425.8) 18.9 (9.833.1) 12.4 (10.015.2) 20.0 (13.628.4) 10.6 (8.113.8)
DeKalb County, GA 13.1 (11.514.8) 11.0 (6.617.6) 16.5 (10.125.8) 11.8 (9.913.9) 12.2 (8.118.0) 13.4 (11.215.9)
Detroit, MI 8.2 (6.610.0) 13.5 (8.920.1) 22.3 (12.237.4) 9.7 (7.013.2) 11.4 (6.519.2) 9.4 (6.912.6)
District of Columbia 11.9 (11.112.7) 11.2 (9.513.2) 15.7 (12.220.0) 12.1 (11.013.4) 10.4 (8.512.5) 11.3 (10.212.4)
Duval County, FL 11.6 (10.412.9) 11.9 (8.616.3) 15.9 (10.323.6) 12.3 (10.614.3) 14.5 (10.719.4) 10.6 (9.112.3)
Ft. Worth, TX 15.1 (13.217.1) 20.5 (14.727.9) 29.3 (21.139.1) 18.7 (15.921.8) 17.3 (11.724.8) 14.1 (12.016.6)
Houston, TX 11.0 (9.812.4) 14.1 (10.718.3) 16.2 (10.624.0) 11.4 (9.613.6) 16.0 (11.721.6) 10.5 (8.812.4)
Los Angeles, CA 11.3 (9.813.1) 10.3 (6.017.1) 23.4 (13.637.1) 12.1 (9.215.8) 18.0 (12.125.9) 10.3 (8.013.1)
Miami-Dade County, FL 14.9 (13.316.7) 26.4 (20.233.6) 34.2 (22.947.6) 17.2 (14.919.9) 29.6 (21.639.0) 13.5 (11.415.9)
New York City, NY NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oakland, CA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Orange County, FL 15.6 (13.118.5) 20.2 (12.730.6) 16.2 (6.833.9) 17.3 (13.422.1) 22.1 (12.136.9) 13.4 (11.415.6)
Palm Beach County, FL 11.0 (9.213.1) 18.1 (12.824.9) 18.2 (12.026.7) 11.6 (9.314.3) 17.4 (12.523.7) 11.1 (8.813.9)
Philadelphia, PA 11.2 (9.513.1) 11.3 (6.518.9) 20.6 (12.232.4) 12.6 (10.115.7) 12.4 (7.519.7) 9.1 (6.912.0)
San Diego, CA 12.7 (10.815.0) 15.7 (9.624.8) 19.9 (13.328.7) 13.0 (10.915.3) 17.8 (11.326.8) 12.4 (10.015.3)
San Francisco, CA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Median 11.7 14.1 18.5 12.4 15.5 11.1
Range 8.215.6 10.326.4 12.634.2 7.318.7 10.429.6 9.114.1
* Green salad, potatoes (excluding French fries, fried potatoes, or potato chips), carrots, or other vegetables during the 7 days before the survey.
95% confidence interval.
Not available.

172 MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
 Surveillance Summaries

TABLE 87. Percentage of high school students who did not drink milk,* by sexual identity and sex of sexual contacts United States and
selected U.S. sites, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2015
% CI
National survey
(all students) 21.5 (19.823.4)

Sexual identity Sex of sexual contacts

Heterosexual Gay, lesbian, or Opposite sex Same sex only or No
(straight) bisexual Not sure only both sexes sexual contact
Site % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI
National survey
Total 20.4 (18.722.4) 29.2 (25.333.3) 30.1 (25.235.5) 21.2 (19.622.9) 28.8 (24.333.7) 20.0 (17.622.7)
Male 13.9 (12.415.4) 29.6 (22.338.2) 23.4 (15.733.4) 14.5 (12.716.4) 24.2 (17.832.0) 13.1 (11.315.3)
Female 28.1 (24.931.6) 28.9 (24.034.2) 35.8 (28.943.3) 29.9 (27.432.6) 30.3 (25.036.3) 26.5 (22.231.3)
State surveys
Arizona NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Arkansas 26.4 (23.429.6) 29.4 (19.641.7) 24.0 (17.232.3) 27.3 (23.131.9) 24.8 (15.337.7) 24.3 (20.128.9)
California 22.4 (18.027.5) 27.6 (19.138.1) 25.0 (17.833.8) 23.3 (18.129.5) 29.5 (19.741.6) 21.4 (17.825.5)
Connecticut NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Delaware 23.2 (21.025.5) 31.9 (23.841.3) 36.3 (24.550.2) 23.7 (20.527.2) 42.1 (29.056.4) 22.3 (20.124.7)
Florida 22.4 (21.123.7) 28.8 (24.833.2) 28.8 (22.536.0) 23.1 (21.524.8) 28.6 (24.033.6) 22.0 (19.924.3)
Hawaii 30.1 (27.932.4) 26.4 (21.232.2) 28.0 (18.839.5) 30.3 (27.133.7) 29.1 (22.836.2) 29.5 (26.832.3)
Illinois 22.9 (20.126.0) 33.0 (27.139.4) 28.0 (17.641.5) 23.4 (20.526.6) 36.1 (28.644.3) 20.4 (17.323.8)
Indiana 18.9 (16.222.0) 29.0 (22.436.5) 19.1 (10.631.8) 18.9 (15.123.4) 30.5 (23.238.8) 17.1 (14.619.8)
Kentucky 22.2 (19.525.2) 23.7 (15.734.2) 28.6 (14.848.0) 21.2 (17.525.5) 22.7 (14.933.1) 20.5 (17.124.5)
Maine 17.9 (16.919.0) 23.3 (20.326.6) 25.7 (21.630.4) 17.8 (16.619.1) 24.8 (22.227.7) 17.5 (16.218.9)
Maryland NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Massachusetts 19.9 (17.622.4) 31.7 (25.938.1) 24.4 (16.734.3) 19.9 (17.123.0) 25.5 (17.236.0) 21.0 (18.124.3)
Michigan 22.8 (19.326.9) 34.4 (26.942.9) 11.0 (6.817.5) 22.4 (19.026.3) 27.4 (19.237.6) 21.8 (18.225.9)
Nevada 23.3 (20.925.9) 23.5 (15.633.8) 28.2 (19.039.7) 22.4 (18.926.3) 21.8 (14.831.0) 23.0 (19.726.8)
New Mexico NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
New York 29.5 (27.431.8) 36.1 (31.141.5) 40.0 (30.650.3) 28.5 (25.531.8) 33.2 (27.639.3) 27.0 (24.629.5)
North Carolina NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
North Dakota 13.6 (11.915.5) 19.6 (11.331.8) 13.2 (5.926.9) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oklahoma 21.9 (19.924.0) 20.5 (11.633.7) 26.5 (11.649.9) 20.5 (17.523.8) 17.9 (9.132.2) 23.4 (20.326.8)
Pennsylvania 20.6 (18.323.1) 22.9 (16.930.2) 14.4 (9.221.7) 22.2 (19.025.7) 18.1 (12.625.4) 19.0 (15.922.6)
Rhode Island NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Vermont NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
West Virginia 21.0 (18.323.9) 19.6 (13.727.2) 31.6 (23.041.6) 21.3 (18.824.2) 22.3 (15.930.3) 19.3 (15.823.4)
Wyoming 19.2 (17.021.6) 24.2 (16.833.5) 20.2 (13.229.6) 21.5 (18.225.1) 21.9 (16.628.4) 15.9 (13.518.5)
Median 22.3 27.0 26.1 22.4 25.5 21.4
Range 13.630.1 19.636.1 11.040.0 17.830.3 17.942.1 15.929.5
Large urban school district surveys
Baltimore, MD 38.0 (33.143.3) 34.0 (26.043.1) 34.5 (19.753.1) 36.3 (30.043.1) 38.4 (29.648.1) 36.3 (29.943.3)
Boston, MA 27.2 (24.729.9) 34.1 (26.343.0) 24.5 (14.438.5) 28.3 (24.732.2) 32.2 (22.543.7) 25.2 (21.229.7)
Broward County, FL 33.7 (30.736.8) 37.9 (29.047.7) 36.1 (22.053.2) 36.1 (32.240.1) 33.8 (25.742.9) 31.7 (28.335.3)
Cleveland, OH NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
DeKalb County, GA 34.6 (31.737.6) 44.2 (36.352.3) 41.0 (30.452.6) 34.9 (31.938.0) 44.6 (37.551.9) 34.6 (30.638.9)
Detroit, MI 34.0 (30.737.5) 28.4 (21.736.3) 34.8 (22.050.2) 34.4 (30.538.5) 33.3 (26.640.8) 32.1 (27.137.5)
District of Columbia NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Duval County, FL NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Ft. Worth, TX 21.9 (19.724.2) 26.4 (20.533.4) 29.5 (20.740.1) 22.3 (19.425.4) 30.8 (22.440.6) 21.6 (19.224.3)
Houston, TX 25.8 (24.127.7) 35.5 (30.041.3) 36.4 (28.445.3) 27.0 (24.629.4) 31.0 (25.736.9) 24.1 (21.726.6)
Los Angeles, CA 19.5 (17.321.9) 28.3 (18.740.4) 30.1 (18.345.4) 19.8 (17.322.6) 25.1 (14.440.1) 20.1 (16.424.3)
Miami-Dade County, FL 23.8 (22.025.7) 29.1 (21.638.0) 29.9 (19.742.7) 23.5 (21.126.0) 28.4 (21.236.9) 23.3 (20.726.2)
New York City, NY 29.2 (27.231.2) 42.3 (38.446.3) 38.5 (32.345.0) 29.1 (26.531.8) 39.1 (33.045.6) 29.5 (27.731.4)
Oakland, CA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Orange County, FL 24.9 (22.527.5) 29.1 (21.737.6) 29.8 (21.339.9) 26.2 (22.829.9) 28.1 (21.036.6) 24.0 (20.627.9)
Palm Beach County, FL 30.6 (28.432.9) 39.6 (32.347.4) 34.4 (25.844.2) 32.4 (29.435.6) 38.1 (30.546.4) 27.9 (25.130.9)
Philadelphia, PA 25.3 (22.528.3) 33.7 (26.641.6) 30.5 (16.848.7) 24.3 (20.728.4) 35.6 (29.342.4) 24.9 (20.430.0)
San Diego, CA 21.4 (19.123.9) 24.8 (17.733.7) 24.1 (16.433.9) 21.7 (19.324.5) 27.3 (20.036.1) 20.1 (17.223.3)
San Francisco, CA 23.3 (20.826.1) 20.0 (13.229.2) 24.3 (16.434.6) 24.7 (20.929.0) 25.1 (16.436.3) 21.6 (18.724.9)
Median 25.8 33.7 30.5 27.0 32.2 24.9
Range 19.538.0 20.044.2 24.141.0 19.836.3 25.144.6 20.136.3
* During the 7 days before the survey.
95% confidence interval.
Not available.

US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 173
 Surveillance Summaries

TABLE 88. Percentage of high school students who drank one or more glasses/day of milk,* by sexual identity and sex of sexual contacts
United States and selected U.S. sites, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2015
% CI
National survey
(all students) 37.5 (34.840.2)

Sexual identity Sex of sexual contacts

Heterosexual Gay, lesbian, or Opposite sex Same sex only or No
(straight) bisexual Not sure only both sexes sexual contact
Site % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI
National survey
Total 38.5 (35.741.4) 29.5 (25.733.5) 31.9 (26.038.5) 36.3 (34.138.6) 29.2 (25.033.8) 40.5 (36.844.4)
Male 47.3 (44.250.3) 37.3 (28.946.6) 36.7 (27.247.4) 44.8 (41.947.8) 40.4 (32.049.5) 50.2 (46.054.4)
Female 28.3 (24.832.2) 27.0 (23.331.0) 27.8 (21.135.6) 25.4 (22.928.2) 25.5 (20.631.1) 31.4 (27.335.9)
State surveys
Arizona NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Arkansas 30.1 (26.633.8) 24.2 (17.732.2) 37.8 (23.255.0) 27.8 (24.231.6) 36.8 (27.547.2) 33.1 (28.538.1)
California 33.2 (30.236.3) 29.5 (23.835.8) 28.1 (18.640.0) 31.5 (27.735.6) 29.7 (22.538.2) 34.1 (30.837.6)
Connecticut NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Delaware 33.6 (31.236.0) 25.2 (18.832.9) 26.0 (17.337.0) 31.7 (28.435.1) 26.9 (18.038.2) 34.9 (31.938.2)
Florida 34.3 (32.636.1) 30.3 (26.035.0) 33.5 (26.940.8) 35.5 (33.537.6) 29.8 (24.735.4) 32.7 (30.734.9)
Hawaii 22.4 (20.524.4) 24.4 (18.731.2) 27.6 (19.138.2) 20.8 (18.523.2) 24.2 (17.133.0) 23.8 (21.626.2)
Illinois 34.9 (31.538.6) 22.7 (15.931.4) 32.6 (20.847.1) 31.3 (27.934.9) 25.6 (17.336.2) 39.3 (34.644.1)
Indiana 35.8 (32.938.8) 31.9 (24.640.2) 39.0 (28.850.3) 37.0 (33.440.8) 32.6 (22.844.3) 35.6 (32.139.1)
Kentucky 30.8 (28.033.8) 28.5 (21.437.0) 18.4 (8.336.0) 29.7 (26.333.4) 28.2 (22.634.4) 33.4 (29.337.9)
Maine 43.3 (42.144.5) 34.9 (31.438.6) 38.4 (34.142.8) 42.7 (40.944.5) 35.8 (32.439.3) 44.0 (42.545.6)
Maryland NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Massachusetts 39.1 (36.042.3) 27.7 (21.534.9) 37.3 (26.549.5) 39.7 (36.043.6) 30.8 (22.440.7) 37.7 (33.442.1)
Michigan 36.4 (32.440.5) 27.0 (20.534.7) 36.2 (22.652.5) 34.2 (30.038.7) 27.5 (19.537.3) 39.1 (34.244.2)
Nevada 32.8 (31.234.5) 28.6 (21.037.5) 25.0 (15.338.1) 32.9 (29.736.3) 30.9 (24.538.2) 32.2 (29.235.3)
New Mexico NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
New York 28.5 (26.830.2) 20.8 (17.025.1) 23.9 (17.831.3) 27.5 (24.031.3) 24.3 (18.131.9) 29.8 (27.732.0)
North Carolina NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
North Dakota 52.6 (49.755.5) 37.9 (31.045.3) 53.3 (39.866.3) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oklahoma 34.9 (31.538.5) 33.5 (24.544.0) 24.7 (10.946.7) 37.1 (33.440.9) 33.9 (23.546.2) 32.7 (28.936.6)
Pennsylvania 38.7 (35.941.6) 34.7 (26.743.7) 44.1 (30.259.0) 38.4 (33.843.2) 32.0 (23.541.7) 39.9 (36.443.5)
Rhode Island NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Vermont NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
West Virginia 34.0 (30.537.7) 32.4 (22.244.5) 30.0 (18.844.2) 34.4 (30.238.9) 31.8 (24.140.6) 33.9 (28.539.9)
Wyoming 40.5 (37.743.4) 27.1 (20.634.7) 43.5 (34.453.0) 36.8 (33.340.5) 37.1 (29.545.5) 44.4 (40.248.8)
Median 34.6 28.6 33.0 34.2 30.8 34.1
Range 22.452.6 20.837.9 18.453.3 20.842.7 24.237.1 23.844.4
Large urban school district surveys
Baltimore, MD 20.1 (16.424.4) 19.6 (13.427.7) 30.2 (13.155.3) 24.9 (19.231.5) 19.9 (13.229.0) 17.3 (13.222.3)
Boston, MA 31.1 (28.633.8) 23.1 (15.932.3) 28.8 (16.645.1) 28.3 (25.231.5) 27.8 (19.338.4) 32.4 (28.037.0)
Broward County, FL 23.4 (20.926.1) 15.1 (10.221.8) 16.5 (8.429.9) 23.2 (19.727.1) 17.8 (11.027.5) 23.8 (20.028.1)
Cleveland, OH NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
DeKalb County, GA 22.3 (19.525.4) 19.7 (14.526.3) 16.6 (10.126.1) 20.0 (16.823.5) 17.3 (11.425.3) 23.3 (20.026.9)
Detroit, MI 15.5 (13.517.8) 17.6 (12.424.4) 19.0 (9.933.4) 17.0 (14.320.0) 21.8 (15.929.0) 15.4 (12.019.5)
District of Columbia NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Duval County, FL NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Ft. Worth, TX 32.1 (29.834.6) 28.6 (21.936.4) 28.5 (19.439.7) 33.5 (30.237.1) 23.2 (16.332.0) 31.7 (29.134.4)
Houston, TX 26.4 (24.628.2) 22.4 (17.328.6) 20.9 (15.727.3) 23.9 (21.326.7) 24.6 (19.230.9) 27.9 (25.430.4)
Los Angeles, CA 31.2 (28.733.9) 27.3 (20.435.6) 23.0 (13.037.4) 31.5 (26.636.8) 24.7 (16.535.3) 31.5 (27.535.8)
Miami-Dade County, FL 34.4 (31.937.0) 28.6 (21.437.2) 36.2 (25.149.0) 36.1 (32.440.1) 38.1 (28.249.2) 32.4 (28.336.6)
New York City, NY 22.5 (20.924.2) 17.9 (14.222.1) 22.9 (16.331.2) 21.5 (19.224.2) 18.9 (14.124.8) 23.4 (21.725.3)
Oakland, CA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Orange County, FL 30.3 (27.533.3) 26.6 (19.435.4) 30.9 (20.044.3) 28.6 (24.732.9) 26.4 (17.438.1) 32.0 (28.535.7)
Palm Beach County, FL 25.6 (23.727.6) 18.6 (13.225.4) 31.7 (21.544.2) 25.7 (22.928.6) 22.1 (16.229.3) 26.9 (24.229.8)
Philadelphia, PA 26.3 (23.229.6) 25.9 (16.937.6) 22.7 (12.537.8) 25.8 (22.729.1) 20.1 (14.127.9) 28.6 (23.434.4)
San Diego, CA 31.8 (29.634.2) 27.7 (21.335.2) 27.1 (19.636.1) 28.4 (25.231.8) 30.9 (24.937.7) 33.7 (30.237.5)
San Francisco, CA 31.2 (28.034.5) 35.1 (27.443.7) 27.2 (18.338.5) 28.4 (22.635.1) 36.5 (25.349.5) 33.0 (29.836.3)
Median 26.4 23.1 27.1 25.8 23.2 28.6
Range 15.534.4 15.135.1 16.536.2 17.036.1 17.338.1 15.433.7
* During the 7 days before the survey.
95% confidence interval.
Not available.

174 MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
 Surveillance Summaries

TABLE 89. Percentage of high school students who drank two or more glasses/day of milk,* by sexual identity and sex of sexual contacts
United States and selected U.S. sites, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2015
% CI
National survey
(all students) 22.4 (20.424.5)

Sexual identity Sex of sexual contacts

Heterosexual Gay, lesbian, or Opposite sex Same sex only or No
(straight) bisexual Not sure only both sexes sexual contact
Site % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI
National survey
Total 23.3 (21.225.6) 15.7 (13.418.3) 17.3 (13.422.1) 22.0 (20.124.1) 16.5 (13.220.4) 24.0 (20.927.5)
Male 30.5 (27.633.4) 21.8 (15.929.0) 22.6 (14.932.7) 28.4 (26.130.8) 27.0 (18.337.8) 32.6 (27.837.8)
Female 14.9 (12.817.3) 13.7 (11.016.9) 12.4 (8.218.4) 13.9 (11.716.3) 13.0 (10.016.8) 16.0 (13.418.9)
State surveys
Arizona NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Arkansas 18.7 (15.422.5) 15.1 (8.824.8) 24.8 (13.141.9) 18.0 (15.121.4) 29.7 (19.941.8) 18.6 (15.322.5)
California 18.3 (16.020.9) 13.9 (10.518.1) 11.9 (7.019.4) 17.9 (14.522.0) 10.5 (6.117.6) 18.7 (16.021.7)
Connecticut NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Delaware 18.5 (16.620.5) 14.7 (9.721.6) 18.0 (11.327.5) 17.6 (15.020.5) 18.4 (11.628.1) 19.3 (17.121.8)
Florida 19.6 (18.321.0) 15.9 (12.719.8) 21.2 (15.628.3) 21.0 (19.322.7) 16.6 (13.020.9) 17.7 (16.119.4)
Hawaii 11.8 (10.713.0) 16.9 (11.823.8) 17.5 (10.926.9) 11.7 (9.813.9) 18.4 (12.326.7) 12.4 (11.014.0)
Illinois 21.3 (19.123.7) 11.8 (6.620.1) 16.2 (7.631.4) 19.5 (17.221.9) 13.8 (7.823.4) 23.3 (19.627.4)
Indiana 21.8 (19.524.2) 18.6 (13.225.7) 31.6 (19.646.7) 25.1 (22.128.4) 18.1 (11.327.8) 20.1 (16.823.9)
Kentucky 19.1 (16.721.7) 16.5 (10.724.5) 9.3 (3.721.6) 18.4 (15.421.9) 15.5 (11.021.4) 20.4 (17.124.1)
Maine 27.2 (26.228.1) 21.2 (18.424.4) 22.6 (19.226.5) 27.2 (25.828.7) 22.4 (19.126.0) 26.8 (25.528.1)
Maryland NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Massachusetts 24.7 (21.727.9) 12.6 (7.520.5) 24.4 (15.935.5) 24.9 (21.528.6) 17.6 (10.927.2) 23.4 (19.927.4)
Michigan 23.2 (20.426.3) 16.6 (11.523.3) 16.0 (6.932.6) 22.7 (19.626.2) 18.7 (12.926.3) 23.6 (20.627.0)
Nevada 20.9 (18.523.4) 12.4 (8.318.2) 16.5 (8.429.9) 21.4 (18.025.3) 17.6 (12.224.7) 19.3 (16.222.7)
New Mexico NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
New York 15.5 (14.017.2) 12.5 (9.915.6) 14.7 (10.021.2) 16.3 (13.220.0) 14.8 (8.923.5) 15.1 (13.816.5)
North Carolina NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
North Dakota 36.6 (34.239.0) 24.4 (17.832.5) 35.1 (22.749.9) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oklahoma 19.8 (17.123.0) 19.0 (12.228.3) 20.9 (7.845.3) 20.9 (18.124.0) 21.5 (13.332.7) 18.9 (15.323.2)
Pennsylvania 23.8 (21.326.5) 19.9 (13.728.1) 25.1 (15.737.7) 24.1 (20.328.4) 17.8 (11.726.1) 23.8 (21.026.9)
Rhode Island NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Vermont NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
West Virginia 20.6 (17.723.7) 22.2 (14.632.2) 22.3 (12.536.6) 22.8 (19.126.9) 20.7 (13.131.2) 17.9 (13.523.5)
Wyoming 25.6 (23.428.0) 18.0 (13.523.7) 29.3 (21.039.3) 22.8 (19.926.1) 26.0 (19.633.6) 28.5 (25.232.0)
Median 20.7 16.5 21.1 21.0 18.1 19.3
Range 11.836.6 11.824.4 9.335.1 11.727.2 10.529.7 12.428.5
Large urban school district surveys
Baltimore, MD 11.4 (8.714.8) 8.8 (4.616.1) 19.9 (7.443.5) 13.2 (9.817.5) 10.3 (4.322.7) 10.8 (7.615.2)
Boston, MA 16.0 (13.918.4) 8.3 (4.415.1) 12.3 (5.525.4) 14.3 (11.517.6) 10.0 (5.417.7) 16.3 (13.120.0)
Broward County, FL 12.9 (11.015.0) 10.8 (6.717.0) 12.9 (5.925.9) 12.9 (10.216.3) 11.8 (6.420.8) 13.8 (10.817.4)
Cleveland, OH NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
DeKalb County, GA 12.0 (10.313.9) 7.3 (4.112.7) 5.4 (1.914.0) 10.1 (7.912.7) 7.6 (4.512.6) 12.4 (10.215.0)
Detroit, MI 7.6 (6.19.4) 10.5 (6.616.5) 11.4 (5.024.2) 8.6 (6.511.3) 9.9 (5.716.8) 7.5 (5.510.2)
District of Columbia NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Duval County, FL NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Ft. Worth, TX 17.8 (15.919.8) 19.3 (13.427.1) 20.4 (11.832.8) 20.4 (17.523.6) 15.5 (9.524.1) 16.5 (14.418.7)
Houston, TX 15.2 (13.616.9) 9.4 (6.313.8) 11.2 (6.518.4) 14.0 (12.016.1) 14.4 (10.319.9) 15.1 (13.117.5)
Los Angeles, CA 18.1 (15.521.1) 13.9 (9.320.3) 14.8 (5.832.8) 19.5 (15.224.7) 12.7 (7.520.6) 17.0 (14.020.6)
Miami-Dade County, FL 19.9 (18.021.9) 17.7 (11.725.9) 27.1 (17.140.2) 22.2 (19.125.7) 25.8 (18.434.9) 18.4 (15.921.0)
New York City, NY 11.5 (10.013.2) 7.6 (5.410.6) 15.1 (10.621.1) 11.0 (9.013.2) 10.0 (6.515.0) 11.9 (10.513.6)
Oakland, CA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Orange County, FL 18.0 (15.620.7) 15.2 (10.621.2) 20.1 (12.231.5) 19.3 (15.723.4) 16.2 (9.526.2) 16.8 (13.820.3)
Palm Beach County, FL 12.9 (11.614.3) 8.1 (5.012.9) 13.3 (7.821.9) 13.3 (11.415.4) 8.8 (5.414.0) 13.4 (11.315.9)
Philadelphia, PA 14.3 (12.016.9) 14.7 (8.524.3) 12.1 (4.827.1) 14.5 (11.717.8) 11.2 (6.718.1) 15.3 (11.919.5)
San Diego, CA 18.7 (16.820.9) 13.7 (8.920.4) 13.7 (8.022.5) 16.9 (14.719.5) 16.1 (10.723.4) 19.4 (16.422.8)
San Francisco, CA 17.6 (15.520.0) 23.0 (15.233.3) 13.9 (7.524.4) 15.8 (11.521.4) 20.7 (12.632.0) 19.0 (17.021.2)
Median 15.2 10.8 13.7 14.3 11.8 15.3
Range 7.619.9 7.323.0 5.427.1 8.622.2 7.625.8 7.519.4
* During the 7 days before the survey.
95% confidence interval.
Not available.

