Energy Education Science and Technology Part A: Energy Science and Research

2011 Volume (Issue) 27(1): 199-208

Fuel properties of biodiesels produced from

blends of canola oil and animal tallow
Fevzi Yasara, Sehmus Altunb*, Hamit Adinc
a
Department of Refinery and Petro-Chemistry Batman University, 72100 Batman, Turkey.
b
Department of Mechine Education Batman University, 72100 Batman, Turkey.
c
Department of Mechanical Engineering Batman University, 72100 Batman, Turkey.

Received 13 August 2010; accepted 07 September 2010

Abstract

Biodiesel is an alternative diesel fuel that can be produced from renewable feedstocks such as
vegetable oil or animal fats by transesterification with methanol for using in diesel engines. The
viscosity and density of biodiesel fuels are important parameters due to being key fuel properties for
injection and combustion process of diesel engines. These fuel properties mainly depend on the
feedstock which is used in the biodiesel production. Also, lubricity is an important for diesel engine
fuels due to the fuel injection systems are lubricated by the fuel itself. In this study, the blends
containing 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% of food-grade canola oil/inedible animal tallow in volume basis
were prepared and converted into methyl esters by base-catalyzed transesterification. Effect of canola
oil ration in the feedstock on the viscosity, density and lubricity were investigated. Lubricity was
determined using the high-frequency reciprocating rig (HFRR) test. Experimental results showed that
the kinematics viscosity of increased as animal tallow ratio increased in the feedstock, as animal
tallow itself is more viscous than canola oil. Also, density did not change much when blended
feedstocks were used. Besides, it was observed that lubricity of biodiesel fuels from blended
feedstocks was slightly get worse compared with pure biodiesels.

Keywords: Canola oil; Inedible animal tallow; Biodiesel production; Fuel properties
Sila Science. All Rights Reserved.

1. Introduction

Biodiesel is the mono-alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids derived from renewable
feedstock, such as vegetable oil or animal fats for using in diesel engines. Biodiesel, which is
considered as a possible substitute of conventional diesel fuel, is commonly composed of fatty
acid methyl esters that can be prepared from triglycerides by transesterification with methanol
[1-3]. The resulting biodiesel is quite similar to petroleum based diesel fuel in its fuel

____________
*
Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-488-217-3675; Fax: +90-488-215-7201.
E-Mail address: saltun72@yahoo.com (S. Altun).
200 F. Yasar et al. / EEST Part A: Energy Science and Research 27 (2011) 199-208

properties, and this fuel is biodegradable and non-toxic and has low emission profiles as
compared to petroleum based diesel fuel [4-6]. Biodiesel contains additional oxygen, which is
useful to reduce unburned HC, CO, and smoke opacity in the exhaust [7-9]. However, a diesel
engine fuelled with biodiesel or its blend generally releases higher NOx emission than that of
petroleum-based diesel fuel [10, 11]. Some studies also reported lower NOx emissions when
biodiesel fuel and its blends were used [12]. This may be attributed to differences in fatty acid
composition of biodiesels [13]. The current use of biodiesel is related to specific climates,
agricultural policies, and the environmental laws of countries. In Germany and other
European countries, biodiesel is usually rapeseed oil methyl ester (RME), which is derived
from low-erucic acid rapeseed oil, whereas in the United States it is mainly soy methyl ester
[14, 15]. The high price of biodiesel is in large part due to the high price of the feedstock. The
high cost of the food-grade oils causes the cost of biodiesel to increase and prevents its usage
[16-18]. In this case, animal fats with lower cost feedstock can be preferred in biodiesel
production. Therefore, animal fats having a higher cetane number that reduces the amount of
fuel burnt in the premixed fraction of the combustion process, the combustion noise, and the
NOx formation are searched for [19]. However, the biodiesel produced from animal fats have
poor fuel properties since they are more saturated than vegetable oils. To solve these
problems, blending animal fats with vegetable oils in biodiesel production may be a good
method. For instance, Canoira et al. [20] evaluated the properties of biodiesel in different
mixtures of animal fat and soybean oil, and they showed that kinematics viscosity and cold-
filter plugging point (CFPP) decreased with the increasing amount of soybean oil in
feedstock. In the same way, the study of Taravus et al. [21] showed that physical properties of
the methyl esters from sunflower oil and beef tallow blends improved positively as the beef
tallow ratio decreased in the biodiesel feedstock. It was also mentioned in their study that
although beef tallow has poor properties as a feedstock in biodiesel production. It is a
necessity to take advantage of it to reduce the raw material cost, which consists of up to 70%
of the total cost of biodiesel. Issariyakul et al. [22] reported that viscosity of esters decreased
with a decrease in used cooking oil to canola oil ratio as used cooking oil itself was more
viscous than canola oil. They also expressed that if the feedstock consists of 40% used
cooking oil instead of pure canola oil, the feedstock cost will be reduced by 20%.
Recently, due to environmental concerns, some regulations have been applied in several
countries to reduce the emissions of diesel engines. To reduce the SOx emissions, the sulfur
content in diesel was decreased, which has lead to failure of engine parts, such as injectors
and pumps, because they are lubricated by the fuel itself [23-25]. On the other hand, it was
reported that neat biodiesel possesses inherently greater lubricity than petrodiesel, especially
low sulfur petrodiesel, and that adding biodiesel at low blend levels (1-2%) to low-sulfur
petrodiesel restores lubricity to the latter [26, 27].
The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of biodiesel produced from different
blends of animal fat and vegetable oil on fuel properties. In this study, biodiesel fuels were
produced from inedible animal tallow-food-grade canola oil blends and their fuel properties
such as viscosity, density and lubricity were investigated.

