(93 5 )

/()
( ) ()
( ) ()
( ) ()
( )

91322059

93 07 05

1.

2.

3.



89
45
 Abstract

This thesis aims at investigating the effects of heavy vehicles and

high temperature on the distress and performance of flexible pavements
in Taiwan. This research collects and analysis the pavement material
which contains DAC, SMA and PA. Stone Mastic Asphalt was considered
have good material to resist rut and its durable, and Porous Asphalt has
an advantage to drain flooded fields. For the purpose to catch on the
different between SMA, PA and DAC, its important to understand the
mechanics behavior of the pavement material. To expect this two
pavement material can be used to promote the safety and quality of drive
a vehicle in pavement construction.
Many professional scholars usually measure the pavement deflection
by FWD to know the condition of the pavement. But theres not much
discussion to precede the mechanics and predict analysis of pavement
material. In order to understand the situation of SMA and PA material to
improve the special traffic and environment condition in Taiwan, this
study is to simulate analysis which is pavement structure and
performance in pavement characteristic. By using predicted index to
provide management of pavement in accordance with know about the
performance of the pavement. This research obtain the SMA pavement
was predicted to maintain at 8 to 9 years after open to vehicular traffic.
And the PA was predicted to maintain at 4 to 5 years after open to
vehicular traffic.

Key wordsSMA Pavement, PA Pavement, Pavement Damage Parameter,

Pavement Performance Predict Analysis, Pavement
Maintenance Time


..............................................................................................1
1.1 .......................................................................................1
1.2 .......................................................................................2
1.3 .......................................................................................3
1.3.1 .......................................3
1.3.2 .......................................................3
1.3.3 ...........................................................3
1.3.4 ...................4
1.4 ...........................................................................5
.....................................................................................6
2.1 .......................................................................................6
2.1.1 ...............................................................................7
2.1.2 ...............................................................................8
2.1.3 ...............................................................................10
2.1.4 ...............................................10
2.1.5 ...................................................................12
2.2 ...............................................................................15
2.2.1 ...............................................................................16
2.2.2 ...........................................................................20
2.2.3 ...............................................................................29
.............................................................35
3.1 .......................................................35
3.1.1 ...........................................................................35

-I-


3.1.2 ...........................40
3.1.3 ...........................................................41
3.1.4 ...............................................43
3.2 SMA DAC ......................................47
3.2.1 ...............................................................................47
3.2.2 ...............................................................................53
3.3 PA DAC ....................................................55
3.3.1 ...............................................................................55
3.3.2 ...............................................................................58
.................................60
4.1 .......................................61
4.1.1 .......................................................................61
4.1.2 .......................................................................62
4.2 ...............................................................................62
4.2.1 ...............................................................63
4.2.2 ...............................................................67
4.3 ...................................................................72
4.3.1 SMA ......................................................................73
4.3.2 PA ..........................................................................77
.....................................................................81
5.1 SHRP ...................................81
5.2 .......................................................................................89
5.2.1 ................................................................................89
5.2.2 ................................................................................90
5.2.3 ............................................................................91

-II-


5.2.4 ........................................................................92
5.3 SMA DAC ......................................94
5.3.1 SMA ..................................94
5.3.2 SMA ......................................100
5.3.3 SMA ..................................102
5.4 PA DAC ....................................................105
5.4.1 PA ......................................105
5.4.2 PA ..........................................111
5.4.3 PA ......................................113
5.5 SMA PA ...............................................................116
5.5.1 ...........................................................................116
5.5.2 ...............................................................116
.................................................................................121
6.1 ...............................................................................................121
6.1.1 ............................................................121
6.1.2 ............................................121
6.1.3 ........................................................................122
6.1.4 ................................................................122
6.2 ...............................................................................................123
....................................................................................................124
.....................................................................132
SMA PA ................................................138
SMA PA ............................................147

-III-


1.1 .......................................................................5
2.1 EAL ........................................................................15
2.2 SMA .........................................................18
2.3 PA ............................................................20
2.4 ...........................................................................23
2.5 ...........................................................................24
2.6 ...........................................................................25
2.7 SGC ............................................................................26
2.8 MTS .......................................................................27
2.9 ...........................................................................27
2.10 MTS .........................................................................28
2.11 .................................................................................29
2.12 .........................................................................30
2.13 ARRB Walking Profiler ..................31
2.14 .........................................................................32
2.15 .........................................................33
2.16 .................................................................34
2.17 .....................................................................................34
3.1 .......................................36
3.2 .......................................36
3.3 .......................................37
3.4
20-M40-H .....................................39

-IV-


3.5
20-M40-H ..............................................39
3.6
20-M40-H ..............................................40
3.7 ..................................................41
3.8 .......................................................42
3.9 ...................................................................44
3.10 .........................................44
3.11
.........................................................................45
3.12 .........................45
3.13
.....................................................................46
3.14 .....................46
3.15 SMA ..................................................................47
3.16 SMA ..................................................................48
3.17 SMA 93.4 k FWD .......50
3.18 SMA 93.8 k FWD .......50
3.19 SMA 94.4 k FWD .......51
3.20 SMA 93.4 k FWD .......51
3.21 SMA 93.8 k FWD .......52
3.22 SMA 94.4 k FWD .......52

3.23 SMA DAC 93.4 k oct 53

3.24 SMA DAC 93.8 k oct 54

3.25 SMA DAC 94.4 k oct 54

-V-


3.26 DAC ......................................................................55

3.27 PA ..........................................................................56
3.28 PA 132.26 k FWD ......57
3.29 PA 132.34 k FWD .......57
3.30 DAC 132.50 k FWD ....58
3.31 PA132.26 kDAC oct

.........................................................................................59
3.32 PA132.34 kDAC oct

.........................................................................................59
4.1 SHRP Superpave ..........................................60
4.2 ...........................................................................61
4.3 ...............................................62
4.4 ..66
4.5 ..............66
4.6 .......69
4.7 ...........................................72
4.8 SMA 25..............................................75
4.9 SMA 40..............................................76
4.10 SMA DAC 25 .......................76
4.11 SMA DAC 40 .......................77
4.12 PA 25 ...............................................79
4.13 PA 40 ...............................................79
4.14 PA DAC 25.....................................80
4.15 PA DAC 40.....................................80
5.1 ...................................................................81

-VI-


5.2 ...........................................................................83
5.3 ............................83
5.4 ....................................84
5.5 ....................................84
5.6 Creep compliance..............................85
5.7 MMAT .................................85
5.8 6 ...................86
5.9 6 ...................86
5.10 .....................................................87
5.11 .............................................87
5.12 PSI ........................................................88
5.13 IRI ........................................................88
5.14 DAC .........................................................................90
5.15 SMA .......................................................................90
5.16 DAC .......................................................................91
5.17 PA ..........................................................................91
5.18 SMA 93.4 k
.........................................................................................95
5.19 SMA 93.4 k
..................................................................................96
5.20 SMA 93.4 k IRI
.........................................................................................96
5.21 SMA 93.4 k PSI
.........................................................................................97
5.22 SMA DAC 93.4 k ..........98

-VII-


5.23 SMA DAC 93.4 k .98

5.24 SMA DAC 93.4 k IRI ..........99
5.25 SMA DAC 93.4 k PSI .........99
5.26 SMA DAC 93.4 k
.........................................................................................100
5.27 SMA DAC 93.4 k
.................................................................................101
5.28 SMA DAC 93.4 k IRI
.........................................................................................101
5.29 SMA DAC 93.4 k PSI
.........................................................................................102
5.30 SMA DAC 93.4 k
.........................................................................103
5.31 SMA DAC 93.4 k
.........................................................................103
5.32 SMA DAC 93.4 k IRI
.........................................................................104
5.33 SMA DAC 93.4 k PSI
.........................................................................104
5.34 PA 132.26 k
............................................................................................106
5.35 PA 132.26 k
....................................................................................107
5.36 PA 132.26 k IRI
............................................................................................107