US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 175
 Surveillance Summaries

TABLE 90. Percentage of high school students who drank three or more glasses/day of milk,* by sexual identity and sex of sexual contacts
United States and selected U.S. sites, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2015
% CI
National survey
(all students) 10.2 (9.311.3)

Sexual identity Sex of sexual contacts

Heterosexual Gay, lesbian, or Opposite sex Same sex only or No
(straight) bisexual Not sure only both sexes sexual contact
Site % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI
National survey
Total 10.5 (9.511.7) 7.4 (5.89.4) 9.5 (6.214.2) 10.2 (9.211.3) 8.1 (6.010.8) 10.5 (9.012.4)
Male 15.1 (13.317.0) 12.1 (8.017.7) 13.7 (7.324.2) 14.5 (13.315.8) 14.4 (8.722.8) 15.7 (12.619.4)
Female 5.2 (4.36.4) 5.8 (4.27.9) 5.0 (2.410.1) 4.7 (3.66.2) 6.0 (4.38.4) 5.7 (4.67.0)
State surveys
Arizona NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Arkansas 9.4 (7.811.3) 6.0 (2.613.5) 13.6 (7.124.5) 9.2 (6.912.2) 15.4 (9.124.7) 8.8 (5.912.9)
California 9.3 (8.010.8) 4.5 (2.29.2) 4.8 (2.210.4) 9.0 (7.211.3) 4.6 (1.811.0) 9.0 (7.510.8)
Connecticut NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Delaware 8.7 (7.410.3) 7.8 (5.011.9) 11.8 (6.321.1) 9.2 (7.311.5) 15.1 (8.924.6) 7.8 (6.29.7)
Florida 8.8 (7.99.7) 8.3 (6.211.1) 12.2 (7.619.2) 9.8 (8.711.1) 10.2 (7.813.3) 7.3 (6.38.4)
Hawaii 5.4 (4.66.3) 7.1 (4.411.3) 9.9 (5.816.5) 5.6 (4.47.1) 10.0 (5.517.5) 5.1 (4.26.2)
Illinois 9.2 (7.411.3) 5.4 (2.810.3) 8.3 (4.116.0) 8.6 (7.110.2) 6.6 (2.814.8) 9.4 (7.311.9)
Indiana 9.5 (8.210.9) 10.7 (6.716.5) 12.1 (5.026.6) 12.4 (10.115.2) 14.5 (8.723.2) 6.6 (4.98.8)
Kentucky 9.3 (7.811.2) 4.2 (1.511.1) 2.5 (0.413.6) 9.6 (7.412.5) 1.9 (0.94.0) 9.2 (7.311.6)
Maine 12.9 (12.113.8) 9.8 (7.412.8) 10.7 (7.615.0) 13.3 (12.214.5) 11.9 (9.315.2) 12.1 (11.013.2)
Maryland NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Massachusetts 11.3 (9.813.1) 7.3 (3.913.1) 9.8 (5.018.3) 11.9 (10.014.1) 9.0 (5.215.0) 10.3 (7.913.4)
Michigan 9.4 (7.711.3) 9.8 (5.816.2) 5.5 (2.113.9) 10.0 (7.812.7) 9.7 (5.217.4) 8.8 (6.711.5)
Nevada 9.4 (7.811.4) 2.3 (0.68.3) 7.9 (4.214.2) 8.6 (6.311.7) 6.1 (3.310.8) 8.8 (6.611.8)
New Mexico NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
New York 7.6 (6.39.2) 8.2 (6.310.6) 8.4 (4.415.4) 7.9 (5.511.2) 8.5 (4.615.2) 7.4 (6.09.0)
North Carolina NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
North Dakota 17.4 (15.719.3) 8.4 (5.014.0) 13.0 (6.424.7) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oklahoma 8.5 (7.110.1) 9.4 (4.120.2) 9.3 (2.033.8) 9.8 (7.313.0) 9.4 (3.423.7) 7.5 (5.99.5)
Pennsylvania 11.4 (9.913.1) 11.4 (6.918.2) 13.3 (6.027.1) 10.7 (8.912.9) 12.9 (7.820.7) 11.6 (9.514.1)
Rhode Island NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Vermont NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
West Virginia 9.8 (8.411.5) 7.1 (3.015.8) 17.4 (9.430.0) 12.0 (9.515.0) 7.1 (3.414.4) 7.4 (5.59.8)
Wyoming 13.0 (11.315.0) 9.3 (5.914.5) 19.0 (11.430.0) 11.8 (9.614.4) 16.8 (11.024.9) 14.1 (11.816.8)
Median 9.4 8.0 10.3 9.8 9.7 8.8
Range 5.417.4 2.311.4 2.519.0 5.613.3 1.916.8 5.114.1
Large urban school district surveys
Baltimore, MD 7.7 (5.610.4) 5.8 (2.513.1) 17.2 (5.940.7) 8.4 (5.512.5) 9.5 (3.722.1) 6.1 (3.710.0)
Boston, MA 8.1 (6.89.6) 4.3 (1.99.5) 9.0 (3.222.7) 7.4 (5.69.6) 4.8 (2.011.1) 8.1 (6.410.3)
Broward County, FL 5.6 (4.57.1) 3.3 (1.38.1) 4.9 (1.713.2) 6.0 (4.38.4) 3.7 (1.58.9) 5.8 (4.08.4)
Cleveland, OH NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
DeKalb County, GA 5.5 (4.36.9) 3.3 (1.66.5) 2.8 (0.611.3) 5.2 (3.97.1) 4.1 (2.08.5) 4.2 (2.86.1)
Detroit, MI 3.9 (2.95.1) 4.9 (2.310.2) 3.1 (0.99.6) 5.2 (3.47.7) 3.3 (1.57.0) 3.4 (2.34.9)
District of Columbia NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Duval County, FL NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Ft. Worth, TX 9.0 (7.710.5) 11.1 (6.717.9) 8.6 (4.316.5) 9.8 (8.012.0) 11.5 (6.718.9) 8.5 (7.010.3)
Houston, TX 7.4 (6.38.6) 5.2 (3.09.0) 8.4 (4.814.3) 7.4 (5.99.2) 9.1 (5.614.5) 6.9 (5.58.5)
Los Angeles, CA 7.5 (5.89.7) 4.2 (1.79.9) 3.2 (0.910.7) 7.7 (5.410.8) 5.2 (2.410.7) 6.6 (4.98.7)
Miami-Dade County, FL 9.2 (7.910.7) 12.9 (8.020.1) 17.3 (9.330.1) 11.5 (9.214.3) 17.2 (11.624.9) 7.7 (6.09.9)
New York City, NY 5.0 (4.26.1) 3.7 (2.16.4) 8.4 (6.311.1) 5.6 (4.37.3) 5.2 (2.510.3) 4.5 (3.75.3)
Oakland, CA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Orange County, FL 9.1 (7.011.6) 7.9 (3.915.2) 14.9 (7.427.8) 9.4 (6.713.2) 9.7 (4.220.8) 8.5 (6.211.6)
Palm Beach County, FL 5.5 (4.66.7) 5.5 (3.010.2) 5.4 (2.511.2) 6.4 (4.98.2) 6.4 (3.511.5) 5.1 (3.86.9)
Philadelphia, PA 6.8 (5.18.9) 6.7 (3.811.5) 6.6 (2.217.9) 7.2 (5.29.9) 5.7 (2.611.9) 5.5 (3.78.2)
San Diego, CA 8.3 (7.09.8) 6.8 (3.911.6) 6.4 (2.913.4) 7.2 (5.89.0) 6.9 (4.011.9) 8.7 (6.910.9)
San Francisco, CA 6.6 (5.28.2) 8.4 (4.315.7) 8.7 (3.719.0) 6.7 (4.310.4) 10.9 (5.420.6) 6.9 (5.48.7)
Median 7.4 5.5 8.4 7.2 6.4 6.6
Range 3.99.2 3.312.9 2.817.3 5.211.5 3.317.2 3.48.7
* During the 7 days before the survey.
95% confidence interval.
Not available.

176 MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
 Surveillance Summaries

TABLE 91. Percentage of high school students who did not drink a can, bottle, or glass of soda or pop,* by sexual identity and sex of sexual
contacts United States and selected U.S. sites, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2015
% CI
National survey
(all students) 26.2 (23.628.9)

Sexual identity Sex of sexual contacts

Heterosexual Gay, lesbian, or Opposite sex Same sex only or No
(straight) bisexual Not sure only both sexes sexual contact
Site % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI
National survey
Total 26.1 (23.329.1) 22.2 (18.826.1) 28.5 (23.234.3) 23.1 (20.725.5) 22.5 (19.425.9) 28.8 (25.432.4)
Male 21.0 (19.123.0) 21.6 (16.927.0) 27.1 (19.736.0) 18.5 (16.820.4) 20.3 (14.627.5) 24.0 (21.227.1)
Female 32.0 (27.936.3) 22.2 (18.027.2) 28.8 (22.136.4) 28.9 (25.132.9) 23.2 (19.727.2) 33.3 (28.938.0)
State surveys
Arizona 28.7 (24.533.3) 24.0 (15.535.3) 35.9 (19.955.9) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Arkansas 21.3 (17.825.4) 22.0 (16.428.8) 16.6 (7.732.3) 18.5 (13.624.7) 21.3 (12.234.5) 22.0 (17.627.1)
California 28.5 (24.932.5) 24.0 (16.233.9) 31.7 (21.044.7) 24.7 (20.629.4) 24.4 (17.133.7) 31.7 (27.436.2)
Connecticut 33.3 (30.336.4) 31.3 (23.640.1) 40.5 (29.552.5) 29.2 (24.834.0) 29.3 (19.142.1) 37.2 (33.341.2)
Delaware 28.2 (25.730.9) 31.2 (24.538.7) 39.2 (27.652.2) 22.7 (19.026.9) 27.1 (17.639.4) 33.0 (29.836.3)
Florida 28.7 (27.230.3) 23.2 (19.327.7) 30.2 (25.934.9) 24.2 (22.326.3) 25.1 (20.830.0) 32.2 (30.234.4)
Hawaii 34.7 (31.737.9) 31.3 (25.837.5) 32.0 (22.343.4) 29.3 (26.432.3) 38.5 (32.544.8) 36.8 (33.040.8)
Illinois 30.9 (26.835.2) 24.7 (17.533.5) 25.4 (17.136.1) 25.7 (22.529.2) 25.8 (18.235.1) 32.6 (27.438.2)
Indiana 24.7 (21.628.0) 16.5 (11.722.7) 32.4 (22.744.0) 21.7 (18.325.5) 18.4 (12.526.3) 26.4 (21.831.6)
Kentucky 23.7 (20.427.4) 18.5 (13.125.5) 29.8 (16.447.9) 20.0 (16.224.4) 15.6 (8.726.3) 26.6 (22.531.0)
Maine NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Maryland 29.1 (28.629.7) 26.3 (24.828.0) 31.1 (28.933.4) 24.3 (23.625.1) 24.8 (23.226.6) 31.3 (30.532.1)
Massachusetts 32.1 (29.335.1) 31.8 (24.340.3) 39.0 (29.249.7) 28.7 (25.232.4) 25.5 (19.432.7) 36.6 (32.541.0)
Michigan 25.9 (23.528.5) 25.8 (20.332.2) 35.2 (24.847.2) 21.4 (19.423.6) 22.5 (15.231.9) 29.8 (26.933.0)
Nevada 29.2 (26.332.4) 28.7 (19.540.0) 38.8 (26.652.7) 27.7 (23.332.5) 29.8 (20.541.2) 29.7 (25.933.9)
New Mexico 24.1 (22.625.6) 20.2 (17.223.5) 21.1 (15.927.3) 21.2 (19.323.3) 22.5 (18.826.7) 25.1 (23.426.9)
New York 35.0 (32.737.4) 28.6 (23.933.8) 31.5 (22.342.4) 29.4 (26.232.9) 28.7 (22.735.6) 34.7 (33.036.4)
North Carolina 22.8 (19.526.6) 27.9 (19.937.6) 22.0 (8.944.9) 20.1 (16.424.3) 22.2 (14.332.7) 27.0 (21.033.8)
North Dakota 25.6 (23.427.9) 26.1 (18.735.2) 24.3 (14.937.0) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oklahoma 22.0 (18.825.7) 12.8 (7.221.7) 29.9 (16.148.5) 18.9 (15.422.9) 18.3 (10.629.7) 24.1 (20.028.8)
Pennsylvania 27.6 (25.130.2) 19.5 (15.224.7) 28.0 (18.440.1) 22.5 (19.725.6) 21.1 (13.631.1) 32.2 (28.436.2)
Rhode Island 34.6 (30.039.6) 32.2 (25.939.3) 33.7 (23.345.9) 31.8 (27.136.8) 30.0 (22.538.8) 35.5 (30.041.4)
Vermont 33.2 (32.533.8) 30.6 (28.432.9) 40.6 (37.344.0) 28.8 (27.929.7) 29.4 (26.832.0) 39.0 (38.040.0)
West Virginia 21.5 (19.024.2) 23.0 (14.933.9) 28.7 (18.541.7) 17.7 (14.821.1) 21.8 (13.333.7) 25.2 (20.330.8)
Wyoming 25.4 (22.528.6) 20.7 (14.828.2) 26.1 (18.435.6) 24.8 (21.228.8) 13.8 (9.320.0) 26.9 (23.830.4)
Median 28.4 25.2 31.3 24.3 24.6 31.5
Range 21.335.0 12.832.2 16.640.6 17.731.8 13.838.5 22.039.0
Large urban school district surveys
Baltimore, MD 21.0 (18.024.3) 15.4 (10.322.5) 18.2 (6.740.6) 14.8 (11.518.9) 12.2 (7.419.4) 22.3 (17.328.2)
Boston, MA 29.1 (26.731.8) 31.6 (25.338.7) 30.8 (20.942.8) 25.5 (22.329.0) 25.1 (17.335.0) 33.5 (29.937.3)
Broward County, FL 30.9 (27.834.1) 29.9 (22.238.9) 35.2 (22.250.9) 29.0 (24.533.9) 30.4 (22.639.5) 31.8 (27.936.0)
Cleveland, OH 20.5 (18.223.0) 23.5 (17.430.9) 28.7 (18.342.2) 18.1 (15.121.5) 21.5 (16.028.3) 22.8 (19.027.1)
DeKalb County, GA 26.1 (23.628.7) 26.4 (20.333.5) 36.1 (26.147.6) 22.6 (19.326.3) 29.0 (22.936.0) 28.6 (25.032.5)
Detroit, MI 26.8 (24.129.7) 17.1 (11.624.5) 28.2 (18.141.1) 24.9 (21.628.6) 21.9 (15.130.8) 27.3 (22.732.4)
District of Columbia 25.4 (24.426.5) 23.1 (20.825.6) 33.6 (28.938.8) 21.2 (19.822.6) 23.9 (21.226.7) 27.0 (25.628.6)
Duval County, FL 28.9 (26.531.4) 31.3 (26.237.0) 23.5 (16.232.9) 25.7 (22.828.8) 28.8 (23.434.8) 28.7 (25.831.8)
Ft. Worth, TX 18.4 (16.720.3) 17.0 (11.624.3) 28.5 (20.538.1) 15.9 (13.618.6) 13.6 (8.820.5) 21.1 (18.623.9)
Houston, TX 23.1 (21.225.1) 20.8 (16.326.3) 28.7 (21.037.9) 17.4 (15.119.9) 21.3 (15.828.1) 24.9 (22.327.7)
Los Angeles, CA 27.2 (24.030.6) 25.9 (18.335.3) 40.5 (28.453.8) 24.6 (20.529.3) 25.5 (18.534.2) 29.4 (25.633.4)
Miami-Dade County, FL 27.8 (26.029.7) 25.9 (17.037.3) 29.5 (19.342.2) 24.2 (21.926.6) 25.0 (15.937.1) 30.6 (27.833.6)
New York City, NY 29.2 (27.131.5) 26.4 (22.131.3) 31.1 (24.338.8) 23.2 (19.227.8) 24.2 (19.030.2) 32.1 (30.333.9)
Oakland, CA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Orange County, FL 31.5 (28.934.3) 20.7 (14.229.1) 31.5 (19.446.7) 27.8 (24.431.5) 27.7 (20.436.6) 33.8 (29.538.3)
Palm Beach County, FL 33.0 (30.335.7) 30.6 (24.637.4) 39.5 (30.948.8) 28.5 (25.531.9) 29.7 (22.138.7) 35.5 (32.239.0)
Philadelphia, PA 26.1 (23.029.5) 15.4 (11.819.9) 23.4 (16.432.4) 21.3 (17.725.4) 20.3 (14.128.4) 29.4 (25.134.1)
San Diego, CA 35.1 (32.437.9) 33.2 (26.740.5) 35.6 (25.746.9) 34.1 (30.737.6) 33.5 (25.342.8) 35.9 (32.139.8)
San Francisco, CA 39.2 (36.342.2) 28.5 (20.438.2) 48.9 (37.460.5) 26.4 (22.031.2) 35.1 (24.847.1) 44.0 (40.647.5)
Median 27.5 25.9 31.0 24.4 25.1 29.4
Range 18.439.2 15.433.2 18.248.9 14.834.1 12.235.1 21.144.0
* Not counting diet soda or diet pop during the 7 days before the survey.
95% confidence interval.
Not available.

US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 177
 Surveillance Summaries

TABLE 92. Percentage of high school students who drank a can, bottle, or glass of soda or pop one or more times/day,* by sexual identity and
sex of sexual contacts United States and selected U.S. sites, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2015
% CI
National survey
(all students) 20.4 (18.123.0)

Sexual identity Sex of sexual contacts

Heterosexual Gay, lesbian, or Opposite sex Same sex only or No
(straight) bisexual Not sure only both sexes sexual contact
Site % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI
National survey
Total 20.2 (17.623.1) 23.2 (19.527.4) 22.6 (17.329.0) 23.5 (20.726.6) 27.6 (23.032.8) 16.5 (14.319.1)
Male 24.3 (21.627.3) 21.5 (15.129.6) 28.9 (20.638.9) 27.7 (24.930.7) 31.1 (22.541.4) 19.9 (17.223.0)
Female 15.5 (12.619.0) 24.2 (19.929.1) 18.2 (12.925.0) 18.2 (14.622.4) 26.5 (21.432.3) 13.3 (11.016.1)
State surveys
Arizona 18.6 (15.422.4) 20.7 (14.728.4) 16.8 (5.043.7) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Arkansas 28.8 (25.132.9) 34.2 (22.847.8) 30.9 (18.347.2) 33.6 (28.139.7) 33.9 (21.149.6) 24.8 (20.529.7)
California 13.2 (11.715.0) 21.2 (12.933.0) 20.3 (12.231.9) 17.6 (14.920.6) 33.4 (23.045.8) 11.1 (8.913.7)
Connecticut 11.5 (9.314.1) 16.4 (10.923.9) 9.5 (6.513.5) 13.7 (11.216.8) 11.5 (7.218.0) 10.5 (8.213.3)
Delaware 18.7 (16.421.3) 22.5 (17.029.2) 21.4 (14.430.5) 21.4 (17.925.5) 25.3 (18.034.2) 15.7 (13.018.8)
Florida 20.3 (18.522.3) 25.7 (21.330.6) 25.9 (20.632.0) 25.0 (22.627.5) 27.8 (23.432.6) 15.4 (13.717.3)
Hawaii 12.6 (11.214.1) 16.4 (12.820.8) 21.7 (14.630.9) 15.2 (12.118.9) 16.1 (11.122.7) 11.7 (10.013.6)
Illinois 17.6 (15.020.5) 22.3 (17.428.2) 25.6 (16.837.0) 23.0 (19.127.3) 22.2 (15.331.1) 13.6 (11.416.2)
Indiana 19.6 (15.724.3) 21.1 (17.025.9) 22.7 (11.938.9) 19.5 (15.923.7) 25.8 (19.134.0) 19.6 (14.825.4)
Kentucky 31.6 (28.435.0) 42.5 (33.951.5) 28.9 (14.649.1) 37.1 (33.540.8) 39.7 (31.748.3) 26.4 (22.830.5)
Maine NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Maryland 15.9 (15.416.4) 21.1 (19.622.5) 19.6 (17.821.6) 20.0 (19.220.8) 22.1 (20.623.8) 13.1 (12.513.6)
Massachusetts 13.5 (11.316.1) 17.8 (13.023.8) 12.5 (7.320.5) 15.6 (12.619.3) 17.5 (12.524.0) 11.1 (8.913.8)
Michigan 18.7 (16.920.7) 22.4 (15.930.7) 13.0 (5.527.4) 23.3 (20.526.3) 22.3 (13.334.9) 13.6 (11.316.2)
Nevada 13.8 (11.616.3) 13.6 (8.122.1) 10.8 (4.822.4) 14.7 (11.618.5) 19.7 (13.727.4) 12.0 (9.115.6)
New Mexico 19.9 (18.821.1) 27.0 (23.131.3) 27.5 (21.734.1) 23.7 (22.025.5) 26.3 (22.530.4) 17.9 (16.619.2)
New York 13.0 (11.115.0) 17.4 (13.721.8) 19.0 (13.326.4) 15.4 (12.818.4) 20.3 (14.527.8) 11.5 (9.913.3)
North Carolina 26.7 (22.231.7) 17.6 (12.923.7) 43.5 (19.570.9) 29.6 (22.438.0) 29.9 (21.240.3) 22.7 (18.727.4)
North Dakota 18.6 (16.520.8) 19.6 (12.928.6) 11.0 (5.720.3) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oklahoma 29.3 (25.533.5) 36.9 (25.450.0) 25.1 (11.047.6) 31.9 (26.937.4) 39.9 (25.855.8) 26.2 (20.932.3)
Pennsylvania 17.6 (15.220.2) 26.4 (20.034.1) 14.1 (6.328.7) 22.2 (18.626.4) 21.5 (14.730.2) 12.4 (10.215.1)
Rhode Island 12.0 (9.714.7) 14.9 (9.622.4) 20.7 (11.534.3) 15.3 (12.618.4) 19.7 (13.727.4) 9.1 (6.812.1)
Vermont 14.3 (13.814.8) 19.3 (17.521.3) 18.0 (15.520.8) 17.1 (16.417.9) 24.2 (21.926.8) 10.6 (10.011.3)
West Virginia 30.4 (27.134.0) 28.0 (19.239.0) 23.4 (14.735.2) 33.4 (29.237.9) 30.6 (20.243.3) 26.9 (21.633.0)
Wyoming 21.0 (18.623.6) 25.5 (18.833.6) 21.3 (13.232.4) 24.0 (21.027.3) 33.6 (25.442.9) 16.3 (13.519.5)
Median 18.6 21.2 21.0 21.8 24.8 13.6
Range 11.531.6 13.642.5 9.543.5 13.737.1 11.539.9 9.126.9
Large urban school district surveys
Baltimore, MD 27.5 (23.531.9) 28.1 (22.434.6) 27.3 (15.044.4) 31.9 (27.037.2) 29.1 (21.238.5) 25.3 (18.733.2)
Boston, MA 16.3 (14.418.4) 20.1 (13.728.5) 21.1 (13.032.5) 17.8 (14.821.2) 23.2 (15.533.4) 13.9 (11.017.4)
Broward County, FL 15.3 (13.217.7) 19.0 (13.825.5) 5.6 (2.114.1) 16.5 (13.719.9) 14.6 (9.222.4) 14.9 (12.018.2)
Cleveland, OH 24.3 (21.427.5) 24.0 (17.931.3) 15.2 (7.628.2) 26.5 (23.329.9) 27.8 (20.636.4) 19.6 (16.323.5)
DeKalb County, GA 16.0 (14.118.1) 17.4 (12.024.5) 11.4 (5.721.5) 17.7 (15.220.5) 19.0 (13.725.8) 12.6 (10.115.6)
Detroit, MI 24.0 (20.428.0) 32.1 (23.941.6) 19.9 (10.733.9) 21.0 (17.724.8) 21.9 (16.129.1) 19.9 (15.824.6)
District of Columbia 18.4 (17.519.4) 24.2 (21.726.8) 16.1 (12.620.4) 21.0 (19.622.5) 23.1 (20.426.0) 16.0 (14.717.3)
Duval County, FL 19.5 (17.921.2) 18.3 (14.123.5) 18.4 (12.825.8) 22.4 (20.025.0) 22.5 (17.728.2) 15.8 (13.718.1)
Ft. Worth, TX 25.7 (23.627.9) 35.2 (27.943.2) 19.4 (12.229.5) 29.2 (26.232.4) 37.4 (27.548.4) 22.7 (20.425.3)
Houston, TX 19.7 (17.721.8) 18.3 (14.123.5) 22.7 (16.330.6) 23.8 (21.026.8) 20.0 (14.826.5) 16.4 (14.119.0)
Los Angeles, CA 10.9 (9.113.0) 14.7 (8.424.5) 14.6 (7.327.1) 13.9 (10.917.5) 16.7 (9.228.5) 8.9 (7.610.5)
Miami-Dade County, FL 19.0 (17.221.0) 22.7 (16.430.6) 30.5 (19.344.6) 22.6 (19.825.7) 30.0 (22.239.2) 15.9 (13.818.4)
New York City, NY 15.4 (13.717.4) 17.8 (13.922.4) 14.6 (10.719.4) 19.7 (16.823.0) 22.0 (18.126.5) 12.7 (11.014.6)
Oakland, CA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Orange County, FL 18.1 (15.321.2) 23.6 (14.835.3) 20.7 (12.732.1) 21.8 (17.526.9) 20.9 (11.734.6) 15.0 (12.218.2)
Palm Beach County, FL 15.0 (13.017.2) 18.4 (13.424.7) 16.6 (10.625.1) 18.9 (16.122.1) 21.1 (14.629.5) 11.7 (9.614.2)
Philadelphia, PA 20.6 (18.323.1) 25.1 (20.630.3) 25.5 (15.738.7) 23.4 (19.228.3) 24.2 (16.034.8) 17.2 (13.821.1)
San Diego, CA 9.4 (7.911.1) 11.8 (8.016.9) 8.9 (4.816.0) 11.1 (9.213.4) 14.2 (9.321.1) 7.2 (5.69.1)
San Francisco, CA 10.1 (8.511.9) 8.8 (4.416.9) 11.1 (5.820.4) 18.4 (14.722.9) 11.0 (5.720.3) 6.5 (5.18.3)
Median 18.2 19.5 17.5 21.0 22.0 15.4
Range 9.427.5 8.835.2 5.630.5 11.131.9 11.037.4 6.525.3
* Not counting diet soda or diet pop during the 7 days before the survey.
95% confidence interval.
Not available.

178 MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
 Surveillance Summaries

TABLE 93. Percentage of high school students who drank a can, bottle, or glass of soda or pop two or more times/day,* by sexual identity and
sex of sexual contacts United States and selected U.S. sites, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2015
% CI
National survey
(all students) 13.0 (11.115.2)

Sexual identity Sex of sexual contacts

Heterosexual Gay, lesbian, or Opposite sex Same sex only or No
(straight) bisexual Not sure only both sexes sexual contact
Site % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI
National survey
Total 12.8 (10.815.1) 15.9 (12.719.6) 15.0 (11.219.9) 15.9 (13.618.6) 20.3 (16.025.5) 9.3 (7.611.3)
Male 15.6 (13.617.8) 10.9 (7.216.4) 19.6 (13.128.2) 18.8 (16.421.5) 22.9 (16.730.4) 11.2 (9.313.4)
Female 9.6 (7.312.4) 18.1 (14.222.7) 11.5 (7.317.7) 12.2 (9.415.7) 19.4 (14.725.2) 7.4 (5.510.0)
State surveys
Arizona 9.8 (7.712.4) 12.7 (8.518.6) 10.3 (2.930.7) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Arkansas 21.1 (17.325.4) 23.6 (16.632.3) 25.3 (13.642.2) 25.3 (19.432.3) 27.7 (17.740.5) 16.9 (12.422.6)
California 7.2 (6.18.5) 13.9 (6.826.4) 7.0 (3.115.2) 8.8 (6.811.4) 18.1 (10.329.8) 6.4 (4.88.4)
Connecticut 7.1 (5.68.9) 13.2 (8.719.6) 7.5 (4.312.7) 9.1 (7.311.4) 10.5 (6.416.8) 6.2 (4.48.8)
Delaware 11.3 (9.313.7) 15.7 (11.321.5) 15.4 (9.124.8) 14.4 (11.218.4) 16.8 (11.124.7) 8.9 (6.811.5)
Florida 13.1 (11.714.7) 18.7 (15.023.1) 19.4 (14.924.9) 16.8 (14.818.9) 19.9 (16.024.5) 9.7 (8.511.1)
Hawaii 7.6 (6.78.7) 8.1 (5.511.7) 13.9 (8.122.9) 9.8 (7.512.6) 6.7 (4.210.4) 6.7 (5.67.9)
Illinois 10.4 (8.512.6) 18.2 (12.925.2) 12.5 (6.223.5) 14.1 (11.217.6) 17.7 (11.426.5) 7.7 (6.39.3)
Indiana 12.9 (10.515.6) 16.7 (12.022.7) 14.1 (5.631.2) 13.2 (10.416.6) 19.4 (14.425.5) 12.3 (9.016.5)
Kentucky 22.4 (19.225.9) 32.5 (25.540.5) 23.5 (10.444.9) 27.1 (23.630.8) 33.7 (25.343.2) 17.3 (14.021.1)
Maine NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Maryland 10.4 (9.910.8) 14.6 (13.415.8) 13.4 (11.815.3) 13.9 (13.214.7) 16.0 (14.717.4) 8.0 (7.58.5)
Massachusetts 8.9 (7.011.2) 11.8 (8.116.9) 9.0 (4.816.1) 10.3 (7.913.4) 13.8 (9.120.4) 6.9 (5.38.8)
Michigan 11.4 (9.413.8) 15.7 (9.724.4) 11.9 (4.826.7) 13.5 (10.417.3) 16.7 (9.428.0) 8.8 (7.010.8)
Nevada 7.8 (6.19.9) 8.9 (4.915.6) 8.3 (3.319.3) 9.7 (7.312.8) 13.0 (9.317.8) 6.1 (3.99.4)
New Mexico 12.3 (11.413.2) 17.2 (14.520.4) 17.0 (11.923.6) 15.6 (14.117.1) 19.6 (16.423.1) 9.9 (8.910.9)
New York 8.0 (6.89.4) 13.4 (10.816.6) 12.4 (7.819.1) 10.5 (8.512.9) 13.2 (9.717.6) 6.7 (5.68.0)
North Carolina 18.8 (14.923.6) 12.1 (7.918.3) 36.3 (17.660.3) 22.9 (17.030.1) 23.5 (16.232.9) 14.0 (10.418.6)
North Dakota 11.6 (9.913.6) 12.0 (6.620.6) 5.9 (2.015.9) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oklahoma 19.3 (15.923.1) 29.0 (20.239.6) 17.0 (6.936.2) 22.5 (18.127.6) 30.6 (18.546.2) 15.7 (11.421.2)
Pennsylvania 11.7 (9.614.2) 18.4 (12.526.2) 5.2 (1.120.9) 15.8 (12.619.6) 15.4 (8.925.5) 7.1 (5.88.6)
Rhode Island 7.8 (6.29.9) 10.6 (6.616.7) 14.0 (7.026.1) 10.6 (8.213.6) 13.4 (9.219.3) 5.8 (4.27.9)
Vermont 9.4 (8.99.8) 14.1 (12.515.8) 13.2 (11.015.7) 11.6 (11.012.3) 17.9 (15.820.2) 6.5 (6.07.0)
West Virginia 22.6 (19.625.9) 17.7 (11.226.8) 20.1 (11.931.9) 25.5 (21.230.4) 22.1 (14.931.5) 18.6 (13.924.4)
Wyoming 12.2 (10.314.4) 18.4 (12.726.1) 18.8 (11.130.0) 16.1 (13.519.2) 23.2 (16.531.6) 7.9 (5.910.5)
Median 11.3 15.1 13.7 14.0 17.8 8.0
Range 7.122.6 8.132.5 5.236.3 8.827.1 6.733.7 5.818.6
Large urban school district surveys
Baltimore, MD 18.8 (15.522.6) 19.9 (15.425.4) 23.4 (11.941.0) 21.9 (17.726.8) 21.8 (15.529.8) 19.2 (13.925.8)
Boston, MA 11.2 (9.413.2) 14.9 (9.123.6) 14.1 (7.226.0) 12.8 (10.116.2) 14.9 (9.023.7) 8.8 (6.711.5)
Broward County, FL 9.4 (7.811.3) 12.7 (8.219.1) 4.5 (1.512.3) 10.6 (8.213.6) 10.7 (6.417.3) 8.6 (6.511.2)
Cleveland, OH 18.7 (16.121.5) 17.4 (13.023.0) 11.7 (5.324.1) 20.6 (17.923.7) 20.5 (14.628.0) 14.4 (11.617.7)
DeKalb County, GA 10.9 (9.212.9) 13.7 (9.220.0) 3.2 (1.010.0) 12.0 (9.614.8) 13.8 (9.619.4) 8.0 (5.811.0)
Detroit, MI 18.4 (15.122.2) 24.6 (17.433.7) 7.4 (2.719.0) 14.8 (11.918.2) 15.7 (10.922.1) 13.7 (10.817.3)
District of Columbia 12.4 (11.613.2) 18.2 (16.020.7) 9.0 (6.412.6) 15.2 (14.016.6) 15.8 (13.518.4) 10.3 (9.311.5)
Duval County, FL 13.2 (11.914.5) 12.8 (9.217.5) 12.5 (7.819.4) 14.8 (12.916.9) 17.3 (13.122.5) 10.7 (9.112.6)
Ft. Worth, TX 17.0 (15.119.2) 27.6 (21.235.1) 12.5 (6.622.4) 20.8 (18.123.8) 28.7 (20.338.8) 13.7 (11.516.1)
Houston, TX 11.8 (10.513.4) 11.4 (8.115.8) 10.7 (6.617.0) 14.6 (12.616.8) 11.7 (8.216.6) 9.8 (8.111.8)
Los Angeles, CA 6.0 (4.67.7) 9.8 (4.918.6) 8.2 (3.617.4) 7.0 (5.39.2) 8.9 (3.919.1) 5.7 (4.37.5)
Miami-Dade County, FL 13.5 (11.915.4) 14.9 (10.021.6) 24.8 (14.539.0) 16.9 (14.219.9) 23.5 (16.831.9) 10.1 (8.212.4)
New York City, NY 10.0 (8.711.4) 13.9 (10.618.0) 9.5 (6.613.5) 13.1 (10.815.7) 16.4 (12.521.3) 8.2 (6.99.6)
Oakland, CA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Orange County, FL 11.5 (9.314.0) 16.4 (9.826.4) 18.2 (10.529.8) 14.7 (11.218.9) 15.7 (8.726.8) 8.7 (6.611.3)
Palm Beach County, FL 9.7 (8.211.6) 11.5 (7.617.0) 12.6 (7.320.9) 12.6 (10.415.3) 16.2 (10.624.0) 7.6 (6.09.5)
Philadelphia, PA 14.9 (12.517.7) 16.0 (11.721.5) 22.4 (13.035.9) 18.6 (14.423.7) 19.1 (11.230.6) 11.1 (7.815.4)
San Diego, CA 5.6 (4.56.9) 10.0 (6.315.3) 4.6 (2.010.2) 7.1 (5.59.0) 11.1 (7.316.7) 4.3 (3.06.0)
San Francisco, CA 5.9 (4.87.1) 7.0 (3.114.8) 7.2 (3.016.2) 11.3 (8.814.4) 8.9 (4.118.2) 3.9 (2.95.2)
Median 11.6 14.4 11.2 14.6 15.8 9.3
Range 5.618.8 7.027.6 3.224.8 7.021.9 8.928.7 3.919.2
* Not counting diet soda or diet pop during the 7 days before the survey.
95% confidence interval.
Not available.

