Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Volume 5 2015
www.st.gov.my
Volume 5
Keeping
the Balance
Between Affordability and
National Development Needs
KDN: PP 18540/08/2014(033966)
Features
05 Understanding Fuel Costs 27 Where are the watts?
The ICPT mechanism and how global fuel prices Technical losses, such as dampening effects in
affect electricity generation in the country. transmission of electricity from generators to the
consumers, and non-technical losses, such as
theft and measures to minimise these losses.
10 Regulating power
The importance of Energy Managers to power savings
at industrial and commercial levels, and highlights of 30 Electrical Mishaps
related regulations and policies. Causes, as well as measures to avoid electrical accidents.
20
Analysis
24 towards sustainable
electricity generation
Malaysias energy supply needs to be secured for
the future, as the country records rapid economic
development.
Tips
08 HOT SAVINGS
Tips to keep in mind when installing a water heating
system, from the type of heater to energy-conserving
strategies.
42
Editorial Committee
Siti Suhaila Ahmad
Noor Haniza Noordin
Maimunah Zubir
by
Printed by
Percetakan Skyline Sdn. Bhd.
(135134-V)
2
News
Cheaper Operations
The Malaysian government is planning to introduce three different electricity tariffs based
on the time-of-day use. The new tariff scheme, named Enhanced Time of Use (EToU) will be
introduced to commercial and industrial consumers as an option beginning on the 1st of January
2016. According to Marlinda Mohd Rosli, the Head of the Electricity Pricing Unit at the Energy
Commission, the EToU policy adds a new mid-peak time zone, where tariff rates will be higher
than off-peak rates, which apply from 10pm to 8am, but lower than on-peak rates.
This provides a welcome relief for industrial and commercial sector players, as they consume
the highest amount of electricity, and allows them to adjust their timings so they can benefit from
the lower rates during mid-peak hours, which are from 8am-10am, 12pm-2pm and 6pm-10pm.
The purpose of the EToU mechanism is to reduce the operating costs of consumers and increase
efficiency, whether they are industrial or commercial sectors, she adds.
18000
0
00:00 02:00 04:00 06:00 08:00 10:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00 20:00 22:00
Time of Day
Under the new scheme, qualified commercial and industrial companies can opt to be considered for mid-peak hours,
which are working hours when activity usually slows down (such as during lunch). The price of electricity during these
times will be higher than in off-peak hours but lower than in peak working hours.
3
News
Gearing Up for
International Energy Trade
The future of the Laos, Thailand, Malaysia and Singapore PowerIntegration
Project (LTMS-PIP) was one of the main points of discussion at the 33rd
ASEAN Senior Officials Meeting on Energy (SOME) held in Kota Kinabalu.
Announced in September last year, the project involves cross-border power
trading between the aforementioned countries.
LTMS-PIP was developed in an effort to realise the Malaysia is monitoring the ASEAN Power Grid closely as
ASEAN Power Grid (APG), a network that connects we are in the centre of the ASEAN belt, he said. He also
the grids of each nation. The completion of the project called on the other participating countries to follow-up on their
will determine the feasibility of cross-border trading for own grid monitoring, in order to ensure the projects success,
all four countries. as it would vastly improve economic activities in the region.
4
Feature
Understanding
Fuel Costs
How Prices Impact Power Generation
Global fuel prices especially crude oil have faced a decline since late 2014, and
this has created a ripple effect worldwide, affecting a whole array of industries. One
of the effects is the cost of fuel for the generation of electricity, including fossil fuels.
Energy Malaysia talks to Marlinda Mohd Rosli, Head of the Electricity Pricing Unit
and M. Ishan Bakar, Senior Analyst of Industry Development and Electricity Market
Regulation at the Energy Commission to provide valuable insight on how the global
fuel prices have affected power generation in Malaysia.
We will ensure
prudent cost of
electricity generation
is reflected in the
electricity tariff.
- Marlinda Mohd Rosli
Head of the Electricity Pricing Unit
With the significant decline of oil prices (LNG), with crude oil only contributing In the first half of 2014, the prices of
worldwide, the electricity price in a small amount of the generation mix. LNG were increasing, whereas coal
Malaysia does not seem to be directly While coal and LNG are secured at was decreasing. To a certain extent, this
affected. The countrys main fossil fuels market price, piped natural gas is has resulted in the two off-setting each
used for generation of electricity are coal, secured at the governments approved other, making the price of electricity
natural gas and Liquefied Natural Gas subsidised price, according to Ishan. remain stable during that period.
5
ELECTRICITY TARIFF COMPONENTS UNDER THE
INCENTIVE-BASED REGULATION (IBR) FRAMEWORK
Electricity Base Tariff Components
Component sen/kWh
+
Imbalance Cost Pass-Through (ICPT) every six
months for changes in fuel costs and other
Fuel Costs generation specific costs that are beyond the
26.39 control of the Single Buyer (the difference
between cost assumptions in the base tariff
and the actual cost of procuring electricity for
28% the regulatory period).
