. . , . .

-
 530.145.6(076.2)(075.8)
22.31473
-15

: - .-. . . , - .-.
. . .

. .
: .-. / . . ,
. . . : - . . -, 2010. 87 .

.
.

. -
-
.
.
3- -
.

-
-3810.2010.2,
: 2.2.1.1/1483, 2.1.1/1539; -
2009-2013 .:
02.740.11.5154, 1197, 16.740.11.0154.

530.145.6(076.2)(075.8)
22.31473

c

, 2010


c = 300 000 /.
h = 6, 626 1034 c.
() ~ h/2 =
= 1, 054 1034 = 6, 582 1022 MeV .
1 eV= 1, 6 1019.
~c = 0, 197 GeV Fm, 1 F m = 1013 .
(~c)2 = 0, 39 GeV2 mbarn, 1 barn= 1028 2.
mec2 = 0, 51 MeV.
mpc2 = 938, 272 MeV, mp = 1836 me.
mnc2 = 939, 565 MeV.
(mn mp)c2 = 1, 293 MeV.
mdc2 = 1875, 6 MeV.
= e2/~c = 1/137.
re = e2/mec2 = 2, 8 1013 .
c = ~/mec = 3, 86 1011
.
2 2
( mp >> me) a = ~ /mee = 0, 53 A,

1 A= 108 = 0, 1 nm.
B = e~/2me = 0, 579 108 eV/.
N = e~/2mp = 0, 315 1011 eV/.
39

q G = 6, 71 10 ~c (GeV/c2)2.
Mpl = ~c
G, Mpl c2 1, 22 1019 GeV.
lpl = ~
Mpl c= 1, 6 1033 .
lpl =
G ~ c , = 1/2, = 1/2, = 3/2.
1 (
): pV = R(t + 273, 15), t -
. T = (t + 273, 15)
.

3
 t = 0 C -
v = 331 /c.

http://physics.nist.gov/constants.

1. . -
. . ,
.
( -). .
2. -, -
. -. .
3. . -
. -
-.
.
4. . -
, , .
-
.
5. .
.
.
6. . -
. -
.
. -
. -

4
 -
. -
.
.
.
7. . -
.
8. . -
. -
. -
.
9. . .
.
10. -
.
11. . -
. -
.
12. .
. . -
. -
.
13. -
. -
.
14. . -
. -
.
5
 .
. . -
.
15. ,
. -
, .
.
16. .
17. -
. -
.
-

( ).
18. -
. -
(). 3-
.
19. - .
. , -
. -
. r = 0,
. .
l. -
.
20.
. .
21. , -
.
6
 . ,
.
22. -
. -
. .
.
23. .
.
24. . -
. . -
. . -
.
25. . -
.
26. . .
27. . -
.
28. . -
.
.
29. .

. . -
.
30.
. .

7
31. . -
. . -
.
32. .
,
. .
33. . -
. . -
-
.
34. .
. .
35. -
.
. . -
.
36. . -
. .

1. -
(. 1) ( -
). ,

(. 2).
.

8
 . 1.

( -
~k )
p~ E:
E
E = pc , p~ = ~~k , = ,
~
(. 1)
:

~q + p~ = ~q + p~ ,
p
2 2
Eq + mc = Eq + p~ + m2 c4 .
~
. = 0 + , = 2 mc (1 cos ).

. 2.

2.
=
(. ).

9
 , Eq << Ep.
.
z 4EpEq p
Eq = Ep , z = 2 4
, Ep = p2c2 + m2c4 , Eq = qc.
z+1 mc
3. Eq Eq = 1, 2 eV ( -
), Ep = 46 GeV ( SLAC,
, 1996 .) Eq = 1, 2
eV, Ep = 5 GeV ( -4, -
, 1997 .).
4. -
(. 3).
.
, p~ = 0.

. 3. /

5. -
, : E = pc p =
~k, k = 2/ ,
.

-,

1. , -
108 ,
, .
10
 2. , -
v 1 /. -. -
. , -
p~ =
m~v .

2
1. (x) = N exp ( xa2 ),
N , a
. -
- -
.
.
Z r  2
2 q
ebx iqx dx = exp .
b 4b

2. |C(~p)|2, -
(~x)
:
1
Z
i p~~~x
(~x) = e C(~p) d~p .
(2~)3/2
. -
:
1
Z
i~k~x ~
(~x) = e dk .
(2)3

-
, -

11
3- . -
:
~e1, ~e2, ~e3, k~ej k = 1, ~ei ~ej = ij , i, j = 1, 2, 3.
-
:
ei = |eii = |ii, i = 1, 2, 3, ... , N,
-
:
(ei, ej ) hei|ej i hi|ji = ij , i, j = 1, 2, ... .
N -, -
N -
; N .

-
A,
( A
H, xi
pi). ,
~ei,
A~ei = ai~ei,
ai A. -

~ei = |aii.
| i , a i,
, a -
i, . h |

12
 , -
-.
3- ~v -
:
X
~v = vi~ei, vi = ~ei ~v .
i

-
. , -
A
|aii:
A|aii = ai|aii, i = 1, 2, 3, ... , N,
,
: X
|i = hai|i|aii. (1)
i
|i h|, |i |i ,

K = |ih|,
|ai -
:
K|ai = h|ai|i,
(1)
!
X
|i = |aiihai| |i.
i

,
X
I= |aiihai|
i

13
 .
|aii {|aii}, i=1, 2, ... .
(-
, , ,
. .) .
F -
:
F |i = |i, |i .
|aii -

hai|F |i = hai|i.
|aii, -
:
X
hai|F |aj ihaj |i = hai|i. (2)
j

hai|F |aj i F -
A, A|aii = ai|aii.
|aii |bj i -
A B:
A|aii = ai|aii, B|bj i = bj |bj i, i, j = 1, 2, 3, ... .
hbj |aii -
A B; -
hbj |i B-,
hai|i
A-.