US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 179
 Surveillance Summaries

TABLE 94. Percentage of high school students who drank a can, bottle, or glass of soda or pop three or more times/day,* by sexual identity
and sex of sexual contacts United States and selected U.S. sites, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2015
% CI
National survey
(all students) 7.1 (5.88.6)

Sexual identity Sex of sexual contacts

Heterosexual Gay, lesbian, or Opposite sex Same sex only or No
(straight) bisexual Not sure only both sexes sexual contact
Site % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI
National survey
Total 6.7 (5.48.3) 11.1 (8.913.8) 8.8 (6.012.7) 8.8 (7.310.7) 14.4 (11.118.3) 4.4 (3.35.9)
Male 8.0 (6.49.9) 7.5 (4.612.0) 13.8 (8.322.0) 10.3 (8.512.5) 17.5 (11.725.2) 5.2 (3.86.9)
Female 5.2 (3.86.9) 12.8 (10.016.2) 5.0 (2.69.4) 6.9 (5.19.3) 13.3 (10.117.4) 3.7 (2.65.3)
State surveys
Arizona 4.2 (3.15.7) 8.4 (3.917.1) 10.1 (2.830.7) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Arkansas 13.1 (10.016.9) 10.7 (5.320.3) 14.4 (6.229.8) 16.0 (11.022.7) 19.1 (10.931.2) 9.2 (5.914.2)
California 4.1 (3.05.5) 4.4 (1.810.5) 5.3 (1.715.2) 5.4 (3.58.1) 8.0 (4.713.4) 3.3 (2.05.2)
Connecticut 4.1 (2.95.9) 5.3 (2.411.0) 6.2 (2.912.7) 4.4 (3.06.3) 6.7 (3.712.0) 4.1 (2.66.5)
Delaware 6.8 (5.58.3) 12.0 (8.117.4) 12.3 (6.721.4) 9.1 (6.911.9) 14.3 (9.021.9) 5.0 (3.76.7)
Florida 7.0 (6.08.1) 11.3 (8.914.3) 10.6 (8.213.7) 9.5 (8.011.2) 14.0 (10.818.1) 4.1 (3.45.1)
Hawaii 4.5 (3.75.6) 4.9 (3.07.8) 7.7 (4.114.1) 5.2 (3.87.0) 5.4 (3.28.9) 4.2 (3.35.3)
Illinois 5.8 (4.57.4) 11.8 (8.216.6) 10.4 (4.821.3) 9.0 (6.811.8) 11.5 (7.317.7) 3.4 (2.64.5)
Indiana 6.6 (5.18.5) 9.3 (5.515.2) 4.1 (1.015.3) 6.6 (4.59.4) 9.4 (5.914.6) 6.2 (4.29.2)
Kentucky 12.8 (10.615.5) 17.4 (12.224.2) 10.4 (3.626.5) 16.7 (13.920.0) 15.7 (10.023.9) 10.0 (7.712.9)
Maine NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Maryland 6.1 (5.76.5) 9.1 (8.210.2) 9.1 (7.610.7) 8.6 (8.09.3) 11.2 (10.012.5) 4.1 (3.84.5)
Massachusetts 4.8 (3.66.4) 7.8 (4.612.9) 5.6 (2.312.9) 5.2 (3.67.3) 8.4 (4.913.9) 4.2 (2.96.0)
Michigan 6.0 (4.87.5) 8.1 (4.115.3) 6.0 (2.513.9) 7.0 (4.710.3) 9.2 (4.517.9) 4.4 (3.25.9)
Nevada 4.6 (3.46.2) 3.5 (1.58.0) 6.2 (2.216.2) 5.4 (3.97.5) 4.9 (2.310.2) 4.3 (2.47.4)
New Mexico 6.6 (5.87.4) 9.3 (7.112.0) 9.6 (6.214.4) 8.6 (7.59.8) 11.3 (8.914.2) 4.8 (4.05.7)
New York 4.6 (3.75.9) 7.1 (4.910.3) 7.8 (4.214.0) 6.0 (4.67.9) 8.4 (6.011.8) 3.8 (3.04.9)
North Carolina 12.4 (9.715.7) 9.1 (5.115.6) 12.7 (5.327.4) 15.0 (11.219.9) 16.9 (10.127.1) 8.3 (5.811.7)
North Dakota 5.8 (4.67.3) 6.2 (2.713.5) 2.7 (0.611.1) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oklahoma 9.5 (7.112.5) 12.8 (7.620.8) 13.1 (4.333.6) 11.3 (8.215.4) 13.3 (6.126.8) 8.1 (5.212.5)
Pennsylvania 6.1 (4.77.9) 14.1 (9.420.5) 1.7 (0.211.7) 8.8 (7.111.0) 12.2 (7.120.2) 2.8 (1.84.3)
Rhode Island 4.1 (2.76.1) 5.7 (3.29.9) 11.7 (5.523.0) 5.2 (3.57.7) 9.6 (6.015.2) 3.0 (1.75.0)
Vermont 5.2 (4.85.5) 9.4 (8.010.9) 9.0 (7.211.2) 6.7 (6.37.3) 13.5 (11.615.5) 3.1 (2.83.5)
West Virginia 13.6 (11.915.4) 12.9 (7.321.7) 12.5 (6.123.9) 15.9 (12.919.6) 16.9 (10.127.0) 9.7 (6.913.4)
Wyoming 5.9 (4.97.2) 12.3 (7.220.3) 13.7 (6.825.6) 7.8 (6.29.9) 16.2 (10.723.9) 3.6 (2.55.1)
Median 6.0 9.2 9.3 8.2 11.4 4.2
Range 4.113.6 3.517.4 1.714.4 4.416.7 4.919.1 2.810.0
Large urban school district surveys
Baltimore, MD 13.6 (10.717.0) 11.5 (7.018.4) 21.3 (10.139.7) 16.2 (12.820.4) 15.9 (10.623.2) 12.9 (8.718.7)
Boston, MA 7.4 (5.99.2) 10.8 (5.819.3) 7.8 (2.819.9) 8.1 (5.910.9) 12.6 (7.121.6) 5.7 (3.98.1)
Broward County, FL 5.4 (4.17.2) 7.9 (4.513.6) 4.5 (1.512.3) 6.2 (4.29.1) 7.2 (3.813.2) 5.0 (3.37.3)
Cleveland, OH 12.7 (10.315.5) 11.9 (8.316.7) 6.4 (2.416.0) 12.9 (10.715.4) 15.5 (9.823.5) 9.7 (7.213.1)
DeKalb County, GA 6.2 (4.97.9) 10.6 (6.516.7) 0.8 (0.15.9) 7.1 (5.49.4) 10.5 (6.716.0) 4.2 (2.86.2)
Detroit, MI 11.8 (9.115.2) 19.7 (12.928.9) 3.7 (0.913.7) 8.7 (6.511.5) 10.0 (6.016.3) 8.1 (6.011.0)
District of Columbia 7.7 (7.18.4) 12.4 (10.614.6) 5.0 (3.27.9) 9.8 (8.710.9) 10.3 (8.412.5) 6.4 (5.67.3)
Duval County, FL 8.3 (7.19.6) 8.0 (5.211.9) 9.3 (5.415.6) 9.5 (7.811.5) 12.2 (8.717.0) 6.2 (4.97.9)
Ft. Worth, TX 9.2 (7.910.7) 18.1 (11.926.5) 9.8 (4.918.7) 12.4 (10.314.8) 19.6 (12.130.0) 6.7 (5.48.3)
Houston, TX 6.8 (5.78.0) 4.2 (2.76.5) 6.9 (3.712.5) 8.5 (6.910.4) 6.6 (4.210.1) 5.1 (3.96.6)
Los Angeles, CA 3.1 (2.34.1) 3.8 (1.210.8) 4.9 (1.613.6) 3.8 (2.85.1) 5.2 (2.112.5) 2.6 (1.64.2)
Miami-Dade County, FL 6.9 (5.88.2) 7.1 (4.112.1) 16.6 (9.327.7) 9.3 (7.511.4) 11.2 (6.319.1) 5.1 (4.26.3)
New York City, NY 5.4 (4.66.3) 8.2 (5.611.8) 6.6 (3.811.3) 6.7 (5.48.1) 9.3 (6.912.4) 4.5 (3.75.5)
Oakland, CA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Orange County, FL 7.1 (5.59.1) 10.7 (5.320.6) 16.6 (9.028.8) 8.9 (6.611.9) 13.2 (6.624.5) 4.9 (3.37.3)
Palm Beach County, FL 5.5 (4.56.7) 4.3 (2.28.0) 6.9 (3.413.8) 7.6 (6.19.4) 7.4 (4.013.4) 3.7 (2.65.1)
Philadelphia, PA 9.8 (7.712.3) 9.2 (4.916.8) 17.6 (9.131.4) 12.3 (9.316.0) 11.3 (5.122.9) 7.4 (4.911.1)
San Diego, CA 3.4 (2.64.3) 6.7 (3.811.4) 2.8 (0.98.1) 4.2 (3.05.7) 9.3 (5.714.9) 2.4 (1.73.5)
San Francisco, CA 2.3 (1.63.3) 3.6 (1.68.0) 2.6 (0.511.9) 4.2 (2.57.1) 6.5 (2.516.0) 1.6 (0.92.6)
Median 7.0 8.7 6.7 8.6 10.4 5.1
Range 2.313.6 3.619.7 0.821.3 3.816.2 5.219.6 1.612.9
* Not counting diet soda or diet pop during the 7 days before the survey.
95% confidence interval.
Not available.

180 MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
 Surveillance Summaries

TABLE 95. Percentage of high school students who did not drink a can, bottle, or glass of a sports drink,* by sexual identity and sex of sexual
contacts United States, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2015
% CI
National survey
(all students) 42.4 (39.545.4)

Sexual identity Sex of sexual contacts

Heterosexual Gay, lesbian, or Opposite sex Same sex only or No
(straight) bisexual Not sure only both sexes sexual contact
Site % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI
National survey
Total 41.2 (38.144.4) 52.3 (45.259.3) 53.3 (45.461.0) 34.6 (31.537.7) 45.2 (39.251.2) 49.9 (46.653.2)
Male 31.0 (28.533.5) 51.9 (40.563.2) 45.5 (34.457.1) 24.6 (21.927.4) 42.8 (30.556.1) 40.3 (37.243.4)
Female 52.9 (48.857.0) 51.4 (44.258.5) 57.5 (47.067.4) 47.1 (42.751.5) 45.9 (40.151.9) 59.2 (55.263.1)
* Not counting low calorie sports drinks during the 7 days before the survey.
95% confidence interval.

TABLE 96. Percentage of high school students who drank a can, bottle, or glass of a sports drink one or more times/day,* by sex, race/ethnicity,
and grade United States, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2015
% CI
National survey
(all students) 13.8 (12.115.8)

Sexual identity Sex of sexual contacts

Heterosexual Gay, lesbian, or Opposite sex Same sex only or No
(straight) bisexual Not sure only both sexes sexual contact
Site % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI
National survey
Total 14.1 (12.316.0) 10.0 (6.714.7) 13.6 (10.217.8) 17.2 (14.919.8) 14.7 (10.620.1) 9.8 (8.411.4)
Male 19.1 (17.221.2) 7.2 (4.311.7) 22.9 (16.131.4) 23.7 (21.026.6) 15.3 (10.122.5) 12.5 (10.414.9)
Female 8.3 (6.710.3) 11.2 (7.017.4) 6.8 (3.512.6) 9.1 (7.011.7) 14.6 (9.621.5) 7.2 (5.69.2)
* Not counting low calorie sports drinks during the 7 days before the survey.
95% confidence interval.

TABLE 97. Percentage of high school students who drank a can, bottle, or glass of a sports drink two or more times/day,* by sexual identity
and sex of sexual contacts United States, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2015
% CI
National survey
(all students) 8.3 (7.19.8)

Sexual identity Sex of sexual contacts

Heterosexual Gay, lesbian, or Opposite sex Same sex only or No
(straight) bisexual Not sure only both sexes sexual contact
Site % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI
National survey
Total 8.3 (7.19.8) 7.2 (4.910.6) 10.0 (6.814.3) 10.9 (9.213.0) 10.3 (7.513.9) 5.0 (4.06.1)
Male 11.3 (9.713.2) 4.5 (2.58.0) 17.0 (11.025.3) 15.2 (12.917.8) 10.5 (5.917.8) 5.8 (4.57.6)
Female 4.9 (3.96.2) 8.3 (5.312.9) 4.7 (2.110.5) 5.6 (4.27.4) 10.2 (7.014.6) 4.1 (3.25.3)
* Not counting low calorie sports drinks during the 7 days before the survey.
95% confidence interval.

US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 181
 Surveillance Summaries

TABLE 98. Percentage of high school students who drank a can, bottle, or glass of a sports drink three or more times/day,* by sexual identity
and sex of sexual contacts United States, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2015
% CI
National survey
(all students) 4.8 (3.95.9)

Sexual identity Sex of sexual contacts

Heterosexual Gay, lesbian, or Opposite sex Same sex only or No
(straight) bisexual Not sure only both sexes sexual contact
Site % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI
National survey
Total 4.7 (3.85.8) 4.1 (2.56.6) 6.1 (3.89.6) 6.5 (5.28.0) 7.0 (4.710.2) 2.7 (2.03.6)
Male 6.4 (5.08.0) 1.8 (0.64.9) 9.9 (5.218.0) 9.1 (7.211.5) 6.9 (3.114.7) 3.1 (2.24.3)
Female 2.8 (2.13.8) 5.0 (3.08.3) 3.2 (1.47.3) 3.2 (2.34.3) 7.0 (4.610.5) 2.3 (1.53.4)
* Not counting low calorie sports drinks during the 7 days before the survey.
95% confidence interval.

TABLE 99. Percentage of high school students who did not drink water,* by sexual identity and sex of sexual contacts United States, Youth
Risk Behavior Survey, 2015
% CI
National survey
(all students) 3.5 (2.84.3)

Sexual identity Sex of sexual contacts

Heterosexual Gay, lesbian, or Opposite sex Same sex only or No
(straight) bisexual Not sure only both sexes sexual contact
Site % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI
National survey
Total 3.1 (2.44.0) 6.2 (4.38.9) 6.2 (3.311.4) 3.3 (2.54.5) 4.3 (2.76.8) 3.0 (2.34.0)
Male 3.3 (2.44.5) 5.4 (3.29.1) 8.7 (4.018.0) 3.7 (2.65.1) 4.4 (2.09.3) 2.9 (2.14.0)
Female 2.8 (2.03.9) 5.9 (3.69.6) 4.7 (2.48.9) 3.0 (2.04.4) 4.3 (2.47.8) 3.2 (2.24.7)
* During the 7 days before the survey.
95% confidence interval.

TABLE 100. Percentage of high school students who drank one or more glasses/day of water,* by sexual identity and sex of sexual contacts
United States, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2015
% CI
National survey
(all students) 73.6 (70.976.2)

Sexual identity Sex of sexual contacts

Heterosexual Gay, lesbian, or Opposite sex Same sex only or No
(straight) bisexual Not sure only both sexes sexual contact
Site % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI
National survey
Total 74.3 (71.377.1) 63.8 (58.368.9) 67.2 (60.873.1) 72.4 (69.575.1) 69.4 (62.375.7) 75.3 (72.078.4)
Male 74.6 (71.677.3) 69.4 (59.677.7) 63.7 (53.273.0) 72.9 (70.175.6) 76.3 (66.683.9) 75.4 (71.778.8)
Female 74.2 (70.677.6) 62.6 (56.768.2) 69.8 (62.676.2) 71.7 (67.875.3) 67.1 (59.474.1) 75.2 (71.578.6)
* During the 7 days before the survey.
95% confidence interval.

182 MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
 Surveillance Summaries

TABLE 101. Percentage of high school students who drank two or more glasses/day of water,* by sexual identity and sex of sexual contacts
United States, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2015
% CI
National survey
(all students) 64.3 (61.866.7)

Sexual identity Sex of sexual contacts

Heterosexual Gay, lesbian, or Opposite sex Same sex only or No
(straight) bisexual Not sure only both sexes sexual contact
Site % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI
National survey
Total 65.0 (62.367.6) 55.0 (48.960.9) 57.9 (52.163.5) 63.2 (60.366.1) 59.3 (51.966.3) 66.1 (63.069.0)
Male 66.1 (63.568.6) 61.1 (52.369.3) 55.9 (44.167.1) 64.9 (62.067.6) 67.5 (55.777.5) 66.8 (63.370.2)
Female 63.8 (60.467.1) 53.5 (46.360.5) 59.0 (53.364.5) 61.1 (57.165.0) 56.6 (48.964.1) 65.3 (62.068.5)
* During the 7 days before the survey.
95% confidence interval.

TABLE 102. Percentage of high school students who drank three or more glasses/day of water,* by sexual identity and sex of sexual contacts
United States, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2015
% CI
National survey
(all students) 49.5 (47.551.5)

Sexual identity Sex of sexual contacts

Heterosexual Gay, lesbian, or Opposite sex Same sex only or No
(straight) bisexual Not sure only both sexes sexual contact
Site % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI
National survey
Total 50.1 (48.052.3) 42.0 (36.747.6) 42.5 (36.248.9) 48.8 (46.351.4) 46.6 (40.352.9) 50.5 (48.152.8)
Male 51.5 (49.154.0) 46.2 (38.054.5) 39.6 (29.750.4) 50.1 (47.153.0) 53.2 (42.863.4) 52.4 (49.055.7)
Female 48.6 (45.851.3) 41.1 (34.648.0) 44.0 (37.251.1) 47.3 (43.651.0) 44.4 (37.751.2) 48.7 (46.351.1)
* During the 7 days before the survey.
95% confidence interval.

US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 183
 Surveillance Summaries

TABLE 103. Percentage of high school students who did not eat breakfast,* by sexual identity and sex of sexual contacts United States and
selected U.S. sites, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2015
% CI
National survey
(all students) 13.8 (12.415.4)

Sexual identity Sex of sexual contacts

Heterosexual Gay, lesbian, or Opposite sex Same sex only or No
(straight) bisexual Not sure only both sexes sexual contact
Site % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI
National survey
Total 13.3 (11.715.0) 18.1 (15.720.7) 17.9 (14.022.6) 14.5 (12.916.2) 20.1 (16.923.9) 11.6 (10.013.4)
Male 13.0 (11.215.0) 17.2 (11.624.9) 18.2 (12.226.3) 13.6 (11.516.0) 23.1 (15.832.6) 11.3 (9.213.9)
Female 13.5 (11.715.7) 17.9 (14.721.5) 16.8 (11.424.1) 15.6 (13.118.4) 19.1 (15.823.0) 11.9 (10.313.8)
State surveys
Arizona 14.3 (12.616.2) 20.5 (14.528.3) 26.4 (13.445.3) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Arkansas 16.7 (14.319.5) 16.6 (11.722.9) 16.3 (5.240.8) 16.9 (14.419.7) 16.2 (8.428.8) 13.5 (10.117.8)
California 9.9 (8.012.2) 15.4 (8.825.5) 11.9 (6.122.0) 12.2 (8.916.5) 19.9 (11.532.3) 7.9 (6.29.9)
Connecticut 11.7 (9.913.8) 23.7 (17.730.9) 25.9 (14.441.9) 13.0 (10.715.7) 18.7 (12.527.0) 11.4 (9.014.3)
Delaware 12.4 (10.614.4) 16.4 (11.123.6) 18.9 (11.230.2) 15.2 (12.318.5) 20.3 (10.435.9) 9.3 (7.611.4)
Florida 14.0 (12.815.2) 21.4 (17.226.3) 21.1 (16.227.0) 14.7 (13.016.5) 21.0 (16.925.7) 13.4 (11.915.1)
Hawaii 11.2 (10.312.2) 21.1 (15.328.3) 10.4 (6.316.7) 11.3 (9.513.3) 17.2 (13.222.2) 10.9 (9.712.3)
Illinois 14.8 (11.718.6) 28.7 (22.136.3) 23.8 (16.033.9) 15.0 (10.820.5) 31.4 (23.740.3) 11.4 (8.515.1)
Indiana 13.2 (9.618.0) 28.5 (21.337.0) 21.9 (13.633.4) 13.8 (10.018.7) 28.5 (20.837.6) 12.3 (9.016.7)
Kentucky 11.7 (10.013.7) 19.9 (13.129.0) 14.2 (5.631.4) 12.6 (10.415.3) 17.8 (11.426.9) 10.4 (8.213.1)
Maine NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Maryland NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Massachusetts 13.0 (11.414.8) 17.5 (12.823.4) 18.9 (11.828.9) 12.0 (10.214.2) 24.0 (17.731.6) 13.3 (11.115.9)
Michigan 15.8 (12.919.2) 26.5 (19.834.6) 21.5 (12.235.1) 17.9 (14.422.2) 25.1 (18.333.3) 12.5 (10.015.7)
Nevada 15.9 (13.818.4) 17.9 (10.628.5) 29.7 (18.344.4) 17.2 (14.120.9) 12.8 (7.321.4) 14.3 (11.417.8)
New Mexico 13.7 (12.714.8) 20.2 (17.523.2) 15.4 (11.719.9) 13.1 (11.514.9) 19.4 (15.324.3) 13.5 (12.215.0)
New York 16.9 (14.519.5) 21.1 (16.426.7) 21.4 (16.926.8) 15.4 (12.418.9) 18.8 (13.825.1) 13.7 (11.915.7)
North Carolina 13.3 (11.115.9) 19.2 (12.129.0) 19.7 (10.533.9) 14.1 (11.816.9) 16.0 (10.423.9) 12.1 (9.315.5)
North Dakota 11.2 (9.513.1) 16.8 (11.623.7) 19.5 (10.333.9) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oklahoma 15.6 (13.018.7) 23.8 (15.734.4) 21.0 (7.546.5) 19.4 (15.624.0) 17.7 (8.832.5) 13.0 (10.116.5)
Pennsylvania 13.0 (11.215.0) 21.8 (15.829.2) 17.2 (8.531.7) 13.5 (11.116.2) 29.0 (22.236.9) 11.1 (8.714.1)
Rhode Island 13.4 (11.116.2) 24.6 (16.635.0) 18.0 (9.930.4) 13.4 (10.117.6) 25.2 (17.435.0) 12.0 (9.614.9)
Vermont 10.2 (9.810.7) 16.7 (14.918.6) 12.8 (10.715.3) 11.2 (10.611.9) 16.1 (14.118.3) 9.5 (8.910.1)
West Virginia 13.9 (11.416.7) 21.2 (11.935.1) 13.5 (6.625.8) 14.4 (12.117.0) 19.4 (10.533.1) 12.1 (9.315.7)
Wyoming 13.4 (11.415.8) 25.9 (19.333.9) 21.3 (13.532.0) 14.4 (11.318.1) 23.7 (17.032.0) 11.4 (9.413.7)
Median 13.4 21.1 19.5 14.1 19.4 12.1
Range 9.916.9 15.428.7 10.429.7 11.219.4 12.831.4 7.914.3
Large urban school district surveys
Baltimore, MD 19.3 (16.222.8) 22.4 (14.433.0) 26.4 (14.942.4) 21.6 (17.326.6) 14.6 (8.623.6) 16.4 (12.221.7)
Boston, MA 13.9 (11.816.2) 16.5 (10.824.5) 24.8 (13.341.3) 15.1 (12.018.7) 16.9 (9.628.2) 13.1 (10.715.9)
Broward County, FL 15.4 (13.018.1) 20.0 (15.026.2) 17.1 (8.631.0) 14.7 (11.518.7) 18.3 (13.025.2) 13.3 (10.217.2)
Cleveland, OH 22.2 (19.325.4) 27.5 (21.334.7) 28.6 (18.042.3) 22.5 (19.226.1) 26.3 (19.734.2) 17.9 (14.921.3)
DeKalb County, GA 17.0 (15.119.1) 18.6 (13.025.9) 17.4 (10.726.9) 18.1 (15.421.2) 22.0 (15.929.4) 13.0 (10.516.0)
Detroit, MI 20.9 (17.824.4) 25.9 (17.536.6) 30.5 (18.545.8) 19.9 (15.625.0) 19.2 (13.326.8) 22.5 (19.326.2)
District of Columbia 17.0 (16.017.9) 19.7 (17.422.2) 14.1 (10.818.3) 16.5 (15.217.9) 22.2 (19.525.2) 13.6 (12.514.9)
Duval County, FL NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Ft. Worth, TX 16.8 (15.118.7) 27.6 (20.635.8) 20.3 (13.130.0) 17.2 (14.720.1) 29.7 (22.038.7) 17.2 (15.019.7)
Houston, TX 17.8 (16.119.6) 23.9 (19.828.5) 25.6 (18.734.0) 18.4 (16.320.8) 23.6 (18.729.4) 14.7 (12.816.8)
Los Angeles, CA 10.8 (9.612.1) 19.5 (13.228.0) 26.1 (16.339.1) 11.2 (9.413.3) 21.4 (15.229.2) 10.8 (9.212.5)
Miami-Dade County, FL 11.1 (9.712.6) 13.5 (7.822.4) 20.0 (13.029.6) 12.1 (10.214.3) 14.5 (8.922.8) 9.5 (7.711.6)
New York City, NY 14.5 (13.315.9) 20.3 (17.024.1) 21.9 (16.029.2) 14.1 (11.916.6) 15.5 (12.219.3) 14.2 (13.115.5)
Oakland, CA 17.5 (15.020.4) 18.9 (12.228.2) 11.6 (5.024.7) 17.8 (14.521.7) 9.7 (5.317.1) 13.3 (10.516.9)
Orange County, FL 12.7 (10.914.7) 18.0 (12.026.1) 13.9 (7.724.0) 12.8 (10.415.7) 14.3 (9.021.8) 12.3 (10.114.9)
Palm Beach County, FL 14.8 (13.016.9) 22.7 (16.730.2) 20.0 (13.229.1) 14.9 (12.517.6) 23.1 (16.631.2) 12.2 (10.014.7)
Philadelphia, PA 15.1 (13.117.5) 26.4 (20.533.2) 21.2 (12.334.0) 15.3 (12.918.0) 23.4 (16.931.5) 15.1 (11.220.1)
San Diego, CA 12.2 (10.713.8) 13.6 (8.620.9) 18.9 (10.831.2) 13.3 (11.315.5) 19.8 (12.729.5) 10.9 (8.813.3)
San Francisco, CA 12.8 (10.815.1) 16.4 (9.726.4) 16.3 (10.424.6) 13.9 (10.318.5) 15.0 (9.024.0) 10.0 (8.112.3)
Median 15.3 19.9 20.1 15.2 19.5 13.3
Range 10.822.2 13.527.6 11.630.5 11.222.5 9.729.7 9.522.5
* During the 7 days before the survey.
95% confidence interval.
Not available.