Other Generation
Specific Costs
21%
Distribution 8.24 Assumptions in the Base Tariff:
Fuel Prices:
9% Transmission 3.66 LNG @ RM41.68/mmBtu
Domestic gas @ RM15.20/mmBtu
Coal @ USD87.50/tonne
1% Single Buyer Operation 0.24
Grid System Operation
38.53 sen/kWh
Electricity Base
Tariff Effective
1 January 2014
sen/kWh. 0
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Jan 11
Feb 11
Mar11
Apr 11
May 11
June 11
July 11
Aug 11
Sep 11
Oct 11
Nov 11
Dec 11
Jan 12
Feb 12
Mar 12
Apr 12
May 12
June 12
July 12
Aug 12
Sep 12
Oct 12
Nov 12
Dec 12
Jan 13
Feb 13
Mac 13
Apr 13
May 13
June 13
July 13
Aug 13
Sep 13
Oct 13
Nov 13
Dec 13
Jan 14
Feb 14
Mac 14
Apr 14
May 14
June 14
July 14
Aug 14
Sep 14
Oct 14
Nov 14
Dec 14
Jan 15
Feb 15
Mac 15
Apr 15
May 15
rewards and penalties to improve the Medium Fuel Oil Price LNG Cost Insurance Freight Japan Diesel LNG ex-Bintulu Power Sector
35.25 53.24
quality and cost of service, allows 48.04 47.90
6
Feature
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Qa
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Au
Ind
7
Hot Savings
Choosing and Maintaining Water Heaters
One of the biggest energy expenses after air conditioning, water heating makes
up a substantial part of the utility bill. Energy Malaysia highlights some
considerations to keep in mind when planning to install a water heating system.
8
Tips
Making Your
Heater Last SHOCK-PROOFING
The average water heater lasts for 10-15 YOUR HEATER
years but periodic maintenance check-ups
could extend its life.
Purchase water
heaters that have been
approved by the Energy
For storage water heaters, make sure to Commission, which
flush water out of the tank once every three display the SIRIM-ST label.
months and check the pressure valve and
temperature every six months. Also, regularly Ensure that the hose pipes
replace anodes, which help to attract are made out of non-
corrosive elements in the water, and can conductive materials such as
keep the heater from rusting. plastic and not out of any
form of metal.
9
Regulating Power
The Policies and Procedures to
Minimise Energy Use
As the Malaysian economy grew by leaps and bounds, the need
arose to secure energy production and supply, while ensuring
efficiency. The main crux of efficiency lies in the implementation
and adoption of policies, and use of efficient processes and
equipment. To this end, the Electricity Supply Act (ESA) 1990 was
implemented in Malaysia, stipulating specifications, standards and
best practices for the efficient use of electricity.
THE MANAGERS OF EE
One of such regulations is the Efficient organisations operate efficiently and
Management of Electrical Energy reduce their electricity usage. To
Regulations (EMEER) 2008, which do this, REEMs monitor and record
targets optimising the use of electricity electrical energy generation and
in large companies (those that consumption, analyse the data,
consume more than 3 million kilowatt and propose measures that have
hours (kWh) over six-month intervals. the potential to help these companies
According to Zulkiflee Umar, Head cut down their power use, among
of Energy Management Unit at other tasks.
the Energy Commission, there are
currently 1,936 installations in the For both large customers and residential
country subject to the policy, which electricity users, the Minimum Energy
also requires that such customers Performance Standards (MEPS)
appoint Registered Electrical Energy under the amended ESA in 2013
Managers (REEM). enforces minimum efficiency standards
for five household appliances: air
This is an increase from 1,200 in conditioners, refrigerators, televisions,
the year 2000. Zulkiflee explains, fans (ceiling, wall and desk) and
When an installations energy lamps, while the planned addition of
use exceeds the stipulated figure, other products is underway, including
what the Energy Commission does rice cookers, storage water heaters
is approach them after sending and vacuum cleaners.
a notice to the effect that they are
large consumers and request that MEPS provides energy ratings, from
they appoint an Energy Manager to 1 to 5 Stars (a higher number of year), percentage energy savings
assist in reducing their consumption stars representing greater efficiency), compared to a 3-Star model, as well
of electricity. which indicate the efficiency of the as the model of the product. For air
appliance. In the form of stickers conditioners, refrigerators, televisions
These Managers certified by (EE Label) provided by the Energy and fans, the MEPS rating allowed for
the Commission have a number Commission, the rating information domestic use is 2 Stars, while lamps are
of critical functions, all of which also includes the power consumption rated based on their lumen per watts
have a central goal: to help large of the appliances (in kWh per (lm/W) instead of the star ratings.
10
Feature
Zulkiflee Umar,
Head of Energy Management Unit
Kilowatt-Hour (kWh)
25,000,000,000.00
20,000,000,000.00
15,000,000,000.00
22,118,095,411 kWh
21,237,230,004 kWh
3,783,368,493 kWh
8,047,294,127 kWh
10,000,000,000.00
Number of Energy Service
1,384 installations
1,490 installations
1,423 installations
1,867 installations
2013 2014
9 36 0
2010 2011 2012 2013
Year
11
PARTNERSHIPS FOR
EFFICIENCY
I n 2013, r e co gn isin g th at to
encourage people to adopt EE policies
and measures, it has to lead by
example, the Malaysian government
implemented the Energy Performance
Contracting (EPC) system. The EPC
was developed to overcome the
capital costs and financing barriers
in implementing cost-effective energy
efficiency measures. It also provides
customers with a comprehensive set of
energy efficiency, renewable energy
and distributed generation measures
and often is accompanied with
guarantees that the savings produced
by a project will be sufficient to
finance the full cost of the project,
Zulkiflee noted.
LIGHTING
34,725,331.08
Savings from EE
OTHERS accrued from
awareness about
27,061,079.97 EE, and the
use of efficient
AIRCON/ CHILLER equipment, from
22,947,601.42 variable speed
drives (VSDs)
to lighting.