1. h~x|~pi, |~pi, |~xi -

-
.
14
 . -
p~ = i~, -
h~x|~pi .
: h~x|~pi = (2)13/2 exp(i p~~~x ).

1. -
-
. . ,
hpi = 0, p =
p hpi = p, x = R, R -
. -
: p R ~.
p2 2 2
E = 2m + m
2 x . : E0 = ~.

2. -
.

p2r 2 4
l = 0 E = 2m er . : E0 = me
2~ 2 .
3. , -
-
m,
M ,
M M + m.
M
E = mc2.
E -
E ~.
, -
- (m c2 = 137 MeV). : R = m~ c .

15


A (), -
:
 
hf |A|ii = hi|A|f i ,
Z
hf |A|ii f (x)Ai(x) d~x.
-

x x0 (x) = x0 x0 (x),
x = x -
.
x0 (x) = (x x0).
-
:
R
(x x0)f (x) dx = f (x0)
R
(x x0) dx = 1
(x)(x x0) = (x0)(x x0)
(x) = 1 (x),
P 1
(f (x)) =
|f (x )|
(x xi), f (xi) = 0
i i

1. A -
:
A + A+; i(A A+); AA+; A+A.
16
2. , L -
L = A + iB, A B
.
3. , A, B C -

[A, B C] = [A, B]C + B[A, C].

4. [B A, C] [A, B], [B, C] [A, C].

5. [A, [B, C]]+[B, [C, A]]+[C, [A, B]] =
0.
6.
1
eABeA = B + [A, B] + [A, [A, B]] + ...
2
7. , [A, B] = ic, c C-,
 
ic
exp(A + B) = exp(A) exp(B) exp .
2

8. (A B)1 .

. 6, 7 8
.
9. ) -
, ) ?
10. ,
d d d
A = , B = i , C = mx + ~ .
dx dx dx

17
11. C, ,
. -
,
, , -
,
.
12. , -
,
.
13. , -
.
14. L M . -
, -
-
.
15. -
[x, p] = i~.

16. , x = x p = i~ x
.
17. P
P (x) = (x).
, :
P + = P , P 2 = 1, P xP = x, P pP = p,
P V (x)P = V (x), P H0P = H0,
[P , H] = 0, V (x) = V (x),
p2
H0 = , H = H0 + V (x).
2m
18
 d
18. Ta = exp(a dx ), a C-
. , Ta(x) = (x + a).
.
a.
19.
.
20. (~x)
( ),

~2 2
+ V (~x) = E,
2m
f (~k) - ~k:
1
Z
i~k~x
(~x) = 3/2
e f (~k) d~k ,
(2)
1
Z
i~k~x
f (~k) = e (~x) d~x .
(2)3/2
, f (~k) -

~2 k 2
  Z

E f (~k) = W (~k ~k )f (~k ) d~k ,
2m
1
Z
i~k~x
W (~k) = e V (~x) d~x.
(2)3
-
.
. 3- -
1
Z
~ ~ i(~k~k )~x
(k k ) = e d~x.
(2)3

19
21. -

.
1
22. A = r -
, r = |~x|.

1.
  - (~x, t) =
A exp i p~~~x i Et
~ -

~2 2
 
(~x, t)
i~ = + U (~x) (~x, t) ?
2m
2. , - -
.
3. -
, .
. .

1.


+ div~j = 0,
t

2 ~ i~

= |(~x, t)| , j = (~x, t)(~x, t) (~x, t)(~x, t) .
2m
2. (~x) = A
~
eik~x. A,
.
20
 3. , ~j
.

. .
4. ~j
n = 2, l = 0, 1.
. -
.

V (x)
x x. -

. P :
P (x) = (x).
,
[H, P ] = 0,
2
p
H = 2m + V (x) .

(
H(x) = E(x)
P (x) = (x)
,
P 2(x) = 2(x) = P (x) = (x),
, 2 = 1, . . = 1.
(x) -
E :
(+) ()
E (x), E (x).
21

1. -
,
(.
4):
(
, |x| a,
V =
0, |x| < a.
(a) = (a) = 0. ,
-
x x, V (x) = V (x).

V(x)

- 0 x

. 4.

r
1 (n + 1/2)
: (+)
n (x) = cos ( x),
a a
(+) ~2 2 1 2
En = (n + ) , n = 0, 1, 2, ... ,
2ma2 2
r
() 1 n () ~2 2 2
n (x) = sin ( x), En = n , n = 1, 2, 3, ... .
a a 2ma2
()
2. , n (x) 1 -

22

Za Za
()
m (x)n()(x) dx = nm, (+) ()
m (x)n (x) dx = 0.
a a

3. -
(.
5): (
0, |x| a,
V =
V0, |x| < a.
. -
x = a.

.
, -
2
, 2mV
~2
0
> 4a2
( ).

V(x)

- 0 x
I II III

-V0

. 5.

4.
V (x) =
g (x), g .
23
 .
(
, x = 0,
(x) =
0, x 6= 0,

x = 0
x = 0, -
.
: (x) =
mg 2
q
gm gm
~2
exp ( ~2
|x|) E = 2~2
.
5.
4.
.
?
6.
V (x) =
g((x + a) + (x a)), g -
.
. , V (x) -
x x,
. -
x = a
x = a, -
.
-
.
7.
x
< x < -
.
24
8.
V (x) = g (x) -
E j = ~k m.
g. -
, E -

2
E = mg
2~2
(
).
|j |
. n = j , -
|j |
n = j

. -
x = 0
(4) -
x = 0.
:
1 m2 g 2
n = m2 g 2
, n = 2 4 n.
1+ k ~
k 2 ~4

9.
E j =
~k
m
(
0, x < 0,
V (x) =
V0, x > 0.
E > V0 E < V0.
.
x = 0.
: E > V0:
2
E EV0
n = E+EV ,
0
4 E(EV0 )
n = (E+EV )2 ; E < V0: n = 1, n = 0.
0

25
10.
E j =
~k
m
(
0, x < 0, x > a
V (x) =
V0, 0 < x < a.
E > V0.
.
x = 0 x = a.

 
iEnt
(~x, t) = n(~x) exp ,
~
Z
m(~x)n(~x) d~x = nm,
X
n(~x)n(~y ) = (~x ~y ).
n
|(~x, t)|2
t.