184 MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
 Surveillance Summaries

TABLE 104. Percentage of high school students who ate breakfast on all 7 days,* by sexual identity and sex of sexual contacts United States
and selected U.S. sites, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2015
% CI
National survey
(all students) 36.3 (33.739.1)

Sexual identity Sex of sexual contacts

Heterosexual Gay, lesbian, or Opposite sex Same sex only or No
(straight) bisexual Not sure only both sexes sexual contact
Site % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI
National survey
Total 37.6 (34.740.5) 24.8 (20.929.3) 27.3 (21.634.0) 32.4 (29.835.0) 21.9 (18.226.0) 42.5 (39.245.9)
Male 41.1 (38.443.8) 30.5 (21.541.3) 35.2 (26.844.6) 36.7 (34.039.4) 23.8 (16.433.0) 46.7 (42.650.8)
Female 33.5 (29.837.5) 23.2 (19.327.6) 22.5 (14.932.4) 26.8 (23.530.4) 21.2 (16.726.6) 38.6 (34.742.7)
State surveys
Arizona 36.0 (32.040.2) 24.0 (17.232.4) 34.8 (23.348.4) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Arkansas 31.7 (27.436.5) 28.5 (20.637.9) 27.1 (17.739.2) 26.7 (21.932.1) 31.4 (17.948.9) 38.7 (35.342.3)
California 43.4 (38.248.9) 28.9 (20.639.0) 43.1 (34.751.9) 33.8 (28.439.7) 26.1 (17.736.8) 49.7 (44.754.6)
Connecticut 39.6 (35.943.5) 23.6 (16.133.1) 21.7 (13.433.0) 32.6 (28.137.5) 17.8 (11.127.2) 45.1 (39.450.9)
Delaware 39.6 (36.343.1) 26.5 (20.633.4) 42.0 (30.654.4) 31.7 (27.636.1) 27.3 (18.538.2) 46.7 (43.150.4)
Florida 40.6 (38.842.4) 29.3 (25.433.7) 31.7 (25.838.2) 36.1 (33.738.6) 27.8 (23.732.4) 44.3 (42.446.3)
Hawaii 37.8 (35.740.0) 26.5 (20.134.0) 24.2 (16.234.5) 29.3 (26.032.8) 21.9 (16.328.9) 42.7 (40.045.5)
Illinois 34.3 (29.539.4) 21.1 (15.528.0) 28.7 (20.239.1) 29.4 (24.834.5) 19.4 (12.029.8) 41.4 (35.347.8)
Indiana 32.2 (28.536.2) 15.7 (10.822.4) 21.2 (13.431.8) 27.1 (22.632.1) 21.0 (14.030.3) 36.0 (32.240.0)
Kentucky 36.8 (33.839.9) 21.0 (14.729.1) 17.6 (8.433.3) 33.7 (30.437.1) 19.7 (13.328.2) 40.2 (36.344.3)
Maine NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Maryland NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Massachusetts 35.7 (33.438.1) 25.2 (18.533.4) 36.1 (26.646.8) 33.4 (31.035.8) 21.2 (15.927.6) 39.0 (35.742.3)
Michigan 34.6 (29.839.6) 15.4 (9.923.3) 25.8 (15.439.8) 29.2 (24.034.8) 15.8 (9.824.5) 39.5 (33.945.4)
Nevada 34.6 (30.938.6) 29.5 (22.038.2) 21.6 (11.836.4) 29.5 (23.835.8) 31.4 (23.440.6) 38.9 (34.643.3)
New Mexico 35.6 (33.437.9) 21.1 (17.924.6) 33.5 (26.940.8) 32.0 (29.934.1) 20.1 (16.424.4) 38.5 (35.441.6)
New York 36.6 (34.039.2) 21.7 (17.726.4) 29.2 (21.039.0) 32.2 (30.034.5) 18.0 (12.824.9) 42.7 (39.845.7)
North Carolina 37.1 (34.040.3) 23.6 (16.632.5) 24.0 (9.947.5) 31.4 (28.034.9) 23.4 (16.432.1) 42.9 (35.251.1)
North Dakota 38.9 (36.341.4) 25.4 (17.834.8) 26.9 (16.939.9) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oklahoma 31.2 (27.834.9) 23.4 (15.533.8) 25.3 (13.741.9) 25.7 (21.630.3) 28.5 (20.338.4) 36.1 (32.639.9)
Pennsylvania 36.6 (32.840.5) 23.8 (18.430.1) 33.3 (19.750.4) 32.2 (27.637.2) 19.6 (13.627.5) 41.8 (37.945.8)
Rhode Island 35.3 (30.940.0) 18.3 (12.226.5) 41.7 (27.058.0) 30.7 (24.837.3) 19.0 (12.028.8) 40.4 (35.945.1)
Vermont 41.7 (41.042.4) 27.2 (25.129.4) 39.9 (36.643.3) 36.7 (35.737.7) 25.3 (22.827.8) 47.0 (45.948.0)
West Virginia 35.7 (32.838.8) 28.0 (18.639.9) 20.0 (12.230.9) 31.6 (27.935.7) 28.1 (20.337.5) 39.8 (35.244.7)
Wyoming 35.9 (33.338.6) 20.2 (15.026.6) 33.1 (23.943.7) 30.8 (27.434.5) 21.0 (16.326.7) 42.1 (37.446.9)
Median 36.0 23.8 28.7 31.6 21.2 41.4
Range 31.243.4 15.429.5 17.643.1 25.736.7 15.831.4 36.049.7
Large urban school district surveys
Baltimore, MD 26.4 (22.630.7) 14.4 (8.223.9) 15.2 (5.435.8) 21.2 (17.525.5) 16.3 (10.125.4) 35.3 (29.241.9)
Boston, MA 31.8 (28.934.8) 28.6 (21.337.1) 23.3 (13.637.1) 29.0 (24.933.4) 23.5 (16.732.1) 37.1 (33.740.8)
Broward County, FL 32.8 (29.236.7) 17.3 (12.623.3) 35.1 (24.247.8) 26.2 (21.331.6) 17.2 (11.824.4) 41.0 (36.945.1)
Cleveland, OH 21.2 (18.624.0) 13.7 (9.619.1) 19.9 (11.033.2) 17.4 (14.321.0) 10.5 (6.217.0) 28.5 (24.433.1)
DeKalb County, GA 30.4 (27.034.0) 21.2 (15.029.2) 33.1 (23.344.7) 25.1 (20.430.4) 20.2 (14.826.9) 37.4 (33.441.6)
Detroit, MI 17.9 (15.420.6) 3.6 (1.68.1) 16.2 (8.030.2) 19.7 (16.024.0) 4.4 (1.99.8) 20.0 (15.725.1)
District of Columbia 26.0 (24.927.0) 16.0 (14.018.2) 28.8 (24.433.7) 23.0 (21.524.5) 14.0 (11.916.4) 30.9 (29.432.5)
Duval County, FL NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Ft. Worth, TX 31.7 (29.434.0) 19.2 (12.927.7) 32.5 (23.143.4) 28.5 (25.631.6) 16.7 (11.124.5) 35.1 (31.738.6)
Houston, TX 30.4 (28.232.6) 17.1 (13.521.6) 24.2 (18.131.5) 26.7 (23.829.8) 17.1 (12.622.9) 34.4 (31.437.4)
Los Angeles, CA 40.3 (37.643.0) 19.9 (12.330.6) 27.5 (14.645.6) 35.2 (31.838.7) 17.5 (11.426.0) 44.2 (39.948.5)
Miami-Dade County, FL 45.2 (42.448.0) 38.3 (31.745.4) 38.0 (26.850.6) 40.9 (37.544.5) 34.0 (24.445.2) 50.0 (46.453.7)
New York City, NY 35.9 (33.738.2) 24.9 (19.231.6) 32.0 (26.538.2) 30.1 (26.733.8) 24.0 (19.729.0) 40.0 (37.242.8)
Oakland, CA 29.8 (26.733.0) 17.0 (11.424.6) 37.6 (26.650.0) 26.5 (23.329.9) 22.7 (15.831.5) 34.6 (30.039.5)
Orange County, FL 40.9 (37.344.6) 22.2 (16.429.4) 40.1 (29.451.8) 35.3 (30.540.5) 25.6 (18.933.6) 44.8 (40.948.7)
Palm Beach County, FL 37.7 (35.340.1) 20.2 (14.827.0) 28.3 (20.337.8) 32.8 (29.836.0) 23.0 (17.330.0) 42.9 (39.246.7)
Philadelphia, PA 28.1 (24.931.5) 15.5 (10.821.7) 28.1 (18.640.1) 22.9 (20.325.7) 16.1 (12.121.1) 35.7 (29.942.0)
San Diego, CA 38.2 (35.341.1) 28.3 (21.636.0) 36.5 (25.049.8) 31.9 (28.635.5) 31.2 (22.940.9) 42.5 (38.946.3)
San Francisco, CA 41.0 (37.644.5) 33.8 (25.842.9) 38.4 (29.448.1) 32.0 (26.637.9) 26.7 (16.839.7) 47.1 (43.750.6)
Median 31.7 19.5 30.4 27.6 18.9 37.3
Range 17.945.2 3.638.3 15.240.1 17.440.9 4.434.0 20.050.0
* During the 7 days before the survey.
95% confidence interval.
Not available.

US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 185
 Surveillance Summaries

TABLE 105. Percentage of high school students who did not participate in at least 60 minutes of physical activity on at least 1 day,* by sexual
identity and sex of sexual contacts United States and selected U.S. sites, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2015,
% CI
National survey
(all students) 14.3 (12.915.8)

Sexual identity Sex of sexual contacts

Heterosexual Gay, lesbian, or Opposite sex Same sex only or No
(straight) bisexual Not sure only both sexes sexual contact
Site % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI
National survey
Total 12.6 (11.214.1) 25.7 (21.929.8) 27.0 (21.533.1) 12.3 (11.013.8) 24.0 (20.028.5) 13.9 (12.016.0)
Male 9.7 (8.311.3) 24.7 (19.331.1) 28.2 (20.437.4) 8.4 (7.110.0) 28.6 (20.139.1) 11.2 (9.213.6)
Female 16.0 (13.818.5) 25.5 (20.631.2) 25.1 (19.032.4) 17.3 (15.020.0) 22.4 (18.526.9) 16.4 (13.919.2)
State surveys
Arizona 14.3 (11.817.2) 23.9 (17.232.1) 41.7 (28.256.7) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Arkansas 18.4 (15.921.2) 28.5 (20.837.7) 27.9 (17.042.2) 19.3 (17.121.6) 24.8 (16.935.0) 17.4 (13.422.4)
California 12.2 (10.114.7) 18.7 (10.830.4) 21.7 (13.932.2) 12.5 (9.915.6) 22.6 (12.737.1) 12.9 (9.517.3)
Connecticut 12.8 (10.415.6) 23.4 (16.632.1) 24.6 (16.135.6) 10.1 (7.613.4) 22.0 (17.028.0) 16.4 (13.420.0)
Delaware 17.6 (15.719.7) 20.1 (14.527.3) 33.2 (21.647.3) 17.7 (15.120.7) 24.6 (15.636.7) 17.1 (14.719.9)
Florida 19.2 (17.621.0) 22.2 (18.626.3) 32.7 (26.539.6) 16.4 (14.618.4) 24.4 (20.329.0) 22.4 (20.424.5)
Hawaii 16.8 (14.519.4) 24.9 (19.231.7) 23.0 (17.030.4) 16.7 (14.219.5) 17.1 (11.125.3) 17.7 (14.721.2)
Illinois 12.7 (10.814.9) 20.5 (16.425.5) 24.2 (14.138.3) 10.3 (8.312.8) 17.2 (12.622.9) 13.5 (10.317.5)
Indiana 13.3 (10.916.0) 25.1 (17.035.5) 27.2 (17.140.3) 12.6 (9.616.3) 28.2 (19.738.5) 13.7 (11.216.6)
Kentucky 15.4 (13.817.1) 23.1 (17.130.4) 27.3 (12.849.0) 14.8 (12.517.5) 16.9 (11.024.9) 14.8 (12.217.9)
Maine 14.3 (13.415.2) 28.1 (24.931.6) 24.1 (19.928.9) 14.1 (12.915.4) 23.9 (19.928.4) 15.4 (14.016.8)
Maryland 18.2 (17.618.8) 27.3 (25.828.8) 29.2 (26.632.0) 16.0 (15.316.8) 26.5 (24.828.3) 18.9 (18.219.7)
Massachusetts 13.6 (11.216.5) 26.2 (21.331.6) 26.4 (16.938.6) 11.8 (9.514.6) 25.3 (18.433.6) 15.8 (12.919.2)
Michigan 14.7 (12.017.9) 25.1 (18.433.1) 21.8 (12.834.5) 12.9 (9.816.9) 16.2 (10.324.7) 16.5 (13.520.1)
Nevada 12.0 (9.914.6) 15.4 (7.628.7) 25.4 (15.039.8) 9.8 (7.712.3) 17.0 (10.626.1) 13.2 (10.915.9)
New Mexico 13.4 (12.414.6) 19.5 (15.724.1) 23.9 (18.130.9) 13.0 (11.714.4) 19.1 (14.724.4) 13.9 (12.715.3)
New York 17.7 (15.520.1) 24.7 (20.629.3) 26.4 (19.135.2) 15.5 (13.218.0) 24.5 (21.327.9) 15.3 (13.517.2)
North Carolina 16.6 (14.818.5) 30.4 (22.839.3) 13.9 (7.524.3) 15.2 (12.817.9) 31.0 (22.840.6) 16.3 (13.419.7)
North Dakota 10.7 (9.312.4) 22.7 (16.230.8) 23.5 (13.837.0) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oklahoma 11.7 (9.514.3) 18.5 (10.031.9) 25.2 (10.748.8) 10.6 (8.712.9) 21.4 (11.835.7) 13.6 (10.317.7)
Pennsylvania 14.1 (12.116.4) 30.9 (24.338.3) 11.3 (5.421.9) 15.2 (12.718.1) 22.2 (14.233.1) 14.4 (12.017.3)
Rhode Island 14.6 (11.518.3) 22.1 (14.931.5) 30.0 (21.540.1) 12.3 (9.016.8) 22.0 (12.236.3) 15.5 (11.520.6)
Vermont 12.5 (12.013.0) 28.4 (26.230.7) 24.9 (22.028.0) 12.1 (11.412.8) 24.0 (21.626.5) 15.1 (14.315.8)
West Virginia 15.0 (12.617.8) 24.8 (17.034.6) 37.6 (25.251.9) 15.3 (12.418.7) 26.2 (20.233.2) 14.0 (10.718.2)
Wyoming 11.3 (9.513.4) 30.0 (23.138.1) 18.2 (12.126.6) 11.3 (8.814.4) 22.7 (16.830.0) 11.2 (9.113.6)
Median 14.3 24.7 25.2 13.0 22.7 15.3
Range 10.719.2 15.430.9 11.341.7 9.819.3 16.231.0 11.222.4
Large urban school district surveys
Baltimore, MD 22.3 (17.827.4) 30.2 (24.736.3) 17.2 (8.232.5) 18.6 (13.924.5) 24.1 (17.232.7) 22.5 (17.029.3)
Boston, MA 25.4 (22.628.4) 23.4 (16.731.8) 35.5 (25.147.5) 23.2 (19.527.3) 22.1 (15.031.4) 26.8 (23.131.0)
Broward County, FL 23.2 (20.026.9) 23.4 (16.432.3) 43.1 (32.954.0) 21.7 (17.426.8) 21.2 (13.631.4) 24.8 (20.429.8)
Cleveland, OH 29.7 (26.433.2) 32.1 (25.539.5) 34.5 (23.447.7) 26.1 (22.929.6) 31.5 (23.341.0) 32.1 (26.638.2)
DeKalb County, GA 21.1 (18.823.5) 23.7 (18.030.4) 25.4 (17.535.4) 19.6 (16.423.2) 27.2 (20.235.4) 19.6 (16.423.3)
Detroit, MI 25.1 (22.527.8) 21.0 (14.130.1) 26.0 (16.738.1) 24.1 (20.428.2) 17.4 (11.625.3) 26.6 (22.431.2)
District of Columbia 24.6 (23.625.7) 30.4 (27.733.2) 27.7 (23.132.8) 22.3 (20.923.9) 27.8 (25.030.9) 24.9 (23.526.5)
Duval County, FL 22.8 (20.625.1) 30.6 (26.734.7) 40.2 (31.050.1) 20.2 (17.323.4) 32.5 (27.238.2) 23.6 (20.926.5)
Ft. Worth, TX 14.5 (12.816.4) 18.6 (12.726.3) 34.6 (25.744.7) 11.7 (9.514.4) 19.5 (12.828.7) 18.2 (15.421.2)
Houston, TX 19.5 (17.621.6) 31.8 (26.437.7) 28.9 (21.737.4) 19.0 (16.521.9) 23.7 (17.830.8) 19.5 (17.221.9)
Los Angeles, CA 13.8 (11.516.4) 17.4 (10.228.1) 14.0 (7.624.3) 13.6 (10.417.6) 19.6 (12.529.5) 13.7 (11.416.5)
Miami-Dade County, FL 18.3 (16.220.7) 28.8 (23.035.3) 35.6 (25.347.4) 16.5 (14.219.0) 26.6 (19.535.2) 20.8 (17.225.0)
New York City, NY 19.1 (17.920.4) 25.9 (19.833.1) 29.6 (22.138.4) 18.1 (15.920.6) 23.8 (19.129.2) 19.8 (17.622.2)
Oakland, CA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Orange County, FL 18.3 (16.020.8) 17.9 (12.425.3) 33.9 (24.744.5) 14.4 (11.118.6) 21.4 (15.029.7) 21.1 (18.124.6)
Palm Beach County, FL 20.1 (18.022.4) 27.4 (20.235.9) 36.1 (29.143.6) 17.4 (14.920.3) 26.0 (19.633.7) 21.2 (17.824.9)
Philadelphia, PA 22.9 (20.325.7) 27.9 (22.034.6) 35.8 (22.851.3) 21.2 (18.624.1) 25.1 (16.735.9) 25.8 (22.030.0)
San Diego, CA 12.9 (11.214.7) 14.8 (10.121.3) 17.8 (10.528.7) 11.0 (9.213.0) 17.1 (11.424.7) 13.8 (11.316.7)
San Francisco, CA 17.3 (14.420.6) 18.2 (10.529.6) 26.2 (16.239.4) 18.2 (14.522.6) 14.4 (7.027.3) 16.1 (12.919.9)
Median 20.6 24.8 31.7 18.8 23.7 21.2
Range 12.929.7 14.832.1 14.043.1 11.026.1 14.432.5 13.732.1
* Doing any kind of physical activity that increased their heart rate and made them breathe hard some of the time during the 7 days before the survey.
95% confidence interval.
Not available.

186 MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
 Surveillance Summaries

TABLE 106. Percentage of high school students who were physically active at least 60 minutes/day on 5 or more days,* by sexual identity and
sex of sexual contacts United States and selected U.S. sites, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2015
% CI
National survey
(all students) 48.6 (46.051.2)

Sexual identity Sex of sexual contacts

Heterosexual Gay, lesbian, or Opposite sex Same sex only or No
(straight) bisexual Not sure only both sexes sexual contact
Site % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI
National survey
Total 51.6 (49.154.1) 29.5 (24.535.0) 28.9 (23.834.6) 52.5 (49.755.2) 33.7 (28.139.8) 47.8 (44.750.9)
Male 60.4 (57.962.8) 26.8 (20.034.9) 32.0 (23.741.7) 63.3 (59.966.5) 32.1 (23.841.8) 54.6 (50.758.6)
Female 41.4 (37.445.5) 30.5 (25.436.1) 27.5 (22.533.1) 38.6 (34.243.3) 34.3 (28.840.2) 41.3 (37.645.2)
State surveys
Arizona 47.8 (42.952.8) 31.5 (23.041.5) 25.3 (15.239.0) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Arkansas 45.3 (41.749.0) 33.4 (22.346.7) 27.5 (16.941.3) 43.0 (38.547.6) 41.2 (25.359.1) 46.5 (41.151.9)
California 50.0 (46.453.6) 32.6 (25.041.3) 40.2 (25.956.4) 48.3 (43.053.7) 37.3 (23.653.2) 49.4 (45.952.9)
Connecticut 48.8 (44.053.6) 23.1 (17.629.6) 20.8 (12.532.5) 51.8 (47.056.5) 33.3 (22.746.0) 42.0 (36.847.3)
Delaware 45.3 (42.248.5) 28.5 (22.335.7) 29.5 (20.540.3) 43.6 (39.647.7) 36.4 (26.347.9) 44.3 (40.448.3)
Florida 43.3 (41.345.2) 32.0 (26.737.7) 29.7 (23.337.0) 48.0 (45.450.6) 35.9 (30.641.6) 36.9 (34.839.1)
Hawaii 39.8 (37.741.9) 26.1 (21.431.3) 29.9 (22.838.2) 38.8 (36.241.4) 31.8 (24.939.5) 39.1 (36.042.3)
Illinois 52.1 (47.756.4) 33.8 (27.241.2) 37.6 (27.249.3) 55.8 (51.260.3) 31.1 (23.939.4) 49.5 (43.655.5)
Indiana 50.3 (46.654.0) 25.5 (18.933.5) 23.4 (12.340.0) 52.2 (47.357.0) 22.0 (14.532.1) 45.5 (40.650.4)
Kentucky 39.1 (34.743.8) 24.9 (18.133.1) 20.8 (11.235.3) 41.7 (36.646.9) 22.5 (15.631.3) 37.6 (31.843.8)
Maine 43.5 (41.845.1) 23.2 (19.327.6) 31.0 (26.436.1) 44.7 (42.846.6) 26.3 (22.630.3) 40.7 (38.243.2)
Maryland 39.6 (38.740.4) 23.3 (21.924.8) 23.8 (21.726.1) 43.0 (41.844.3) 26.6 (24.828.4) 36.3 (35.537.1)
Massachusetts 47.4 (43.251.6) 26.6 (19.734.8) 29.3 (20.739.6) 50.3 (46.054.6) 31.2 (24.638.7) 43.5 (39.247.9)
Michigan 47.8 (41.354.4) 32.7 (25.141.4) 35.3 (22.450.9) 51.2 (43.658.8) 37.0 (27.747.4) 44.9 (38.451.5)
Nevada 52.4 (48.756.1) 43.1 (30.057.1) 31.3 (19.546.1) 55.8 (52.059.6) 47.6 (36.758.7) 48.5 (43.953.2)
New Mexico 55.3 (53.157.5) 34.1 (30.138.3) 40.1 (34.146.4) 55.9 (53.558.3) 36.5 (32.241.1) 53.2 (50.455.9)
New York 44.2 (40.947.6) 29.4 (24.135.3) 30.5 (23.738.1) 47.7 (43.152.4) 23.1 (17.729.5) 45.0 (40.849.3)
North Carolina 45.4 (43.147.8) 27.7 (18.239.7) 29.9 (20.341.8) 46.4 (40.652.2) 25.3 (18.433.9) 43.2 (40.445.9)
North Dakota 53.7 (51.156.3) 31.3 (22.541.6) 33.8 (21.548.8) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oklahoma 56.7 (53.759.6) 32.5 (22.844.0) 29.9 (14.951.0) 58.5 (54.462.5) 36.7 (21.155.6) 51.9 (48.255.6)
Pennsylvania 47.6 (44.550.7) 29.7 (22.837.6) 35.2 (25.546.3) 49.2 (45.452.9) 29.5 (21.539.0) 44.9 (41.248.7)
Rhode Island 47.0 (41.152.9) 23.4 (14.835.1) 25.1 (13.541.9) 47.6 (41.254.2) 30.1 (20.741.6) 44.5 (37.551.6)
Vermont 48.2 (47.448.9) 28.6 (26.430.8) 31.7 (28.635.0) 50.1 (49.151.1) 35.6 (32.938.4) 42.9 (41.943.9)
West Virginia 47.5 (44.051.0) 30.8 (20.943.0) 23.0 (13.736.1) 47.6 (44.650.5) 33.3 (23.944.2) 46.9 (42.951.0)
Wyoming 53.5 (50.256.9) 27.1 (19.536.5) 34.5 (25.145.2) 53.3 (49.357.3) 32.1 (25.339.7) 53.3 (48.458.0)
Median 47.6 29.4 29.9 48.3 32.1 44.9
Range 39.156.7 23.143.1 20.840.2 38.858.5 22.047.6 36.353.3
Large urban school district surveys
Baltimore, MD 39.5 (34.444.8) 26.3 (18.835.6) 21.6 (12.135.7) 45.0 (39.450.9) 22.1 (14.133.0) 37.1 (29.844.9)
Boston, MA 31.4 (28.434.5) 25.1 (18.233.6) 13.4 (6.525.9) 34.3 (30.138.8) 23.5 (16.332.7) 28.0 (24.132.2)
Broward County, FL 36.8 (33.340.5) 18.4 (12.925.5) 20.1 (11.931.7) 41.1 (36.146.2) 23.1 (16.731.1) 30.8 (26.036.0)
Cleveland, OH 29.0 (25.532.7) 26.7 (21.632.5) 27.6 (18.139.7) 32.6 (29.036.5) 30.6 (24.637.2) 25.5 (20.431.3)
DeKalb County, GA 43.4 (40.646.1) 27.4 (21.334.5) 24.9 (16.236.4) 45.1 (41.748.6) 28.1 (21.835.5) 40.4 (35.945.0)
Detroit, MI 28.9 (25.632.3) 26.3 (20.233.4) 15.7 (8.228.0) 34.6 (30.938.5) 29.5 (22.437.8) 27.7 (23.432.4)
District of Columbia 32.3 (31.233.4) 23.0 (20.725.6) 22.3 (18.227.0) 36.0 (34.337.8) 24.3 (21.627.2) 30.0 (28.531.6)
Duval County, FL 31.1 (28.933.4) 21.1 (16.926.1) 23.3 (15.932.7) 32.9 (29.536.5) 24.8 (19.930.5) 29.1 (26.332.0)
Ft. Worth, TX 43.9 (41.446.4) 30.5 (23.139.1) 20.5 (13.030.7) 48.1 (44.651.6) 28.7 (21.537.2) 38.8 (34.842.8)
Houston, TX 37.0 (33.940.3) 22.3 (18.526.5) 21.3 (15.528.6) 38.2 (34.941.7) 23.3 (18.129.4) 35.8 (31.840.0)
Los Angeles, CA 48.1 (44.451.9) 34.9 (24.247.4) 34.5 (23.647.2) 49.5 (44.754.3) 35.2 (24.248.1) 45.6 (41.150.0)
Miami-Dade County, FL 37.6 (35.339.9) 24.0 (17.731.8) 20.5 (12.232.4) 44.0 (40.347.8) 26.8 (18.736.8) 30.0 (27.033.3)
New York City, NY 40.0 (37.842.2) 36.4 (27.945.8) 29.8 (22.338.5) 44.5 (41.347.8) 35.9 (29.742.7) 37.3 (33.341.5)
Oakland, CA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Orange County, FL 41.4 (38.244.7) 34.2 (26.642.6) 37.3 (26.849.1) 42.9 (38.547.5) 36.9 (28.446.3) 40.0 (35.844.4)
Palm Beach County, FL 38.6 (35.741.4) 22.8 (17.030.0) 20.4 (13.729.3) 40.8 (37.044.7) 25.8 (19.433.4) 36.1 (32.240.1)
Philadelphia, PA 35.5 (31.939.2) 23.2 (18.229.2) 24.0 (17.531.9) 37.9 (33.043.1) 26.8 (22.331.9) 29.9 (25.135.2)
San Diego, CA 52.5 (48.756.3) 39.2 (32.246.6) 41.7 (32.152.1) 54.4 (50.558.2) 42.1 (33.151.8) 50.1 (45.554.6)
San Francisco, CA 44.9 (40.449.4) 32.9 (23.044.6) 32.9 (23.144.6) 43.1 (38.048.3) 37.6 (27.548.9) 45.8 (40.950.7)
Median 38.1 26.3 22.8 42.0 27.5 35.9
Range 28.952.5 18.439.2 13.441.7 32.654.4 22.142.1 25.550.1
* Doing any kind of physical activity that increased their heart rate and made them breathe hard some of the time during the 7 days before the survey.
95% confidence interval.
Not available.