-VIII-


5.37 PA 132.26 k PSI

............................................................................................108
5.38 PA 132.26 k DAC ....109
5.39 PA 132.26 k DAC
.........................................................................................109
5.40 PA 132.26 k DAC IRI ....110
5.41 PA 132.26 k DAC PSI ....110
5.42 PA 132.26 k DAC
.........................................................................................111
5.43 PA 132.26 k DAC
.................................................................................112
5.44 PA 132.26 k DAC IRI
.................................................................................112
5.45 PA 132.26 k DAC PSI
.........................................................................................113
5.46 PA 132.26 k DAC
.........................................................................114
5.47 PA 132.26 k DAC
.....................................................................114
5.48 PA 132.26 k DAC IRI
.........................................................................115
5.49 PA 132.26 k DAC PSI
.................................................................................115
5.50 SMA DAC 93.4 k IRI ..........117
5.51 SMA DAC 93.4 k PSI ..........118

-IX-


5.52 PA DAC 132.26 k IRI .....118

5.53 PA DAC 132.26 k IRI .....119

-X-


2.1 EWL .................................................13

2.2 ...........................................21
3.1 ...................................................38
3.2 SMA 10-3 cm ..........................................48
3.3 SMA 10-3 cm ..........................................48
3.4 SMA Modulus ............................49
3.5 SMA .........................................49
3.6 SMA Modulus ............................49
3.7 SMA .........................................49
3.8 PA DAC 10-3 cm ...............................56
3.9 PA DAC Modulus .....................56
3.10 PA DAC ................................56
4.1 .............................67
4.2 ......................73
4.3 SMA DAC 25 40 ..........................74
4.4 SMADAC 25 ...........74
4.5 SMADAC 40 ...........75
4.6 PA DAC 25 40..............................78
4.7 PADAC 25...............78
4.8 PADAC 40...............78
5.1 .....................................................................83
5.2 DAC .............................................89
5.3 SMA .............................................89

-XI-


5.4 PA DAC ..................................90

5.5 SMA PA ESAL106.....92
5.6 SMA .........................................................95
5.7 PA DAC ..............................................105
5.7 PA DAC ..................................106
5.8 SMA DAC IRI 4 ................119
5.9 SMA DAC IRI 4 ................119
5.10 SMA DAC IRI 3 ..............120
5.22 SMA DAC IRI 3 ..............120

-XII-


1.1

American Association

of State Highway and Transportation Officials, AASHTO

(Present Serviceability Index, PSI)
(International Roughness Index, IRI)

1.2

Stone Mastic Asphalt SMA
Porous Asphalt PA
SMA
PA

1.
2.

3.
4.
5.

1.3
SMA PA
Fortran

1.3.1

1.3.2

1.3.3

92

k+80095 k+900
132 k+200~132 k+600

1.3.4

(
)

PSI IRI

1.4
1.1

SMA

PA

1.1

1,2,3

2.1

Poisson's ratio Elastic

Modulusintegral transform procedures
BISAR
ELSYM5CHEVRON4,5BISAR
integral transform procedures

CHEV

ILLIPAVEMICHPAVETTIPAVEKENLAYER6,7,8,9
ILLIPAVE

2.1.1

American Asphalt Institute,

AI DAMA 10 BISAR 11,12

13,14,15

16

AASHTO1

Owen Hinten
17

2.1.2

(
)
1.
0.5 in

2.

20%

1980AASHTO
30%

(1)

(2)18

(3)

VESYS

PDMAP
18 kip
PDMAPAASHO

AASHO

phenomenological approach

Monismith

2.1.3
AASHTO
Present Serviceability Index, PSI
1982

International Roughness Index, IRI

19,20

PSI IRI

2.1.4
()

21,22,23,24,25,26,2728,29,30,31,32

1838
1940

10


Benkelman Beam
quasi-static1960

Falling
Weight Deflectometer, FWD

PCC
FWD

33,34

Texas A&M University Modulus 34

11


35

84
36
37
38,39

2.1.5 40,41,42,43,44

1.
15000 EWL

5000
EWL 1962

a.

EWLW/54.2Repetitions 2.15

W
Repetitions
b.

12


2.1
EWL

2.1 EWL



5.0 24.0
3.0 24.0

2 5-T
AASHTO

5-T 5

318000 ESAL

18000
American Association of State Highway and
Transportation Officials, AASHTO ESAL
1974 EWL
ESAL AASHTO
45

-Load
EALF10

13


Leasl6.125-4.79logL1+L2+4.33logL2+Gt/x-Gt/18
Gtlog[4.2-Pt/4.2-1.5]
0.40+0.081L1+L23.23/[SN+15.19L2-3.23]

Leasl
Gt
Pt t

L1
L2
4



2.
70psi
120psi 46

American Asphalt Institute, AI
150psi EAL 70Psi
1991 EAL
2.1

14


2.1 EAL 2

2.2

Marshall Hveem
AASHTO 1985
47
1988
Strategic Highway Research program, SHRP 48,49

1993 Superior Performing Asphalt
Pavement50,51,52
Superpave
Marshall SHRP 53

15


2.2.1

1. Stone Mastic Asphalt SMA

SMA Hot Mix Asphalt
SMA
SMA 1960

SMA SMA

SMA
SMA SMA

1991 SMA 25
250 SMA SMA
85 SMA
SMA (AADT) 20,000
90 kmh SMA
50,000
Brown(1997) 1995 19 86 SMA

16


1 90% SMA 4 mm
2 raveling
3 SMA

4 85% SMA 4.75 mm4
20~35%75m200
7~11%
5
Watson2003 2001 SMA
5 13

1 SMA 13
1
1 6 mm "
4

SMA

2 transverse cracking
reflect cracking
SMA
SMA
3 Polymer-modified asphalt

SMA

17


4 Colorado SR 119
Wisconsin I-43


SMA 2.2

2.2 SMA

2. Porus Asphalt PA
PA 1960 1970 1980

18


1980
54
1980 PA
20%
55
PA

PA

PA
PA PA
PA

PA

PA

19


26

2.3 PA

2.2.2

2.2

20


2.2

MR

Pxcv

SGC s

P
x
cv
s

1.
1
Multi-Elastic
Analysis

ASTM D4123
1986

indirect tensile resilient modulus test

diametrical resilient modulus test
MR

21


rest time

1.MR 2.4
a. 1000 kgf Load Cell
b. 0.00025 mm LVDT
c.
d.
e. 6 kgf/cm2
f.

l Hz
X-Y
g.
h. Transducer
Load Cell
LVDT
PC A/D
PC MR
i.
2.
a.
b.

c.
d.

e.

22


24
f. MR

g. MR h
P2.1 MR

P ( + 0.2734)
MR = (2.1)
(h H )

MR =kg/cm2
P =kg
=
h =cm
H =cm

2.4

23


2

DensificationConsolidation

Mechanical Deformation

Interlock

2.5
a.
b.
c. 24

d.
300

2.5

24


e. kgsec/cm2
kg/cm2sec/

a.
24
b.
30
c.

/ DH(2.2)
St2Pt

Stkg/cm2
Ptkg
Dcm
Hcm

2.6

25


2. SGC
SGC6 in

2.7 SGC

1

56,57
2.8
Haversine
0.1 1
87 psi

26


2.8 MTS

3.

2.9

1

a. 14
27


24
b.

Pmax
1,0001,000,000
Pmax 203040 60
10H
R 0.1
c. LVDT
LVDT
200

2.10 MTS

4.
1

28


0.01mm 50mm
D260*W50mm 042 /min

2.11

2.2.3

2.12

29


F
FWD
Walking Profiler

2.12

1.
1
Australian Road Research Board
ARRB Walking Profiler
Walking Profiler
241mm

30


Walking Profiler
(241.3mm) ( <250mm)
ARRBWalking Profiler10kg

.01mm/stepIRI
R2=0.988
IRIIRI
Walking Profiler

2.13 ARRB Walking Profiler

20

31


2.14

2.
Falling Weight Deflectometer, FWD

transient
response









-



32


(1)

(2)<3ft
(3)60Hz

(4)<15ft


(5)15ft
()

2.15

3.

ground-penetrating radar GPR

transillumination surveys

33


GPR

2.16
4.