 
X iEnt
(~x, t) = cn exp n(~x),
n
~
Z
cn = n(~x)(~x, 0) d~x.

Z
(~x, t) = G(~x, t; ~y , t0)(~y , t0) d~y ,

26
  
X iEn(t t0)
G(~x, t; ~y , t0) = n(~x)n(~y ) exp .
n
~
G(~x, t; ~y , t0) -

G
i~ = H(~x) G
t
t = t0
X
G(~x, t0; ~y , t0) = n(~x)n(~y ) = (~x ~y ).
n
-
:
Z i

p 2

1 ~ px 2m t
(x, t) = a(p) e dp , (3)
(2~)1/2

Z
1 px
a(p) = (x, 0) ei ~ dx . (4)
(2~)1/2

p0 x
1. (x, 0) = (x)ei ~ , (x) -
. ,
, -
|(x)|2, x
p0.
(x, 0).
2. -
.
:
 m 1/2 im 2
G(x, t; y, t = 0) = e 2~t (xy) .
2i~t
27
 :
Z
p2 x2 iqx 4pq22
e dx = e .
p

2
x2
3. a(p) (4) (x) = Ae 2a ,
(1).  2 
a 2
: a(p) = const exp 2~2 (p p0) .
2
x2
4. (x, t) (x) = Ae 2a ,
(1).
5. , -
.
h
i1/2
~t 2 ~t
: (t) = 1 + m2 m t .
2
6. |(x, t)|2, A(k) = A0 e(kk0)/(2k) ,
= ck (
) = ~k 2/2m (
m).

-

p2 m 2 2
H = + x.
2m 2
-
, -
( ),
.

28
 -
:
r
p m 2
a = i x.
2m 2

[H, a] = ~ a, [a, a+] = ~.
, H

~
H = a+a + .
2
-
, a+
~, a -
~.
, -

-
a+. a0(x) = 0 -
,
.
n- -

n(x) = (a+)n0(x).

1. -
,
-
. : En =
~(n + 21 ), n = 0, 1, 2, ... .
29
2. hm|x|ni hm|p|ni,
|ni -
En. q
: xn,n+1 = xn+1,n = ~(n+1)
2m ,
x 0;
pnk = imnk xnk , nk = EnE
~
k
.
3.
hxi, hpi, hx2i hp2i. -
.
Z r Z r
2 2
ex dx = , x2ex dx = .
43

m~
: hxi = hpi = 0, hx2i = ~
2m hp2i = 2 .

4. -
e m, -

E.
. -
.
5. -

~2
 2
2 m 2 2


H = 2
+ 2 + (x + y 2).
2m x y 2
.
-
.
. -
.
2 2
: nm (x, y) = Hn(x)Hm(y)e(x +y ), Hn(x)
30
 . EN = ~(N + 1), N =
n + m, N = 0, 1, 2, ... .
EN r = N + 1.
6.
. -


m 2 2
V (r) = r , r 2 = x2 + y 2 + z 2 .
2
-
V (r).
.
. -
.
2 2 2
: nml (x, y, z) = Hn(x)Hm(y)Hl (z)e(x +y +z ), EN =
~(N + 23 ), N = n + m + l, N = 0, 1, 2, ... .
EN r = (N +1)(N 2
+2)
.
7.
,

 
m 2  m 1/4
0(x) = N exp x , N= .
2~ ~
. -
(x) :
Z
1 px
(x) = ei ~ C(p) dp ,
(2~)1/2

C(p) - -
.
31
 -

(~x, t) , -
. -

dW = |(~x, t)|2 d~x

d~x ~x.
(~x, t)
Z
|(~x, t)|2 d~x = 1 ,

f:
Z
f = (~x, t)f (~x)(~x, t)d~x (5)

f (~x) (~x, t).

(~x, t)
:
1
Z
i p~~~x
(~x, t) = e (~p, t) d~p . (6)
(2~)3/2
(~p, t) -
(~x, t) . -
,
Z Z
|(~p, t)|2 d~p = |(~x, t)|2 d~x = 1 .

, |(~p, t)|2 d~p -

p~
32
 d~p ,
(~x, t). -
(~p) (~x, t)
Z
= (~p, t) (~p) (~p, t) d~p . (7)

, (~x, t) (~p, t)
.
f (~x) (~x, t) -
(~p, t)?
(~p) (~x, t)?
:
Z
= (~x, t) (p) (~x, t) d~x ,
Z (8)
f = (~p, t) f (x) (~p, t) d~p ,

pi i- . pi =
i~ x i
, xi i- .
xi = i~ p i
. , -
: -
-
, -
. -
1932 .
.
-
.

(~x, t) -
. W (~r, p~, t)
33
 :
W (~r, p~, t) =
1
Z ~ ~
R R~
i p~~R ~ =
= 3
e (~r , t)(~r + , t) dR (9)
(2~) 2 2
1 ~q ~q
Z
i ~q~~r
= e (~
p + , t)(~
p , t) d~q,
(2~)3 2 2
(~r, t) (~p, t) -
(6).
W (~r, p~, t) :
1. W (~r, p~, t) = W (~r, p~, t)
2. W (~r, p~, t) d~r = |(~p, t)|2
R

3. W (~r, p~, t) d~p = |(~r, t)|2

R
R
4. W (~r, p~, t) d~p d~r = 1.
W (~r, p~, t)
6- -
(~r, p~).
W (~r, p~, t) -
.
~r p~, -

, -
g(~r, p~) :
Z
< g >= g(~r, p~) W (~r, p~, t) d~r d~p. (10)

W (~r, p~, t) (9)
- .