COMPRESSOR
11,156,052.48
MOTOR
6,182,313.86
PROCESSES
4,888,244.25
PUMP
315,294.51
12
Feature
ENERGY MANAGER
QUALIFICATION REQUIREMENTS
These are only some of the major policies and regulations that have been implemented
by the Malaysian government to advance and promote the adoption of EE in the country.
As the country approaches 2020 the deadline set to achieve high-income, industrialised
nation status energy demand and consumption is set to increase significantly. While the
Malaysian government is committed to promoting the adoption of efficient use of power,
homeowners, and commercial building, industry and factory operators have to make the
effort to use less energy, purchase efficiency-rated appliances and equipment, and hire
Energy Managers who have been certified by the Energy Commission.
13
Optimising Benefits
As Malaysia develops and advances economically, energy use increases
significantly. According to statistics from Malaysia Energy Information Hub
(MEIH), in the last 20 years, the countrys energy consumption has increased by
more than 159%. Given this, reducing electricity spending becomes an important
issue, not only for financial savings, but also for environment purposes.
Energy Malaysia suggests 9 simple tips to help reduce monthly tariffs.
1
Curb Wastage:
Switch on the lights you
really need when you enter
a room, and make sure you
2 Limit Air Conditioning: Block
direct sunlight with curtains. Using
a fan can make you feel 3C
to 4C cooler. Keep the aircon
turn them off when you leave. temperature at 24C and keep in
mind that raising the temperature
by just 1C can reduce your
3
power usage by 10%.
5
considerably.
6
Energy Vampires:
Plugged-in chargers not in
use and home electronics
on standby still consume
energy, so switch them off Inactive Computers:
when done. Hibernate mode saves more
energy than constantly turning
computers on and off.
7
Spinning Fans:
Make sure that ceiling
fans rotate counter-
Icy Knowledge:
Set the temperature of
8
fridges to 15C and freezers
clockwise to push hot air at 18C, then defrost
up and out of the home. them regularly to increase
efficiency.
14
Tips
To further assist consumers minimise power use and save on their electricity bills, the
Energy Commission has established the Energy Rating Label, an informative tag fixed
on appliances that meet the requirements of efficient use of electricity. Considering that
savings mean a reduction of about 20% to 40% on energy use, it is a great idea to look
for it when shopping for and purchasing new appliances. In addition, know that the more
stars (from 1 to 5) on a rated device, the more energy-efficient the appliance is.
Energy rating:
1 to 5-Star
Appliance type
Appliance energy
rating (Equals the
number in the
energy rating)
Information on the
brand and model
Year of rating
Energy consumption
(in kWh/year)
2015
Energy savings
compared to the
lowest 2-Star
rated product (in
percentage)
Testing
standards used
Approval to
manufacture
or import
15
Still on Gas
Malaysias Leading Energy Source
Gets a Power Boost
16
Feature
Since natural gas was introduced natural gas industry recorded one of its
in Malaysia in the early 80s, it has most significant breakthroughs, with the
remained the preferred fuel for power completion of the worlds first offshore
generation, accounting for about regasification terminal (RGT) in Sungai
78% of the electricity mix in 2000. Udang, Melaka. With a processing
Starting in around 2007 however, capacity of 3.8 million tonnes per
owing to depleting oil fields and a annum (MTPA), the terminal comprises
decline in production, the share of two customised floating storage tankers
natural gas in the national electricity and the regasification infrastructure
mix fell to 44.1% by 2013. While the on an island jetty.
use of coal particularly in power
generation became increasingly FLOW EASY
popular, recording a 14.2% increase
from 1,348 ktoe to 1,539 ktoe While Malaysia produces more
between 2005 and 2013, natural than 70% of the natural gas it needs,
gas consumption rose 10.1% in the the extra required has to be imported
same period, from 12,271 ktoe to from other countries. According to
13,520 ktoe. the Malaysia: Natural Gas Industry
Annual Review 2014 by the Malaysian
The popularity of natural gas is still Gas Association, this additional volume
growing rapidly, particularly with recent is obtained from three primary sources
advancements. In 2013, Malaysias the Malaysia-Vietnam Commercial
25,000
gas usage by power stations rise to - - - - 5 5 4 5 4 - 7 14 28 40 54 95 120 147 194 236 247 272 292 289
452 487 679 552 484 577 1,197 1,074 1,430 1,891 2,327 2,937 3,824 4,207 4,937 5,317 5,301 5,416 5,541 4,544 4,310 4,300 4,556 4,488
13,520 ktoe the second-highest
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 6 9 12 10 11 18 18 23 24 28 31 25 30 32 22 22
in 20 years. 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 6 5 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 6 6 2 6 7 1 1
Source: Petronas, Gas Companies, Power Utilities, IPPs & Self-Generation Plants
17
Arrangement Area (CAA), Malaysia- state and then fed into the Peninsular Malaysias east coast offshore fields
Thailand Joint Development Area (JDA) Gas Utilisation (PGU) pipeline. The to Gas Processing Plants (GPP). The
and from West Natuna, Indonesia. PGU is a distributive grid of more than plants are located in Kertih and
2,500 km of high-pressure pipelines Santong, Terengganu, where 2,060
For imports, such as from Qatar, constructed in phases, between million standard cubic feet per day
Nigeria and Brunei, where gas has to 1984 and 2001, and a 30km stretch (mmscfd) of gas from the JDA, CAA,
be transported via tankers, the gas is completed in 2012 to connect the Indonesia and the GPP is separated
transported as Liquefied Natural Gas RGT to the PGU. The network into its main constituents; methane
(LNG). However, for the commodity streamlines the delivery of LNG from (also called sales gas), propane,
to reach consumers, it has to be offshore fields to consumers on the ethane, butane and condensate.