MR

2.17

34


3.1
3.1.1

3.1

E = k1 Pa (3.1)

I1 k2
E = ( k 1 Pa )( ) (3.2)
Pa

k1 k2 Pa I1

3.1 3.3

35


3.1
Axial Stress Axial Strain

Test
Nonlinear

3.2
Axial Stress Axial Strain

36


Test
Nonlinear

3.3
Shear Stress Shear Strain

ij

1 + 1 + E E
dij = { ik jl ( ) + ( )mmij}dkl = [C]1{d }
E kl E kl
2 ij kl ij 2
E E
(3.3)

kl Kronecker delta

{d } = [C ]1{d } (3.4)

{d }{d}[ C ]-1
37


[ C ]

SHRP
20 40
(3.3)

3.4 3.6 20 40

3.1

3.1

20(M) 40(H)

k1 3920 1101
K2 0.09 0.43

0.07 0.02

38


Predicted
Measured(H)40
Measured(M)25

3.4
20-M40-H
Axial Stress Axial Strain

Predicted.
Measured.(H)40
Measured.(M)25

3.5
20-M40-H
Axial Stress Axial Strain

39


Predicted.
Measured.(H)40
Measured.(M)25

3.6
20-M40-H
Shear Stress Shear Strain

3.1.2

df
d

T T
B dd = B DBdud = df

(3.5)

D du
D (3.4)

40


T
= B DBdud df 0 (3.6)

(3.6) 0
Zienkiewicz58 initial stress 0

0
Front Solver59
3.7

3.7

3.1.3
60

41


n
W = (Wi f Wi ) 2 (3.7)
i =1

Wi f i Wi i

W = Min(W ) (3.8)

3.8

k1 k21
1



k12k22

3.8

42


3.1.4

()

3.9
3.9
482.65 kPa 10.75 cm
3.10
k2=0
k1=2338 k2=0
3.11 k1 1239
k2 0 3.11 ( 1
) k1
45 k1
3.12
0 k1 k2
2338 0.233
3.13 k1 k2 1239 0.2
1 k1 k2
k1 k2
70 k1 k2 2427 0.2119
k1 k2 3.13

0 3.14

43


k1=2238, k2=0.23 , =0.1 20.32

E2 = 69000 kPa , =0.35 12.7 cm

E3 = 55201 kPa , =0.35

3.9

3.10

44


exact
iter.=1 1
iter.=6 1
iter.=11 11
iter.=45 45

3.11

Radial Distance Vertical Displ.

3.12
iteration no. error

45


exact
iter.=1 1
iter.=5 5
iter.=10 10
iter.=70 70

3.13

Radial Distance Vertical Displ.

3.14
iteration no. error

46


3.2 SMA DAC

93.4 k93.8 k 94.4 k SMA DAC FWD

Dense-Graded AC DAC
5 cm SMA
SMA

3.2.1
SMA 3.15
5 1.5cm
AC SMA
1.5cm SMA SMA 3.16

3.15 3.16 FWD

3.17 3.19 FWD
3.2 3.3

11.5 cm DAC k1k2 = 0.1

15 cm E2 = 0.35

22 cm E3 = 0.35

E4 = 0.35

3.15 SMA

47


6.5 cm (SMA) k1k2 = 0.1

5 cm k1k2 = 0.1

15 cm E2 = 0.35

22 cm E3 = 0.35

E4 =0.35

3.16 SMA

3.2 SMA10-3 cm

D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7
(kPa)
93.4 k 426 32.69 24.10 20.40 14.40 9.30 5.99 3.81
93.8 k 432 35.20 22.50 17.70 11.00 6.91 4.50 2.90
94.4 k 427 31.60 22.20 18.49 11.91 8.20 5.59 4.19

3.3 SMA10-3 cm

D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7
(kPa)
93.4 k 428 31.19 22.30 19.51 13.69 8.89 5.59 3.51
93.8 k 425 29.90 19.89 16.79 11.51 7.49 4.90 3.10
94.4 k 430 31.90 22.00 18.80 12.70 8.41 5.59 3.91

48


3.4 SMAModulus

E1(kPa) E2(kPa) E3(kPa) E4(kPa)

93.4 k 1081391 654652 475534 143540

93.8 k 1379000 415327 487228 187392
94.4 k 1466842 467929 300677 165604

3.5 SMA

k1 k2 E2(kPa) E3(kPa) E4(kPa)

93.4 k 8923 0.165 682846 547177 156465

93.8 k 10880 0.159 834312 678747 141668
94.4 k 11980 0.157 919893 683546 133770

3.6 SMAModulus

E1(kPa) E2(kPa) E3(kPa) E4(kPa)

93.4 k 1627634 1240721 565873 81982

93.8 k 1378690 689845 542878 111975
94.4 k 1654628 930791 689845 92979

3.7 SMA

k1 k2 E2(kPa) E3(kPa) E4(kPa)

93.4 k 5188 0.46 1159739 470294 120973

93.8 k 8805 0.21 613162 465295 166962
94.4 k 10640 0.18 893199 625159 133670

49


FWD FWD
Nonlinear
Modulus

3.17 SMA 93.4 k FWD

Distance Displ.

FWD FWD
Nonlinear
Modulus

3.18 SMA93.8 kFWD

Distance Displ.

50


FWD FWD
Nonlinear
Modulus

3.19 SMA 94.4 k FWD

Distance Displ.

FWD FWD
Nonlinear
Modulus

3.20 SMA 93.4 k FWD

Distance Displ.

51


FWD FWD
Nonlinear
Modulus

3.21 SMA 93.8 k FWD

Distance Displ.

FWD FWD
Nonlinear
Modulus

3.22 SMA 94.4 k FWD

Distance Displ.

52


3.2.2

SMA DAC oct

oct

(3.9)

oct =
1
9
[ ]
( r )2 + ( z )2 + ( r z )2 + 2 rz 2
3
(3.9)

482.65 kPa 10.74

cm 35.6 cm 3.23 3.25
SMA DAC oct

SMA oct

oct SMA

DAC Pavement
SMA Pavement

3.23 SMA DAC 93.4 k oct

Depth Oct oct

53


DAC Pavement
SMA Pavement

3.24 SMADAC 93.8 k oct

Depth Oct oct

DAC Pavement
SMA Pavement

3.25 SMADAC94.4 k oct

Depth Oct oct

54


3.3 PA DAC
3.3.1
3.1
PA PA PA
132 k 50 m 132.5 k
PA 132.26 k 132.34 k
132.50 k FWD
3.26
5 4.0cm
3.26
PA 4.0cm PA PA 3.27

3.26 3.27
FWD 3.28 3.30
FWD 3.8 3.10

14 cm k1k2 = 0.1

15 cm E2 = 0.35

22 cm E3 = 0.35

E4 = 0.35

3.26

55


14 cm (PA) k1k2 = 0.1

15 cm E2 = 0.35

22 cm E3 = 0.35

E4 = 0.35

3.27 PA

3.8 PADAC10-3 cm
D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7

132.26 k 32.70 21.00 17.30 11.60 7.59 5.00 3.30

PA
132.34 k 32.10 21.60 18.20 12.20 8.10 5.59 3.91
DAC 132.50 k 31.60 22.20 18.50 11.90 8.20 5.59 4.19

3.9 PADACModulus
E1(kPa) E2(kPa) E3(kPa) E4(kPa)
132.26 k 1355195 887400 533380 118173
PA
132.34 k 1278712 890900 543678 123572

DAC 132.50 k 1297708 897498 677747 179960

3.10 PADAC
k1 k2 E2(kPa) E3(kPa) E4(kPa)
PA 132.26 k 2570 0.131 1008773 599665 148167
132.34 k 2520 0.142 1159739 615062 158064
DAC 132.50 k 3021 0.219 1289710 627459 214952