US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 187
 Surveillance Summaries

TABLE 107. Percentage of high school students who were physically active at least 60 minutes/day on all 7 days,* by sexual identity and sex
of sexual contacts United States and selected U.S. sites, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2015
% CI
National survey
(all students) 27.1 (25.428.8)

Sexual identity Sex of sexual contacts

Heterosexual Gay, lesbian, or Opposite sex Same sex only or No
(straight) bisexual Not sure only both sexes sexual contact
Site % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI
National survey
Total 28.8 (27.030.6) 15.3 (12.119.2) 14.1 (10.318.8) 31.2 (28.833.7) 19.5 (15.724.1) 23.9 (22.225.8)
Male 37.6 (35.140.1) 16.6 (11.523.4) 19.2 (12.827.6) 41.5 (38.145.0) 20.2 (14.128.1) 30.7 (27.234.5)
Female 18.6 (17.020.3) 15.1 (11.819.2) 10.6 (6.317.3) 17.9 (15.620.5) 19.3 (15.423.9) 17.5 (15.819.3)
State surveys
Arizona 26.4 (23.529.5) 16.7 (8.430.2) 17.8 (8.034.9) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Arkansas 29.8 (26.833.1) 22.8 (15.731.9) 17.1 (9.129.8) 29.5 (26.332.9) 31.4 (22.042.7) 28.8 (23.534.6)
California 26.8 (23.330.5) 17.1 (11.325.1) 11.9 (4.826.7) 25.2 (19.931.2) 24.0 (12.042.0) 25.4 (21.330.1)
Connecticut 27.6 (24.730.6) 10.7 (6.716.6) 11.9 (5.523.8) 32.2 (28.336.4) 15.2 (8.825.1) 21.2 (18.823.8)
Delaware 25.6 (23.128.3) 17.4 (12.324.2) 15.0 (8.824.5) 26.6 (22.830.8) 21.7 (14.331.6) 23.1 (20.825.6)
Florida 25.0 (23.426.8) 17.2 (13.421.8) 14.7 (10.320.7) 29.5 (27.331.7) 19.0 (15.223.6) 19.6 (17.821.6)
Hawaii 21.2 (19.622.8) 13.3 (9.717.9) 19.6 (12.529.3) 22.5 (19.925.4) 14.4 (8.223.9) 20.2 (18.022.5)
Illinois 28.4 (25.032.0) 18.8 (13.226.1) 14.3 (7.924.3) 30.2 (26.034.7) 18.8 (12.726.9) 25.9 (22.130.1)
Indiana 27.7 (25.030.7) 14.4 (10.219.8) 7.1 (2.121.6) 29.5 (24.634.9) 11.2 (5.920.0) 23.5 (21.026.2)
Kentucky 21.3 (17.925.1) 15.7 (9.325.3) 7.5 (2.420.9) 23.7 (19.428.6) 11.4 (6.220.2) 18.9 (15.023.5)
Maine 23.0 (21.724.3) 10.2 (7.913.1) 17.8 (14.721.5) 25.7 (23.727.7) 12.6 (9.816.0) 19.3 (17.821.0)
Maryland 21.1 (20.521.7) 12.0 (10.913.2) 10.2 (8.811.8) 24.3 (23.425.3) 14.3 (12.815.9) 17.9 (17.218.6)
Massachusetts 25.7 (22.828.8) 11.2 (7.516.5) 11.8 (6.420.7) 28.5 (24.832.5) 15.1 (11.819.2) 21.3 (17.925.2)
Michigan 25.8 (21.930.2) 17.8 (12.924.1) 11.1 (6.717.9) 30.5 (24.836.8) 17.8 (11.826.0) 20.8 (17.324.7)
Nevada 29.4 (26.033.1) 26.8 (19.935.2) 16.4 (7.831.4) 33.9 (30.038.1) 25.6 (18.933.8) 24.9 (21.428.7)
New Mexico 33.0 (31.334.8) 19.0 (15.822.6) 20.3 (15.326.4) 35.2 (32.837.6) 19.3 (15.124.3) 30.0 (27.732.3)
New York 24.9 (22.727.2) 15.5 (11.320.9) 17.2 (12.523.2) 29.1 (26.332.1) 11.9 (9.115.4) 23.2 (20.226.5)
North Carolina 25.6 (23.827.5) 15.7 (8.427.5) 13.0 (4.830.6) 26.8 (23.929.9) 10.7 (5.619.6) 23.7 (20.127.8)
North Dakota 26.7 (24.329.3) 13.2 (8.320.4) 18.1 (9.531.8) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oklahoma 34.7 (31.837.8) 12.6 (6.423.4) 13.5 (3.937.7) 37.4 (33.241.7) 18.2 (8.534.8) 29.3 (24.734.4)
Pennsylvania 26.2 (23.728.9) 15.4 (10.322.5) 13.4 (6.725.0) 29.9 (26.333.8) 18.4 (11.029.2) 20.3 (17.523.5)
Rhode Island 21.9 (19.324.8) 8.0 (4.314.4) 16.5 (7.731.6) 23.3 (19.227.9) 12.7 (8.119.4) 19.2 (15.823.2)
Vermont 24.3 (23.624.9) 14.6 (13.016.5) 15.4 (13.118.0) 26.9 (26.027.8) 18.3 (16.220.6) 19.3 (18.620.2)
West Virginia 27.9 (24.831.1) 14.3 (8.822.2) 10.6 (5.619.0) 29.3 (26.532.3) 18.5 (13.025.8) 24.2 (20.528.3)
Wyoming 28.7 (26.131.4) 11.6 (7.218.2) 23.6 (16.233.1) 30.9 (27.035.0) 16.8 (11.723.6) 26.3 (23.030.0)
Median 26.2 15.4 14.7 29.3 17.8 23.1
Range 21.134.7 8.026.8 7.123.6 22.537.4 10.731.4 17.930.0
Large urban school district surveys
Baltimore, MD 22.9 (18.827.6) 9.3 (4.817.4) 15.1 (5.834.1) 26.3 (20.832.7) 11.6 (6.220.7) 20.9 (16.126.8)
Boston, MA 16.6 (14.519.0) 12.9 (7.920.3) 9.1 (3.720.7) 18.5 (15.621.8) 14.6 (8.823.4) 13.3 (10.416.9)
Broward County, FL 19.5 (16.622.7) 11.8 (7.318.4) 8.6 (3.917.7) 24.4 (20.229.1) 11.6 (6.619.5) 14.0 (11.117.4)
Cleveland, OH 17.2 (14.819.9) 14.7 (11.019.4) 13.1 (7.122.9) 19.2 (16.222.6) 19.7 (14.126.9) 14.6 (11.318.8)
DeKalb County, GA 25.3 (23.027.9) 15.7 (11.021.9) 17.0 (9.728.1) 28.4 (25.231.8) 18.6 (13.425.3) 21.2 (17.625.2)
Detroit, MI 15.8 (13.318.6) 17.1 (11.724.3) 13.3 (6.325.8) 20.7 (17.224.6) 20.4 (14.527.9) 12.9 (10.116.5)
District of Columbia 17.2 (16.318.2) 11.4 (9.713.4) 9.2 (6.612.6) 20.0 (18.621.5) 12.3 (10.314.6) 14.9 (13.716.2)
Duval County, FL 17.0 (15.218.9) 11.5 (8.415.7) 10.2 (5.916.9) 18.6 (16.221.2) 12.9 (9.117.8) 15.2 (13.117.4)
Ft. Worth, TX 25.5 (23.427.7) 18.3 (12.925.3) 11.5 (6.419.8) 30.0 (26.833.5) 18.9 (12.926.8) 20.7 (17.823.8)
Houston, TX 21.6 (19.124.3) 11.9 (8.815.7) 13.7 (9.120.2) 24.1 (21.127.2) 12.7 (9.317.3) 19.2 (16.022.9)
Los Angeles, CA 24.1 (22.026.3) 14.4 (7.924.8) 17.2 (8.232.6) 27.5 (22.932.6) 17.9 (11.427.0) 20.1 (17.223.3)
Miami-Dade County, FL 20.1 (18.222.1) 11.8 (6.919.7) 14.3 (7.326.1) 23.5 (21.026.3) 14.5 (8.124.7) 16.7 (14.419.3)
New York City, NY 21.7 (20.023.5) 17.2 (13.921.3) 17.0 (11.724.1) 26.9 (24.229.9) 19.4 (14.725.0) 18.4 (16.320.6)
Oakland, CA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Orange County, FL 23.1 (20.326.1) 12.5 (6.622.4) 20.0 (10.933.6) 23.6 (19.628.0) 15.9 (9.026.4) 21.8 (18.625.5)
Palm Beach County, FL 21.8 (19.524.4) 12.1 (8.117.7) 10.0 (5.717.2) 25.2 (21.928.7) 11.6 (7.417.7) 18.9 (16.122.1)
Philadelphia, PA 21.7 (19.923.6) 11.8 (9.414.7) 9.8 (4.818.9) 23.1 (20.326.2) 15.3 (11.520.0) 16.8 (13.520.7)
San Diego, CA 27.8 (24.631.3) 22.6 (15.931.2) 17.8 (8.932.3) 28.7 (25.032.7) 27.1 (18.138.5) 25.6 (22.229.2)
San Francisco, CA 19.9 (16.823.3) 11.4 (6.918.4) 8.9 (4.417.4) 22.7 (18.427.7) 12.9 (7.022.6) 17.7 (14.721.2)
Median 21.6 12.3 13.2 23.8 15.0 18.0
Range 15.827.8 9.322.6 8.620.0 18.530.0 11.627.1 12.925.6
* Doing any kind of physical activity that increased their heart rate and made them breathe hard some of the time during the 7 days before the survey.
95% confidence interval.
Not available.

188 MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
 Surveillance Summaries

TABLE 108. Percentage of high school students who participated in muscle strengthening activities on 3 or more days,* by sexual identity and
sex of sexual contacts United States, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2015
% CI
National survey
(all students) 53.4 (51.155.6)

Sexual identity Sex of sexual contacts

Heterosexual Gay, lesbian, or Opposite sex Same sex only or No
(straight) bisexual Not sure only both sexes sexual contact
Site % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI
National survey
Total 56.2 (54.058.3) 33.9 (29.338.8) 35.8 (28.843.4) 58.8 (56.660.9) 39.0 (33.644.6) 51.1 (48.154.0)
Male 65.8 (63.668.0) 38.6 (29.448.7) 42.7 (30.655.7) 70.4 (68.172.7) 40.9 (32.050.3) 59.5 (55.563.4)
Female 45.0 (41.448.6) 32.7 (28.437.4) 30.4 (22.639.6) 44.0 (39.149.2) 38.3 (32.744.3) 42.9 (39.746.2)
* Such as, pushups, situps, or weight lifting, during the 7 days before the survey.
95% confidence interval.

US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 189
 Surveillance Summaries

TABLE 109. Percentage of high school students who played video or computer games or used a computer for 3 or more hours/day,* by sexual
identity and sex of sexual contacts United States and selected U.S. sites, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2015
% CI
National survey
(all students) 41.7 (39.344.2)

Sexual identity Sex of sexual contacts

Heterosexual Gay, lesbian, or Opposite sex Same sex only or No
(straight) bisexual Not sure only both sexes sexual contact
Site % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI
National survey
Total 40.2 (37.443.0) 52.2 (47.856.5) 53.3 (46.659.8) 40.1 (37.642.7) 52.0 (48.555.5) 42.7 (39.346.2)
Male 39.6 (36.542.7) 48.8 (40.657.1) 59.1 (51.666.2) 38.4 (35.641.2) 54.3 (46.462.0) 43.4 (38.648.4)
Female 40.9 (37.544.5) 53.5 (48.858.1) 49.3 (40.258.3) 42.4 (38.646.3) 51.2 (47.155.3) 42.1 (38.545.7)
State surveys
Arizona 40.4 (35.245.9) 53.0 (43.262.5) 35.0 (18.755.8) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Arkansas 40.7 (36.045.6) 45.4 (35.256.0) 40.6 (23.160.8) 40.6 (35.246.3) 46.3 (35.657.4) 42.7 (37.747.9)
California 40.5 (34.546.8) 54.5 (44.064.7) 53.5 (36.969.4) 40.2 (32.848.2) 53.7 (37.069.6) 43.3 (37.749.0)
Connecticut 36.5 (33.639.6) 45.8 (36.255.6) 51.2 (38.364.0) 35.6 (32.439.0) 45.2 (34.356.6) 40.8 (35.746.1)
Delaware 34.9 (31.738.3) 43.9 (36.851.3) 36.2 (27.745.7) 33.3 (28.738.3) 37.6 (26.949.6) 37.4 (33.941.0)
Florida 40.9 (39.242.7) 52.7 (48.057.2) 53.6 (46.460.7) 41.5 (39.243.7) 50.8 (45.755.9) 42.7 (40.445.0)
Hawaii 40.3 (38.741.9) 44.4 (38.950.0) 43.0 (34.452.1) 37.0 (33.840.3) 36.7 (28.445.9) 45.3 (42.847.9)
Illinois 36.3 (32.440.4) 42.2 (35.549.2) 37.9 (24.753.3) 36.8 (32.541.4) 44.1 (37.051.5) 38.2 (32.744.1)
Indiana 37.9 (33.942.1) 39.7 (31.548.5) 44.1 (32.856.1) 35.4 (30.740.3) 45.3 (36.254.7) 41.9 (36.547.5)
Kentucky 38.5 (35.241.8) 52.7 (41.963.3) 54.8 (37.671.0) 35.7 (32.239.5) 48.7 (39.957.5) 45.5 (40.250.9)
Maine 36.4 (34.438.4) 54.1 (50.257.9) 47.5 (43.851.1) 35.4 (33.137.7) 47.6 (43.651.6) 40.3 (37.343.3)
Maryland 37.5 (36.838.3) 42.9 (41.144.6) 44.6 (41.747.7) 37.5 (36.638.5) 43.7 (41.845.6) 40.2 (39.541.0)
Massachusetts 41.5 (38.844.2) 59.2 (52.365.8) 55.2 (41.867.8) 40.0 (36.543.6) 52.6 (46.658.5) 45.6 (42.748.6)
Michigan 39.3 (35.743.0) 51.0 (43.458.5) 53.4 (39.966.4) 39.1 (34.244.2) 40.9 (33.648.6) 44.0 (39.848.3)
Nevada 35.7 (32.139.4) 42.0 (34.050.4) 45.2 (31.060.1) 33.1 (29.037.4) 40.4 (32.449.0) 40.5 (35.146.0)
New Mexico 37.6 (35.839.5) 45.9 (41.949.9) 45.9 (37.954.2) 38.2 (35.640.9) 45.5 (40.850.2) 39.2 (37.041.4)
New York 37.4 (34.040.9) 39.9 (33.346.9) 34.4 (27.542.0) 37.0 (32.941.3) 39.2 (30.249.1) 39.3 (35.643.1)
North Carolina 41.1 (37.045.3) 51.7 (43.659.6) 47.1 (27.068.1) 42.5 (36.249.0) 39.0 (27.951.4) 43.2 (38.648.0)
North Dakota 37.0 (34.839.2) 56.6 (46.666.1) 49.4 (35.863.2) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oklahoma 44.7 (41.248.2) 62.7 (47.276.0) 51.5 (32.869.8) 43.6 (38.748.6) 65.9 (52.177.4) 45.3 (41.049.6)
Pennsylvania 41.4 (38.644.1) 56.5 (46.665.9) 51.9 (38.165.5) 41.3 (38.144.5) 53.7 (43.963.2) 44.3 (40.448.3)
Rhode Island 38.2 (32.844.0) 50.1 (42.158.0) 58.3 (46.669.1) 39.8 (35.943.9) 42.0 (30.954.1) 41.8 (34.649.3)
Vermont NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
West Virginia 41.2 (36.845.8) 57.2 (44.669.0) 55.3 (41.968.0) 41.1 (36.745.6) 52.0 (42.661.1) 45.6 (39.252.1)
Wyoming 28.7 (26.231.4) 38.6 (30.647.3) 44.2 (33.755.3) 27.7 (24.930.8) 39.5 (32.347.2) 31.4 (28.734.3)
Median 38.3 50.5 47.3 37.9 45.2 42.3
Range 28.744.7 38.662.7 34.458.3 27.743.6 36.765.9 31.445.6
Large urban school district surveys
Baltimore, MD 36.9 (31.942.2) 29.2 (21.338.5) 31.8 (18.748.5) 41.6 (35.847.7) 29.1 (20.439.7) 36.3 (29.044.3)
Boston, MA 43.3 (40.246.5) 52.6 (44.360.8) 51.7 (36.067.1) 41.8 (37.745.9) 49.0 (38.659.5) 49.1 (44.653.5)
Broward County, FL 40.4 (36.944.0) 44.3 (35.753.3) 49.7 (38.361.1) 39.1 (34.943.4) 40.9 (31.551.1) 44.9 (40.649.3)
Cleveland, OH 45.2 (41.149.3) 35.0 (27.942.8) 33.8 (23.046.5) 44.3 (40.148.6) 41.1 (33.249.5) 47.6 (41.254.1)
DeKalb County, GA 36.5 (33.639.4) 37.7 (29.646.5) 36.3 (25.448.9) 35.0 (31.438.7) 44.4 (37.152.0) 38.0 (34.341.9)
Detroit, MI 34.1 (30.737.7) 29.2 (21.238.9) 35.7 (24.548.7) 34.9 (31.538.4) 38.4 (29.148.7) 41.4 (36.047.1)
District of Columbia 37.8 (36.639.0) 41.4 (38.544.3) 38.1 (33.143.5) 39.7 (37.941.5) 37.1 (34.040.4) 39.8 (38.141.5)
Duval County, FL 35.8 (33.837.8) 37.2 (32.042.8) 39.8 (31.448.9) 36.3 (33.539.3) 37.3 (31.343.7) 39.1 (36.641.6)
Ft. Worth, TX 42.3 (39.545.0) 57.4 (50.264.3) 39.9 (27.753.4) 42.5 (38.746.4) 56.9 (49.364.2) 43.0 (39.546.6)
Houston, TX 35.3 (32.937.7) 36.8 (31.342.8) 28.3 (20.837.2) 35.7 (32.439.1) 38.4 (32.344.9) 38.1 (34.941.3)
Los Angeles, CA 40.7 (37.444.1) 49.2 (41.556.9) 56.5 (44.667.7) 42.9 (39.146.8) 44.0 (37.351.0) 41.3 (37.545.2)
Miami-Dade County, FL 41.4 (38.944.0) 48.7 (41.056.6) 45.6 (35.556.1) 41.6 (38.245.1) 52.4 (45.059.7) 42.2 (39.145.4)
New York City, NY 46.0 (43.948.2) 47.7 (40.255.4) 43.3 (37.249.6) 46.1 (42.350.0) 46.7 (39.354.2) 46.6 (43.749.4)
Oakland, CA 42.3 (38.646.1) 44.9 (37.053.1) 36.6 (23.651.9) 41.9 (37.146.8) 30.9 (22.141.3) 47.8 (43.152.5)
Orange County, FL 41.9 (38.545.4) 55.5 (46.164.5) 59.2 (47.769.7) 41.6 (36.946.5) 56.4 (46.365.9) 44.3 (40.148.6)
Palm Beach County, FL 36.8 (34.139.6) 46.3 (37.555.4) 36.2 (26.247.5) 35.4 (31.939.0) 39.2 (30.748.3) 41.4 (37.345.6)
Philadelphia, PA 47.6 (44.350.8) 47.1 (37.257.3) 53.2 (43.662.5) 47.3 (42.851.8) 48.5 (39.757.3) 52.4 (48.156.7)
San Diego, CA 43.6 (40.946.4) 55.2 (47.962.2) 51.8 (42.361.2) 43.1 (39.646.6) 51.8 (43.759.9) 45.8 (42.549.2)
San Francisco, CA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Median 41.1 45.6 39.8 41.6 42.6 42.6
Range 34.147.6 29.257.4 28.359.2 34.947.3 29.156.9 36.352.4
* For something that was not school work on an average school day.
95% confidence interval.
Not available.

190 MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
 Surveillance Summaries

TABLE 110. Percentage of high school students who watched 3 or more hours/day of television,* by sexual identity and sex of sexual contacts
United States and selected U.S. sites, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2015
% CI
National survey
(all students) 24.7 (22.726.9)

Sexual identity Sex of sexual contacts

Heterosexual Gay, lesbian, or Opposite sex Same sex only or No
(straight) bisexual Not sure only both sexes sexual contact
Site % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI
National survey
Total 24.4 (22.027.1) 24.6 (20.828.7) 30.7 (25.536.4) 24.7 (22.527.1) 29.8 (25.634.2) 24.2 (21.327.3)
Male 25.1 (22.627.8) 22.6 (16.630.1) 30.8 (23.639.2) 26.3 (23.629.0) 32.7 (25.640.7) 23.6 (20.127.4)
Female 23.6 (20.826.7) 25.7 (21.330.7) 29.9 (23.137.6) 22.7 (19.825.9) 28.8 (23.534.7) 24.7 (21.428.5)
State surveys
Arizona 23.7 (19.828.1) 25.2 (21.229.7) 30.3 (16.449.2) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Arkansas 31.3 (26.336.8) 28.0 (19.039.3) 33.6 (20.150.6) 31.1 (24.438.7) 29.9 (16.548.0) 32.9 (26.140.4)
California 22.6 (20.025.4) 24.0 (17.831.6) 29.2 (19.541.4) 21.4 (18.424.6) 25.7 (17.835.5) 22.6 (19.426.2)
Connecticut 22.5 (20.125.2) 19.6 (13.427.7) 18.4 (11.228.7) 21.8 (18.925.0) 24.3 (14.238.6) 22.2 (18.526.3)
Delaware 26.9 (24.529.5) 36.3 (28.844.6) 26.5 (17.837.5) 29.3 (25.833.0) 36.4 (26.447.7) 25.7 (22.529.2)
Florida 27.8 (25.630.2) 31.0 (26.635.8) 32.1 (25.040.1) 28.4 (26.030.9) 32.7 (27.738.1) 27.6 (24.730.7)
Hawaii 21.9 (19.824.1) 21.9 (17.626.8) 22.1 (15.231.1) 21.5 (18.624.8) 20.6 (14.229.0) 22.5 (20.724.4)
Illinois 21.7 (18.225.8) 25.5 (19.532.5) 17.7 (8.034.7) 22.6 (18.727.0) 24.0 (17.731.7) 21.3 (16.826.6)
Indiana 22.0 (19.424.8) 20.9 (14.629.2) 28.2 (17.342.6) 21.2 (18.224.5) 28.4 (19.339.8) 21.8 (18.125.9)
Kentucky 23.8 (21.126.7) 39.5 (32.846.6) 34.5 (21.650.2) 24.5 (21.128.1) 33.2 (26.241.0) 25.5 (21.729.8)
Maine 22.9 (21.324.5) 25.3 (22.428.4) 23.6 (18.030.4) 22.5 (20.524.8) 25.8 (23.228.6) 22.8 (21.024.8)
Maryland 26.6 (25.827.4) 27.5 (26.029.2) 27.9 (25.730.3) 28.6 (27.629.6) 31.2 (29.433.1) 25.3 (24.326.3)
Massachusetts NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Michigan 20.6 (17.224.5) 28.7 (21.637.1) 31.9 (17.451.1) 22.7 (18.427.6) 25.7 (18.933.9) 21.0 (17.325.3)
Nevada 22.2 (19.225.6) 19.8 (13.328.5) 23.4 (13.637.2) 23.2 (20.226.5) 18.4 (13.025.5) 22.7 (18.827.1)
New Mexico 23.9 (22.425.4) 28.2 (25.131.7) 30.9 (26.036.4) 25.2 (23.127.3) 28.9 (25.632.6) 23.4 (21.725.1)
New York 24.2 (21.826.7) 25.0 (19.331.6) 26.2 (19.733.9) 23.9 (21.426.7) 25.6 (20.431.5) 25.8 (22.429.6)
North Carolina 30.2 (27.732.8) 35.2 (25.047.0) 22.9 (11.440.7) 29.7 (24.835.1) 28.2 (16.943.1) 31.3 (27.635.3)
North Dakota 18.1 (16.420.1) 25.5 (18.434.4) 22.8 (12.238.6) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oklahoma 28.5 (25.731.5) 28.0 (16.842.7) 41.9 (25.260.7) 28.2 (24.132.6) 34.8 (22.549.7) 29.4 (25.933.0)
Pennsylvania 27.0 (24.329.8) 33.0 (25.341.8) 37.8 (27.449.5) 28.2 (24.931.8) 28.1 (21.236.4) 27.2 (23.231.7)
Rhode Island 22.1 (17.427.5) 23.4 (17.630.4) 23.0 (13.236.9) 20.6 (15.826.4) 26.1 (18.735.2) 23.6 (17.930.4)
Vermont NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
West Virginia 27.2 (23.331.4) 23.2 (17.330.4) 29.6 (18.344.1) 27.3 (22.932.1) 23.1 (16.830.8) 28.7 (23.434.7)
Wyoming 20.7 (18.223.3) 23.4 (17.231.0) 27.9 (17.341.9) 21.8 (18.725.4) 25.7 (18.135.1) 19.4 (16.223.0)
Median 23.7 25.5 27.9 23.9 26.1 23.6
Range 18.131.3 19.639.5 17.741.9 20.631.1 18.436.4 19.432.9
Large urban school district surveys
Baltimore, MD 37.6 (33.142.2) 36.1 (30.042.7) 19.4 (9.435.9) 37.8 (31.045.1) 32.6 (24.342.2) 41.4 (34.748.5)
Boston, MA 31.3 (28.933.8) 31.7 (23.341.5) 13.4 (5.927.6) 32.9 (29.037.0) 37.3 (29.645.6) 27.9 (24.331.8)
Broward County, FL 28.1 (24.731.7) 30.3 (23.338.3) 29.3 (18.543.1) 26.1 (22.230.5) 31.0 (22.740.8) 29.9 (25.135.2)
Cleveland, OH 37.4 (34.140.9) 29.6 (23.336.8) 28.1 (18.540.2) 38.6 (34.642.7) 31.9 (24.240.7) 37.6 (32.343.3)
DeKalb County, GA 32.1 (29.235.1) 27.7 (20.636.1) 15.5 (9.324.6) 31.0 (27.035.3) 29.9 (22.338.8) 31.9 (27.936.2)
Detroit, MI 31.8 (28.835.0) 26.3 (18.935.2) 22.9 (13.935.3) 33.5 (29.238.1) 31.6 (24.639.4) 37.0 (32.142.1)
District of Columbia 32.4 (31.333.6) 35.4 (32.638.3) 22.0 (17.727.0) 34.7 (33.036.5) 31.0 (28.034.1) 32.1 (30.533.8)
Duval County, FL 29.7 (27.731.9) 19.6 (15.524.6) 22.0 (15.929.5) 30.9 (27.834.3) 28.1 (22.634.3) 27.6 (24.930.5)
Ft. Worth, TX 31.6 (29.234.0) 35.2 (27.344.0) 29.1 (21.338.4) 29.3 (25.932.9) 40.8 (31.350.9) 32.9 (29.836.1)
Houston, TX 28.3 (26.030.8) 28.7 (24.133.9) 23.6 (17.630.9) 29.8 (26.833.0) 30.2 (24.337.0) 27.7 (24.930.6)
Los Angeles, CA 26.7 (24.828.6) 29.1 (20.739.2) 39.4 (27.153.3) 27.4 (24.031.1) 29.9 (20.841.0) 26.6 (23.130.4)
Miami-Dade County, FL 27.9 (25.530.3) 35.6 (27.944.0) 36.9 (26.648.6) 29.1 (25.932.6) 38.0 (29.647.1) 27.4 (24.330.8)
New York City, NY 28.2 (25.730.8) 34.0 (27.441.2) 29.4 (23.935.6) 31.0 (26.835.5) 33.0 (28.338.0) 28.3 (26.230.5)
Oakland, CA 30.2 (27.333.2) 29.2 (20.839.3) 24.3 (14.038.8) 33.4 (29.137.9) 30.3 (23.038.9) 29.1 (25.532.9)
Orange County, FL 28.4 (24.832.4) 29.2 (22.437.2) 41.5 (30.653.3) 30.2 (25.435.5) 32.1 (24.241.1) 26.8 (22.931.1)
Palm Beach County, FL 25.8 (23.828.0) 26.5 (20.533.4) 24.3 (16.234.7) 28.0 (25.231.0) 30.1 (22.539.0) 25.0 (22.327.9)
Philadelphia, PA 34.7 (30.239.5) 30.4 (21.640.9) 37.1 (26.648.9) 37.4 (32.942.2) 40.9 (29.653.3) 27.4 (22.532.8)
San Diego, CA 20.2 (18.422.0) 15.3 (10.921.0) 18.3 (11.827.1) 19.4 (17.022.1) 20.4 (14.428.2) 20.3 (17.923.0)
San Francisco, CA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Median 29.9 29.4 24.3 31.0 31.3 28.1
Range 20.237.6 15.336.1 13.441.5 19.438.6 20.440.9 20.341.4
* On an average school day.
95% confidence interval.
Not available.