converted back to its gaseous state peninsular, who account for more
and fed into the distribution grid. This than 80% of natural gas demand in For east Malaysia, there is the 250-
is where the regasification terminals the country. acre Sabah Oil and Gas Terminal
come in. (SOGT), which will receive, store and
The PGU which was also Asias first export 300,000 barrels of crude oil,
Located 3 km offshore, in contrast to export pipeline, allowed distribution as well as 1 billion standard cubic
prior onshore processing infrastructure, of LNG from Malaysia to Singapore feet of gas per day, produced from
Malaysias RGT facilities allow LNG and more recently bring in gas from Sabahs offshore fields. Meanwhile,
carriers to offload LNG at the terminal, the JDA works by channelling raw a 500 km Sabah-Sarawak Gas
where it is converted to an acceptable natural gas produced at Peninsular Pipeline (SSGP) transports gas to an
LNG Complex at Bintulu, Sarawak
for export, as well as for domestic
consumption by industrial and
petrochemical users.
2003 2013
Coal 43.7% (Ktoe) (Ktoe)
18
Feature
The development of the natural gas sector in Malaysia ensures that the increased demand
for power across all economic sectors can be met from a source that is more sustainable.
The development of the Floating Liquefied Natural Gas (FLNG) facility, which is capable of
producing 1.2 million tonnes of LNG per annum over 20 years, when it becomes operational
next year, will boost Malaysias total production capacity to 27 million tonnes per annum, as
well as the countrys position as the second largest LNG exporter in the world.
19
Regional Solutions
The Issues of Southeast Asias Energy Sector
There are many challenges facing the global energy sector, such as
fuel supply and sustainability, which affect every country, including
Malaysia. Therefore remedial steps should be taken by all stakeholders
in preparation for potential problems. Energy Malaysia sits down
with Nobuo Tanaka Global Associate for Energy Security and
Sustainability at the Institute of Energy Economics, Japan, and Dr Dejan
Ostojic the Lead Energy Specialist from the World Bank to get their
views on these matters.
Nobuo Tanaka
do the right thing. This means conserving energy, and
developing technologies that concentrate on renewable
energy for the country to continue its growth.
Global Associate for Energy Malaysia is also strategically located within ASEAN, and
Security and Sustainability at the so it can create a network of gridlines and pipelines for
greater connectivity in the region. I think this is a huge
Institute of Energy Economics opportunity to tap into.
20
Views
Dr Dejan Ostojic
infrastructure for supply and distribution, and the
private sector would not be enthusiastic to invest
any effort into it if the government is not consistent
with their policies. Therefore the establishment of
favourable government policies is paramount. In Lead Energy Specialist
times of low oil prices, we should not waste resources;
instead we should look for means to guarantee future at the World Bank
supplies.
21
The skyline of Kuala Lumpur. With the rapid
expansion and development of cities across
Southeast Asia, energy efficiency, and safe and
sustainable supply of power must be considered
to meet rising future demands.
If you chart energy sub-segments like oil, gas and power, The fact is that the economy is moving more towards
you will find that the investments are quite significant. services, which is an important sector as Malaysia is
What is important to understand is the investment needs aiming to become a high-income country by 2020. The
in comparison to the size of the economy what is the government needs to weigh allocating these funds into
percentage of GDP that these countries need to invest? energy subsidies or improving health and education
For example in Southeast Asia and China, about 2% services. Those are the trade-offs the government has to
of GDP goes into the power sector currently, and that decide what is the biggest value added and what is
percentage will decrease as the economy grows. most important for society and development?
22
Press the T button on the automatic
circuit breaker switch in your home
e e once a month to ensure it
functions satisfactorily.
Generation
Development Plan
Securing Enough Capacity for the Future
As increased economic activity is expected to result in a spike in electricity usage,
one of the challenges faced by the authorities is to properly manage generation
capacity and ensure the nations long-term energy supply and security.
Peak electricity demand in Peninsular more or less the same. In fact, prior 41% in 2011 to less than 30% as
Malaysia is forecast to rise from to the switching-on of the 1,000MW of June 2015. Also, at present, total
16.901GW in 2015 to 20.336GW Manjung 4 ultra-supercritical coal-fired
generation capacity in Peninsular
by 2020. Overall electricity usage power plant in April this year, no extra
Malaysia is slightly less than 22GW.
is also expected to increase from capacity had been added to the grid Given that peak demand in 2020 has
102.383TW/h to 123.692TW/h for more than five years. been estimated at 20.336GW, it is
during the same time period. imperative for additional capacity to
The situation where demand has been come online.