56


3.28 PA 132.26 k FWD

Distance Deflection

3.29 PA 132.34 k FWD

Distance Deflection

57


3.30 132.50 k FWD

Distance Deflection

3.3.2

PA oct

SMA 3.31 3.32 PA

oct

PA oct

PA

58


DAC Pavement
PA Pavement

3.31 PA132.26 kDAC oct

Depth Oct oct

DAC Pavement
PA Pavement

3.32 PA132.34 kDAC oct

Depth Oct oct

59


Strategic Highway Research program,

SHRP SHRP
SHRP

SHRP Superpave 4.1

4.1 SHRP Superpave

SHRP Superpave

AASHO Present Serviceability

60


Index, PSI PSI

4.1

4.1.1

4.2
pcvx
pcvx

4.2

61


4.1.2

4.3

4.3

4.2

62


4.2.1
Vermeerfailure surface
61,62

9 sin 2 p
f p = I I + I (4.1)
1 2 3
cos 2 p

I1I2 I3 p

isotropic hardening
yielding function
mmobilized friction anglepplastic

distortion

p 9 sin 2 m
f (I , I , I , ) = I I + I (4.2)
p 1 2 3 12 2
cos m
3

p
1
p t p p 3 p p 2
= 0 d dt , d = ( d ij d ij )
2

m p q

q 6 sin m
Mm = = (4.3)
p 3 sin m

63


Mm q p m p Mm Mp

q=(3 J 2 )0.5 J 2 (4.2) p

2
p 2G s Mm
= = (4.4)
p M p Mm

Gs

plastic potentialyield surface

Vermeerg 63

4 sin m
g = 2 J2 + I1
2 (4.5)
3 6 + 2 sin m

sin m sin cv
m = (4.6)
1 sin cv sin m

(4.6)m dilatency anglecv

flow rule

p g
d ij = d p (4.7)
ij

64


dp

consistency condition flow rule

f p g
C ijvw C mnkl
mn vw
d = {C ijkl }d (4.8)
ij f c g f p p kl
C mnrs
mn rs p
d p

(4.8)Cijkl

ep
d ij = Cijkl d kl (4.9)

Cepijkl 4 (4.8) fp

ij = ij x ij (4.10)

xijc

AC

65


4.4
4.5
4.1

Experimented
Predicted

4.4
Axial Stress Axial Strain

Experimented
Predicted

4.5
Axial Stress Axial Strain

66


4.1

P 19.33 47.00

cv 16.22 56.33

x (kPa) 20.34 24.67

4.2.2

1.

3,64,65,66

logp(N)=log+slogN (3.11)

67


P N s
Modified Vermeer
67

g
= d = (k1 , k 2 , k 3 k 4 , k 5 , , x, cv ) (3.12)
zz

dx,,cv
zz g s
N
(3.11)

j n
j =
i =1 k =1
P k
i,k h (3.13)

j j pj,k j k
(3.11)hk k

68


logP
s

logN

4.6

2.

68

N f = Ni + N p (3.14)

(3.14)Ni Np
Nf
66
Ni

69


log10 Ni = b0 + {b1 + b2 m + b3[ m2 + 2(1 + ) oct

2
]}E + (b4 log10 m + b5 log10 E) (%AC)
[ m + 2(1 + ) oct ]
2 2
m m
+ {b6 + b7 log( m )}(%Air) + [b8 ( ) + b9 log10 ( m )] ( )
E E E

(3.15)

(3.15)%Air%ACE
m oct Octahedral
Stressb0 b9 66
Np Paris's

1 h dc
Np =
A
c0 K n
(3.16)

I KII = N p * A (3.17)

c0hK
An(3.19)K Owen17
Np

A n IKII
A n IKII :
E AC E
log(I K ) = a0 + a1hAC + a 2hB + a + a4 BS
ESG ESG
E
+ a5h2 AC + a6hAC hBS + a 7 hAC AC
ESG
EBS E E
+ a8hAC + a9h2 BS + a10hBS AC + a11hBS BC (3.18)
ESG ESG ESG
E E E E
+ a12 ( AC )2 + a13 AC BS + a14 ( BS )2
ESG ESG ESG ESG

70


hAChBc EACEBSESG
A nAn IKII
IKIINp (3.16)
Rauhut 67
Miner's
:

N
ni
Dj = (3.19)
i =1 f

(3.19)Dj j ni i Nf
Dj
Cornell's 68
Dj
Dj 1F(1)

c = 92 .9 *[1 F (1)] (3.20)

c (m2/92.9m2)

4.7

71


da
aN

4.7

4.3

4.2
SMAPA
Px(kPa)cv

72


4.2

MR

x(kPa)

cv

s

SGC

4.3.1 SMA
SMA
SMA SMA
IRI PSI

4.3 SMA
44
SMA 25 40
44.31 DAC 62.00
SMA DAC
A
Px(kPa)cv 4.4

73


4.5
SMA
4.8
4.9 s 4.4 4.5
4.10 4.11 SMA
25 40 SMA
P cv
x s 4.10
4.11 25 40

4.3 SMA DAC 25 40

SMA (kPa) DAC (kPa)

25 40 25 40
1 1505153 704702 846709 317029
2 1595018 893566 816116 302332
3 1618947 1039920 772326 305931
44.31 62.00

4.4 SMADAC 25
P x(kPa) cv s
35.50 14.59 33.40 0.42
93.4 k 36.99 28.13 33.02 0.3508
93.8 k 36.74 26.48 33.26 0.3508
94.4 k 36.75 26.55 33.25 0.3508
30 20 0 0.4
20 10 0 0.4
20 10 0 0.4

74


4.5 SMADAC 40
P x(kPa) cv s
35.24 18.55 33.16 0.51
93.4 k 36.35 28.48 32.65 0.3899
93.8 k 36.34 27.37 32.66 0.3899
94.4 k 36.15 27.44 32.69 0.3899
30 20 0 0.4
20 10 0 0.4
20 10 0 0.4

0
y = 0.3508x - 3.4328
-0.5 2
R = 0.9973
-1

-1.5
log

-2

-2.5

-3

-3.5

-4
0 1 2 3 4 5
log N

4.8 SMA 25

75


0
-0.5 y = 0.3899x - 3.2327
R2 = 0.9629
-1
-1.5
log

-2
-2.5
-3
-3.5
-4
0 1 2 3 4 5
log N

4.9 SMA 40

p
40 36.99 36.74 36.75 35.5 x(kPa)
35 33.02 33.26 33.25 33.4
cv
30 28.13 26.55
26.48
25
20
15 14.59
10
5
0
SMA(93.4 k) SMA(93.8 k) SMA(94.4 k) DAC

4.10 SMA 25

76


40 p
36.35 36.34 36.15 35.24
35 32.69 33.16 x(kPa)
32.65 32.66
30 28.48 cv
27.37 27.44
25
20 18.55
15
10
5
0
SMA(93.4 k) SMA(93.8 k) SMA(94.4 k) DAC

4.11 SMA 40

4.3.2 PA
4.6 PA DAC
44
PA 25 40
54.40 DAC 62.00
PA
A
Px(kPa)cv 4.7 4.8
PA
4.14 4.15
s 4.7 4.8 4.14
4.15 PA DAC 25
40 PA
P cv
x s 4.14 4.15

77


25 40 PA
DAC

4.6 PA DAC 25 40

PA (kPa) (kPa)

25 40 25 40
1 1187764 554075 846709 317029
2 1176061 572671 816116 302332
3 1311202 543678 772326 305931
54.40 62.00

4.7 PADAC 25
P x(kPa) cv s
PA 132.26 k 36.00 28.41 33.29 0.3224
PA 132.34 k 36.60 26.96 32.41 0.3224
Open 132.50 k 35.50 14.59 33.40 0.42
30 20 0 0.4
20 10 0 0.4
20 10 0 0.4