2. Materials and Experimental Method

2.1 Biodiesel production

The inedible animal tallow was purchased from city slaughterhouse of Elazg, Turkey.
The inedible animal tallow used in this study is a mixture of slaughtered cattle and sheep fats,
 F. Yasar et al. / EEST Part A: Energy Science and Research 27 (2011) 199-208 201

and that these fats are marketed for soap production. Before transesterification, animal tallow
was heated at 105110 0C for 1 h and then the sediment was strained out of the tallow with
cloth filter. Impurities and bubbles formed on surface of tallow were picked during heating
process. The food-grade canola oil used in this study was purchased from a local market,
which was refined and winterized. The food-grade canola oil used in this study did not need to
be filtered prior to transesterification as is required for the inedible animal tallow. The
experimental studies performed with a sample of 600 g of feedstock which was placed in a
1000 ml flat-bottom flask equipped with a magnetic stirrer-heater, digital thermometer and
condenser. The methanol (99.7% purity) and NaOH (98% purity) were used in the
transesterification. As the catalytic activity of a base is higher than that of an acid, and acid
catalysts are more corrosive, the base-catalyzed process is preferred to the acid-catalyzed one,
and is thus most often used commercially. The transesterification of canola oil and its blends
with inedible animal tallow was carried out using ratio of methanol to feedstock of 20% by
volume and about 0.8 wt.% catalyst. Since biodiesel production was experimental procedure,
we followed the procedure which is shown in Figure 1. The inedible animal tallow was heated
to 60C gradually and then canola oil was added into it. In another beaker, methanol and
sodium hydroxide were mixed, until all NaOH was dissolved in methanol. Afterwards, this
mixture was added into the feedstock mixture of inedible animal tallow and canola oil, and
stirred rigorously, and heated further to 60C for 1 h. When the reaction reached the present
reaction time, heating and stirring were stopped. The methyl esters phase separated from the
bottom glycerol phase was then washed by warm distilled water.
Kinematics viscosity (at 40 C), density (at 15 C), flash point and lubricity (at 60 C) by
the high-frequency reciprocating rig (HFRR) of methyl esters were determined in TPRA
(Turkish Petroleum Refineries Co.). The fuel samples have been analyzed in the laboratories
of Batman Refinery using analysis instruments according to related ASTM standards. The
measurements were done by using Herzog (HVM 472) viscosity meter, Herzog flash point
tester (closed-cup method) and Anton Paar (DMA 5000) density meter.

Fig. 1. Biodiesel production process.