34
 ,
:
N -, -
,
. .

R
1. hAi = (~x, t)A (~x, t) d~x. ,
d i
hAi = h[H, A]i.
dt ~
, (~x, t) -


i~ (~x, t) = H (~x, t).
t
2. A(t) (
A):
H H
A(t) = ei ~ tAei ~ t ,
,
d h i
i~ A(t) = A(t), H ,
dt
A .
3. (2), ,
-
< p >= 0. . -
p~ = m dtd ~r.
4. A , A = A+. -
, -
h|A2|i 0.
35
 5. n(x)
(. 1 ). -

:
x, x2, 2x = x2 x2,
p, p2 , 2p = p2 p2
p x = ?.
6.
Z+
1
(x y) = eik(xy) dk ,
2

(x y) , -
.
7. , pi, i =
1, 2, 3 (~x, t)
 

Z
pi = (~x, t) i~ (~x, t) d~x .
xi
. (6).
8. , W (~r, p~, t) -
. . -
(9).
9. W (~r, p~, t)
(~p, t). .
(6)
(~r, t).
10. R ,
W (~r, p~, t) d~r = |(~p, t)|2. . -

36
 - :
1
Z
i~q(~x~y )
(~x ~y ) = e d~q .
(2)3
R
11. , W (~r, p~, t) d~p =
|(~r, t)|2.
R
12. , W (~r, p~, t) d~p d~r = 1, ,
(~r, t) .
13. (10), ,
pi pi =
i~ x i .
14. (10), ,
xi xi =
i~ p i .

1. Ta Ta(x) =
(x + a).
, -
U (x + a) = U (x)
H , . .
h i
H, Ta = 0 .

2. (1) ,
(
H(x) = E(x)
Ta(x) = (x)

(x) = eiqx(x),

37
 (x) a,
q ( -
). .
. ,
(x) -
.
3. -


X
U (x) = g (x an) , g .
n=

. x x = an, n = 0, 1, ... .
(x)
. :
a(n 1) < x < an an < x < a(n + 1).
(. 6):

. 6.

n(x) = Aneik(xan) + Bneik(xan), an < x < a(n + 1),

n1(x) = An1eik(xa(n1)) + Bn1eik(xa(n1)),
a(n 1) < x < an.
,
n(x + a) = n1(x).
An1 An. -
(x) x = an.
38
 An
Bn . -

.
-
.

1. L2 , L2
 

(x, t) ~2 2(x, t)
i~ = ,
t 2m x2

(x + L) = (x).
En
1
: n(x, t) = L exp ixkn i ~ t , kn = 2


L n,

~2 kn2
n = 0, 1, 2, ... , En = 2m .

2. 
 .
1
: ~n(~x, t) = L3/2 exp i~x~kn i E~~n t ,
~kn = 2 ~n, nx = 0, 1, 2, ... , ny = 0, 1, 2, ... ,
L
~2 kn2
nz = 0, 1, 2, ... , E~n = 2m .

3. -
(x) n(x) ( -
1). .
n(x).
 
4. lim L1 f (kn) ( -
P
L n
), f (z) , kn

39
 (1).
:
( ) Z
1 X 1
lim f (kn) = f (k)dk.
L L n 2

-


Li = ijk xj pk , pk = i~ , i, j, k = 1, 2, 3.
xk

[xi, pj ] = i~ij .
:
L = L1 iL2.
L2
L2 = L23 + ~L3 LL+.
Li -

[L3, L] = ~L, [L+, L] = 2~L3.

, |l3i
z, . . L3|l3i = ~l3|l3i, :
L3(L|l3i) = const|l3 1i.
, L+ , L -
z ~.

40
 ~ z . -
|L|
~ -
L3max = |L|.
.
~l3max = ~l -
~ L ,
|L|.

L+|li = 0, L| li = 0, L2|li = ~2l(l + 1)|li.

, -

(
L2lm = ~2l(l + 1)lm, l = 0, 1, 2, ...
L3lm = ~mlm m = 0, 1, 2, ... , l.
. -

(-
).

|m|
Ylm(, ) = Pl (cos )eim,
|m|
Pl (z) .
-
:
4
Z

Ylm (, )Yl m (, ) sin dd = .
2l + 1 ll mm
:
Pl0(z) Pl (z) ,
1
P0(z) = 1, P1(z) = z, P2(z) = (1 z 2), . .
2

41

1. , -

[Li, Lj ] = i~ijk Lk ,
[L2, Li] = 0, L2 = L21 + L22 + L23, i = 1, 2, 3.
. Li
.
2. L2 -

L2 -
~2l(l + 1) ~m , . .
(
L2lm = ~2l(l + 1)lm, l = 0, 1, 2, ...
L3lm = ~mlm m = 0, 1, 2, ..., l.
3. ,
:
[Li, x2], [Li, p2], [Li, (xj pj )], [Li, (xj pj )2],
[Li, (xj pj )xk ], [Li, (xj pj )pk ], [Li, (axj + bpj )],
[Li, xj xl ], [Li, pj pl ], [Li, xj pl ],
x2 = xixi, p2 = pipi, a, b .
. -
:
AB = B A + [A, B].
4. ,
:
~2 2 L2
T = = Tr + ,
2m 2mr2
42
 Tr
~2 2
Tr = r .
2mr2 r r
. L2
.

-, -
V (r, , ) . -
,

.
:

L2
Tr (r, , ) + (r, , ) + V (r)(r, , ) = E(r, , ),
2 r2
(11)
Tr ,
~2 d 2 d
Tr = r .
2 r2 dr dr
:
(r, , ) = R(r) Ylm(, ).
(11)
R(r) :
~2 d 2 d ~2l(l + 1)
r R(r) + R(r) + V (r)R(r) = ER(r).
2 r2 dr dr 2 r2
(12)
-
.
43
 , (r, , ) = Elm(r, , )
- -
E,
l z m.
R(r) = u(r)
r (12)
2
 
du 2 l(l + 1)
+ (E V (r)) u=0 (13)
dr2 ~ r2
u(r = 0) = 0,
R(r) r = 0.