4.8 PADAC 40
P x(kPa) cv s
PA 132.26 k 35.74 34.09 33.05 0.5448
PA 132.34 k 35.83 32.35 32.18 0.5448
Open 132.50 k 35.24 18.55 33.16 0.51
30 20 0 0.4
20 10 0 0.4
20 10 0 0.4

78


0
-0.5 y = 0.3224x - 2.897
R2 = 0.9835
-1
-1.5
log

-2
-2.5
-3
-3.5
-4
0 1 2 3 4 5
log N

4.12 PA 25

0
-0.5 y = 0.5448x - 3.4056
-1 R2 = 0.9992
-1.5
lo g

-2
-2.5
-3
-3.5
-4
0 1 2 3 4 5
log N

4.13 PA 40

79


40 p
36 36.6 35.5
35 33.29 33.4 x(kPa)
32.41
30 28.41 cv
26.96
25
20
14.59
15
10
5
0
PA(132.26 k) PA(132.34 k) DAC

4.14 PA DAC 25

40 p
35.74 35.83 35.24 x(kPa)
35 34.09
33.05 33.16
32.35
32.18
30 cv
25
20 18.55
15
10
5
0
PA(132.26 k) PA(132.34 k) DAC

4.15 PA DAC 40

80


5.1 SHRP
5.1

(
)

5.1

SHRP5.2551.6
kPa10.67 cm35.56 cm
2.61074oC20oC
40oC5.35.5
H
40oCM20oCL4oC

creep compliance 5.6

81


5.1Monthly
Mean Air Temperature, MMAT1/3
5.7

6
5.8
5.95.86
6
5.9

5.105.115.10
5.11

PSI
5.125.13PSI
IRI

82


5.1
(kPa)
40 107.15
20 840.50
4 2012.00

35.56 cm

r =10.67

22.6 cm

28.45 cm

5.2

H 40
M 20
L 4

5.3
Axial Stress Axial Strain

83


H 40
M 20
L 4

5.4
Axial Stress Axial Strain

H 40
M 20
L 4

5.5
Axial Stress Axial Strain

84


H 40
M 20
L 4

5.6 Creep compliance

Time Strain

MMAT
AC Temp.

5.7 MMAT
Month temperature

85


5.8 6
Depth Stress

5.9 6
Depth Stress

86


Predicted
Measured

5.10
Repetition Rut Depth

Predicted
Measured

5.11
Repetition Crack Area

87


5.12 PSI
Repetition PSI

5.13 IRI
Repetition IRI

88


SHRP

SHRP

5.2
92 k+80095 k+900
SMA DAC 132 k+200132 k+600
PA DAC

5.2.1

5.2 DAC
k1 k2 E2(kPa) E3(kPa) E4(kPa)

93.4 k 8923 0.165 682846 547177 156465
93.8 k 10880 0.159 834312 678747 141668
94.4 k 11980 0.157 919893 683546 133770

5.3 SMA
k k2 E2(kPa) E3(kPa) E4(kPa)
1

93.4 k 5188 0.46 1159739 470294 120973
93.8 k 8805 0.21 613162 465295 166962
94.4 k 10640 0.18 893199 625159 133670

89


5.4 PADAC
k1 k2 E2(kPa) E3(kPa) E4(kPa)
132.26 k 2570 0.131 1159739 615062 158064
PA
132.34 k 2520 0.142 1008773 599665 148167
Open 132.50 k 3021 0.219 1632633 662751 206554

5.2.2
SMA DAC
5.14 5.15 PA 5.16 5.17

k1k2 k1k2

1.5cm 1.5cm

SMA 5cm
DAC 10cm
5cm

E3 15cm E3 15cm

E4 22cm E4 22cm
CBR85 CBR85

5.14 DAC 5.15 SMA

90


k1k2 k1k2

4cm PA 4cm

10cm 10cm
DAC DAC

15cm 15cm

22cm 22cm

5.16 DAC 5.17 PA

5.2.3
SMA PA

1. SMA
92k+80095k+900 SMA
91 SMA 92 7.4
105 ESAL
2. PA
132133k PA
92 1 PA 92 7.9105 ESAL
SMA PA
ESAL 5.5 SMA

91


ESAL 11.37106 PA ESAL

8.82106
5.5 SMA PA ESAL106

ESAL ESAL
92 0.74 0.74
93 0.88 1.62
94 1.03 2.65
SMA 95 1.22 3.87
=18 96 1.44 5.31
97 1.70 7.00
98 2.00 9.00
99 2.36 11.37
92 0.79 0.79
93 0.85 1.64
94 0.91 2.55
PA 95 0.98 3.54
=7.6 96 1.06 4.60
97 1.14 5.74
98 1.23 6.96
99 1.32 8.28

5.2.4
1. (PSI)
AASHTO Present
Serviceability Index, PSI

PSI = 5.031.91log(1+ sv) 1.38(a )2 0.01 c + p (5.1)

sv slope variance a c p

92


p 0 sv
Kenis 18

2B
sv = E(sv) = var[a ] (5.2)
C2

B C roughness properties 1 0.0335

(5.2) var[ a ]
13

20 %
2. (IRI)
1982

(IRI)19,20
80km/hr m/km
IRI

(m)
(km )
IRI(m/km)= (5.3)

AASHTO 95

IRI 0

PSI IRI IRI
International Roughness IndexBashar
et.71 PSI IRI

93


PSI=5e(-0.1638IRI) (5.4)

SHRP Strategic Highway
Research Program

5.3 SMA DAC

4.24.3
SHRP4.24.3

5.3.1 SMA
SMASMA
5.6
IRI ESAL
93.4 k
B93.8 k94.4 k5.18
SMAModulus

5.19 5.20 5.21 SMA

94


Modulus
IRIPSI

5.6 SMA

ESAL

2.4105 4.5105 5.5105
93.4 k 0.25 0.26 0.27
cm 93.8 k 0.25 0.25 0.26
94.4 k 0.26 0.27 0.28
93.4 k 1.43 1.45 1.46
IRIm/km 93.8 k 1.45 1.63 1.76
94.4 k 1.46 1.75 1.98

Linear
Nonlinear
Observation

5.18 SMA 93.4 k

Repetition Rut

95


Linear
Nonlinear
Observation

5.19 SMA 93.4 k

Repetition Crack Area

Linear
Nonlinear
Observation

5.20 SMA 93.4 k IRI

Repetition IRI

96


Linear
Nonlinear
Observation

5.21 SMA 93.4 k PSI

Repetition PSI

5.22 SMA DAC

DAC SMA
SMA SMA
5.23
5.24 5.25
SMA DAC IRI PSI SMA DAC
DAC
5.24 5.25 IRI PSI SMA DAC

97


SMA Pavement
Observation
DAC Pavement

5.22 SMA DAC 93.4 k

Repetition Rut

SMA Pavement
Observation
DAC Pavement

5.23 SMA DAC 93.4 k

Repetition Crack Area

98


SMA Pavement
Observation
DAC Pavement

5.24 SMA DAC 93.4 k IRI

Repetition IRI

SMA Pavement
Observation
DAC Pavement

5.25 SMA DAC 93.4 k PSI

Repetition PSI

99


5.3.2 SMA
SMA

SMA5.265.28
5.26 SMA 482.65 kPa758.45
kPa 3 DAC 3
5.275.28
SMADACIRIPSI
5.27SMA IRI 2.0 106
482.65 kPa758.45 kPaSMA
1.0106IRI
PSI