While electricity demand has been on an upward trajectory with supply
rising, and is expected to keep on doing remaining stagnant has also resulted The Energy Commission realises
so, generation capacity has remained in the reserve margin being cut from this, which is why it plans for up to
24
Analysis
10GW worth of additional capacity Two fuel-types account for 52% and tonnes, benchmarked against 2005
by the year 2020, by building 13 43% of capacity respectively, with levels, by 2020.
new power plants and expanding the rest being hydro-power (5%),
three existing ones. According to and renewables such as solar and This promise was made during
Mohd Rizal Ramli, Head of biomass (1%). the 2009 United Nations Climate
Capacity Development Unit Change Conference in Copenhagen,
at the Energy Commission, this This dependence on coal and gas and has contributed to the increased
is part of (Malaysias) long-term presents long-term problems as it focus on renewable sources of energy
generation capacity development makes the country too reliant on including hydropower, solar power
plan, which is to cater for future need. a limited source of fuel feedstock. and biomass.
In fact, in 2011, a severe gas
Elaborating, Rizal revealed that the shortage forced gas-fired power As par t of the push towards
Generation Planning Committee plants in the country to switch to renewables, the Renewable Energy
( J a w a t a nk ua s a Pe ran c an g an more expensive petroleum-derived Act 2011 was passed, which opened
Pelaksanaan Pembekalan Elektrik distillates, such as diesel, increasing the door for the feed-in tariff (FiT)
dan Tarif JPPPET) has come up cost by nearly fivefold. system where individuals and private
with a 20-year forecast of demand corporations generate electricity using
(otherwise known as the Long-Term It was expensive, but it had to be renewable sources (such as solar
Load Forecast), which runs from done, considering that natural gas and biomass). The FiT participants
2013 to 2033. These figures are then accounted for 56% of Malaysias then sell this power to the main utility
revised twice-a-year to ensure that the electricity generation. Incidentally, the provider Tenaga Nasional Berhad
Commissions strategies are reflective gas crisis of 2011 was the catalyst (TNB) who pays them a premium
of and responsive to market realities. which led to the promotion of coal as of almost four-times the going rate
a near co-equal contributor to overall for electricity.
Breaking Dependency generation capacity.
Aside from individual homes and
A s id e f ro m c on trac tin g an d Renewable Factor offices, large-scale solar power
approving the building of new power facilities have also been erected
plants, the Energy Commission also Another factor affecting energy across the country. Examples include
hopes to enhance Malaysias energy policy is the pledge by Prime t he 5 MW Melak a Wor ld Sola r
security by ensuring fuel diversity. As Minister Datuk Seri Najib Tun Razak Valley Farm, an 8MW solar farm
Rizal explained, the current fuel mix that Malaysia will achieve a 40% located in Pajam, Negeri Sembilan,
for electricity generation is highly reduction carbon emissions intensity, and a 10.25MW one in Gemas,
dependent on natural gas and coal. from 7.57 tonnes per capita to 4.54 Negeri Sembilan.
25
Analysis
64% Coal
59% 61% 58%
56% Gas
52% Hydro
Renewable energy
43%
37% Sarawak
34% 32%
29%
25%
10%
5% 5% 2% 5% 2% 4% 3% 4% 3%
1%
As global fossil fuel reserves are decreasing every year, governments and agencies around
the world including Malaysia are strengthening measures to diversify their energy
sources. While the countrys existing electricity generation and transmission infrastructure
base is strong, further improvement should always be encouraged and implemented with the
understanding that power generation and supply remains the backbone of any economy,
and a diverse fuel source helps ensure energy security.
26
Analysis
27
Technical losses can be loosely
defined as the power lost when
energy is dissipated during electrical
transmission predominantly as
heat, but energy does get expended
as noise as well chiefly because
of the inherent resistance of the
conductors themselves. For example,
when the electrical transmission
voltage of 500kV is lowered to the
household level of 240V via a step-
down transformer, the electricity will
pass through a series of winding
conductors, which are coils of wire
made of copper.
28
Analysis
TECHNICAL LOSS IN A
STEP-DOWN TRANSFORMER
The general public
can also do their
part to help reduce Electricity in
Primary Secondary Electricity out
Coil (input) Coil (output)
non-technical
losses by reporting
suspected power
theft activities to 1000V 50 10 200V
the authorities, as 2A turns turns 10 A
it will also benefit
them at the end of Iron Core
the day.
2000 W 2000 W
Abdul Razib Dawood
Head of Market
Operation Unit
The energy lost when voltage is reduced by a
step-down transformer is an example of a technical
loss. The primary and secondary coils increase in
temperature during the voltage drop, drawing energy
from the electricity flowing through them.
Source: custompowertransformer.com
MITIGATING MEASURES commonly plagued by cases of power expounds. In a similar vein, the meters
pilferages committed by illegal squatters. in the smart grid system, which is in
To curb these losses, TNB and the These thieves take advantage of the the midst of being implemented in the
Energy Commission have identified desolation that these rural locations country, will alert TNB if they are being
and applied several measures. Non- provide to brazenly hook cables to the tampered with, he adds.
technical losses are given particular uninsulated overhead transmission lines
attention as they are typically the result to power up their dwellings with free Although it is difficult to reduce technical
of criminal acts. So prevalent are electricity. Regular patrols are conducted losses, there are certain steps that
these cases that TNB has created their to remove these felonious fittings, can help lessen their severity, such
own enforcement team dubbed the ensuring that the transmission network as to increase the voltage of the
SEAL team, although unlike its United in these places remains intact. lengthier transmission network lines
States military namesake, this SEAL to 500kV. This is because at a given
stands for Special Engagement Against Advanced metering instrumentation is amount of power, a higher voltage
Losses, Abdul Razib remarks. Armed also employed to further monitor these equates to less current and resistance
with a court order, representatives unlawful activities, such as the use of in the system, which in turn results in
from the Energy Commission and the the remote metering system (RMS). less losses. Other measures include
SEAL team can raid the premises of These intelligent meters have already emulating South Korea by introducing
suspected power thieves and collect been applied at industrial addresses, aluminium conductors as opposed
evidence for legal action. and they provide TNB with a detailed to copper ones, which cost more
glimpse of the electricity usage of a initially but give a decent return on
Some remote areas of the country, given industrial consumer via readings investment in the long run with reduced
like the backwaters of Sabah, are that are sent online, Abdul Razib technical losses.