1. - . -
R(r) -
-
(13).
2. -
= 2, 23 MeV.
.
. -

.
: R = m~ p = 4, 3 F.
3. -
.
n o
S(r)
. u(r) = A(r) exp i ~ ,
A(r) S(r) .
-
, A(r) S(r)
~ 0.
44
 :
Z r
~2(l + 1/2)2
S(r) = 2 (E V (r)) dr ,
r2
const
A(r) = q .
4 ~2 (l+1/2)2
2 (E V (r)) r2

4. -
V (r) = Aer/a.
(l = 0). -
A a, -
,
E = 2, 2 .
. (13) r -
= er/(2a). -

Jk (z):
1 k2
Jk (z) + Jk (z) + (1 2 )Jk (z) = 0
z z
: R(r) = constr Jk (ce
r/(2a)
), c
R(r)
r = 0. Jk (c) = 0,
A a.
5.
, - -
(
0, r < a,
V (r) =
, r > a .
l = 0.
. -

R(r) (r) = rR(r), -

45
  
1 l + 1/2
+ + k2 =0,
r r2
(r = a) =
0.
:
r
2
J1/2(z) = sin z .
z
6. -
l = 0, -

(
V0, r < a,
V (r) =
0, r>a.
. -


V0, 0 < x < a,


V (x) = 0, x>a,

,

x<0.

-
x = a
(x = 0) = 0. -
k (. . -
E)
~k
ka = n arcsin , n = 0, 1, 2, ... ,
2mV0
.

46


.
, -
. ,
, . -
. -
E -
,
,
.
(12) R(r)
u(r):
u(r)
R(r) = .
r
u(r)
:
~2
u (r) + U(r)u(r) = Eu(r), (14)
2m
~2 l(l+1)
U(r) = + V (r), -
2mr2
.

1.
.
) r >> R, R
. , V (r) 0 r .


u(r) + k 2u(r) = 0.

47
 k 2 = 2mE
~2
-
p = ~k - = 2~p .
,

eikr eikr
R(r) = A +B ,
r r
. . -
. A B
;
) R(r) r = 0.
, r12 >> 1r r 0.
r = 0

l(l + 1)
u (r) + u(r) = 0.
r2

u(r) = r (1 + ar + br2 + ...),
. -

r, :
( 1)r2 + l(l + 1)r2 = 0.

( 1) = l(l + 1).
-
, :
1 = l , 2 = l + 1.
u(r)

u(r) = Arl + Brl+1, r 0, (15)
48
A B .
, ,
(
),
A B .
2. E < 0 ( ).

. u(r) ,
Z
|u(r)|2 dr < .
0
) u(r) .
(1) , V (r) 0
r . u(r)
2mE
u(r) 2u(r) = 0, 2 = .
~2
,
u(r) = Aer + Ber ,
A B . -
, B 0. ,

u(r) ,

Z
|u(r)|2 dr = 1.
0

, -
r >> R

49
 -
;
)
r = 0 , E < 0,
E > 0. E < 0
R(r) r = 0, . .
u(0) = 0.
-
u(r) ( (15))

u(r) = const rl+1.

(14) -
, .
-
r
. -
r = 0
, r = 0.

,
E,
, E1, E2, E3, ... . -
, -
-
. ,
()
.

50


1. -
.
:
-
R(r) = N exp ar , N a
.
: N ,
R
4 |R(r)|2 r2dr = 1.
0
2 1 ~2 8
N = a=
a3
, me 2 0, 53 10 , -
4
E0 = me
2~ 2 13, 55 eV.
2. Z
. , -
,
,
 
e(Z 1) Z 1 2Zr
(~r) = +e + e a .
r a r

Z = 1.
: (~r) = 4(~r),
(~r) = |(~r)|2.
:
Z r/a i~k~r r/a
e 4 e e
Z
~
ik~r
e d~r = 2 2
, 2 2
d~k = 2
2
,
r 1/a + k 1/a + k r
8/a
Z
~
er/aeik~r d~r = 2 .
2
(1/a + k ) 2

3.
,
, z.
51
 4. , -
~2
r a = me 2 ( ).

1 1
5. r r2
-


1 .
1
: r = a , r2 = a22 .

1

6.
< r >, < r2 >, < p >, < p2 >,
2r = r2 r2, 2p = p2 p2 r p .
7. -
. -
.
. (6).
8. -
En, n = nr + l + 1.
: n2.

A B mA mB -
-- , -
. 7.

:
1 1 1
= +
mA mB
. , -

52
 . 7. --, r

,
L2
H = Tr + + V (r),
2r2 (16)
~2 1 d 2 d
Tr = r .
2 r2 dr dr
V (r) -

|m|
(~r) = R(r)Pl (cos )eim , (17)
u(r)
u(r), R = r , :
~2 d2u ~2l(l + 1)
+ u + V (r)u = Eu ,
2 dr2 2r2
l , m
z.
:
~2l(l + 1)
W (r) = + V (r) ,
2r2

~2 d2u
+ W (r)u = Eu . (18)
2 dr2
53
 W (r) -
,
r = 0,
. l
-
. . 8
W (r) l. -
V (r) r. ,
l
. ,
-
.

. 8. l

W (r) r = rl . :
1 d2W (r)

(r rl )2 + ... ,

W (r) = W (rl ) + 
2 dr2 
r=rl
~2l(l + 1)
W (rl ) = + V (rl ) .
2rl2

d2W (r) 

2
= l2 , rl2 = Il , r rl = x .
dr 
r=rl

54
 , x -
, Il , l .
(18)
~2 d2u ~2l(l + 1) 1 2 2
 
+ V (rl ) + + l x u = Eu . (19)
2 dx2 2Il 2
-
-
W (r) -
.