5.26 SMA DAC 93.4 k

Repetition Rut

100


5.27 SMA DAC 93.4 k

Repetition Crack Area

5.28 SMA DAC 93.4 k IRI

Repetition IRI

101


5.29 SMA DAC 93.4 k PSI

Repetition PSI

5.3.3 SMA

4025
2540
5.30 5.33 5.30
SMA 25 40
2DAC340
DAC
5.325.33SMA

102


5.30 SMA DAC 93.4 k

Repetition Rut

5.31 SMA DAC 93.4 k

Repetition Crack Area

103


5.32 SMA DAC 93.4 k IRI

Repetition IRI

5.33 SMA DAC 93.4 k PSI

Repetition PSI

104


5.4 PA DAC
PA DAC PA DAC
PA
PA DAC
5.7 132
k133 k PA
132.26 k B
132.34 k

5.4.1 PA
5.34 PA Modulus

5.35
5.36 5.37 PA Modulus
IRI PSI

5.7 PA DAC
ESAL

3.4105 4.6105
132.26 k 0.76 0.79
PA
cm 132.34 k 0.62 0.77
DAC 132.50 k 0.77 0.81

105


5.7 PA DAC
ESAL

3.4105 4.6105
132.26 k 1.51 1.84
PA
IRIm/km 132.34 k 1.60 1.87
DAC 132.50 k 1.55 1.84

Linear
Nonlinear
Observation

5.34 PA 132.26 k

Repetition Rut

106


Linear
Nonlinear
Observation

5.35 PA 132.26 k

Repetition Crack Area

Linear
Nonlinear
Observation

5.36 PA 132.26 kIRI

Repetition IRI

107


Linear
Nonlinear
Observation

5.37 PA 132.26 kPSI

Repetition PSI

5.38 PA DAC PA
DAC PA DAC
PA
DAC PA
DAC PA DAC 5.39
5.40 5.41 PA
DAC IRI PSI IRI PSI
PA DAC
PA DAC

108


PA Pavement
PA-Observation PA
DAC Pavement
DAC-ObservationDAC

5.38 PA 132.26 k DAC

Repetition Rut

PA Pavement
PA-Observation PA
DAC Pavement
DAC-ObservationDAC

5.39 PA 132.26 k DAC

Repetition Crack Area

109


5.40 PA 132.26 k DAC IRI

Repetition IRI

5.41 PA 132.26 k DAC PSI

Repetition PSI

110


5.4.2 PA
5.425.45PA5.42
PADAC482.65 kPa758.45 kPa
3
PADAC5.44
5.45 PA DAC IRI PSI
5.44PAIRI2.0106
482.65 kPa758.45 kPaPA0.3
106IRIDACPA
PSI

5.42 PA 132.26 k DAC

Repetition Rut

111


5.43 PA 132.26 k DAC

Repetition Crack Area

5.44 PA 132.26 kDACIRI

Repetition IRI

112


5.45 PA 132.26 kDACPSI

Repetition PSI

5.4.3 PA
PA4025
5.465.495.46PA
25403
DAC340
5.485.49PA
PADAC

113


5.46 PA 132.26 k DAC

Repetition Rut

5.47 PA 132.26 k DAC

Repetition Crack Area

114


5.48 PA 132.26 k DAC IRI

Repetition IRI

5.49 PA 132.26 k DAC PSI

Repetition PSI

115


5.5 SMA PA

IRI
PSI

5.5.1

IRI 4 PSI 2.3

5.5.2
IRI PSI
2106 25106
5.50 SMA DAC IRI
IRI4 SMA
13.5106 89
DAC 4.9106
45 SMA DAC
5.51 PSI
PSI2.3 SMA
15106
PSI PSI

116


5.52 PA DAC IRI

IRI4 PA
4.5106 45
DAC 6.5106
67 PA
DAC PA
DAC DAC
SMA 5.53
PSI PSI2.3
PA 5
106 PSI

5.8 5.9

5.50 SMA DAC 93.4 k IRI

Repetition IRI

117


5.51 SMA DAC 93.4 k PSI

Repetition PSI

5.52 PA DAC132.26 k IRI

Repetition IRI

118


5.53 PA DAC132.26 k IRI

Repetition PSI

5.8 SMA DAC IRI 4

ESAL

() 106ESAL

18 4.9 45
DAC

18 13.5 89
SMA

5.9 PA DAC IRI 4

ESAL

() 106ESAL

7.6 4.5 45
PA

7.6 6.5 67
DAC

119


IRI 3

5.10 5.11 IRI 3

5.10 SMA DAC IRI 3

ESAL

() 106ESAL

18 2.3 34
DAC

18 5.0 56
SMA

5.11 PA DAC IRI 3

ESAL

() 106ESAL

7.6 2.0 23
PA

7.6 2.6 34
DAC

120


6.1

6.1.1
1. FWD Modulus
SMA DAC PA
DAC
2. SMA PA
oct SMA
DAC SMA
DAC PA DAC PA
DAC
PA DAC
6.1.2
1. SMA
25 40 PA

2. SMA
PA p

svx s psv

121


p sv x
s

6.1.3
1. FWD

SMA 1.3 PA
1.4 PA
PA
2. SMA DAC
482.65 kPa 758.45 kPa 3
SMA
DAC PA DAC
PA DAC
PA DAC
PA DAC
3. 4025
SMA 25
40 2 DAC 3
40
SMA DAC
PA DAC 25 40
3
DAC

122


6.1.4
1. IRI4
SMA 89
DAC 45 SMA
DAC
2. PA 45
DAC 67 PA
DAC PA
DAC
DAC
SMA

6.2
1.
DAC


2.




3. Fortran

123


1. AASHTO, Guide for Design of Pavement Structure, American

Association of State Highway and Transportation Offices (1986).
2. AI, Thickness Design Asphalt Pavements for Highways & Streets,
Manual Series No.1, Asphalt Institute (1991).
3. Uzan, J., D.G. Zollinger, and R.L. Robert, The Texas Flexible
Pavement System (TFPS), Vol. II Mechanistic/Empirical Model,
Research Report No. 455-1, Texas Transportation Institute, Texas
A&M University, College Station, Texas (1990).
4. Dejong, D.L., and Peutz, M.G.F., and Korswagen, A.R., Computer
Program, BISAR, Layered Systems under Normal and Tangential
Surface Loads, Koninklijke Shell Laboratorium, External Rept.
AMSR-000673, Amsterdam, Netherlands (1973).
5. Kopperman, S., G. Tiller and M. Tseng, ELSYM5, Interactive
Microcomputer Version, Users Mannual, Report No.
FHWA-TS-87-206, Federal Highway Administration, U.S.A. (1986).
6. ILLI-PAVE, A Finite Element Program for Analysis of Pavement,
Construction Engineering Laboratory and the Transportation Facilities
Group, Department of Civil Engineering , University of Illinois,
Urbana, Illinois (1982).
7. Harichandran, R.S., G.Y. Baladi, and M. Yeh, Development of a
Computer Program for Design of Pavement Systems Consisting of
Bound and Unbound Materials, Department of Civil and
Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, U.S.A.
(1989).
8. Crockford, W.W., L.J. Bendana, W.S. Yang, S.K. Rhee, and S.P.,
Senadheera, Modeling Stress and Strain States in Pavement Structures
Incorporating Thick Granular Layers, The Texas Transportation

124


Institute, The Texas A&M University System, College Station, Texas,

U.S.A.
9. Huang, Y.H., Pavement Analysis and Design, Prentice-Hall Inc., New
Jersey, U.S.A. (1993).
10. The Asphalt Institute, Computer Program DAMA; Users Manual,
CP-1 University of Maryland (1983).
11.