US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 191
 Surveillance Summaries

TABLE 111. Percentage of high school students who attended physical education (PE) classes on 1 days,* by sexual identity and sex of sexual
contacts United States and selected U.S. sites, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2015
% CI
National survey
(all students) 51.6 (45.957.4)

Sexual identity Sex of sexual contacts

Heterosexual Gay, lesbian, or Opposite sex Same sex only or No
(straight) bisexual Not sure only both sexes sexual contact
Site % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI
National survey
Total 52.2 (46.158.2) 50.2 (42.757.6) 50.7 (41.160.3) 50.0 (43.856.1) 47.7 (40.155.4) 54.9 (48.161.5)
Male 56.2 (49.163.1) 44.7 (34.255.6) 52.9 (42.563.1) 56.0 (49.062.7) 48.9 (37.960.1) 56.4 (48.563.9)
Female 47.6 (41.154.1) 52.4 (43.561.2) 48.8 (36.761.0) 42.1 (35.149.5) 47.3 (38.755.9) 53.5 (46.460.5)
State surveys
Arizona 39.3 (32.946.1) 37.9 (26.750.5) 40.9 (26.956.5) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Arkansas 41.3 (38.244.5) 35.4 (28.742.7) 29.8 (18.344.5) 38.6 (34.742.7) 34.3 (26.043.5) 42.9 (39.546.5)
California 55.8 (48.163.1) 49.6 (39.360.0) 65.0 (52.575.7) 47.9 (40.055.9) 44.5 (28.961.3) 61.4 (53.269.0)
Connecticut 64.0 (55.172.0) 55.0 (43.166.4) 58.9 (45.471.1) 62.4 (53.670.5) 53.8 (39.367.7) 64.5 (54.673.2)
Delaware 39.0 (33.544.8) 33.6 (25.942.3) 33.2 (22.046.6) 36.4 (30.243.0) 33.1 (22.346.1) 41.3 (34.948.1)
Florida 42.0 (39.544.5) 35.2 (30.340.4) 38.6 (30.847.1) 43.5 (40.546.5) 36.8 (31.242.7) 39.8 (36.842.9)
Hawaii 42.3 (39.145.6) 41.5 (34.349.1) 42.9 (33.952.5) 39.0 (35.742.4) 43.2 (37.449.2) 43.9 (39.448.4)
Illinois 79.2 (70.286.0) 71.8 (61.280.5) 77.1 (64.686.1) 79.9 (70.386.9) 75.2 (64.683.5) 80.3 (70.187.7)
Indiana 42.4 (33.751.6) 37.7 (26.949.8) 30.8 (16.550.1) 40.4 (32.149.2) 36.5 (24.250.9) 43.1 (33.253.5)
Kentucky 37.6 (32.343.3) 38.8 (30.647.7) 39.5 (22.359.8) 36.0 (29.742.8) 39.1 (30.248.7) 38.7 (32.045.8)
Maine 39.4 (35.843.1) 34.5 (30.538.6) 40.4 (33.547.7) 35.0 (31.538.6) 36.1 (31.540.9) 42.9 (38.647.4)
Maryland 37.1 (35.838.4) 39.2 (37.241.2) 38.7 (36.141.3) 37.1 (35.938.3) 33.0 (30.635.5) 37.5 (35.939.2)
Massachusetts 55.4 (49.161.5) 54.1 (45.562.4) 53.2 (40.865.1) 53.9 (46.960.7) 45.3 (34.856.1) 57.6 (50.564.4)
Michigan 31.1 (25.936.9) 33.8 (25.143.9) 30.5 (17.647.5) 33.2 (26.640.6) 38.4 (29.248.6) 27.8 (22.434.0)
Nevada 58.8 (50.766.4) 65.7 (54.575.4) 49.7 (33.865.7) 55.9 (46.764.8) 64.0 (52.773.9) 60.7 (52.268.7)
New Mexico 50.4 (47.053.8) 46.0 (40.751.5) 46.9 (38.755.3) 47.7 (44.550.9) 46.9 (40.553.3) 52.1 (47.756.4)
New York 88.6 (85.591.1) 84.2 (78.488.7) 83.6 (75.389.6) 90.1 (87.192.5) 81.1 (74.086.7) 92.9 (89.895.0)
North Carolina 40.5 (34.047.2) 36.5 (25.648.9) 28.2 (12.252.7) 38.5 (32.644.9) 33.1 (25.142.1) 41.1 (30.752.3)
North Dakota 49.9 (44.954.9) 47.4 (38.656.4) 27.8 (17.740.7) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oklahoma 39.1 (33.045.5) 34.1 (22.448.1) 31.2 (13.157.7) 41.1 (34.048.7) 28.3 (15.446.0) 36.9 (30.643.7)
Pennsylvania 59.9 (51.368.0) 54.7 (42.966.1) 60.4 (48.871.0) 56.3 (47.564.7) 58.3 (44.970.7) 63.5 (54.371.9)
Rhode Island 73.8 (66.080.4) 69.7 (61.377.0) 71.6 (58.981.5) 73.4 (65.979.8) 73.0 (62.481.5) 76.3 (66.084.1)
Vermont NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
West Virginia 36.2 (28.344.9) 38.9 (28.250.8) 46.0 (27.965.2) 31.4 (25.837.8) 36.2 (25.049.2) 43.4 (32.455.0)
Wyoming 50.6 (45.555.6) 38.0 (30.646.1) 44.0 (31.856.9) 48.1 (42.953.4) 39.9 (31.249.3) 50.3 (44.056.6)
Median 42.4 39.0 41.9 42.3 39.5 43.6
Range 31.188.6 33.684.2 27.883.6 31.490.1 28.381.1 27.892.9
Large urban school district surveys
Baltimore, MD 31.3 (25.637.7) 39.8 (30.350.1) 39.6 (19.064.6) 32.8 (26.839.4) 39.2 (24.056.8) 29.8 (22.937.7)
Boston, MA 37.9 (30.845.5) 33.5 (23.345.6) 37.0 (22.454.5) 34.3 (27.641.7) 29.5 (20.240.8) 40.8 (31.750.6)
Broward County, FL 37.8 (33.042.9) 39.9 (28.652.5) 29.3 (18.143.7) 41.6 (36.646.7) 37.6 (27.549.0) 34.5 (29.240.2)
Cleveland, OH NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
DeKalb County, GA 41.1 (35.846.6) 42.0 (32.751.9) 31.3 (21.443.3) 41.8 (36.547.3) 35.0 (26.045.2) 41.0 (34.348.1)
Detroit, MI 43.7 (39.148.3) 51.2 (41.061.3) 45.8 (28.364.4) 42.1 (36.448.1) 43.9 (35.153.1) 40.4 (34.646.5)
District of Columbia NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Duval County, FL NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Ft. Worth, TX 52.8 (49.056.6) 45.5 (37.054.3) 51.2 (39.163.0) 51.6 (47.555.7) 41.6 (32.051.9) 54.2 (49.658.8)
Houston, TX 55.2 (51.558.9) 49.2 (43.155.4) 48.9 (40.257.5) 54.5 (50.158.9) 55.8 (48.462.9) 54.3 (50.058.6)
Los Angeles, CA 60.7 (51.169.5) 62.7 (51.173.0) 60.4 (45.074.0) 52.8 (44.061.4) 50.5 (36.564.4) 67.0 (57.275.5)
Miami-Dade County, FL 43.7 (38.648.8) 38.3 (29.747.6) 45.5 (33.657.9) 43.0 (38.447.8) 46.3 (35.058.0) 44.3 (37.251.6)
New York City, NY 84.3 (79.488.3) 83.2 (72.890.1) 84.2 (75.690.1) 83.5 (77.288.3) 82.3 (72.988.9) 87.0 (81.491.1)
Oakland, CA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Orange County, FL 46.6 (40.053.3) 42.2 (32.452.7) 44.2 (29.759.8) 51.3 (44.158.4) 41.2 (31.052.1) 41.4 (33.549.7)
Palm Beach County, FL 41.2 (36.546.1) 38.7 (31.946.0) 45.7 (35.756.0) 40.4 (35.345.6) 43.3 (35.251.8) 42.1 (36.048.4)
Philadelphia, PA 45.2 (37.653.0) 43.7 (37.350.2) 50.3 (36.863.8) 45.7 (38.453.2) 44.1 (34.753.9) 45.8 (36.255.7)
San Diego, CA 58.2 (49.966.0) 61.8 (50.871.7) 63.6 (50.974.6) 50.3 (42.458.2) 55.3 (43.666.5) 66.4 (58.373.6)
San Francisco, CA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Median 44.4 43.0 45.8 44.4 43.6 43.2
Range 31.384.3 33.583.2 29.384.2 32.883.5 29.582.3 29.887.0
* In an average week when they were in school.
95% confidence interval.
Not available.

192 MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
 Surveillance Summaries

TABLE 112. Percentage of high school students who attended PE classes on all 5 days,* by sexual identity and sex of sexual contacts
United States and selected U.S. sites, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2015
% CI
National survey
(all students) 29.8 (24.036.2)

Sexual identity Sex of sexual contacts

Heterosexual Gay, lesbian, or Opposite sex Same sex only or No
(straight) bisexual Not sure only both sexes sexual contact
Site % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI
National survey
Total 30.6 (24.537.3) 27.4 (20.535.7) 29.1 (21.038.8) 31.0 (25.337.3) 26.1 (19.534.1) 30.2 (23.537.8)
Male 35.1 (28.542.3) 22.1 (15.330.9) 28.5 (18.441.3) 36.2 (30.242.8) 24.7 (15.037.8) 33.4 (26.041.7)
Female 25.3 (19.032.8) 30.0 (22.039.5) 28.7 (19.540.1) 24.1 (18.031.5) 26.6 (19.035.9) 27.2 (19.836.2)
State surveys
Arizona 25.0 (17.734.0) 16.6 (8.829.1) 29.2 (18.343.1) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Arkansas 30.6 (25.835.9) 19.0 (12.428.0) 13.4 (6.426.1) 26.8 (22.232.0) 17.6 (9.530.2) 34.3 (28.840.2)
California 38.7 (30.447.7) 34.1 (24.944.7) 47.5 (29.366.3) 33.4 (24.843.2) 26.1 (18.136.2) 43.2 (33.054.0)
Connecticut 13.0 (8.619.3) 6.0 (3.011.7) 7.4 (2.123.2) 11.8 (7.418.4) 9.6 (4.618.8) 13.3 (8.619.9)
Delaware 10.9 (8.713.5) 10.6 (6.716.3) 10.6 (5.320.1) 8.7 (6.311.9) 15.5 (8.526.6) 12.3 (9.316.1)
Florida 22.8 (20.125.6) 15.5 (11.820.0) 16.5 (12.022.4) 23.5 (20.726.5) 16.5 (12.521.5) 21.5 (18.424.9)
Hawaii 6.7 (5.68.0) 5.7 (3.68.9) 9.0 (4.915.9) 6.7 (5.08.8) 6.8 (4.99.3) 6.7 (5.48.2)
Illinois 63.1 (49.974.7) 42.8 (31.155.4) 56.8 (43.369.4) 61.0 (48.272.5) 53.7 (41.365.7) 66.1 (52.577.5)
Indiana 30.0 (23.537.5) 17.7 (11.825.6) 16.5 (6.735.3) 28.1 (22.134.9) 23.3 (15.034.3) 29.0 (20.739.0)
Kentucky 22.5 (17.728.2) 19.0 (11.729.3) 25.2 (14.140.9) 21.8 (16.328.4) 17.7 (11.426.5) 24.7 (18.132.8)
Maine 5.8 (3.88.7) 4.5 (2.87.3) 6.8 (3.812.1) 5.3 (3.67.8) 4.0 (2.56.3) 6.2 (3.710.1)
Maryland 16.4 (15.217.7) 10.8 (9.512.3) 13.6 (11.915.6) 15.5 (14.516.6) 10.0 (8.611.5) 17.5 (16.119.0)
Massachusetts 20.2 (16.025.0) 21.8 (13.433.3) 16.7 (8.630.1) 20.9 (16.426.2) 21.4 (13.332.4) 19.8 (14.726.1)
Michigan 23.0 (17.729.4) 19.7 (14.825.7) 17.0 (9.029.9) 25.3 (18.333.8) 18.8 (12.527.1) 21.0 (16.326.6)
Nevada 29.0 (21.537.8) 31.7 (20.345.7) 24.8 (12.643.0) 29.5 (21.738.7) 29.9 (20.940.7) 28.9 (21.038.2)
New Mexico 28.1 (24.632.0) 20.4 (15.826.0) 22.2 (17.727.6) 26.4 (22.630.6) 21.2 (16.227.3) 29.2 (25.533.3)
New York 18.3 (15.022.3) 18.8 (14.024.9) 18.4 (12.825.7) 18.7 (15.222.8) 14.5 (10.519.6) 19.4 (15.424.2)
North Carolina 26.3 (20.633.0) 17.8 (10.827.8) 9.8 (4.520.2) 24.4 (18.731.1) 14.6 (9.521.9) 27.3 (18.937.7)
North Dakota 37.5 (33.341.9) 29.5 (21.339.4) 16.0 (7.929.7) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oklahoma 35.1 (30.040.6) 31.3 (20.444.9) 27.8 (10.755.4) 36.5 (30.842.5) 28.3 (15.446.0) 33.3 (27.539.6)
Pennsylvania 18.8 (14.324.2) 18.3 (12.526.1) 12.2 (6.222.6) 18.5 (13.924.1) 13.5 (8.420.8) 19.6 (14.925.4)
Rhode Island 18.6 (9.632.9) 18.9 (10.631.4) 15.3 (8.127.1) 17.6 (7.934.6) 17.7 (9.131.4) 19.7 (11.531.6)
Vermont NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
West Virginia 25.4 (18.933.2) 24.9 (16.835.3) 23.1 (10.244.0) 21.5 (16.427.6) 23.9 (16.034.0) 31.2 (22.142.0)
Wyoming 22.5 (18.027.7) 11.9 (7.418.4) 17.2 (10.327.3) 21.2 (17.225.8) 15.3 (10.521.7) 23.0 (17.629.5)
Median 22.9 18.8 16.6 21.6 17.6 22.3
Range 5.863.1 4.542.8 6.856.8 5.361.0 4.053.7 6.266.1
Large urban school district surveys
Baltimore, MD 16.4 (11.722.4) 14.2 (7.924.2) 15.0 (4.938.0) 17.1 (12.722.6) 17.7 (7.038.2) 16.6 (10.724.9)
Boston, MA 8.8 (6.312.1) 10.5 (5.419.3) 2.6 (0.416.8) 9.5 (6.513.8) 9.2 (4.418.2) 7.6 (5.211.0)
Broward County, FL 24.1 (20.228.5) 20.6 (12.931.4) 17.4 (9.629.6) 26.7 (22.032.0) 18.2 (11.727.3) 22.4 (18.327.1)
Cleveland, OH NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
DeKalb County, GA 27.9 (23.532.7) 19.1 (13.326.7) 14.1 (8.422.8) 27.0 (22.432.0) 22.6 (15.132.5) 27.7 (22.433.9)
Detroit, MI 16.8 (13.820.3) 16.7 (10.625.4) 15.6 (7.230.3) 19.2 (15.223.9) 11.8 (6.919.5) 19.6 (15.424.6)
District of Columbia NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Duval County, FL NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Ft. Worth, TX 38.0 (34.741.4) 31.1 (24.039.1) 21.8 (13.932.3) 38.8 (34.842.9) 27.0 (19.935.5) 36.9 (32.741.3)
Houston, TX 24.2 (20.528.5) 16.2 (11.921.6) 12.5 (7.819.4) 24.0 (20.328.2) 18.3 (13.624.2) 23.8 (19.129.2)
Los Angeles, CA 37.3 (26.949.1) 31.2 (20.045.0) 37.6 (23.653.9) 28.6 (20.338.7) 24.5 (12.343.0) 42.6 (30.156.1)
Miami-Dade County, FL 8.7 (7.010.8) 10.1 (6.216.0) 11.7 (5.622.6) 10.6 (8.712.9) 10.3 (5.418.6) 6.4 (4.58.9)
New York City, NY 36.0 (29.343.2) 37.6 (26.750.0) 32.7 (22.844.4) 37.4 (30.345.1) 36.4 (26.048.3) 36.9 (28.945.7)
Oakland, CA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Orange County, FL 30.6 (26.335.3) 23.6 (16.732.3) 28.0 (18.639.8) 35.6 (30.740.8) 20.4 (12.731.3) 26.4 (20.932.7)
Palm Beach County, FL 14.5 (12.117.3) 9.7 (5.915.5) 13.2 (7.621.8) 14.0 (11.516.9) 12.3 (8.018.6) 16.1 (12.320.7)
Philadelphia, PA 17.5 (12.024.7) 15.3 (7.728.1) 22.7 (11.639.7) 17.9 (11.726.4) 16.1 (7.930.0) 18.3 (12.126.6)
San Diego, CA 43.0 (36.549.8) 39.2 (30.548.6) 40.3 (30.151.5) 34.8 (28.941.2) 33.7 (24.743.9) 50.8 (43.458.1)
San Francisco, CA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Median 24.2 17.9 16.5 25.4 18.3 23.1
Range 8.743.0 9.739.2 2.640.3 9.538.8 9.236.4 6.450.8
* In an average week when they were in school.
95% confidence interval.
Not available.

US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 193
 Surveillance Summaries

TABLE 113. Percentage of high school students who played on at least one sports team,* by sexual identity and sex of sexual contacts
United States and selected U.S. sites, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2015
% CI
National survey
(all students) 57.6 (54.061.2)

Sexual identity Sex of sexual contacts

Heterosexual Gay, lesbian, or Opposite sex Same sex only or No
(straight) bisexual Not sure only both sexes sexual contact
Site % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI
National survey
Total 60.7 (56.864.4) 36.9 (32.941.1) 37.4 (30.245.1) 62.1 (58.865.3) 43.2 (37.848.7) 55.9 (50.861.0)
Male 64.3 (61.666.9) 40.5 (33.048.5) 37.5 (26.749.7) 68.5 (65.571.2) 40.3 (32.049.2) 57.4 (53.860.9)
Female 56.4 (50.062.7) 35.5 (31.639.7) 38.0 (29.147.8) 53.9 (48.559.2) 44.1 (38.549.9) 54.6 (47.061.9)
State surveys
Arizona 50.1 (45.554.8) 32.2 (22.244.2) 55.0 (38.070.9) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Arkansas 53.4 (49.657.1) 43.9 (34.353.9) 36.5 (26.248.1) 53.0 (49.956.2) 48.0 (36.060.2) 51.3 (45.457.2)
California 58.2 (54.262.1) 32.9 (23.044.6) 47.9 (30.066.2) 61.4 (56.566.1) 44.2 (32.356.8) 53.4 (47.958.8)
Connecticut NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Delaware 57.7 (53.861.4) 31.5 (24.739.0) 37.1 (26.249.5) 55.2 (50.060.4) 29.8 (20.541.2) 55.9 (51.660.2)
Florida 49.9 (47.552.2) 42.4 (37.147.8) 37.5 (30.844.7) 55.0 (52.257.8) 46.2 (41.750.8) 43.0 (40.545.5)
Hawaii 53.1 (50.955.3) 51.0 (45.356.6) 41.0 (30.053.0) 55.3 (52.857.9) 58.1 (48.766.9) 50.3 (47.153.6)
Illinois 59.4 (54.663.9) 45.0 (38.651.5) 40.7 (30.252.1) 58.1 (52.763.2) 51.2 (43.758.7) 57.9 (51.564.0)
Indiana 63.4 (58.867.8) 40.9 (31.950.6) 49.9 (35.564.4) 63.1 (57.868.1) 42.8 (32.054.3) 61.8 (55.767.6)
Kentucky 52.6 (49.655.5) 39.4 (31.048.4) 39.2 (23.757.3) 54.7 (51.258.1) 50.9 (42.059.7) 48.7 (43.154.4)
Maine NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Maryland NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Massachusetts 63.5 (59.467.3) 38.1 (30.945.8) 37.0 (24.851.1) 64.4 (59.569.1) 48.7 (41.555.9) 58.9 (54.463.3)
Michigan NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Nevada 56.1 (52.060.2) 48.5 (37.659.6) 28.5 (18.341.5) 59.0 (54.263.5) 51.5 (40.662.2) 51.7 (45.757.6)
New Mexico NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
New York NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
North Carolina NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
North Dakota NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oklahoma 57.9 (54.561.2) 27.2 (17.539.7) 35.4 (17.858.1) 61.2 (55.466.7) 32.1 (20.446.6) 51.0 (45.956.2)
Pennsylvania 63.5 (60.266.7) 42.7 (34.051.9) 57.4 (40.173.1) 64.8 (60.768.7) 47.9 (38.058.0) 60.1 (55.964.2)
Rhode Island NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Vermont NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
West Virginia 53.8 (49.657.8) 39.3 (30.049.4) 31.7 (21.344.2) 54.1 (50.058.3) 45.0 (35.754.6) 51.5 (46.156.8)
Wyoming 64.7 (60.868.5) 39.3 (31.048.3) 49.5 (38.260.9) 62.2 (57.366.9) 44.6 (37.352.2) 65.5 (60.170.5)
Median 57.7 39.4 39.2 58.5 47.1 52.6
Range 49.964.7 27.251.0 28.557.4 53.064.8 29.858.1 43.065.5
Large urban school district surveys
Baltimore, MD 51.6 (46.456.8) 45.5 (36.255.2) 54.4 (33.174.2) 60.3 (54.565.8) 47.6 (39.156.2) 41.5 (35.148.2)
Boston, MA 48.2 (45.151.3) 39.9 (30.849.7) 26.8 (17.438.8) 48.8 (44.153.4) 41.3 (31.551.9) 45.3 (40.949.8)
Broward County, FL 48.2 (44.751.7) 44.4 (35.154.0) 37.7 (27.649.0) 56.7 (51.561.7) 51.0 (41.060.9) 38.8 (34.443.5)
Cleveland, OH 45.6 (41.949.4) 52.5 (45.459.4) 44.8 (32.457.9) 50.1 (45.754.5) 49.7 (40.958.6) 39.2 (33.745.0)
DeKalb County, GA 55.2 (51.558.8) 51.9 (42.361.4) 42.6 (31.354.8) 59.4 (55.363.3) 56.3 (47.364.9) 50.0 (45.055.0)
Detroit, MI NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
District of Columbia 56.0 (54.857.2) 50.3 (47.453.3) 48.8 (43.454.2) 59.5 (57.761.3) 56.9 (53.660.1) 50.7 (49.052.4)
Duval County, FL 48.9 (46.351.6) 47.4 (41.952.9) 48.9 (39.958.0) 54.6 (50.758.4) 46.9 (40.553.3) 42.3 (39.045.6)
Ft. Worth, TX 56.9 (54.159.6) 45.8 (38.653.3) 34.9 (26.444.5) 62.1 (58.565.6) 46.2 (38.054.5) 49.6 (45.653.7)
Houston, TX 47.9 (45.450.5) 42.4 (35.649.4) 42.3 (34.250.8) 52.0 (49.054.9) 46.9 (39.154.7) 43.1 (39.746.5)
Los Angeles, CA 50.8 (47.554.0) 40.9 (35.746.3) 33.0 (20.348.7) 56.9 (51.262.3) 48.6 (35.761.7) 44.3 (41.347.2)
Miami-Dade County, FL 45.9 (43.248.6) 30.8 (23.639.2) 40.2 (28.653.0) 51.0 (47.754.3) 39.5 (30.649.2) 39.8 (36.143.6)
New York City, NY NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oakland, CA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Orange County, FL 52.5 (49.355.8) 41.1 (32.650.1) 40.7 (29.553.0) 56.6 (51.561.6) 46.6 (37.655.8) 47.0 (42.551.5)
Palm Beach County, FL 48.8 (46.151.5) 47.8 (41.254.6) 41.6 (33.350.4) 50.2 (47.053.5) 55.2 (47.662.6) 44.4 (40.448.5)
Philadelphia, PA 49.1 (45.253.1) 50.0 (44.855.2) 36.7 (24.151.4) 55.5 (50.660.4) 45.0 (38.052.2) 40.2 (35.145.6)
San Diego, CA 57.7 (54.760.8) 43.1 (35.950.6) 35.3 (25.646.4) 61.4 (57.065.7) 53.3 (45.461.0) 50.5 (46.754.4)
San Francisco, CA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Median 49.1 45.5 40.7 56.6 47.6 44.3
Range 45.657.7 30.852.5 26.854.4 48.862.1 39.556.9 38.850.7
* Run by their school or community groups during the 12 months before the survey.
95% confidence interval.
Not available.

194 MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
 Surveillance Summaries

TABLE 114. Percentage of high school students who had obesity,* by sexual identity and sex of sexual contacts United States and selected
U.S. sites, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2015
% CI
National survey
(all students) 13.9 (12.515.5)

Sexual identity Sex of sexual contacts

Heterosexual Gay, lesbian, or Opposite sex Same sex only or No
(straight) bisexual Not sure only both sexes sexual contact
Site % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI
National survey
Total 13.4 (11.915.0) 18.1 (14.921.9) 16.3 (11.622.4) 12.7 (11.114.5) 16.1 (11.222.5) 14.9 (13.116.8)
Male 16.5 (14.518.7) 20.7 (15.926.6) 18.4 (12.226.7) 15.3 (13.217.6) 16.0 (10.623.4) 18.4 (15.521.6)
Female 9.8 (8.211.7) 17.2 (13.022.3) 14.8 (8.624.3) 9.3 (7.511.4) 16.1 (10.024.9) 11.5 (9.713.8)
State surveys
Arizona 9.9 (7.612.8) 14.2 (7.225.9) 16.9 (8.730.4) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Arkansas 17.3 (14.820.1) 20.8 (15.427.5) 18.6 (11.628.4) 15.3 (13.817.0) 21.6 (16.428.0) 19.7 (15.325.0)
California 14.0 (11.317.1) 13.8 (8.122.5) 10.6 (4.921.7) 12.3 (8.517.4) 8.4 (3.319.5) 14.7 (12.017.9)
Connecticut 10.8 (8.713.4) 21.5 (16.227.9) 23.5 (12.938.7) 8.2 (6.410.5) 20.5 (14.029.0) 14.6 (11.418.4)
Delaware 14.5 (12.716.6) 22.1 (16.628.9) 23.4 (14.735.1) 15.1 (12.418.2) 25.3 (15.937.8) 15.2 (13.117.4)
Florida 11.9 (10.813.2) 11.4 (8.914.3) 16.7 (12.122.5) 11.0 (9.412.8) 11.2 (8.414.8) 13.7 (12.215.2)
Hawaii 12.2 (10.314.5) 14.9 (10.321.3) 13.9 (8.821.3) 10.6 (8.013.8) 16.1 (11.522.1) 13.2 (11.115.7)
Illinois 11.4 (9.713.3) 21.7 (16.628.0) 19.9 (11.232.9) 10.5 (7.913.7) 22.4 (15.731.0) 12.4 (9.815.7)
Indiana 12.8 (10.914.9) 20.2 (14.327.6) 14.7 (8.324.7) 10.6 (8.013.9) 15.5 (9.923.4) 16.9 (13.421.1)
Kentucky 17.8 (15.420.5) 25.7 (18.035.2) 23.9 (11.144.1) 15.8 (13.119.0) 24.8 (17.833.6) 19.5 (15.823.9)
Maine 12.7 (11.314.2) 20.1 (16.923.7) 14.6 (10.819.5) 11.7 (10.113.4) 13.9 (10.118.9) 14.3 (12.616.2)
Maryland 10.6 (10.211.0) 14.9 (13.616.3) 17.0 (15.019.1) 10.9 (10.311.5) 14.9 (13.616.3) 10.6 (10.111.2)
Massachusetts 10.2 (8.512.0) 18.0 (12.924.5) 18.9 (11.329.9) 9.8 (8.011.9) 15.2 (10.521.6) 11.6 (9.014.7)
Michigan 13.3 (11.615.3) 20.5 (14.428.5) 24.1 (14.936.7) 11.9 (9.514.8) 21.8 (15.729.6) 14.5 (12.217.1)
Nevada 11.9 (10.014.1) 14.6 (8.823.4) 11.5 (4.227.8) 10.9 (8.513.8) 11.6 (5.323.7) 14.2 (11.217.8)
New Mexico 14.9 (14.015.8) 19.4 (16.822.4) 23.1 (17.330.1) 13.8 (12.515.3) 18.8 (15.522.7) 16.8 (15.318.4)
New York 12.2 (10.713.9) 20.1 (15.625.5) 14.3 (9.022.1) 10.0 (8.811.3) 18.4 (13.125.1) 13.0 (10.416.3)
North Carolina 15.9 (13.319.0) 21.9 (16.428.6) 6.1 (3.211.4) 14.4 (11.518.0) 23.5 (16.931.7) 17.4 (13.322.6)
North Dakota 13.6 (12.115.3) 15.5 (8.127.7) 20.7 (11.534.3) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oklahoma 16.2 (13.319.6) 28.1 (15.445.5) 37.3 (19.559.3) 15.0 (11.419.5) 34.7 (22.249.9) 18.2 (14.422.7)
Pennsylvania 13.2 (11.415.3) 22.9 (15.532.4) 11.3 (4.426.0) 12.2 (10.114.7) 21.0 (13.231.7) 14.8 (11.718.6)
Rhode Island 11.3 (9.513.4) 17.8 (12.524.9) 13.6 (7.722.9) 9.7 (7.312.9) 17.2 (11.325.3) 12.9 (9.916.7)
Vermont 11.6 (11.212.1) 18.8 (16.821.0) 18.2 (15.321.4) 10.7 (10.011.3) 15.7 (13.618.1) 13.9 (13.214.7)
West Virginia 16.8 (13.520.6) 25.5 (17.735.2) 16.7 (8.530.3) 15.4 (11.620.2) 19.1 (13.127.0) 20.5 (15.526.5)
Wyoming 10.6 (9.212.3) 15.2 (10.621.3) 12.5 (5.525.9) 8.5 (6.610.8) 13.3 (8.819.5) 12.4 (10.115.1)
Median 12.7 20.1 16.9 11.0 18.4 14.5
Range 9.917.8 11.428.1 6.137.3 8.215.8 8.434.7 10.620.5
Large urban school district surveys
Baltimore, MD 16.5 (13.420.2) 20.2 (13.828.7) 30.0 (12.256.8) 15.8 (12.819.3) 22.0 (14.531.9) 19.9 (15.225.7)
Boston, MA 14.1 (12.016.5) 15.8 (10.223.7) 22.6 (12.936.3) 14.3 (11.617.5) 18.2 (11.827.1) 13.9 (11.117.4)
Broward County, FL 9.8 (8.211.7) 13.8 (8.621.5) 9.1 (3.521.4) 9.9 (7.513.0) 15.8 (9.624.9) 9.6 (6.913.1)
Cleveland, OH 18.6 (16.520.9) 19.3 (14.525.3) 17.5 (9.130.9) 17.2 (14.719.9) 15.7 (10.423.2) 20.3 (16.624.6)
DeKalb County, GA 10.8 (9.012.8) 17.5 (13.023.3) 16.2 (8.129.7) 10.6 (8.313.3) 19.6 (13.827.1) 11.2 (8.914.1)
Detroit, MI 22.3 (19.525.2) 22.3 (16.828.9) 27.8 (17.141.7) 21.4 (17.226.2) 20.3 (13.928.7) 20.5 (16.724.9)
District of Columbia 14.9 (14.015.7) 16.4 (14.418.7) 15.7 (11.820.5) 14.7 (13.416.0) 16.4 (14.119.1) 14.1 (12.915.4)
Duval County, FL 12.3 (10.813.9) 15.1 (10.920.5) 14.3 (9.121.8) 12.7 (10.515.2) 12.5 (9.117.1) 11.8 (10.113.9)
Ft. Worth, TX 18.1 (16.120.2) 18.4 (13.125.1) 19.2 (11.630.0) 18.2 (15.521.2) 15.4 (10.023.0) 18.4 (16.021.0)
Houston, TX 16.4 (14.818.1) 19.7 (14.925.6) 20.1 (13.528.7) 17.0 (14.719.4) 18.2 (14.023.4) 16.7 (14.619.1)
Los Angeles, CA 12.4 (10.115.0) 28.4 (21.037.2) 12.7 (6.922.2) 10.1 (8.611.8) 19.2 (11.630.1) 14.9 (11.119.5)
Miami-Dade County, FL 11.5 (9.813.5) 15.3 (9.823.1) 10.6 (5.120.5) 11.5 (9.613.7) 16.5 (9.227.6) 11.1 (9.013.7)
New York City, NY 11.9 (10.613.3) 16.2 (12.920.2) 15.3 (10.621.6) 10.7 (9.212.4) 14.3 (11.517.7) 12.3 (11.013.9)
Oakland, CA 15.9 (13.518.6) 18.5 (12.127.2) 13.8 (6.028.7) 14.0 (11.217.4) 18.0 (11.926.2) 16.0 (12.420.4)
Orange County, FL 10.3 (8.612.3) 13.1 (7.422.3) 14.0 (7.823.9) 10.6 (8.113.8) 9.5 (4.319.8) 10.9 (8.513.8)
Palm Beach County, FL 11.2 (9.713.0) 10.0 (6.315.5) 6.9 (3.612.7) 10.2 (8.312.4) 13.2 (8.519.8) 11.6 (9.614.0)
Philadelphia, PA 13.8 (12.115.6) 18.5 (12.326.8) 7.8 (3.118.0) 14.3 (12.416.5) 12.4 (7.220.6) 13.4 (10.117.6)
San Diego, CA 11.1 (9.513.0) 14.0 (9.320.5) 13.0 (8.719.0) 11.4 (8.914.5) 10.5 (6.416.9) 11.2 (9.313.4)
San Francisco, CA 9.6 (7.911.5) 15.7 (8.826.3) 9.8 (5.117.9) 10.0 (7.213.8) 7.9 (4.214.3) 8.9 (7.011.2)
Median 12.4 16.4 14.3 12.7 15.8 13.4
Range 9.622.3 10.028.4 6.930.0 9.921.4 7.922.0 8.920.5
* Students who were 95th percentile for body mass index, based on sex and agespecific reference data from the 2000 CDC growth charts.
95% confidence interval.
Not available.