1. (19),
.
~2 l(l+1) 1


: Enl = V (rl ) + 2I + ~l n + 2 ,
l
2 l
unl (r) = Hn(r) exp (r 2~ ), u(r)
nlm(~r) (17).
2. : -
, , -
.
-

.
~2
H2, ~0 = 8, 751013 , 2I = 1, 151014
( Il l,
, rl = r0, l = 0). -
H2 T ,
?
3.
(l = 0, l = 1)

55
 (n = 0, n = 1) HF .
HF I = 1, 351040 2
l = 8c 103 1.
E
: E 0, 01 .

1. -
(S~n), ~n , S
, 1/2 ().
2. x, y -

z.
3. -
, z.

1. e -
-
E,
x. -

. ,
, ,
.
2. n = 2
n = 3 -
, z,
. .

56
3. -
-
,
x.
.
-
.
4. -
bx3. -
.
5.
n = 3 ,
z ( ).
6. -

, .
R,
.
7. -

, .
R -
. , -
R 1013 .
8. -
n = 2, l = 1,
.
R -
.

57


, -
:
En
(0)
n (~x, t) = n(~x)ei ~ t , H0n(~x) = Enn(~x) . (20)

W (~x, t). -
(0)
n (~x, t) -
n(~x, t), -
H0. -
:
W (~x,t) E
i ~k t
X
(0)
n (~x, t) n(~x, t) = Cnk (t)k (~x)e . (21)
k
(0) (0)
n (~x, t) m (~x, t) -
W (~x, t) - t = 0
W (~x, t) (
). -
Cnm(t):
(m|n, t) = |Cnm (t)|2 ,
(m|n, t) n m t. -
-
W (~x, t). (~x, t)
:
(~x, t)  
i~ = H0 + W (~x, t) (~x, t) . (22)
t
n(~x, t) -
(0)
n (~x, t). n

58
n(~x, t) , W (~x, t) -
(0)
n (~x, t). -
(21) (22), Cnm (t)
:
Cnm (t) X
i~ = Wmk (t)eimk tCnk (t) ,
t
k (23)
Em Ek
Z
Wmk (t) = m(~x)W (~x, t)k (~x)d~x , mk = ,
~
n , m = 1, 2, ... -
.
,
1.
W (~x, t), -
. -
, (23)
. , ,
Cnm (t) -
: Cnm (t) Cnm (t, ).
:
(0) (1)
Cnm(t, ) = Cnm (t) + Cnm (t) + 2Cnm
(2)
(t) + ... . (24)
= 0 W (~x, t).
, , -
:
E En
i ~k t
X (0)
Cnk (t)k (~x)e = n(~x)ei ~ t .
k
(0)
, Cnk (t) = nk . , -
(24) :
(1)
Cnm(t, ) = nm + Cnm (t) + 2Cnm
(2)
(t) + ... . (25)
59
 (25) (23), -
-
,
()
Cnm (t), = 1, 2, ... .
.

(1)
Cnm (t)
i~ = Wmn(t)eimnt ,
t
:
Zt
1
Cnm (t) = nm + Wmn(t)eimntdt , = 1. (26)
i~
0

(23) ,
W (~x, t) t = 0.
, (m|n, t) -
:
 2
 Zt 
1
Wmn(t)eimntdt ,

(m|n, t) =  n 6= m . (27)
 i~ 
0

t > T , T W (~x, t),

< t < . , -
(27)
Wmn(t).
Wmn(t) -
:
X
Wmn(t) = B ei t ,

60
 (m|n, t) t > T :
  2
T 
4 
 X sin (mn ) 2 
(m|n, t) = 2  B  . (28)
~  mn 

, -
, mn, . . Wmn(t) -
, mn.

.

1. , , -
. -
,
,
:
E = 0, t < 0; E = E0eit/ , t > 0.
-
, t
(t >> ) n = 2, l = 0.
2.
n = 2, l = 1.
3. -
(m|n, t) (28).

1. -
r/R
V (r) = g e r .

61
 2. (1),
V (r) =
g 1r .
= 0.
3. -
V (r) = ger/R .

1. ,
.
.
.
2. -

N
X
(~r) = e (~r ~rj ) .
j=1

-
|ini = lim |ti |outi = lim |ti. -
t t+
, .
-

|outi = S|ini ,
S S-.
, -
, :
S S + = I , I .
62
 -
, S-
-
:

Z
Imf (~q; p~) = dk f(~k; ~q)f (~k; p~) , |~q| = |~k| = |~p| = p = ~ ,
4
(29)
. -
~q, ~k, p~ . (9).
r
pA

z
r
k r
q


0
x

r
r q
k
y

. 9. , , ,

f (~q; p~) p~ -
, ~q .
,
 ~ 2
Z  
dk f (k; p~) = el , (30)

el , dk = sin d d ,
~p
cos = k~
p2
.
(29) ~k = p~ , -

63
 . :

Imf ( = 0) = el . (31)
4
.

(29) -
. -
:
~k ~q
f (~k; ~q) =
X
(2l + 1)al Pl (c2) , c2 = cos = 2 . (32)
p
l=0

, f (~k; ~q),
|~q| = |~k| = |~p| = p = const, ,
-
~k, ~q, a
c2, .
,
. (32) -
, :

X
(2l + 1)Imal Pl (c) =
l=0

X
Z
= (2l + 1)(2m + 1)al am dc1dPl (c2)Pm(c1).
4
l,m=0
~
c = p~p~2q , c1 = k~
p
p
2 , z
p~. . (9) ,
p q
c2 = c c1 + 1 c2 1 c21 cos ( ) ,

64
 ~k, -
~q . -
:
q
2
p
Pn(zz 1 z 2 1 z cos ) =
n
X (n m)! m
= Pn(z)Pn(z ) + 2 (1)m Pn (z)Pnm (z ) cos m.
m=1
(n + m)!