127-145(1998)
12.
273-296(1998)
13. Tseng, K.H., The Finite Element Method to the Performance
Analysis of Flexible Pavement, Ph.D. Dissertation, Texas A&M
University, College Station, Texas, (1988).
14.
187-196(1995)
15.
417-426(1997)
16.
2533-52(1998)
17. Owen, D.R.J., and , Fawkes A. J., Engineering Fracture
Mechanics-Numerical Methods and Applications, Pineridge Press
Limited, Swansea, U.K. (1980).
18. Kenis, W.J., Predictive Design Procedure, VESYS User Manual- A
Design Method for Flexible Pavements Using the VESYS Structural
Subsystem. Proc. Fourth International Conference on Structure Design

125


of Asphalt Pavements, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan,

Vol. 1, pp. 101-130 (1977).
19. Gillespie T.D. and Sayers, M. W. and Segal, L., Calibration of
Respones-Type Road Roughness Measuring Systems, NCHRP
Report 228 (1980).
20. Sayers, M. W., On the Calculation of IRI from Longitudinal Road
Profile, TRB (1995).
21.
709-719 (1999)
22.
603-612 (1995)
23.
623-632 (1995)
24. -
557-566 (1997)
25.
181-191 (1993)
26.
371-380 (1993)
27.
395-401 (1993)
28.
699-708 (1999)
29.
593-602 (1995)

126


30.
613-622 (1995)
31.
361-370 (1993)
32.
381-390 (1993)
33. Uzan, J., Resilient Characterization of Pavement Materials,
International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in
Geomechanics, Vol. 16, pp. 453-459 (1992).
34. Lytton, R.L., Backcalculation of Pavement Layer Properties,
Nondestructive Testing of Pavementsand Backcaculation of Moduli,
ASTM STP 1026, A. J.Bush III and G.Y. Baladi, Eds., American
Society for Testing and Material, Philadelphia, pp. 502-524 (1989).
35.

529-537 (2000)
36.

37.
(2000)
38.
(2000)
39.
(2001)
40.
(2001)

127


41.

(1981)
42.
(1995)
43. (1996)
44.
(1999)
45. Yoder, E. J., M. W. Witczak, Principle of Pavement Design, A
Wiley Inter-sciece Publication, USA (1975).
46. ,
2-21(1990)
47. Von Quintus H.L., Status Report on Development of an Asphalt
Aggregate Mixture Analysis System, Association of Asphalt Paving
Technologist Vol. 58, (1989).
48. SHRP Quarterly Report A-003, Performance-Related Testing and
Measuring of Asphalt-Aggregate Interaction and Mixtures. Quarter 2
of 1991. Instititute of Transportation Studies, University of California,
Berkeley, California (1992).
49. SHRP Quarterly Report A-005, Performance Medels and Validation of
Test Results, Texas Transportation Instititute, Texas A&M University,
College Station, Texas (1993).
50. Kennedy Thomas W., Superior Performing Asphalt Pavements
(Superpave) The Product of the SHRP Asphalt Research Program,
Report A-410, Strategic Highway Research Program, National
Research Council, Washington, D.C. (1994).

128


51. Harrigan E.T.,R.B. Leahy and J.S. Youtcheff, The SUPERPAVE Mix
Design System Manual of Specifications, Test Methods,Report no.
SHRP-A-379, Strategic Highway Research Program, National
Research Council, Washington, D.C. (1994).
52. Cominsky, Ronal, Technical Summary: Level 1 Mix Design, Report
no. SHRP-A-408, Strategic Highway Research Program, National
Research Council, Washington, D.C. (1994).
53. SHRP
533-542(1999)
54.
(1996)
55. 1998
217-240(1998)
56. Monismith, C. I., and Tayebali, A. A., Pavement deformation
considerations in Asphalt Concrete Pavement sections, AAPT, Vol.
57. pp. 414-446. (1988).
57. Maillick, R. B., Ahlrich, R., and Brown, E. R., Potenyial of dynamic
creep to predict rutting, ASTM STP1265, 99.194-213. (1955).
58. Zienkiewicz O.C. and Pande G.N., Some Useful Forms of Isotropic
Yield Surfaces for Soil and Rock Mechanics, Finite Element in
Geomechanics, G. Gudehus (Editor), Chap. 5, Wiley, Inc., Chichester,
U.K., (1977).
59. Iron, B. M., A Front Solution Program, Int. J. Num. Mech. Eng.,
Vol-2, pp.5-32 (1970).
60. Letto, A.R., A Computer Program for Function Optimization Using
Pattern Search and Gradient Summation Techtiques, Report for
Master of Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station,
Texas, (1968).

129


61. Roscoe, K.H. and Burland, J.B., On the Generalized Stress Strain
Behavior at Wet Clay, J. Heymam and J.A. Leckie (Editors),
Engineering Plasticity. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K.,
pp.535-609 (1968).
62. Roscoe, K.H. and Schofield, A.N., Yielding of Clay in State Wetter
than Critical, Geotechnique, Vol.13, No. 3, pp.211-240 (1963).
63. Vermeer, P.A., A double hardening model for sand, Geotechnique,
Vol. 28, No. 4, pp. 413-433 (1978).
64. Kenis, W.J., Predictive Design Procedure, VESYS User Manual- A
Design Method for Flexible Pavements Using the VESYS Structural
Subsystem, Proceedings of 4th International Conference on Structure
Design of Asphalt Pavements, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor,
Michigan, Vol. 1, pp. 101-130 (1977)
65. Rauhut, J.B., J.C. O'Quin and W.R. Hudson, Sensitively Analysis of
FHWA Structural Model VESYS II, Vol. 2, Federal Highway
Administration Report, No. FHWA-RD-76-23, Washington, D.C.
March (1976)
66. Liu, M.L. , Numerical Prediction of Pavement Distress by Using the
Geotechnical Constitutive Law, Ph.D. Dissertation, Texas A&M
University ,College Station, Texas (1993)
67. Liu, M.L., Modified Vermeer Plasticity Model for Sand and Asphalt
Concrete, The 8th National Conference on Theoretical and Applied
Mechanics, Hsinchu, Taiwan, R.O.C., pp. 373-380 (1994).
68. Monismith, C.L., and McLean D.B., Structural Design
Considerations, Proceedings, Association of Asphalt Paving
Technologist, Cleve-land, Ohio (1972).
69. Rauhut, J.B., J.C. O'Quin and W.R. Hudson, Sensitively Analysis of
FHWA Structural Model VESYS II, Vol. 2, Federal Highway

130


Administration Report, No. FHWA-RD-76-23, Washington, D.C.,

(1976).
70. Harr, E., Reliability Based Design in Civil Engineering,
McGraw-Hill, New York, New York (1987).
71. Bashar A. O. and Darter M. I., Effect of Pavement Deterioration
Types on IRI and Rehabilitation, Transportation Research Record
1505, pp.57-63 (1995).