US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 195
 Surveillance Summaries

TABLE 115. Percentage of high school students who were overweight,* by sexual identity and sex of sexual contacts United States and
selected U.S. sites, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2015
% CI
National survey
(all students) 16.0 (15.216.9)

Sexual identity Sex of sexual contacts

Heterosexual Gay, lesbian, or Opposite sex Same sex only or No
(straight) bisexual Not sure only both sexes sexual contact
Site % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI
National survey
Total 16.1 (15.117.2) 17.4 (14.720.5) 15.2 (11.420.0) 16.1 (14.817.4) 20.3 (17.123.8) 15.7 (14.117.4)
Male 16.0 (14.717.5) 11.8 (8.117.0) 11.2 (6.119.6) 16.4 (14.718.3) 16.5 (10.824.2) 14.7 (12.816.8)
Female 16.2 (14.817.7) 19.5 (16.023.5) 18.0 (13.323.9) 15.6 (14.017.3) 21.5 (17.426.2) 16.7 (14.719.0)
State surveys
Arizona 13.6 (11.815.7) 21.7 (13.932.2) 14.5 (8.224.4) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Arkansas 17.5 (14.520.8) 17.2 (12.323.6) 19.4 (8.338.9) 18.1 (13.923.2) 17.3 (13.222.2) 17.0 (14.919.2)
California 16.0 (13.119.4) 20.8 (12.931.9) 15.8 (8.028.8) 18.5 (13.225.2) 18.7 (11.828.2) 14.3 (12.116.8)
Connecticut 13.9 (12.116.1) 13.3 (8.120.9) 14.0 (8.123.2) 14.9 (12.218.2) 14.2 (8.123.7) 12.6 (10.714.8)
Delaware 15.2 (13.217.5) 24.4 (17.932.3) 18.6 (10.431.1) 17.0 (14.619.7) 22.9 (14.833.8) 14.6 (12.117.5)
Florida 14.1 (13.015.3) 17.4 (14.121.4) 21.8 (16.428.5) 14.0 (12.615.6) 16.9 (13.221.4) 14.9 (13.516.6)
Hawaii 15.1 (13.916.5) 16.2 (11.322.6) 16.6 (9.228.1) 14.9 (12.218.2) 18.6 (14.423.6) 15.2 (13.317.3)
Illinois 15.3 (13.916.8) 16.6 (11.822.9) 14.4 (5.532.8) 15.4 (13.018.0) 19.0 (12.527.9) 15.3 (13.517.3)
Indiana 16.3 (13.519.6) 21.7 (14.032.1) 25.8 (15.839.2) 16.7 (13.420.5) 24.1 (14.836.7) 17.1 (13.122.1)
Kentucky 15.7 (13.318.5) 27.0 (19.036.9) 18.0 (8.235.0) 16.8 (12.821.7) 27.5 (18.439.0) 14.8 (11.618.8)
Maine 14.7 (13.815.7) 15.9 (13.219.1) 14.6 (10.819.3) 14.1 (12.915.4) 17.9 (15.021.3) 15.0 (13.716.4)
Maryland 14.3 (13.814.8) 18.1 (16.919.4) 18.5 (16.320.9) 15.0 (14.315.7) 18.7 (17.120.3) 14.1 (13.514.7)
Massachusetts 15.3 (13.617.2) 14.3 (9.021.9) 17.8 (11.127.2) 13.9 (11.716.4) 17.6 (12.324.7) 16.1 (13.519.1)
Michigan 15.8 (14.017.8) 17.0 (12.223.2) 14.1 (6.428.2) 16.5 (14.019.4) 19.8 (12.929.1) 15.8 (13.218.7)
Nevada 15.0 (12.817.5) 17.8 (9.730.4) 13.4 (5.828.0) 15.6 (11.421.0) 13.3 (9.418.5) 14.5 (11.618.0)
New Mexico 15.9 (14.817.0) 17.4 (15.020.2) 19.7 (14.726.0) 16.0 (14.517.6) 19.7 (16.023.9) 16.1 (14.917.4)
New York 14.0 (12.515.7) 12.1 (8.617.0) 14.8 (9.222.7) 13.5 (11.515.8) 17.1 (10.726.4) 12.8 (10.815.2)
North Carolina 15.7 (12.719.3) 19.0 (13.126.7) 20.5 (9.339.3) 16.5 (13.120.6) 16.8 (11.923.3) 15.5 (11.420.6)
North Dakota 14.4 (12.916.0) 19.9 (13.428.4) 14.7 (7.726.3) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oklahoma 15.0 (12.518.0) 18.1 (11.228.0) 18.4 (6.741.5) 14.6 (11.318.6) 11.9 (6.520.8) 16.2 (13.219.8)
Pennsylvania 15.5 (13.817.4) 15.5 (10.123.1) 23.2 (12.139.9) 14.9 (12.617.6) 21.6 (14.630.8) 15.7 (13.218.6)
Rhode Island 13.6 (11.815.7) 22.5 (17.828.0) 17.4 (8.632.1) 14.9 (11.918.5) 14.6 (10.120.6) 14.2 (11.917.0)
Vermont 13.6 (13.014.1) 18.0 (16.020.1) 16.6 (13.919.7) 13.6 (12.914.4) 17.4 (15.219.9) 14.1 (13.414.9)
West Virginia 16.2 (14.318.2) 23.0 (14.933.7) 21.9 (11.637.7) 18.1 (16.320.1) 24.3 (16.534.4) 14.7 (11.418.7)
Wyoming 14.5 (13.016.2) 15.6 (9.923.5) 17.3 (10.327.8) 14.8 (12.317.8) 15.8 (9.824.5) 14.1 (12.216.2)
Median 15.1 17.8 17.4 15.0 17.9 14.9
Range 13.617.5 12.127.0 13.425.8 13.518.5 11.927.5 12.617.1
Large urban school district surveys
Baltimore, MD 18.5 (14.722.9) 15.3 (10.222.3) 4.8 (1.316.1) 20.5 (15.526.7) 15.1 (10.022.1) 14.1 (9.620.3)
Boston, MA 19.9 (17.322.7) 19.4 (12.928.1) 12.0 (3.633.4) 21.0 (17.624.9) 25.4 (17.435.4) 16.9 (13.521.0)
Broward County, FL 12.8 (10.515.5) 14.8 (9.422.5) 23.2 (11.441.4) 12.0 (9.315.4) 13.6 (8.620.8) 15.6 (11.720.6)
Cleveland, OH 17.4 (15.619.4) 23.1 (16.431.5) 18.4 (9.532.8) 17.5 (15.020.3) 23.3 (17.730.1) 16.9 (13.421.0)
DeKalb County, GA 14.6 (12.516.9) 13.5 (8.421.0) 22.6 (13.934.4) 13.1 (10.316.3) 15.1 (9.822.3) 15.7 (12.519.4)
Detroit, MI 21.4 (19.223.7) 24.7 (18.432.3) 21.6 (12.834.0) 20.4 (17.224.1) 26.9 (19.236.2) 19.6 (16.822.7)
District of Columbia 17.0 (16.117.9) 23.9 (21.526.4) 15.6 (11.920.2) 16.4 (15.217.8) 20.7 (18.123.5) 18.2 (16.819.6)
Duval County, FL 14.4 (12.916.1) 16.0 (12.020.9) 17.8 (11.925.6) 16.0 (13.918.3) 14.6 (10.719.7) 12.6 (10.415.0)
Ft. Worth, TX 18.5 (16.720.4) 23.8 (16.832.5) 17.3 (10.427.3) 18.9 (16.222.1) 26.6 (19.235.7) 18.1 (15.820.7)
Houston, TX 17.9 (16.419.4) 20.8 (17.324.8) 24.0 (17.332.2) 18.7 (16.621.0) 23.7 (18.429.8) 17.5 (15.619.6)
Los Angeles, CA 18.8 (16.821.0) 26.8 (20.234.6) 24.0 (13.838.5) 19.3 (16.222.9) 28.4 (18.141.6) 18.3 (15.920.9)
Miami-Dade County, FL 15.8 (14.217.4) 18.7 (13.126.0) 17.1 (8.631.0) 15.1 (13.017.4) 21.7 (14.730.8) 16.7 (14.119.7)
New York City, NY 15.5 (13.817.4) 15.7 (12.419.6) 14.5 (10.320.1) 16.1 (13.419.2) 21.6 (16.727.4) 14.9 (13.016.9)
Oakland, CA 16.4 (14.218.9) 17.6 (11.825.4) 25.4 (14.440.8) 16.7 (13.720.3) 19.4 (12.229.4) 15.2 (12.118.9)
Orange County, FL 14.8 (12.717.1) 21.3 (14.630.1) 21.2 (12.633.4) 13.3 (10.616.6) 19.0 (12.527.6) 17.2 (14.120.8)
Palm Beach County, FL 13.7 (12.115.6) 14.1 (9.021.4) 19.9 (12.230.7) 14.6 (12.217.4) 12.3 (8.018.4) 13.1 (10.715.9)
Philadelphia, PA 17.4 (15.519.4) 12.1 (8.317.3) 24.6 (17.034.1) 16.3 (14.218.7) 16.8 (11.723.5) 17.9 (15.121.0)
San Diego, CA 16.7 (14.719.0) 15.3 (10.022.7) 15.8 (8.427.7) 15.2 (12.618.2) 19.7 (13.527.7) 17.5 (15.319.9)
San Francisco, CA 13.1 (10.815.7) 18.8 (11.429.3) 5.8 (2.214.6) 20.4 (15.226.9) 23.4 (16.132.7) 9.6 (7.612.2)
Median 16.7 18.7 18.4 16.4 20.7 16.9
Range 12.821.4 12.126.8 4.825.4 12.021.0 12.328.4 9.619.6
* Students who were 85th percentile but <95th percentile for body mass index, based on sex and agespecific reference data from the 2000 CDC growth charts.
95% confidence interval.
Not available.

196 MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
 Surveillance Summaries

TABLE 116. Percentage of high school students who described themselves as slightly or very overweight, by sexual identity and sex of sexual
contacts United States and selected U.S. sites, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2015
% CI*
National survey
(all students) 31.5 (30.232.9)

Sexual identity Sex of sexual contacts

Heterosexual Gay, lesbian, or Opposite sex Same sex only or No
(straight) bisexual Not sure only both sexes sexual contact
Site % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI
National survey
Total 30.1 (28.831.5) 41.1 (37.245.1) 38.1 (31.445.2) 28.7 (26.830.5) 44.9 (40.449.5) 32.6 (30.934.4)
Male 24.4 (22.626.4) 31.7 (23.441.3) 27.1 (19.536.4) 22.2 (19.824.8) 34.3 (27.741.7) 27.4 (25.329.6)
Female 36.8 (34.439.1) 44.7 (40.549.1) 47.2 (38.755.8) 37.0 (34.339.8) 48.5 (42.654.5) 37.6 (34.840.4)
State surveys
Arizona 28.2 (25.930.6) 40.8 (32.050.1) 50.1 (36.463.8) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Arkansas 31.0 (28.134.0) 35.1 (30.340.3) 44.3 (26.963.3) 29.7 (26.133.6) 37.2 (28.746.6) 35.2 (30.440.2)
California 32.6 (30.135.3) 44.5 (37.451.8) 30.3 (21.041.5) 31.8 (27.137.0) 34.2 (24.545.6) 35.0 (31.139.2)
Connecticut 28.0 (24.431.9) 39.6 (33.645.9) 47.4 (37.657.5) 26.9 (23.330.7) 43.9 (34.553.7) 31.5 (27.735.7)
Delaware 29.4 (27.032.0) 49.4 (42.256.7) 41.5 (31.951.8) 29.5 (26.033.2) 47.6 (37.957.5) 32.4 (29.335.7)
Florida 26.2 (24.827.6) 41.8 (37.246.6) 40.7 (32.149.9) 24.4 (22.426.5) 36.8 (32.441.5) 30.6 (29.032.2)
Hawaii 31.2 (29.432.9) 34.4 (28.141.2) 43.9 (32.456.2) 29.5 (27.032.2) 40.3 (32.848.2) 33.4 (31.535.5)
Illinois 28.1 (25.830.4) 42.0 (32.452.3) 51.0 (41.060.9) 27.5 (23.132.5) 48.4 (41.155.8) 31.6 (28.734.7)
Indiana 29.0 (26.831.2) 42.5 (28.657.7) 47.3 (34.960.0) 29.1 (25.832.7) 43.4 (31.256.5) 32.7 (27.937.8)
Kentucky 30.9 (27.434.6) 40.2 (30.251.2) 43.0 (32.054.7) 30.1 (26.134.4) 42.5 (32.553.1) 33.5 (28.438.9)
Maine NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Maryland 25.1 (24.525.6) 31.7 (30.333.2) 34.2 (31.437.2) 24.2 (23.425.0) 37.0 (35.438.7) 27.3 (26.628.0)
Massachusetts 29.7 (28.031.5) 46.3 (40.652.1) 44.5 (33.755.8) 26.6 (24.229.1) 45.7 (38.852.8) 34.9 (32.037.8)
Michigan 31.2 (28.833.8) 44.6 (36.453.0) 46.3 (29.763.7) 31.1 (26.536.0) 46.4 (36.456.6) 34.0 (31.336.8)
Nevada 29.6 (26.333.2) 38.1 (25.951.9) 38.1 (26.950.8) 27.2 (22.532.4) 39.5 (30.948.9) 34.0 (30.337.9)
New Mexico NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
New York NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
North Carolina 26.5 (24.728.5) 41.3 (28.854.9) 23.7 (13.538.2) 23.8 (20.927.0) 39.3 (31.847.3) 30.8 (24.837.7)
North Dakota 31.6 (29.334.0) 39.4 (29.949.7) 34.9 (21.950.6) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oklahoma 30.3 (26.734.2) 44.9 (32.158.4) 62.0 (41.878.8) 26.5 (22.431.2) 49.9 (33.965.9) 35.7 (30.241.5)
Pennsylvania 29.7 (27.432.1) 43.8 (36.051.9) 28.9 (18.941.5) 28.0 (24.731.5) 46.5 (37.555.7) 32.3 (28.836.1)
Rhode Island 26.6 (24.528.9) 41.6 (32.950.9) 36.4 (23.451.9) 25.1 (21.329.4) 32.3 (26.438.8) 31.3 (27.835.0)
Vermont 29.1 (28.529.8) 48.6 (46.251.0) 40.1 (36.843.5) 28.5 (27.629.4) 46.7 (43.849.6) 32.2 (31.233.1)
West Virginia 30.8 (28.133.6) 46.2 (39.553.1) 36.7 (22.453.9) 33.2 (30.236.4) 38.8 (28.749.9) 32.4 (27.138.1)
Wyoming 28.1 (25.830.4) 33.3 (26.141.4) 33.6 (23.146.0) 28.4 (24.932.3) 33.1 (26.240.8) 29.4 (26.232.9)
Median 29.5 41.7 41.1 28.2 41.4 32.4
Range 25.132.6 31.749.4 23.762.0 23.833.2 32.349.9 27.335.7
Large urban school district surveys
Baltimore, MD 23.5 (19.428.3) 24.7 (17.533.5) 27.0 (15.642.5) 22.2 (16.229.7) 31.7 (22.143.2) 28.6 (23.534.4)
Boston, MA 31.2 (28.733.9) 36.3 (27.546.2) 34.3 (21.250.4) 30.8 (27.734.0) 34.4 (26.043.8) 33.7 (29.538.3)
Broward County, FL 27.7 (25.030.6) 39.3 (31.547.7) 48.8 (33.564.4) 25.0 (21.429.0) 38.3 (30.047.3) 34.8 (30.239.7)
Cleveland, OH 31.9 (28.935.0) 32.9 (27.538.8) 42.4 (30.655.1) 29.9 (27.232.8) 37.0 (29.944.8) 37.9 (33.242.9)
DeKalb County, GA 23.6 (20.926.6) 28.5 (22.036.2) 38.1 (28.149.3) 20.0 (16.524.1) 33.3 (27.040.3) 28.5 (24.632.7)
Detroit, MI 25.2 (22.228.5) 24.1 (18.031.5) 34.3 (21.449.9) 28.9 (25.033.2) 26.3 (19.334.7) 29.5 (25.833.6)
District of Columbia 23.4 (22.424.4) 32.5 (29.935.3) 31.5 (26.836.5) 21.4 (20.122.9) 30.3 (27.433.3) 27.8 (26.429.3)
Duval County, FL 25.7 (23.827.7) 32.4 (27.238.0) 37.3 (29.246.1) 23.8 (20.926.9) 32.3 (27.038.2) 31.5 (28.934.2)
Ft. Worth, TX 33.7 (31.436.1) 41.1 (33.948.7) 33.6 (23.445.5) 30.5 (27.433.8) 47.0 (39.055.1) 37.2 (34.340.1)
Houston, TX 30.8 (28.833.0) 34.7 (30.039.7) 35.5 (27.145.0) 30.7 (27.933.6) 38.4 (32.045.3) 32.9 (29.936.0)
Los Angeles, CA 34.1 (30.038.4) 55.2 (46.963.3) 47.9 (35.660.4) 31.4 (27.435.7) 49.8 (39.660.0) 37.8 (32.343.7)
Miami-Dade County, FL 29.2 (27.131.4) 39.5 (32.047.5) 30.1 (20.641.7) 26.5 (23.829.4) 41.6 (32.151.8) 31.7 (28.135.5)
New York City, NY NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oakland, CA 29.6 (26.532.8) 40.6 (31.750.2) 39.3 (26.154.3) 26.6 (22.730.9) 43.8 (34.353.9) 34.6 (29.839.7)
Orange County, FL 25.2 (22.228.5) 34.9 (26.045.1) 44.1 (33.055.9) 25.8 (22.029.9) 32.7 (23.443.5) 27.6 (23.232.4)
Palm Beach County, FL 25.0 (22.827.4) 28.6 (22.036.1) 35.5 (26.445.7) 24.6 (21.827.6) 21.9 (16.528.5) 29.2 (25.932.7)
Philadelphia, PA 25.8 (23.128.8) 29.1 (22.736.4) 28.6 (18.341.8) 24.4 (22.026.9) 28.7 (22.336.1) 29.3 (24.934.2)
San Diego, CA 31.1 (28.733.7) 41.2 (32.850.2) 39.5 (28.851.2) 29.4 (26.133.0) 34.7 (27.942.2) 34.7 (31.638.0)
San Francisco, CA 31.6 (28.534.9) 28.9 (19.940.0) 34.3 (24.745.3) 30.7 (26.934.9) 36.6 (28.345.9) 33.2 (29.337.4)
Median 28.4 33.8 35.5 26.5 34.5 32.3
Range 23.434.1 24.155.2 27.048.8 20.031.4 21.949.8 27.637.9
* 95% confidence interval.
Not available.

US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 197
 Surveillance Summaries

TABLE 117. Percentage of high school students who were trying to lose weight, by sexual identity and sex of sexual contacts United States
and selected U.S. sites, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2015
% CI*
National survey
(all students) 45.6 (44.047.3)

Sexual identity Sex of sexual contacts

Heterosexual Gay, lesbian, or Opposite sex Same sex only or No
(straight) bisexual Not sure only both sexes sexual contact
Site % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI
National survey
Total 44.5 (42.846.3) 56.3 (52.460.0) 46.2 (39.752.9) 43.4 (41.745.1) 58.1 (53.762.4) 46.1 (43.548.7)
Male 30.8 (28.832.9) 39.1 (31.047.8) 32.1 (24.640.7) 28.4 (26.430.5) 37.0 (28.646.3) 33.4 (30.536.5)
Female 60.6 (58.163.0) 62.8 (58.666.7) 57.3 (50.264.2) 63.0 (61.164.9) 65.2 (60.969.2) 58.1 (54.861.3)
State surveys
Arizona 48.0 (45.051.0) 57.4 (46.367.9) 39.9 (26.854.7) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Arkansas 48.5 (44.952.1) 50.1 (37.263.0) 45.1 (31.159.9) 46.1 (39.752.7) 45.8 (33.458.7) 50.1 (46.353.8)
California 47.3 (43.351.3) 53.3 (43.562.9) 31.0 (20.344.3) 44.5 (39.150.0) 48.8 (35.862.0) 48.4 (44.152.8)
Connecticut 45.6 (42.448.9) 56.9 (48.365.0) 58.1 (48.667.0) 46.5 (42.850.1) 62.2 (49.873.2) 46.6 (41.951.4)
Delaware 43.1 (40.645.6) 62.2 (52.670.9) 49.6 (37.162.2) 41.6 (38.045.3) 50.6 (38.762.4) 46.1 (42.749.6)
Florida 41.6 (40.343.0) 54.4 (51.157.7) 46.4 (40.452.6) 40.0 (38.141.9) 49.4 (44.854.0) 44.7 (43.146.4)
Hawaii NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Illinois 45.5 (41.749.3) 50.9 (39.262.5) 47.9 (31.464.8) 43.8 (38.749.1) 56.5 (46.166.3) 45.8 (41.150.7)
Indiana 45.3 (42.248.5) 54.4 (46.262.3) 55.5 (39.970.1) 44.3 (39.649.1) 57.4 (48.366.1) 46.7 (42.850.6)
Kentucky 45.6 (42.748.6) 60.3 (51.868.2) 47.0 (31.663.0) 46.2 (41.850.7) 61.3 (50.770.9) 44.1 (39.848.6)
Maine NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Maryland NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Massachusetts 44.4 (42.146.7) 61.2 (54.567.6) 51.9 (39.963.6) 43.5 (40.746.4) 56.8 (47.265.9) 46.9 (43.550.2)
Michigan 47.6 (44.250.9) 54.8 (47.462.0) 59.8 (41.875.5) 46.7 (42.551.0) 57.9 (47.967.3) 48.4 (44.152.8)
Nevada 47.0 (43.151.0) 55.5 (48.362.5) 45.4 (33.458.0) 46.6 (41.152.2) 57.8 (51.563.9) 46.2 (42.150.2)
New Mexico NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
New York NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
North Carolina 45.8 (43.148.5) 48.6 (40.257.1) 41.9 (26.059.6) 43.7 (40.147.3) 48.6 (43.853.5) 46.4 (41.251.8)
North Dakota 43.6 (41.345.9) 56.1 (46.465.3) 47.3 (30.265.0) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oklahoma 45.4 (41.849.1) 64.7 (52.375.5) 70.7 (58.080.8) 43.6 (39.447.8) 63.7 (49.176.2) 49.7 (45.054.5)
Pennsylvania 43.1 (40.845.4) 53.8 (43.663.6) 39.7 (28.052.7) 43.2 (40.346.2) 56.7 (46.466.5) 43.0 (39.646.5)
Rhode Island 44.8 (41.548.0) 56.7 (50.362.8) 44.7 (28.961.6) 46.7 (41.651.9) 46.8 (40.053.7) 43.5 (37.749.5)
Vermont 40.5 (39.841.2) 55.2 (52.757.6) 45.5 (42.248.9) 41.1 (40.242.1) 55.5 (52.658.3) 41.1 (40.142.1)
West Virginia 47.7 (44.950.5) 68.2 (62.173.7) 41.3 (27.856.3) 48.7 (46.051.4) 58.6 (51.165.8) 48.0 (41.554.5)
Wyoming 41.4 (39.243.5) 53.5 (46.460.4) 41.1 (29.853.4) 43.1 (39.646.8) 47.4 (37.157.9) 40.9 (38.043.8)
Median 45.5 55.3 46.0 44.1 56.6 46.3
Range 40.548.5 48.668.2 31.070.7 40.048.7 45.863.7 40.950.1
Large urban school district surveys
Baltimore, MD 38.8 (34.643.1) 48.3 (38.658.1) 47.5 (32.663.0) 30.2 (24.836.1) 48.4 (37.659.3) 49.9 (43.756.2)
Boston, MA 48.5 (45.351.8) 55.6 (46.864.1) 51.1 (38.064.1) 47.6 (43.751.6) 55.0 (46.063.6) 49.3 (45.153.5)
Broward County, FL 43.0 (39.246.8) 56.1 (48.963.1) 50.2 (36.563.9) 38.6 (33.543.9) 52.1 (44.060.1) 48.7 (43.853.5)
Cleveland, OH 47.3 (44.150.4) 49.6 (42.356.9) 47.2 (33.561.3) 44.0 (40.447.6) 48.3 (39.856.9) 51.5 (46.456.7)
DeKalb County, GA 41.3 (38.044.8) 51.3 (43.958.7) 55.5 (42.767.7) 37.4 (33.341.7) 55.7 (47.463.7) 45.4 (41.449.4)
Detroit, MI 49.7 (46.153.3) 51.0 (42.859.2) 53.6 (39.767.0) 41.3 (36.945.9) 51.8 (44.059.5) 50.1 (45.454.9)
District of Columbia 42.4 (41.243.6) 56.9 (54.159.8) 49.6 (44.354.9) 38.4 (36.740.1) 53.5 (50.256.7) 47.7 (46.049.4)
Duval County, FL 42.5 (40.444.7) 42.3 (36.947.8) 50.5 (41.659.3) 40.5 (37.244.0) 46.9 (41.352.7) 43.5 (40.746.3)
Ft. Worth, TX 50.8 (48.053.6) 65.8 (57.773.0) 44.7 (33.956.0) 48.8 (45.252.5) 59.5 (49.368.9) 53.4 (49.956.9)
Houston, TX 50.5 (48.452.6) 50.9 (44.757.0) 40.9 (33.448.9) 48.3 (45.551.2) 55.2 (48.162.1) 50.6 (47.453.9)
Los Angeles, CA 54.3 (51.457.1) 68.7 (59.576.7) 57.7 (43.370.9) 51.2 (47.455.0) 66.2 (57.773.8) 56.2 (52.459.9)
Miami-Dade County, FL 46.4 (44.048.7) 48.5 (38.858.3) 39.0 (29.349.6) 43.5 (40.147.0) 41.8 (31.752.6) 48.6 (45.551.8)
New York City, NY NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oakland, CA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Orange County, FL 41.7 (38.844.5) 62.1 (52.471.0) 49.4 (36.462.5) 39.3 (35.443.4) 58.0 (47.567.8) 44.8 (40.749.0)
Palm Beach County, FL 42.6 (40.344.9) 45.4 (38.552.4) 42.3 (33.851.4) 40.7 (37.943.6) 42.6 (35.250.3) 44.0 (40.647.5)
Philadelphia, PA 44.0 (40.947.1) 49.7 (42.257.2) 54.2 (43.464.5) 41.9 (37.746.4) 48.8 (40.457.2) 47.8 (43.652.1)
San Diego, CA 46.6 (43.649.6) 52.0 (43.760.2) 53.6 (43.963.1) 43.7 (39.548.0) 52.9 (45.360.4) 49.5 (45.653.4)
San Francisco, CA 45.3 (42.048.6) 55.0 (42.566.8) 47.9 (37.159.0) 44.2 (38.450.1) 58.9 (49.467.8) 45.0 (41.548.5)
Median 45.3 51.3 49.6 41.9 52.9 48.7
Range 38.854.3 42.368.7 39.057.7 *30.251.2 41.866.2 43.556.2
* 95% confidence interval.
Not available.