In April 2015, TNB calculated its total losses due to technical and
non-technical losses to be 7.71%, the bulk of which is attributed to transmission
and distribution losses. With constant policing and institution of more efficient methods
to further reduce these losses, TNB, in collaboration with the Energy Commission,
would undoubtedly achieve its goal of meeting its benchmark figure of 5%.
29
Electrical Accidents from 2002 to 2014
75
Electrical Mishaps
79 56 Total
52 69
70
62 63
31 57 55
48 46
Common Causes and Prevention Methods
In 2002, a total of 31 cases of to electrical accidents were reported, of which
2002 2003 142004were
2005 fatal, according
2006 2007 2008 2009 to2010
a report published
2011 2012 2013 2014 by the Energy Commission in
14 23 2011.
23 Comparatively,
37 37 38 33 in
35 2014,
33 63
26 cases
28 19were
27 reported, 27 of them resulting
17 29 to 25death.
20 This
42 is37 a matter
37 21 of 36
grave36 concern,
27 27 as36the number of injuries and
fatalities due to electrical accidents have increased by 33.3% in the span of
10 years. The number of injuries resulting from these accidents is believed to
be much higher, as to some of them were not reported. Energy Malaysia,
using facts and figures on electrical accidents from the past few years,
examines the trends and patterns that were involved.
trical Accident
The Causes
ne 2011)
In the report titled Strengthening Causes of Electrical Accidents approved appliances, even though
Percentage % Safety
Electrical Total cases
Practices through (2002 - 2014) they are much cheaper to purchase,
Legislation published by the Energy may be dangerous to use in the event
Commission, most of electrical Cause of Accident Percentage % Total cases of a malfunction as their safety is not
37 accidents occurs
202 because of the 36.2 276
guaranteed.
Failure to maintain
improper and lack of maintenance of installations
In addition, according to the Energy
ures 31 electrical equipment
168 and installations.
Non-compliance with safe 30.7 234
Commission, most electrical accidents
Agencies such as the Standards working procedures
Department as well as Industrial occur in the workplace, mostly
10.9
10 Research Institute
57 of Malaysia (SIRIM) Trespassing of utility
substations
83 because of non-compliance with
were given the task to regulate the safety safety standards. For example in
standards for electrical equipment. Activities near 11.1 85 2014, a man was electrocuted while
11 61 transmission/distribution carrying out underground cable works
Many electrical appliances, such Misused / Unsafe wiring 3.0 23
as air-conditioner units, fans and installation
3 16
power plugs will undergo thorough Defects on electrical 2.8 21
testing at SIRIMs research facilities to equipment/tools
Left: Failure to maintain electrical
2 11 are safe to use. They
ensure that they 5.4 41 installations are the biggest causes of
Other causes
are then given a sticker of approval electrical accidents, accounting for
bearing SIRIM ST logo to signify Total 100 763 nearly 40% of all cases from 2014.
7 40
that the appliances are safe for the
Faulty appliances and poor maintaining,
besides being hazardous, will only slow
general public to use. Using non-SIRIM Source: Energy Commission down productivity.
100 555
30
Analysis
How to prevent
electrical accidents:
An example of a Residual
Current Circuit Breaker (RCCB).
An RCCB is located in the
fuse box of every building, Always make sure hands are dry before touching electrical
residential, commercial,
or industrial, and will
switches. Water is a conductor, and it may leak into the switches
automatically the power supply and cause a short circuit, which could result in an electric shock.
in the event of an overload. It
can also be manually turned
off to stop the power supply,
for safety measures.
31
Analysis
60 52
knowledge, necessary training and 70 69
competence to do the job. The Energy 50 62 63
Commission has adopted the MS 31 57 55
IEC 60364, a document published
40 48 46
by the International Electrotechnical 30
Commission (IEC), which serves as an
international standard for electrical 20
installations in buildings, and acts as 10
a guide to professional wiremen and
electrical engineers. The document 0
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
provides detailed guidelines on Fatal 14 23 23 37 37 38 33 35 33 26 28 19 27
installing important protection systems
Non-Fatal 17 29 25 20 42 37 37 21 36 36 27 27 36
such as an effective earthing system
and over current relays to protect
the consumers. Source: Energy Commission
34
Innovation
3% Other
Source: GreenBiz Group
35
accordingly. The end result is a drop in of targeted energy-saving initiatives. budget by US$1.5 million simply by
energy consumption, lower operating These management systems also have utilising Big Data to better manage
and maintenance costs and higher the convenience of customisable tech its power consumption. Some 125
levels of occupant comfort. tools that can be tailored to suit the buildings on Microsofts main campus
goals and abilities of a particular had their over 30,000 building system
Data analytics that take advantage company. components and more than 2 million
of Big Data allows for easy and fast points where building systems ranging
identification of areas of inefficiency, For example, in 2011, software giant from lighting to heating, ventilation
and facilitates the implementation Microsoft was able to slash its energy and/or air conditioning (HVAC), to
power monitoring connected to
sensors. These systems produce half a
billion data transactions in a 24-hour
period.
