ENGG 2450

Electric Circuits
Rafik Guindi
University of Guelph
Winter 2017
 Chapter 1

BASIC CONCEPTS

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 1.1 Introduction

An electric circuit is

A simple electric circuit.

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 1.1 Introduction

Electric circuit of a radio transmitter.

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 1.2 Systems of Units

The International System of Units (SI)

Basic Units:

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 1.2 Systems of Units

SI Derived Units:

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 1.2 Systems of Units

SI Prefixes:

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 1.2 Systems of Units

Example

If a signal can travel in a cable at 80% of the speed of

light, what length of cable, in inches, represents 1 ns?

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 1.3 Charge and Current

The concept of electric charge

the basis for describing all electrical phenomena

Charge is an electrical property of the atomic particles of which

matter consists, measured in coulombs (C).

The electric charge exists in discrete quantities

integral multiples of the electronic charge
(1.6022 10-19 C)

The separation of charge creates an electric force

(voltage)
The motion of charge creates an electric fluid (current)
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 1.3 Charge and Current

Example 1.1

How much charge is represented by 4,600 electrons?

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 1.3 Charge and Current

Definition of Current

Electric current is the time rate of change of charge, measured in

amperes (A).

i = current (amperes, A)
q = charge (coulombs, C)
t = time (seconds, s)

1 ampere = 1 coulomb/second

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 1.3 Charge and Current

Definition of Current I

A direct current (dc) is a current

that remains constant with time.

An alternating current (ac) is a i

current that varies sinusoidally
with time.

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 1.3 Charge and Current

Definition of Current

Current flows through an element (or a wire) in a given

direction:

equivalent

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 1.3 Charge and Current

Example 1.2

The total charge entering a terminal is given by

= 5 sin 4 mC.
Calculate the current at = 0.5 s.

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 1.3 Charge and Current

Example 1.3

Determine the total charge entering a terminal between

= 1 s and = 2 s if the current passing the terminal is
= 3 2 A.

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 1.4 Voltage

Definition of Voltage

Voltage (or potential difference) is the energy required to move a

unit charge through an element, measured in volts (V).

v = voltage (volts, V)
w = energy (joules, J)
q = charge (coulombs, C)

1 volt = 1 joule/coulomb

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 1.4 Voltage

Definition of Voltage

Voltage (or potential difference) across an element has

a polarity:

equivalent

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 1.4 Voltage

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 1.5 Power and Energy

Definition of Power

Power is the time rate of expending or absorbing energy,

measured in watts (W).

p = power (watts, W)
w = energy (joules, J)
t = time (seconds, s)

1 watt = 1 joule/second

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 1.5 Power and Energy

Power Equation:

v i

p = vi
p = power (watts, W)
v = voltage (volts, V)
i = current (amperes, A)

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 1.5 Power and Energy

Power Equation:

p = vi

The power associated with a basic circuit element is simply the product of
the current flowing through the element and the voltage across the element

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 1.5 Power and Energy

The Passive Sign Convention

The current is assumed to flow inside the circuit element
from the terminal with the (+) voltage sign to the terminal
with the (-) voltage sign
We assume the passive sign convention when
calculating the power in a circuit element
If the computed power is positive, then the power is said to
be consumed or dissipated (taken by, or absorbed by) by the
circuit element
If the computed power is negative, then the power is said to
be delivered or generated (or supplied) by the circuit element
(given by that element to the rest of the elements in the circuit)
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 1.5 Power and Energy

Example

P = + 12 W P = + 12 W P = - 12 W P = - 12 W
Power is absorbed (consumed) by Power is supplied (delivered) by the
the element (taken from the circuit) element to the circuit (like a source)
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 1.5 Power and Energy

Example

t < 0: i=0
v = 0;
t 0: i = 20e-5000 t A
v = 10e-5000 t kV;

a) Calculate the power supplied to the element at

t = 1 ms.

a) Calculate the total energy (in joules) supplied to (or

consumed by) the circuit element.
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 1.5 Power and Energy

Balancing Power

The law of conservation of energy must be obeyed in

any electric circuit.
For this reason, the algebraic sum of power in a circuit,
at any instant of time, must be zero:

Power absorbed (consumed) = Power supplied

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 1.5 Power and Energy

Example
+ vc -

Component v(V) i(A)

a 120 -10 + ic -
b 120 9 va ia vf if
- +
c 10 10 - vd + -
vh
d 10 -1 ih
+
e -10 -9 + id +
f -100 5 vb ib vg ig
- -
g 120 4 + ve -

h -220 -5
ie

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 1.5 Power and Energy

Definition of Energy

Energy is the capacity to do work, measured in joules (J).

w = energy (joules, J)
p = power (watts, W)
t = time (seconds, s)
v = voltage (volts, V)
i = current (amperes, A)

The electric power utility companies measure energy

in watt-hours (Wh), where 1 Wh = 3,600 J

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 1.5 Power and Energy

Example

Let i = 30 A
a) Which car has the dead battery?
b) If this connection is maintained for 1 min, how much energy is
transferred to the dead battery?

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 1.5 Power and Energy

Example 1.4

An energy source forces a constant current of 2 A for 10 s

to flow through a light bulb. If 2.3 kJ is given off in the
form of light and heat energy, calculate the voltage drop
across the bulb.

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 1.5 Power and Energy

Example 1.5

Find the power delivered to an element at t = 3 ms if the

current entering its positive terminal is
= 5 cos 60 A
And the voltage is:
a) = 3,
b) = 3

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 1.5 Power and Energy

Example 1.6

How much energy does a 100-W electric bulb consume in

two hours?

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 1.6 Circuit Elements

Passive Elements:
Resistors, capacitors, inductors

Active Elements:
Voltage and current sources
Operational amplifiers (Op-Amps)

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 1.6 Circuit Elements

An ideal independent source is an active element that provides a

specified voltage or current that is ompletely independent of other
circuit elements.

Independent voltage source Independent current source

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 1.6 Circuit Elements

An ideal dependent (or controlled) source is an active element in

which the source quantity is controlled by another voltage or current.

Dependent voltage source Dependent current source

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 1.6 Circuit Elements

Types of Dependent Sources:

1. A voltage-controlled voltage source (VCVS).

2. A current-controlled voltage source (CCVS).
3. A voltage-controlled current source (VCCS).
4. A current-controlled current source (CCCS).
Current-
Example: controlled
voltage
source

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 1.6 Circuit Elements

Example 1.7

Calculate the power supplied or absorbed by each

element in the figure:

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