202 F. Yasar et al. / EEST Part A: Energy Science and Research 27 (2011) 199-208

2 . 2. High-frequency reciprocating rig (HFRR) testing

High-Frequency Reciprocating Rig (HFRR) testing was performed in the fuel analyses
laboratory of TUPRAS (Turkish Petroleum Refineries Co.), Batman Refinery, Turkey. The
photo of high frequency reciprocating test rig (HFRR) is shown in Fig. 2. The lubricity
determinations were performed at 60 C (controlled to less than 1 C), according to the
standard method TS EN ISO 12156, with an HFRR lubricity tester obtained from PCS
Instruments. The testing parameters and conditions are shown in Table 1. The HFRR tester
used in this study involves a weighted steel ball (SSP ball) and a stationary steel disk which is
completely submerged in a test fuel. Additionally, lubricity tester has a resonance device,
desicator cabinet and ML 7000 microscope. At the conclusion of each test the ball was
visually inspected for wear and the dimensions of an observed wear scar (m) on the ball
were averaged.

Fig. 2. High frequency reciprocating rig (HFRR).

Table 1. HFRR test conditions in this study

Fluid vol (ml) 2.00.20
Fluid temp (C) 602
Bath surface area (cm2) 6.01.0
Stroke length (mm) 1.00.02
Frequency (Hz) 501
Applied load (g) 2001
Test duration (min) 750.1
Specimen steel AISI E-52100
Ball diameter (mm) 6.0 dia ball upper
Surface finish (ball) < 0.05 m Ra
Hardness (ball) 58-66 Rockwell C
Surface finish (plate) < 0.02 m Ra
Hardness (plate) 190-210 HV 30
Ambient temperature (0C) 28
Ambient relative humudity 50%
 F. Yasar et al. / EEST Part A: Energy Science and Research 27 (2011) 199-208 203

3. Results and discussions

3. 1. Kinematics viscosity

The viscosity of biodiesels from different sources is generally higher than that of petroluem
diesel fuel. The variation of kinematics viscosity with the increase of canola oil ratio in the
feedstock is presented in Fig. 3. The kinematics viscosity in biodiesel standards has been
determined as 1.96.0 mm2/s in ASTM D 6751 and 3.55.0 mm2/s in EN 14214. The
kinematics viscosity of methyl esters in this study was within the given standards. The
kinematics viscosity was less for biodiesels from canola oil and its blends with inedible
animal tallow than for the inedible animal tallow biodiesel alone, as shown in Fig. 3. It has
been reported by Lin and Li [28] that the larger proportions of saturated fatty acids with
longer carbon chains cause kinematics viscosity to increase. The tallow methyl ester which
contained highly saturated fatty acids appeared to have greater kinematics viscosity. Wyatt et
al. [29] founded that viscosities for the animal fat-derived fatty acid methyl ester, in general,
were slightly higher than that for the soy-based esters but were within the specified limit.
Knothe [30] also reported that biodiesel fuels derived from used frying oils tend to possess
higher viscosity than those from most vegetable oils, owing to their higher content of trans
FA and saturated. But it was not observed a linear increase with the amount of animal tallow
ratio in the feedstock. As a result, it can be said that the viscosity was positively influenced
when the canola oil was blended with inedible animal tallow for the biodiesel production.

6
Viscosity (mm2/s)

2
0 25 50 75 100
%Canola oil in the feedstock (vol.)

Fig. 3. Change in viscosity with canola oil increased in the feedstock.

3. 2. Density

The density in biodiesel standards has been determined as 860890 kg/m3 in EN 14214. In
this study, the density of biodiesels produced is between these values. Inedible animal tallow
methyl ester has slightly lower density among the methyl esters and the densities of the others
are close to each other, as shown in Fig. 4. As reported by Alptekin and Canakci [31] density
of biodiesels has not changed much, because the densities of methanol and oil are close to the
density of the produced biodiesel. The density of vegetable oil based methyl esters from
different sources reported in many studies is very close to each other (around 880 kg/m3),
whereas animal fat based methyl esters have density of around 870 kg/m3 [20, 31-33].
Although these values are in accordance with the standards, they are slightly higher than those
204 F. Yasar et al. / EEST Part A: Energy Science and Research 27 (2011) 199-208

of the petroleum based diesel fuels. On the other hand, densities of biodiesel fuels will vary
with the fatty acid composition and their purity [31, 34]. For instance, it was reported by
Yahya and Marley [35] that the specific gravity decreased slightly with increased saturation in
the ester composition. In the same way, Graboski et al. [36] also reported that more saturated
esters have higher cetane numbers and lower densities than less saturated esters. In this study,
also, the animal tallow methyl ester which contained more saturated fatty acids has slightly
lower density than those of other methyl ester. Eventually, the change of the density obtained
in this study agrees well with the effect above.
890
Density (kg/m 3)

880

870

860
0 25 50 75 100
%Canola oil in the feedstock (vol.)