MANAGEABLE BUILDING SYSTEMS
The sensors immediately started to give
feedback, and faults were picked up as
the diagnostic system detected assets
that were not working effectively. For
instance, the system noticed that some
dampers in the variable air volume
network were open partially instead of
being closed, and giving more cooling
than was required.
Fire
Functionality
checks,
detector Elevators
service Maintenance,
Water performance
Smart meters, Heating Ventilation &
use and flow Air Conditioning (HVAC)
sensing Fans, variable air
Energy volume, air quality
Smart meters,
24/7 monitoring
demand response
Condition monitoring,
Lighting parking lot utilisation
Occupancy sensing
Plug-in Electric
Hybrid Vehicle (PEHV)
Charging of hydrid
and electric vehicles
Access and security
Badge in, cameras,
integration perimeter, doors
Source: IBM
Some of the various
facilities that can be
controlled by building
management systems.
36
Innovation
The MySPATA system is used to regulate government fixed assets such as land, buildings and
infrastructure, while the SPA system keeps tabs on movable assets such as computers, furniture
and vehicles.
Once the assets are registered on these systems, their whereabouts and usage can be more
effectively tracked in a systematic, holistic and sustainable way. Hence, they can be utilised in
a more efficient and optimum way, reducing energy wastage that would otherwise occur due
to mismanagement of asset usage.
In a similar vein, solution providers such as iBMS Technology and ASI Malaysia, which offer
automation and IT infrastructure solutions, give the Malaysian corporate sector the option
to take advantage of Big Data within their buildings with their comprehensive management
systems. Aside from consultation and installation, these companies also provide maintenance
and around-the-clock support to ensure that the systems run smoothly.
37
Innovation
Subsystems:
HVAC
Power
Security
Fire
Elevator
Parking
Computer
Switch
Communcation
A simplified representation of Device
the typical architecture of a
building management system.
Programmable logic controllers
and control units along the line
offer precise management of
fixtures within the subsystems,
while collecting data about Building Control Unit
their operation status and
Programmable Logic Controllers
performance.
38
Guidelines
Lightning Protection
Guidelines to Safeguard Lives and Property
39
THUNDERSTORM DAYS IN PENINSULAR MALAYSIA
40
Guidelines
1 2
DIRECT STRIKES SIDE FLASHES
to be under as they are open spaces and may
The entire
The entire be near exposed metal structures that could
or part of
lightning current
may pass-through
the lightning conduct electricity.
current may
or over the body.
pass-through
the body if in Do not stand under trees. As lightning seeks
the vicinity of the path of least resistance, the moisture and
a conductor,
such as a tree.
sap in trees make them better conductors
than air, and lightning can travel through the
ground, possibly affecting anything nearby,
such as a person.
3 4
STEP POTENTIAL In residential homes, damage to household
TOUCH POTENTIAL
items such as televisions and modems may
A partial current may
pass-through the body still occur even if a lightning rod is installed
After lightning hits the
ground, the current may
if part of a body is properly. This may be due to power surges
in direct contact with
disperse in multiple when lightning strikes nearby power cables.
a conductor, such
directions, travelling In this case, owners of the residential
as a traffic light, or
underground. If a
body part is in contact
an outdoor bus stop properties should disconnect electrical
terminal.
with the ground in appliances from power sockets in the event
the immediate vicinity
where the lightning hit,
of a thunderstorm. If a laptop has to be used,
a partial current may disconnect it from the charger, and use surge
pass through the body. protectors electrical extensions that offer
some protection against power surges.
top of the buildings, based on three a principle in physics known as the by grounding wires, which are only
methods, i.e rolling sphere method, Faraday cage. A Faraday cage triggered during a lightning strike,
protective angle method or the mesh is any container that is made of a activating a circuit breaker that causes
method, which is then connected to conductive material such as steel, a temporary shutdown in electrical
the down conductors which in turn which blocks electricity and radiation supply to prevent damage to electrical
links to the earth termination system. from the outside, preventing the installations due to an electricity
contents inside from being affected, overload. It is imperative to use wires
In some cases, the down conductors thus acting as a shield. and equipment that are certified by
are connected to the re bars, the SIRIM and the Energy Commission,
steel reinforcement bars within the Besides reinforcement bars, the most as the use of substandard components
major columns of a building, applying common way to earth a building is and equipment may cause harm.
While lightning rods, grounding wires, and preventive measures, such as disconnecting
items from power sockets during a thunderstorm may help, they are only precautionary.
The public should make sure that only professionals certified by the Energy Commission
install their lightning protection systems, and use electrical equipment that are ST - SIRIM
approved. Lightning cannot be prevented, but the damage that results from it certainly
can be, if these measures are adhered to.
41
Energising the Future
The 6th Malaysian National Energy Forum
The 6th Malaysian National Energy Forum, held on
10th of March 2015 was officiated by the Minister of
Energy, Communications and Green Technology, who
was represented by Datuk Loo Took Gee, the Secretary
General of the Ministry of Energy, Communications
and Green Technology (KeTTHA), and organised by the
Energy Commission, the Malaysian Gas Association and
the Energy Council of Malaysia.