198 MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
 Surveillance Summaries

TABLE 118. Percentage of high school students who had ever been told by a doctor or nurse that they had asthma, by sexual identity and sex
of sexual contacts United States and selected U.S. sites, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2015
% CI*
National survey
(all students) 22.8 (21.524.1)

Sexual identity Sex of sexual contacts

Heterosexual Gay, lesbian, or Opposite sex Same sex only or No
(straight) bisexual Not sure only both sexes sexual contact
Site % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI
National survey
Total 22.5 (21.223.8) 28.9 (25.133.0) 24.3 (19.529.9) 24.7 (23.426.2) 29.5 (25.334.2) 19.9 (18.521.3)
Male 21.9 (20.223.7) 30.8 (23.539.2) 24.4 (16.235.1) 23.9 (21.726.3) 23.3 (16.831.2) 19.8 (17.722.0)
Female 23.0 (21.124.9) 28.3 (24.432.6) 24.9 (17.933.6) 25.8 (23.528.2) 31.4 (26.936.4) 19.9 (18.421.5)
State surveys
Arizona NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Arkansas 25.0 (22.128.2) 36.4 (30.542.9) 23.1 (14.035.7) 25.2 (21.129.7) 39.9 (31.648.8) 22.2 (18.526.3)
California 20.4 (18.422.6) 20.2 (13.628.9) 21.0 (14.329.7) 22.3 (18.326.9) 18.1 (10.230.1) 19.6 (17.621.8)
Connecticut NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Delaware 25.8 (23.827.8) 28.0 (21.735.3) 19.0 (11.729.2) 27.0 (24.030.2) 21.9 (14.731.5) 24.6 (22.227.1)
Florida 22.8 (21.424.2) 31.0 (26.136.3) 20.5 (15.926.1) 24.2 (22.226.3) 30.5 (25.536.1) 21.2 (19.722.8)
Hawaii 31.1 (29.432.8) 34.0 (28.639.9) 25.1 (17.734.4) 33.4 (30.136.7) 31.8 (24.340.4) 29.5 (26.932.1)
Illinois 20.1 (17.922.5) 28.2 (21.236.6) 29.5 (18.144.3) 20.1 (17.223.3) 29.0 (21.837.5) 18.9 (15.922.3)
Indiana 22.6 (19.825.7) 35.1 (26.744.5) 20.2 (10.734.8) 23.3 (19.827.3) 29.3 (23.935.4) 21.7 (18.025.9)
Kentucky 25.1 (22.927.4) 33.3 (24.843.1) 18.2 (9.632.0) 24.6 (21.328.2) 39.6 (29.350.9) 23.1 (19.427.1)
Maine 24.0 (22.825.2) 25.3 (22.128.8) 26.0 (21.231.5) 25.6 (24.326.9) 27.8 (22.733.6) 21.8 (20.323.3)
Maryland 25.7 (25.126.3) 31.1 (29.732.6) 24.5 (22.127.1) 27.2 (26.428.1) 31.3 (29.233.5) 22.7 (22.023.3)
Massachusetts NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Michigan 25.8 (23.128.8) 23.4 (17.231.1) 15.0 (8.225.9) 27.3 (24.130.7) 27.3 (20.235.8) 21.9 (18.326.1)
Nevada NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
New Mexico 24.6 (23.326.1) 29.0 (26.431.9) 29.0 (23.734.9) 25.0 (23.226.9) 33.5 (30.037.2) 23.5 (21.825.3)
New York 25.0 (22.727.4) 31.8 (26.337.9) 22.1 (15.829.9) 24.8 (22.427.3) 31.4 (23.740.2) 20.4 (18.522.6)
North Carolina 24.6 (21.827.5) 36.0 (23.850.2) 36.7 (21.754.8) 24.6 (21.028.6) 30.2 (22.639.1) 26.2 (20.832.5)
North Dakota NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oklahoma 24.2 (21.727.0) 22.1 (14.831.6) 32.4 (17.452.2) 23.9 (21.027.2) 31.8 (20.446.0) 23.1 (19.726.7)
Pennsylvania 24.7 (22.726.7) 29.1 (22.636.6) 16.9 (8.032.1) 25.6 (23.128.2) 26.5 (19.235.4) 23.4 (20.726.3)
Rhode Island NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Vermont NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
West Virginia 25.6 (22.628.9) 30.2 (22.039.9) 25.0 (13.741.0) 26.0 (22.330.2) 26.2 (18.136.4) 22.7 (18.527.5)
Wyoming 22.7 (20.125.5) 31.1 (23.140.4) 24.3 (14.438.1) 24.2 (21.527.2) 36.5 (27.546.6) 18.6 (15.721.9)
Median 24.6 30.6 23.7 24.9 30.4 22.4
Range 20.131.1 20.236.4 15.036.7 20.133.4 18.139.9 18.629.5
Large urban school district surveys
Baltimore, MD 33.7 (29.638.0) 34.9 (26.744.0) 48.4 (31.865.4) 35.3 (29.641.3) 36.9 (28.246.6) 27.1 (21.933.0)
Boston, MA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Broward County, FL 23.5 (20.726.6) 29.2 (22.237.4) 16.1 (10.224.6) 24.4 (20.329.0) 33.3 (25.941.5) 19.7 (16.723.0)
Cleveland, OH NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
DeKalb County, GA 27.8 (25.630.1) 29.6 (23.137.1) 27.9 (18.739.4) 30.5 (26.934.3) 27.7 (20.735.9) 25.4 (21.829.4)
Detroit, MI 29.5 (26.832.3) 24.5 (16.434.9) 29.7 (18.044.8) 29.3 (25.733.2) 25.3 (18.633.3) 29.4 (25.633.4)
District of Columbia 30.2 (29.031.3) 36.2 (33.439.1) 27.4 (22.932.5) 31.0 (29.332.7) 35.0 (31.938.3) 27.8 (26.329.4)
Duval County, FL 26.0 (24.128.0) 28.9 (24.333.9) 25.8 (18.035.6) 26.2 (23.529.1) 28.5 (23.534.1) 23.2 (20.925.7)
Ft. Worth, TX 19.2 (17.421.1) 23.5 (17.830.3) 13.0 (7.322.2) 20.8 (17.824.2) 25.2 (18.433.5) 16.5 (14.418.9)
Houston, TX 20.5 (18.522.7) 35.0 (29.141.3) 23.4 (16.132.7) 21.7 (18.924.7) 34.7 (28.441.7) 18.1 (15.620.9)
Los Angeles, CA 18.8 (15.922.2) 30.0 (20.841.0) 20.1 (12.530.8) 22.6 (19.326.4) 24.6 (16.534.9) 16.1 (13.019.8)
Miami-Dade County, FL 22.2 (20.424.2) 27.6 (19.437.6) 27.0 (19.136.6) 24.6 (21.627.8) 33.6 (23.545.5) 20.2 (17.223.5)
New York City, NY 23.6 (21.825.5) 30.7 (25.536.4) 27.8 (21.734.8) 27.5 (24.331.0) 36.1 (26.547.0) 19.7 (17.322.3)
Oakland, CA 23.1 (20.426.0) 36.0 (26.746.5) 13.0 (6.524.2) 23.8 (20.527.5) 35.0 (25.645.8) 18.9 (15.822.5)
Orange County, FL 20.6 (18.522.9) 24.1 (17.931.7) 19.1 (11.729.6) 22.4 (19.026.2) 24.6 (17.733.1) 19.1 (16.522.1)
Palm Beach County, FL 23.0 (20.925.2) 26.7 (20.833.6) 22.1 (14.232.6) 23.0 (19.826.5) 27.3 (20.435.6) 20.2 (17.423.3)
Philadelphia, PA 26.8 (24.229.5) 39.1 (32.046.8) 24.9 (16.535.8) 28.6 (25.032.4) 35.5 (29.042.6) 26.7 (23.730.0)
San Diego, CA 18.1 (16.519.9) 32.1 (25.239.9) 19.6 (12.429.7) 20.4 (17.623.5) 22.4 (15.631.2) 17.6 (14.920.7)
San Francisco, CA 19.7 (17.522.1) 20.3 (13.429.5) 20.3 (12.631.0) 21.5 (17.925.6) 19.9 (12.130.9) 18.0 (15.321.2)
Median 23.1 29.6 23.4 24.4 28.5 19.7
Range 18.133.7 20.339.1 13.048.4 20.435.3 19.936.9 16.129.4
* 95% confidence interval.
Not available.

US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 199
 Surveillance Summaries

TABLE 119. Percentage of high school students who saw a dentist,* by sexual identity and sex of sexual contacts United States and selected
U.S. sites, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2015
% CI
National survey
(all students) 74.4 (71.677.1)

Sexual identity Sex of sexual contacts

Heterosexual Gay, lesbian, or Opposite sex Same sex only or No
(straight) bisexual Not sure only both sexes sexual contact
Site % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI
National survey
Total 75.6 (72.878.3) 66.0 (60.770.9) 60.4 (54.865.8) 72.7 (69.775.6) 63.0 (58.767.1) 78.7 (75.881.4)
Male 74.6 (71.377.6) 63.5 (50.774.6) 58.7 (48.368.4) 72.1 (67.975.9) 57.0 (48.065.6) 77.8 (75.080.5)
Female 76.9 (73.979.7) 67.2 (62.072.0) 63.3 (57.568.7) 73.6 (71.175.9) 65.0 (60.069.7) 79.5 (75.683.0)
State surveys
Arizona NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Arkansas 70.2 (68.372.0) 66.3 (57.773.9) 60.2 (47.871.4) 69.0 (65.472.3) 62.6 (52.072.2) 71.8 (68.375.0)
California 74.9 (71.877.8) 66.1 (51.278.4) 62.4 (46.576.0) 72.8 (69.276.1) 71.0 (59.680.2) 75.6 (72.078.9)
Connecticut 82.5 (79.585.1) 74.7 (68.580.1) 57.8 (43.770.7) 80.6 (76.684.0) 76.4 (66.584.0) 82.9 (79.885.6)
Delaware 74.7 (71.477.7) 68.9 (60.276.5) 56.1 (42.468.8) 69.1 (64.373.5) 55.6 (41.768.7) 80.0 (76.882.8)
Florida 67.2 (64.669.6) 56.0 (50.561.5) 56.7 (49.863.3) 65.3 (62.667.9) 57.1 (51.662.4) 68.7 (65.771.5)
Hawaii 73.0 (69.076.6) 59.1 (47.869.6) 61.2 (52.569.2) 70.8 (65.076.0) 54.1 (44.363.5) 74.9 (71.777.9)
Illinois 79.0 (75.981.7) 65.1 (58.571.2) 62.8 (50.773.4) 77.9 (74.181.3) 68.4 (61.274.7) 79.1 (75.182.6)
Indiana 75.6 (71.179.6) 61.4 (49.771.9) 76.2 (55.988.9) 71.7 (66.076.7) 65.7 (51.177.8) 77.5 (70.783.1)
Kentucky 71.4 (67.974.7) 57.6 (48.766.1) 64.6 (49.077.6) 68.3 (63.272.9) 62.1 (51.671.6) 75.4 (70.779.5)
Maine NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Maryland 78.4 (77.779.1) 65.5 (63.867.2) 63.6 (60.866.3) 76.6 (75.877.5) 65.6 (63.767.4) 79.5 (78.680.5)
Massachusetts NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Michigan 75.6 (72.378.5) 61.1 (51.869.7) 63.0 (48.175.9) 73.5 (69.277.5) 60.9 (51.969.3) 77.2 (73.380.7)
Nevada 70.0 (67.072.9) 66.0 (53.776.4) 50.7 (39.661.8) 67.3 (61.772.4) 68.7 (60.076.2) 71.7 (68.374.8)
New Mexico 75.3 (73.577.0) 66.9 (62.970.7) 57.7 (52.063.2) 72.2 (69.774.6) 65.5 (60.270.4) 76.5 (74.678.4)
New York 76.2 (73.378.8) 59.7 (52.766.3) 53.1 (44.761.2) 73.5 (70.076.7) 53.4 (45.161.6) 76.9 (73.679.9)
North Carolina NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
North Dakota 78.6 (76.480.7) 64.6 (56.571.9) 62.6 (48.674.7) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oklahoma 72.7 (68.776.4) 62.5 (48.774.6) 42.1 (24.861.7) 70.1 (63.875.8) 63.0 (47.276.4) 74.4 (69.279.0)
Pennsylvania 83.2 (80.086.0) 69.0 (60.476.5) 75.4 (61.685.5) 81.3 (77.384.8) 71.6 (59.881.0) 85.0 (81.987.6)
Rhode Island 80.1 (73.885.2) 68.8 (60.276.3) 56.3 (38.472.7) 79.3 (73.284.3) 65.0 (54.174.4) 80.1 (72.885.9)
Vermont NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
West Virginia 74.9 (70.978.5) 66.0 (55.475.2) 60.9 (51.070.0) 73.7 (69.877.2) 66.2 (56.274.9) 75.9 (69.981.1)
Wyoming 77.2 (74.779.4) 54.9 (48.860.8) 64.1 (52.174.6) 73.6 (69.977.0) 63.5 (55.670.7) 80.1 (77.482.6)
Median 75.4 65.3 61.0 72.8 65.0 76.9
Range 67.283.2 54.974.7 42.176.2 65.381.3 53.476.4 68.785.0
Large urban school district surveys
Baltimore, MD 65.8 (62.069.4) 58.0 (49.466.2) 50.2 (34.066.4) 63.0 (56.868.9) 61.3 (51.570.3) 66.3 (60.571.7)
Boston, MA 72.4 (69.774.9) 66.0 (57.373.8) 57.9 (44.570.3) 73.6 (70.476.6) 58.8 (48.568.4) 72.8 (68.276.9)
Broward County, FL 67.8 (64.570.9) 55.8 (48.363.0) 59.5 (49.668.8) 66.4 (60.871.6) 56.8 (47.066.0) 68.2 (63.872.3)
Cleveland, OH NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
DeKalb County, GA 62.5 (59.365.6) 63.8 (55.971.0) 63.6 (53.073.1) 65.2 (61.668.6) 61.8 (52.070.7) 60.1 (55.764.3)
Detroit, MI 56.3 (52.659.8) 49.3 (40.558.1) 40.6 (27.155.8) 56.4 (51.860.8) 50.3 (41.658.9) 62.1 (56.767.2)
District of Columbia NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Duval County, FL 67.9 (65.869.9) 56.4 (50.162.6) 58.9 (49.867.5) 66.0 (62.669.3) 54.4 (47.860.8) 70.9 (68.473.3)
Ft. Worth, TX 67.0 (64.569.3) 58.0 (48.667.0) 60.3 (48.471.1) 66.6 (63.070.0) 56.9 (46.966.4) 66.0 (63.068.8)
Houston, TX 62.3 (59.964.7) 54.0 (48.459.5) 46.8 (39.254.6) 58.7 (55.661.8) 46.8 (40.353.4) 64.9 (61.668.0)
Los Angeles, CA 70.8 (67.174.3) 67.6 (61.173.5) 51.6 (40.762.3) 70.2 (64.175.7) 66.9 (58.174.7) 70.0 (67.272.7)
Miami-Dade County, FL 66.5 (63.169.7) 53.3 (45.161.3) 42.3 (30.854.7) 63.6 (60.466.8) 51.2 (41.161.2) 69.5 (64.574.1)
New York City, NY 71.4 (69.473.2) 66.4 (60.372.0) 56.4 (47.664.8) 71.9 (69.374.3) 60.6 (53.167.5) 70.7 (68.672.7)
Oakland, CA 67.3 (63.870.6) 57.6 (48.766.0) 63.7 (48.177.0) 65.4 (60.869.8) 54.9 (44.664.8) 69.9 (65.374.2)
Orange County, FL 63.1 (59.466.7) 55.1 (46.863.1) 42.8 (30.256.4) 62.1 (57.666.3) 52.9 (43.062.5) 63.7 (59.467.8)
Palm Beach County, FL 66.9 (64.469.4) 49.7 (42.756.7) 55.1 (45.564.4) 64.0 (60.667.3) 53.6 (44.562.4) 69.0 (65.971.9)
Philadelphia, PA 70.5 (66.274.4) 61.2 (51.769.8) 55.9 (41.169.7) 68.2 (63.472.6) 61.4 (55.467.1) 72.1 (65.178.2)
San Diego, CA 71.8 (69.274.2) 65.6 (57.073.3) 57.8 (44.370.3) 70.4 (67.073.6) 67.1 (58.574.7) 71.8 (68.175.1)
San Francisco, CA 73.4 (70.975.7) 69.2 (57.279.0) 69.0 (57.178.8) 71.0 (66.974.7) 56.8 (45.367.6) 74.8 (71.777.6)
Median 67.3 58.0 56.4 66.0 56.8 69.5
Range 56.373.4 49.369.2 40.669.0 56.473.6 46.867.1 60.174.8
* For a checkup, exam, teeth cleaning, or other dental work during the 12 months before the survey.
95% confidence interval.
Not available.

200 MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
 Surveillance Summaries

TABLE 120. Percentage of high school students who had 8 or more hours of sleep,* by sexual identity and sex of sexual contacts United States
and selected U.S. sites, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2015
% CI
National survey
(all students) 27.3 (25.129.6)

Sexual identity Sex of sexual contacts

Heterosexual Gay, lesbian, or Opposite sex Same sex only or No
(straight) bisexual Not sure only both sexes sexual contact
Site % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI
National survey
Total 28.3 (26.030.7) 23.4 (19.827.5) 21.5 (16.527.5) 24.8 (22.227.7) 20.5 (16.724.8) 31.2 (28.633.9)
Male 30.8 (27.933.9) 27.2 (20.335.4) 25.5 (19.332.9) 26.3 (22.930.1) 27.4 (20.635.5) 35.3 (31.339.4)
Female 25.3 (22.927.8) 21.9 (18.026.3) 18.6 (12.127.5) 22.8 (20.125.8) 18.1 (14.123.0) 27.4 (24.930.1)
State surveys
Arizona NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Arkansas 29.8 (25.135.1) 24.6 (17.533.5) 26.9 (17.538.9) 24.3 (19.629.8) 26.5 (19.535.0) 37.1 (31.742.9)
California 30.1 (24.436.4) 18.7 (13.026.2) 23.7 (12.141.3) 25.8 (18.734.5) 17.2 (7.136.1) 32.3 (28.236.6)
Connecticut 21.6 (19.523.9) 13.3 (8.021.2) 12.4 (7.819.0) 15.5 (12.718.8) 11.4 (7.017.9) 25.4 (21.929.3)
Delaware 24.8 (22.327.6) 15.0 (10.321.4) 22.4 (14.832.2) 22.5 (18.826.8) 20.1 (12.730.4) 26.3 (23.129.7)
Florida 23.2 (21.824.7) 22.2 (18.426.6) 19.1 (14.624.6) 19.6 (17.122.4) 20.1 (16.724.1) 26.5 (24.428.7)
Hawaii 24.3 (21.926.8) 25.9 (19.034.2) 28.0 (20.636.8) 21.1 (18.024.6) 21.5 (16.427.6) 27.6 (24.131.5)
Illinois 24.5 (21.527.7) 15.2 (9.922.6) 23.2 (15.133.9) 21.8 (19.224.6) 18.0 (11.626.9) 27.4 (22.832.7)
Indiana 22.1 (19.824.5) 17.9 (11.626.5) 14.6 (7.626.2) 17.9 (14.222.4) 15.7 (9.724.4) 26.0 (22.230.2)
Kentucky 25.6 (22.828.5) 13.5 (7.722.5) 17.7 (7.337.1) 23.5 (19.927.4) 11.0 (5.520.8) 27.4 (23.431.7)
Maine NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Maryland 25.0 (24.325.7) 16.3 (15.117.5) 19.4 (17.221.7) 21.5 (20.722.3) 15.7 (14.517.0) 28.1 (27.129.1)
Massachusetts 22.2 (20.024.7) 17.7 (13.123.5) 28.3 (20.637.5) 20.7 (18.323.4) 16.8 (12.222.7) 24.0 (20.627.7)
Michigan 21.2 (18.724.0) 15.0 (10.021.8) 13.3 (9.817.9) 16.5 (13.420.1) 12.4 (8.717.3) 25.7 (22.828.8)
Nevada 24.5 (22.027.2) 24.5 (16.734.4) 14.1 (6.527.8) 20.8 (17.125.1) 26.6 (18.736.4) 26.6 (22.631.0)
New Mexico 33.1 (31.534.8) 24.4 (20.928.3) 24.2 (19.629.4) 27.7 (25.530.1) 23.5 (20.427.0) 37.1 (35.139.1)
New York 22.1 (19.824.5) 17.4 (12.623.5) 19.1 (13.027.3) 18.1 (15.221.4) 13.9 (10.118.9) 27.1 (24.030.4)
North Carolina 26.3 (23.329.5) 12.5 (6.921.5) 21.6 (12.933.9) 21.2 (17.725.1) 14.4 (8.523.3) 31.7 (25.738.5)
North Dakota 30.7 (28.133.4) 15.9 (10.423.7) 17.4 (9.330.3) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oklahoma 29.1 (25.732.8) 16.4 (9.526.9) 26.3 (11.449.6) 27.3 (23.531.4) 18.2 (9.931.2) 30.6 (26.435.2)
Pennsylvania 26.2 (23.828.7) 20.5 (13.430.1) 22.4 (13.734.4) 20.7 (17.524.2) 18.3 (11.428.2) 31.9 (29.434.5)
Rhode Island NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Vermont NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
West Virginia 19.0 (15.722.8) 8.5 (4.615.3) 5.2 (1.714.9) 13.9 (10.717.9) 8.3 (4.315.3) 23.4 (19.028.4)
Wyoming 31.6 (29.333.9) 19.4 (13.726.8) 25.4 (17.135.9) 26.7 (23.430.4) 18.2 (11.427.7) 36.7 (33.839.7)
Median 24.8 17.4 21.6 21.2 17.6 27.4
Range 19.033.1 8.525.9 5.228.3 13.927.7 8.326.6 23.437.1
Large urban school district surveys
Baltimore, MD 25.6 (21.630.2) 16.8 (11.923.2) 18.6 (7.738.2) 23.2 (18.229.1) 16.2 (10.823.5) 32.4 (25.440.2)
Boston, MA 17.7 (15.220.4) 16.8 (11.324.2) 17.2 (7.435.0) 15.8 (12.819.3) 9.3 (5.016.6) 20.2 (16.724.2)
Broward County, FL 14.6 (12.517.0) 10.8 (6.417.7) 17.8 (8.633.2) 12.7 (10.515.4) 8.0 (3.816.1) 17.9 (14.721.5)
Cleveland, OH 20.0 (17.422.8) 17.0 (12.323.1) 20.9 (11.834.4) 19.2 (15.823.1) 16.0 (11.122.6) 24.2 (20.228.7)
DeKalb County, GA 20.4 (18.322.8) 12.9 (8.519.0) 22.6 (14.433.6) 15.4 (12.718.7) 17.0 (12.322.9) 24.2 (21.127.7)
Detroit, MI 15.9 (13.918.1) 9.4 (5.715.2) 12.8 (5.526.8) 17.1 (14.020.7) 10.7 (5.719.1) 18.6 (15.622.1)
District of Columbia 29.2 (28.230.2) 24.6 (22.427.0) 25.2 (21.029.8) 25.2 (23.726.8) 22.3 (19.725.1) 32.5 (30.934.1)
Duval County, FL 19.8 (17.921.9) 12.9 (9.517.4) 18.3 (11.727.5) 18.9 (16.421.7) 16.1 (12.121.0) 20.3 (17.723.3)
Ft. Worth, TX 31.0 (28.633.6) 26.6 (19.834.8) 38.8 (26.253.1) 27.0 (24.229.9) 21.1 (14.130.2) 35.9 (32.539.6)
Houston, TX 25.2 (23.027.5) 18.8 (14.124.5) 18.2 (12.924.9) 23.1 (20.026.6) 17.2 (13.421.9) 27.4 (24.530.5)
Los Angeles, CA 31.2 (27.834.8) 18.1 (9.731.0) 28.1 (18.140.7) 28.9 (24.434.0) 22.6 (14.234.1) 32.3 (27.337.6)
Miami-Dade County, FL 19.6 (17.322.2) 14.9 (9.921.7) 23.0 (15.632.6) 18.2 (15.421.4) 12.8 (8.319.3) 20.9 (17.824.4)
New York City, NY 25.9 (23.129.0) 17.0 (13.820.7) 25.5 (19.133.0) 20.4 (17.723.3) 19.6 (13.727.1) 29.3 (26.032.8)
Oakland, CA 30.9 (26.935.2) 18.8 (13.326.0) 27.5 (16.941.3) 24.2 (21.027.7) 20.9 (13.930.3) 37.6 (31.544.1)
Orange County, FL 21.4 (18.424.6) 14.8 (9.722.1) 16.9 (9.129.2) 18.6 (14.823.0) 18.8 (12.926.6) 22.2 (18.626.3)
Palm Beach County, FL 18.9 (16.621.4) 14.1 (9.221.2) 15.4 (9.424.2) 15.1 (12.518.1) 17.1 (11.425.0) 23.2 (19.727.0)
Philadelphia, PA 20.5 (17.224.2) 16.3 (10.923.6) 19.9 (12.031.0) 17.7 (13.822.5) 16.8 (11.324.3) 21.8 (16.727.9)
San Diego, CA 29.7 (26.433.2) 11.7 (8.016.8) 26.5 (18.835.9) 25.8 (22.229.7) 8.7 (5.613.5) 32.5 (28.836.4)
San Francisco, CA 25.3 (22.528.4) 17.8 (11.227.1) 24.9 (16.635.6) 23.6 (19.428.4) 19.6 (12.229.9) 26.3 (23.429.5)
Median 21.4 16.8 20.9 19.2 17.0 24.2
Range 14.631.2 9.426.6 12.838.8 12.728.9 8.022.6 17.937.6
* On an average school night.
95% confidence interval.
Not available.

US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 201
 Surveillance Summaries

TABLE 121. Percentage of high school students who used an indoor tanning device,* by sexual identity and sex of sexual contacts United States,
Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2015
% CI
National survey
(all students) 7.3 (6.08.9)

Sexual identity Sex of sexual contacts

Heterosexual Gay, lesbian, or Opposite sex Same sex only or No
(straight) bisexual Not sure only both sexes sexual contact
Site % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI
National survey
Total 7.2 (5.88.9) 6.2 (3.99.9) 13.1 (8.819.0) 10.7 (8.413.4) 13.0 (9.917.0) 2.8 (2.23.6)
Male 3.4 (2.64.3) 8.0 (3.816.1) 18.1 (11.227.9) 4.7 (3.46.3) 16.5 (10.624.7) 1.4 (0.92.4)
Female 11.7 (9.014.9) 5.8 (3.69.1) 7.9 (3.716.3) 18.2 (14.023.4) 11.9 (8.316.9) 4.1 (3.15.3)
* Such as a sunlamp, sunbed, or tanning booth (not counting getting a sprayon tan) one or more times during the 12 months before the survey.
95% confidence interval.

TABLE 122. Percentage of high school students who had a sunburn,* by sexual identity and sex of sexual contacts United States, Youth Risk
Behavior Survey, 2015
% CI
National survey
(all students) 55.8 (51.260.3)

Sexual identity Sex of sexual contacts

Heterosexual Gay, lesbian, or Opposite sex Same sex only or No
(straight) bisexual Not sure only both sexes sexual contact
Site % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI
National survey
Total 56.3 (51.161.4) 52.3 (46.658.0) 50.6 (43.757.5) 58.3 (53.363.1) 58.1 (53.063.0) 52.9 (46.858.9)
Male 52.2 (47.856.6) 51.0 (40.261.7) 50.1 (39.161.2) 53.6 (48.259.0) 57.5 (50.064.7) 49.8 (45.354.2)
Female 61.0 (54.367.2) 52.7 (47.657.8) 48.9 (41.056.9) 64.1 (58.269.6) 58.3 (52.264.2) 55.9 (47.963.6)
* One or more times during the 12 months before the survey, counting even a small part of the skin turning red or hurting for 12 hours or more after being outside
in the sun or after using a sunlamp or other indoor tanning device.
95% confidence interval.

TABLE 123. Percentage of high school students who avoided foods because eating the food could cause an allergic reaction,* by sexual identity
and sex of sexual contacts United States, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2015
% CI
National survey
(all students) 16.0 (14.817.2)

Sexual identity Sex of sexual contacts

Heterosexual Gay, lesbian, or Opposite sex Same sex only or No
(straight) bisexual Not sure only both sexes sexual contact
Site % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI % CI
National survey
Total 15.1 (13.816.4) 23.3 (19.727.4) 17.4 (13.222.5) 16.5 (14.918.3) 22.5 (18.327.3) 13.8 (12.415.3)
Male 11.6 (10.013.5) 15.0 (8.724.7) 12.4 (6.622.1) 13.0 (10.516.0) 15.3 (9.324.0) 10.1 (8.811.7)
Female 19.1 (17.520.7) 25.2 (21.229.8) 20.4 (14.527.8) 20.9 (18.823.2) 24.8 (19.730.7) 17.3 (15.419.4)
* Such as skin rashes, swelling, itching, vomiting, coughing, or trouble breathing.
95% confidence interval.

202 MMWR/August 12, 2016/Vol. 65/No. 9 US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
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