R2
0 2 , cos m d = 0,
0
:
Z2
Pl (c2) d = 2Pl (c) Pl (c1) .
0
-

Z1
2
Pl (c1)Pm(c1) dc1 = lm
2l + 1
1
:
4
Z
Pl (c2)Pm(c1) dc1 = lmPl (c) .
2l + 1
, (29) :

X
X
(2l + 1)Imal Pl (c) = (2l + 1)|al |2Pl (c) , 1 c 1 .
l=0 l=0

Pl (c) :
Imal = |al |2 . (33)

65
 .
, al
e2il 1
al = , Iml = 0 (34)
2i
.
l l (p) .
l (p) = 0, al (p) -
f (~k; ~q) 0. l (p) = 2
, |al (p)|2 -
|al (p)|2 = 2.
, -

2il (p)
e 1 ~q p~
f (~k; ~q) =
X
(2l + 1) Pl (c) , c = 2 (35)
2i p
l=0

(29) -
l (p).
-
, -
. -
,
-
.
l (p) l (p) + 2i l (p), l (p) 0. -
al (p) :
l (p) e2il (p) 1
al (p) = , l (p) = el (p) . (36)
2i
l (p) . -
l (p) 0, 0 l (p) 1. l (p) = 1
-
. l (p) = 0
66
 . al (p) -
.
:
21 l2(p)
Imal (p) = |al | + . (37)
4

, (37)
al (p) l
, -
. , -
, -
.
~l:
~l pb , l >> 1 ,
b .
l
b
(l) = 1 = (b).
,
Pl (cos )
= J0(b) , << 1 , l >> 1 .
-
:
Z
(2l + 1)al Pl (cos )
X
= 22 b db a(b)J0(b) ,
l=0
(38)
0
R >> 1 , << 1 , a(b) al=b .
R , -
a(b) b.
67
 al (p) ( 36)
,
Z
2 (b) e2i(b) 1
f (~q; p~) = 2 b db J0(b) . (39)
2i
0

-
.
p .

1
e2il 1 -


1. , al = 2i
(33) -
Iml = 0.
2. ( ),

1
al (p) = 2i l (p)e2il (p) 1 ,

Im l (p) = Im l (p) = 0 .
3. -

X e2il (p) 1
f (~q; p~) = (2l + 1) Pl (cos ) ,
2i
l=0
,
( 30)
Z
el = dq |f (~q; p~)|2 ,

el l (p).

: el = 4 (2l + 1)|al (p)|2 .
P
l=0

68
4. , -


Im f ( = 0) = el .
4
5.


X l (p)e2il (p) 1
f (~q; p~) = (2l + 1) Pl (cos ) ,
2i
l=0

( 37), -


Im f ( = 0) = (el + in) = tot (40)
4 4
in l (p).
6. f (~q; p~) -
(39) :
(
0, b R
(b) = ; (b) = 0 , b > R .
1, b > R
. -
J0(z):
1
J0 (z) + J0(z) + J0(z) = 0
z

dJo
= J1(z) .
dz
7. (3), el
(. 6).
.

69
 l
b: X Z
... db...
l
: el = R2.
8. (5) in -
, in
. : in = R2.
9. (6), (40),
tot.

. -

1. -
(. 10)
(
0, x < 0, x > a
V (x) =
V0, 0 < x < a

, j = ~k m,
k , -
2 2
E = ~2mk < V0.
j
. D = j
, j
. -
~ << 1 (-
).  p 
2
: D = D0 exp ~ 2m(V0 E) a .

2. (1) ,

70
 . 10.

V (x) :

0,

x < 0,
V (x) = ,

,

x 0.

. 0 x -
, -
-
-
. !
x
R2 p
2
: D = D0 exp ~ 2m(V (x) E)dx ,
x1
x1, x2 V (xi) E = 0, i = 1, 2,
E < Vmax(x), Vmax(x) V (x)
(x1, x2).
3. D -
:
(
0, x < 0,
V (x) =
V0 eEx, x > 0,

71
 V0 , E -
. -
J E (
) .

1. -
, -
(. 11)

< Umax, r < r0,


U (r) = Umax, r = r0 ,

< Umax, r > r0

, t = 0 -
E = E0.

. 11. C-

. , -
,
:
eikr
(~r, t) = A , r >> r0 ( ). (41)
r
72
, ,
, .
,
||2 ~j = i~
+ div~j = 0,


t 2m
,
d
Z Z Z
~k
||2 d~r = div~j d~r = jr r2d = 4 |A|2 < 0,
dt m
V V S

(41),

~k 2 2
jr = mr 2 |A| . , || , . .
.


d ~2 2
i~ = + U (r) . (42)
dt 2m
, -
t ~r:
E
(~r, t) = (~r)ei ~ t . (43)
, -
:
i~
E = E0 ,
2
, -
.
, U (r) --
, (42) -

73
 , (43), -
R(r)
~2 d2u(r) i~
+ U (r)u(r) = (E0 )u(r) ,
2m dr2 2 (44)
u(r) = rR(r).
-
( -
). -

. 12.

(44)
U (r) (. 12). , I, II, III
:




I : u + k 2u = 0, k 2 = 2m
~ 2 (E0 i~
2 ),

II : u q 2u = 0, q 2 = 2m
~
i~
2 (Umax E0 + 2 ), (45)
III : u + k 2u = 0.

I : u = a sin kr,


II : u = eqr + eqr ,

III : u = beikr ,

74
 a, b, , , -
u(r)
r = r1 r = r2.

a, b, , . ,
(k) :
ql q
 ik + q
ql q
  
(k) = e tg kr1 1 +e tg kr1 + 1 = 0 ,
k ik q k
l = r2 r1.
(46)
, q k
, (46) -
, .

:
 
~k0 2p
= exp 2m(Umax E0)l , (47)
mr1 ~
E0
r2 , k02 = 2mE
~2
0
.