Fig. 4. Change in density with canola oil increased in the feedstock.

3. 4. Flash point

The flash point of biodiesel from canola oil is much higher than the flash point of animal
tallow biodiesel, as shown in Fig. 5. As expected, the flash point was found to increase with
the increasing proportion of canola oil in the feedstock, as presented in Fig. 5. Since biodiesel
fuels from canola oil and its blends have higher flash point than animal tallow biodiesel, they
are safer fuels than animal tallow biodiesel. Therefore, it was founded that the presence of
canola oil in the feedstock showed massive effect on the flash point. Nevertheless, the low
flash points were due to the residual alcohols existed, as reported by Sims R.H. [37]. In his
study, tallow methyl ester had lower flash point which is 23 0C. As well, Van Gerpen
(uiweb.uidaho.edu), said that as little as 1% methanol in the biodiesel can lower the flash
point of the biodiesel from 170 C to less than 40 C. Eventually, (i) the low flash point of
inedible animal tallow methyl ester can be attributed to residual methanol content, the flash
point of the animal fat-based methyl esters is lower than vegetable oil-based methyl esters (ii).

3 . 3. Lubricity

The high frequency reciprocating rig (HFRR) data of biodiesels produced are shown in
Fig. 6. Lubricity is not specified in ASTM D6751 or EN 14214 since biodiesel possesses
inherently good lubricating properties but is included in the petrodiesel standards ASTM
D975 and EN 590 with maximum prescribed wear scars of 520 and 460 m, respectively
[38]. As expected, all wear scars generated in this study were considerably below the
maximum limits set forth in the aforementioned petroleum diesel fuel standards. Among the
biodiesels, the results of the average wear scars produced by HFRR revealed that pure animal
 F. Yasar et al. / EEST Part A: Energy Science and Research 27 (2011) 199-208 205

tallow biodiesel showed slightly enhanced lubricity over biodiesels from canola oil and
blended feedstocks, as shown in Fig. 6. The HFRR test results showed that the average wear
scars increased with the increase of canola oil percentage in the biodiesel feedstock. In other
words, when biodiesel fuels from blended feedstocks were used, lubricity was slightly get
worse compared with pure biodiesels.

170
Flash point (0C)

140

110

80

50

20
0 25 50 75 100
%Canola oil in the feedstock (vol.)

Fig. 6. Change in flash point with canola oil increased in biodiesel feedstock.

300
X m Y m

250
Wear Scar (m)

200

150

100
0 25 50 75 100
%Canola oil in the feedstock (vol.)

250
HFRR average values
Wear Scar (m)

200

150

100
0 25 50 75 100
%Canola oil in the feedstock (vol.)

Fig. 6. Change in lubricity with canola oil increased in the feedstock

The feedstock used for biodiesel production is chosen according to the availability in each
region of the world. The prices of food-grade oils, such as soybean, sunflower, canola oil etc.,
are higher than that of diesel fuel, waste vegetable oils, inedible crude vegetable oils and
animal fats can be preferred as potential low-priced biodiesel feedstock [39-52].
206 F. Yasar et al. / EEST Part A: Energy Science and Research 27 (2011) 199-208

4. Conclusion

Biodiesel is an alternative diesel fuel that can be produced from renewable feedstocks such
as vegetable oil or animal fats by transesterification with methanol for using in diesel engines.
The viscosity and density of biodiesel fuels are important parameters due to being key fuel
properties for injection and combustion process of diesel engines. These fuel properties
mainly depend on the feedstock which is used in the biodiesel production. In this study, the
biodiesel fuels from different blends of canola oil and inedible animal tallow were produced
and the fuel properties were investigated. The viscosity was positively influenced when
canola oil was increased in the feedstock. Besides, the density of biodiesels has not changed
much. The presence of canola oil in the feedstock showed massive effect on the flash point. It
was observed that lubricity of biodiesel fuels from blended feedstocks was slightly get worse
compared with pure biodiesels.

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