With the theme Sustainable Energy for energy supply, placing focus on the The first keynote speaker Mr Nobuo
Malaysia: Where are we?, the forum diversification of the energy mix with the Tanaka, former Executive Director
drew more than 360 participants, goal of maintaining self-sufficiency in of IEA and the current Global
comprising industry players ranging the utilisation of Malaysias resources. Associate for Energy Security and
from key stakeholders, industr y Long-term measures to increase Sustainability at the Institute of
captains, regulators and senior energy security will include reducing Energy Economics, Japan, spoke
Government officials. dependence on imported fuel, such as about current global issues. He
coal and LNG, increasing the number highlighted that the global energy
In the opening speech, Datuk Loo of suppliers and reducing overall system is influenced not just by
said that the government will demand through energy efficiency policies but by the unstable situation
strive to ensure the sustainability of andconservation measures, she said. in Iraq, the friction between Russia
42
On-Site
and Ukraine, as well as turmoil in the renewable energy and low carbon
Middle East. These factors, Tanaka technologies form asustainable
believes, will adversely affect oil energy path, but the combined
markets. In the future, half of the effort of governments, city planners
future oil from Middle East will be and civil society will be the key
derived from Iraq, he said, But to success.
investments are not happening due to
geopolitical risks. Several panel discussions followed,
where panellists discussed topics
Dr Dejan Ostojic, the Lead Energy such as Price Reforms for Energy in
Specialist from the World Bank and Malaysia, Enhancing Energy Self-
the second keynote speaker, talked Sufficiency and Innovation and
about the dual energy challenges Emerging Technologies in Energy.
environmental sustainability and The final roundtable discussion put the
energy security. If not addressed, it spotlight on the question Sustainable
will lead todoubling carbon dioxide Energy for Malaysia Where do we
emissions and local pollution by 2030 go from here? which touched on
as well as an increased dependence energy challenges in the country and
on energy imports in East Asia and the need for Malaysians to modify
the Pacific, he elaborated. Dr Ostojic their thinking in order to ensure
believes that energy efficiency, energy sustainability.
The forum was brought to a close by Ir Pramod Kumar Karunakaran, the President of
the Malaysian Gas Association. In his remarks, he stressed that sustainable energy is
an important stepping stone on the path to becoming a high-income nation, providing
clean and reliable energy solutions in an affordable and efficient manner while opening
doors for promising economic opportunities and favourable social development.
43
On-Site
44 44
On-Site
Exchanging Experiences
Saudi Electricity Company Visits
The Energy Commission welcomed a delegation from the Saudi Electricity Company
on the 29th of April 2015, comprising key representatives of the company and led
by Chairman Dr Saleh Alawaji.
Accompanying the Saudi Electricity of Technical Cooperation Salem The Saudi Electricity Company then
Company Chairman to the Energy A Balamash, and Sr. Financial Analyst, proceeded to present some slides
Commission Headquarters in Putrajaya Member of Restructuring Projects about their operations. The Energy
were Distribution and Customer Services Abdulaziz Al-Muhaiza. Commission also gave presentations,
Executive Vice President Mansour Al- which provided an overview of the
Qahtani, Generation Executive Vice The session began with opening Malaysian electricity and piped gas
President Ayesh Al-Shamari, Supply remarks by Dato Abdul Razak Abdul supply industry, the Malaysian electricity
Chain Senior Vice President Sulaiman Majid, Energy Commission Chairman, supply industry (MESI) transformation, as
Al-Hubaishi, HV Projects Vice President followed by a short speech by Dr well as the electricity tariff and incentive
Ibrahim Al-AlJarbou, Director General Saleh Alawaji. based regulations.
45
Reducing Carbon Footprint
To promote Energy Efficiency (EE), and reduce Malaysias on EE in the 10th Malaysia Plan,
carbon footprint, the Energy Commission organised the Summit which includes the reduction of carbon
dioxide emissions by 732,000 tonnes,
on the Liberalisation on EE on the 20th of May 2015, at the cutting energy use by 17W yearly,
Shah Alam Convention Centre (SACC) in Shah Alam, Selangor. and the phasing out of inefficient
incandescent light bulbs in 2013.
46
On-Site
Fostering Cooperation
33rd ASEAN Senior Officials Meeting
From the 25th to 30th of May 2015, the33rd ASEAN Senior Officials
Meeting (SOME) on Energy and Associated Meetings was held in
Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia. The meeting served as a platform
for officials in the ASEAN region to analyse and mull over local and
international issues impacting the energy sector.
47
Advocating Piped
Gas Safety
On the 28th of May, the Regulation and Safety of Piped Gas
Systems Seminar was held at the Melaka International Trade
Centre (MITC) in Ayer Keroh, Melaka.
48
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HEAR FROM YOU!
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Advises
Ministers on all matters concerning the national
policy objectives for energy supply activities, the supply and
use of electricity, the supply of gas through pipelines and the use of gas. Licenses and certifies
the supply of electricity and piped gas, the competency of electricity
and gas personnel, training providers, contractor firms and
Regulates energy services firms, energy efficiency managers, electrical
electricity and piped gas tariffs and equipment and installations, and gas pipelines.
market operation, and the quality of supply services.
Monitors and audits
performance of licensed and certified service providers, generation fuel
Promotes and piped gas supplies, electricity and piped gas installations,
energy efficiency and the use of renewable energy, as well as research, electrical and gas equipment importers, manufacturers and retailers.
development and innovation to improve the performance
of the electricity and piped gas industries.
Investigates
complaints, accidents and offences; takes legal action
Plans and develops and arbitrates if necessary.
laws, regulations, codes, guidelines development programmes
for the energy sector.