1. -
E = ~kc , -
M M , .
( M M -
.)
.


 M =  + M.
~v~n
: = 0 1 c , ~v , ~n

75

.

,
. -
H = m + H0, m
, ,
H0 , -
.

. 13.

(. 13),
m|in >= M |in > , m|f >= M |f > ,
H0|in >= Ein|in > , H0|f >= Ef |f > ,
|in > |f >
, M , M
, Ein, Ef
.
h i
, m, H0 = 0, . .
-
76
 p 2
. H0 = 2M , p~
.
,
(M M ).
. -
:
M c2 + Ein = M c2 + Ef + E
E :
E = E0 + Ein Ef , (48)
E0 = (M M )c2 (. 14).

. 14.

:
~v ~n
Ef = Ein + R E , (49)
c

~v = ~q /M , ~n
, E = ~kc, k
, R = ~2k 2/(2M ) -
,
~k.
(48) (49),
(  2 )
E0 R ~v ~n ~v ~n
E = ~v ~n
= (E0 R) 1 + + + ... ,
1 c c c
(50)
77
. . -
E0 ~v .
R -
, R E0
( ).
57F e : E0 = 1, 4 104 eV, M c2 109 eV.
2
(~v = 0) R = (E2M 0 R)
c2
. ,
R E0 -
E2
R, R 2M0c2 2 103 eV,
. R
E0. , -

105 eV.
,
-
E .
(~v )
, :
Z Z
1
Z
(~v ) d~v = 1 , v 2(~v ) dv = , < v 2 >= 4 v 4(~v ) dv ,
4
0 0

1
< v 2 > , < ~v ~n >= 0 ,
< (~v ~n)2 >=
3
~n .

E (50) :

78
 < v2 >
 
< E >= (E0 R) 1 + ,
3c2
2
 
< v >
< E2 >= (E0 R)2 1 + , (51)
c2
2
 
2 < v >
< E >2= (E0 R)2 1 + ,
3 c2

2
1 2 <v >
< E2 2
> < E > = (E0 R) . (52)
3 c2
, -
E = E0 R
< v 2 > T , T .
, -
E = E0.

, , -
, (. 15).

. 15.

~v ~n
E = E0 + R + E ,
c
79
:
(  2 )
E0 + R ~v ~n ~v ~n
E = ~v ~n
= (E0 + R) 1 + + + ... ,
1 c c
c
(53)
(50), , E
E R.
(51) R (R).

. 16. :
T1 , T2 ,
T2 > T1

-
(. refmessbauer). , -

2R.
, , -
,
.
, , ,

, E E = 2R 6= 0. -
( )
,

80
 (
T ). -
(52), , -
-
E0. , -
. -
, .
,
(, ),
,
E0. -
.

,
H = m + H0, m -
, H0 :
p2 M 2 2
H0 = + x .
2M 2

.
 
1
H0|n >= ~ n + |n > , n = 0, 1, 2, ...
2


m|0 >= M c2|0 >

m| >= M c2| > .

81
 | >
|0 > . , ,
H0, . .
-
. (
) - nf ,

   
1 1
M c2 + ~ nin + = M c2 + ~ nf + + E .
2 2
E
E = E0 + ~(nin nf ) , E0 = (M M )c2 .
| > |0 >
nin = nf (E = E0).
,
[6].
-
nin (x)
:
Z
kx
nin (x) = ei ~ Cnin (k) dk .


, , , [6],
f (x) -

Z
(kq)x
f (x) = ei ~ Cnin (k) dk , (54)

q . :
qx
f (x) = ei ~ nin (x).
82
 -
,
:
i qx
X
e ~ nin (x) = Cnn(x) ,
n
n(x) -
.
|Cn|2 -
n(x). ,
nin nf
:
 2
 2  Z 
qx
i ~

Wninnf (q) = Cnf (q) =  nf (x)e nin (x) dx .
  
 

nin nin.
W (q)

Z
qx
W (q) = |nin (x)|2 ei ~ dx.

E =
E0 ( ).

1. , nin (x)
-
.
2. , nin (x)
-
n = 1.
.
83


[1] . . / . .
. 5- ., . . : , 1976.
664 .
[2] . . / . . , ..
. 3- ., . . . : , 1974.
752 .
[3] . . / . . .
2- ., . . : , 1973. 648 .
[4] . / . .
2- . . : , 1979. 480 .
[5] . / . . .
; . : , 1947. 332 .
[6] . . -
/ . . . : , 1977. 592 .
[7] . / . . 2- . . :
, 1965. 732 .
[8] . / . .
. : , 1986. 497 .
[9] Wigner E. On the quantum correction for thermodynamic
equilibrium / E. Wigner // Phys. Ref. 1932. Vol. 40.
P. 749759.
[10] . . / . .
, . . , . . . 2- ., -
. . . : , 1992. 880 .
84
[11] . . /
. . , . . . . : , 1957.
275 .
[12] . . / . .
, . . . . : , 1976. 336 .
[13] . . : . / . .
, . . . : , 2000.
136 .
[14] . . / . . , .
. , . . . . : , 1979. 528 .
[15] . / . .
. : , 1974. . 1. 344 .
[16] . . : . -
/ . . . : , 2007.
104 .
[17] . . / .
. , . . . . ; . : , 2007.
316 .

85


8
, 8
-,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
. . . . . . . . . . 11
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
. . . . . . . . . . . . 15
. . . 16
. . . . . . . . . . 20
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

. . . . . . . . . . . 21
. . . 26
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
-
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
. . . . . . 37
39
. . . . . 40
- . . . . . . . . . . . 43
-
. . . . . . . . . . . . 47
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
. . . . . 52
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
. . . . . . . . . . 56
 . . . . . . . . . 58
61
-
. . . . . . . . . . 62
. . . . . 62
.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
. . . . . . . . . 72
-
. . . . . . . . . . . 75
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

84

87