131


1.1 SMA 25

1.1 SMA 1(25) 1.2 SMA 2(25)

1.3 SMA 3(25) 1.4 SMA 4(25)

132


1.5 SMA 5(25) 1.6 SMA 6(25)

1.7 SMA 7(25) 1.8 SMA 8(25)

1.9 SMA 9(25) 1.10 SMA 10(25)

133


1.2 SMA 40

1.11 SMA 1(40) 1.12 SMA 2(40)

1.13 SMA 3(40) 1.14 SMA 4(40)

1.15 SMA 5(40) 1.16 SMA 6(40)

134


1.17 SMA 7(40) 1.18 SMA 8(40)

1.19 SMA 9(40) 1.20 SMA 10(40)

135


1.3 PA 25

1.21 SMA 1(25) 1.22 SMA 2(25)

1.23 SMA 3(25) 1.24 SMA 4(25)

1.25 SMA 5(25) 1.26 SMA 6(25)

136


1.27 SMA 7(25) 1.28 SMA 8(25)

1.29 SMA 9(25) 1.30 SMA 10(25)

1.4 PA 40

1.31 SMA 1(40) 1.32 SMA 2(40)

137
 SMA PA

SMA PA

SMA PA
B
SMA PA
SMA PA B
2.1 SMA
2.1.1 SMA 93.8 k 94.4 k

a93.8 k b94.4 k
2.1 SMA

a93.8 k b94.4 k
2.2 SMA IRI

138
 SMA PA

a93.8 k b94.4 k
2.3 SMA PSI

a93.8 k b94.4 k
2.4 SMA

a93.8 k b94.4 k
2.5 SMA IRI

139
 SMA PA

a93.8 k b94.4 k
2.6 SMA PSI

2.1.2 SMA

a93.8 k b94.4 k
2.7 SMA

a93.8 k b94.4 k
2.8 SMA IRI

140
 SMA PA

a93.8 k b94.4 k
2.9 SMA PSI

2.1.3 SMA

a93.8 k b94.4 k
2.10 SMA

a93.8 k b94.4 k
2.11 SMA IRI

141
 SMA PA

a93.8 k b94.4 k
2.12 SMA PSI

2.2 PA
2.2.1 PA 132.34 k

bIRI cPSI
2.13 PA

142
 SMA PA

bIRI cPSI
2.14 PA DAC

2.2.2 PA DAC 132.34 k

143
 SMA PA

bIRI cPSI
2.15 PADAC

2.2.3 PA 132.34 k

bIRI cPSI
2.16 PA DAC

144
 SMA PA

2.3

a93.8 k b94.4 k
B17 SMA IRI

a93.8 k b94.4 k
2.18 SMA PSI

aIRI bPSI
2.18 PA DAC

145
 SMA PA

2.1 SMA IRI

ESAL
6
() 10 ESAL
93.8 k 18 5.0 45
DAC 94.4 k 18 4.0 4

93.8 k 18 25.0 8
SMA 94.4 k 18 25.0 8

2.2 PA DAC IRI

ESAL
6
() 10 ESAL

7.6 3.0 34
PA

7.6 5.5 56
DAC

146
 SMA PA

SMA PA

3.1 SMA
SMA 0.3
6.3

3.4 +

Va 4.0 3.0~5.0
VMA 17.5 >17.0
VCAmix < VCADRC <VCADRC
KN 10.5 >6.2
% 80.1 >70
0.18 <0.3

3.5 +

(%) (g/cm3) (g/cm3)

1 2.316
5.5 2 2.320 2.336
3 2.371
1 2.366
5.9 2 2.364 2.361
3 2.354
1 2.297
6.3 2 2.329 2.328
3 2.358
1 2.348
6.7 2 2.323 2.329
3 2.314
1 2.289
7.1 2 2.327 2.320
3 2.344

147
 SMA PA

3.6 +

(%) (kg) (kg)

1 1013.3
5.5 2 1097.0 1075.5
3 1116.2
1 1159.3
5.9 2 959.2 992.6
3 859.2
1 924.1
6.3 2 1062.5 1071.7
3 1228.5
1 1105.8
6.7 2 931.0 1040.3
3 1084.2
1 1060.2
7.1 2 890.5 979.0
3 986.3

3.7 +

(%) (mm) (mm)

1 2.72
5.5 2 2.93 2.80
3 2.75
1 2.82
5.9 2 2.95 2.95
3 3.07
1 3.65
6.3 2 3.26 3.41
3 3.31
1 3.94
6.7 2 3.75 3.93
3 4.10
1 4.32
7.1 2 3.72 4.02
3 4.17

148
 SMA PA

3.8 + VMA

(%) Va% VMA%
g/cm3
5.5 2.439 4.9 16.7
5.9 2.425 3.4 17.0
6.3 2.411 3.9 17.8
6.7 2.397 3.2 18.0
7.1 2.384 3.0 18.6

3.9 + VCADRC VCAMIX

(%) 5.5 5.9 6.3 6.7 7.1

(g/cm3)...GCA 2.64 2.64 2.64 2.64 2.64
1.57 1.57 1.57 1.57 1.57
(g/cm3)s
(g/cm3)w 0.998 0.998 0.998 0.998 0.998
(g/cm3). Gmb 2.329 2.330 2.318 2.320 2.314
(%)PCA 70.21 69.92 69.62 69.32 69.02
VCADRC(%)=100(GCAw -s)/ (GCAw) 40.41 40.41 40.41 40.41 40.41
VCAMIX(%)=100-( GmbPCA / GCA) 38.06 38.29 38.87 39.08 39.5

3.10 + VCADRC VCAMIX

1 2 3
(g/cm3)......GCA 2.62 2.62 2.62
(g/cm3)s 1.57 1.57 1.57
(g/cm3)w 0.998 0.998 0.998
(g/cm3)..Gmb 2.297 2.329 2.358
(%)..PCA 69.62 69.62 69.62
VCADRC(%)=100(GCAw -s)/ (GCAw) 40.64 40.64 40.64
VCAMIX(%)=100-( GmbPCA / GCA) 39.65 38.81 38.05

149
 SMA PA

3.11 + VMAVFA

1 2 3
(g/cm3)Gmb 2.297 2.329 2.358
().PS 93.70 93.70 93.70
(g/cm3)..Gsb 2.642 2.642 2.642
(g/cm3)Gmb 2.418 2.418 2.418
VV (%)=100(1- Gmb/ Gmb) 5.00 3.68 2.48
VMA=100 (1-GmbPS/Gsb) 18.54 17.40 16.37
VMA 17.40
VFA=100[(VMA-VV)/VMA] 73.0 78.9 84.8
VFA 78.90

3.12 +

(S1) (S2)
1 2 3 1 2 3
2
(kgf/cm ) 7.59 7.98 7.43 6.39 5.54 6.49
2
(kgf/cm ) 7.67 6.14
(%)=100(S2/S1) 80.1

3.13 +

1 2 3
(g)..A 1262.5 1273.0 1253.3
(g)..B 1.3 1.9 3.5
(%)=100(A-B)/A 0.10 0.15 0.28
(%) 0.18
: 175

150
 SMA PA

3.2 PA
PA
5.1 % 4.8 % 5.1 %

3.14

4" 1012.6 350kgf
15.3% 15%~20%
-2
(25) 0.142 10 cm/sec
Cantabria 8.7% 25%

3.15 ()



35% 52% 9% 4%
% 100%
(1cm) (0.8cm) () ()

3/4" 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100 100

1/2" 71.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 90.0 90 100
3/8" 30.4 86.6 100.0 100.0 68.7 -- --
NO.4 1.9 8.3 95.9 100.0 17.6 11 35
NO.8 0.0 0.0 70.0 100.0 10.3 10 20
NO.16 0.0 0.0 49.9 100.0 8.5 -- --
NO.30 0.0 0.0 36.0 100.0 7.2 -- --
NO.50 0.0 0.0 25.6 100.0 6.3 -- --
NO.100 0.0 0.0 13.8 98.2 5.2 -- --
NO.200 0.0 0.0 3.6 77.5 3.4 3 7

151
 SMA PA

3.16 ()

4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0

975.5 997.3 1012.6 995.0 1017.3
(g).A

975.0 996.6 1011.4 993.4 1014.6

(g)...C
(%)
0.5 0.7 1.2 1.6 2.7
X=C/(B-A)

3.1 PA

3.17 ()

22
4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0
(g)..A 1017.4 1025.9 1019.4 1025.9 1043.2

(g).B 746.2 887.3 915.3 939.2 962.5
(%)
X=(A-B)/A 26.7 13.5 10.2 8.5 7.7

152
 SMA PA

3.2 PA

3.18

(%) (kgf)
(kgf)
1 1195.7
5.0 2 950.7 1012.6
3 891.5

3.19

1 2 3
(cm)----------------A 6.57 6.56 6.50
(cm2)------------B 80.28 80.28 79.96
(g)------------C 1028.3 1028.9 1006.6
(g)---------------D 579.2 580.6 567.4
25(g/cm3)----------E 0.997 0.997 0.997
+(cm3)
447.75 446.96 437.88
F =(C-D)/E
(%)
15.1 15.1 15.7
=100[(AB)-F]/(AB)
(%) 15.3

153
 SMA PA

3.20
1 2 3
(cm)------L 6.57 6.56 6.50
(cm2)--A 80.28 80.28 79.96
(cm)------------h 12.46 12.41 12.53
(s)---------t 15 15 15
(cm3)-----Q 350 370 335
(cm/sec)
0.153 0.162 0.145
K =(L/h) [Q/(At)]
() 18 18 18
0.926 0.926 0.926
(cm/sec) 0.141 0.150 0.134
(cm/sec) 0.142

3.21

23
5.1
1 2 3
(g).A 1014.7 1004.2 1034.8
(g).B 937.3 915.3 935.7
(%)
7.6 8.9 9.6
X=(A-B)/A
(%) 8.7

154