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3ginterviewquestion&answerbytelsol360
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3G(WCDMA)InterviewQuestionandansweraskedbyToprecruiterslikeNSNglobalandEricssonglobal.

3G(WCDMA)InterviewQuestionandansweraskedbyToprecruiterslikeNSNglobalandEricssonglobal.

PrepareyourselffortheInterviewbythehelpthisDocumentsspeciallydesignedbyTelsol360technicalteam.

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1.3GINTERVIEWQUESTIONSQuestionsGenerallyaskedinEGIInterviewAREYOUPREPAREDFORMOCKINTERVIEWTelsol360
TechnicalTeam[Pickthedate]
2.31WhatisatypicalNodeBsensitivitylevel?TheserviceandloaddeterminestheNodeBsensitivityingeneral,inanoloadcondition,the
sensitivityisbetween115dBmto125dBm.ForEricsson,theNodeBsensitivityleveliscalculatedataround:CS12.2:124dBmPS128:115dBm
PS384:115dBmWhatisatypicalUEsensitivitylevel?TheserviceandloaddeterminestheUEsensitivityingeneral,innoloadcondition,the
sensitivityisbetween105dBmand120dBm.ForEricsson,theUEsensitivityleveliscalculatedataround:CS12.2:119dBmPS64:112dBm
PS128:110dBmPS384:105dBmHSDPA:95dBmWhatisatypicalNodeBmaximumoutputpower?ThemaximumNodeBoutputpoweris
usually20Wor40W,thatis,43dBmor46dBm.WhatisUEmaximumtransmitpowerinyourlinkbudget?21dBm.Whatisatypicalantennagain?
Theantennagaindependsonantennamodelinlinkbudgetweusearound17dBi.Whatisatypicalmaximumpathloss?Themaximumpathlossis
dependentontheserviceandvendorrecommendationstypicallyitisinbetween135to140dBforurbanareasandbetween150to160dBforrural
areas.WhatisdifferencebetweendBianddBd?dBiisthegainindBfromisotropicsourcedBdisthegainfromadipolesource.dBd+2.15=dBi.
www.telsol360.com
3.31WhatisthedifferencebetweendBanddBm?dBmisaunitofpowerlevel,measuredinmilliwattsinlogarithmscale,thatis,dBm=10*
log(W*1000)whereWisthepowerinWattsdBisnotaunit,itisthedifferenceindBm.Whatis0dBm?0dBm=1milliwatt.HowdoesTMA
work?ATMAreducessystemnoise,improvesuplinksensitivityandleadstolongerUEbatterylife.Sensitivityistheminimuminputpowerneeded
togetasuitablesignaltonoiseratio(SNR)attheoutputofthereceiver.Itisdeterminedbyreceivernoisefigure,thermonoisepowerandrequired
SNR.Thermonoisepowerisdeterminedbybandwidthandtemperature,SNRisdeterminedbymodulationtechnique,thereforetheonlyvariableis
noisefigure.ThecascadingnoisefigurecanbecalculatedbyFriisequation(HeraldFriis):NFt=NF1+(NF21)/G1+(NF31)/(G1*G2)+...+(NFi
1)/(G1*G2*...*Gi)Astheequationshows,thefirstblockimposestheminimumandthemostprominentnoisefigureonthesystem,andthefollowing
blocksimposeslessandlessimpacttothesystemprovidedthegainsarepositive.Linearpassivedeviceshavenoisefigureequaltotheirloss.A
TMAtypicallyhasagainof12dB.Therearetypicallytopjumper,mainfeederandabottomjumperbetweenantennaandBTS.ATMAplacednear
antennawithashortjumperfromantennaprovidesthebestnoisefigureimprovementthenoisefigurewillberestrictedtothetopjumperloss
(NF1)andTMA((NF21)/G1),andtheremainingblocks(mainfeederandbottomjumper)havelittleeffect.Tosummarize,aTMAhasagainthats
closetofeederloss.Whataretheprosandcons(advantagesanddisadvantages)ofTMA?Ontheupside,aTMAreducessystemnoise,improves
uplinksensitivityandleadstolongerUEbatterylife.Onthedownside,TMAimposesanadditionalinsertionloss(typically0.5dB)onthedownlink
andincreasessiteinstallationandmaintenancecomplexity.www.telsol360.com
4.31WhatistypicalTMAgain?TMAtypicallyhasa12dBgainhowever,theeffectivegaincomesfromnoisefigurereductionandthegainis
closeorequivalenttothefeederloss.WhyTMAareinstalledatthetopneartheantennaandnotthebottomneartheNodeB?BasedonFriis
Equation,havingaTMAneartheBTSwillhavethetopjumperandmainfeederlosses(noisefigures)cascadedinandaTMAwillnotbeableto
helpsuppressthelosses.WhatisUMTSchiprate?3.84MHz.Whatisprocessinggain?Processinggainistheratioofchiprateoverdatabitrate,
usuallyrepresentedindecibel(dB)scale.Forexample,with3.84MHzchiprateand12.2kdatarate,theprocessinggainis:PG12.2k=10*log
(3,840,000/12,200)=25dBWhataretheprocessinggainsforCSandPSservices?CS12.2:25dBPS64:18dBPS128:15dBPS384:10dB
HSDPA:2dBHowtocalculatemaximumnumberofusersonacell?Tocalculatethemaximumnumberofusers(M)onacell,weneedtoknow:W:
chiprate(forUMTS3,840,000chipspersecond)EbNo:Eb/Norequirement(assuming3dBforCS12.2k)i:othercelltoincellinterferenceratio
(assuming60%)R:userdatarate(assuming12,200kbpsforCS12.2k):loadingfactor(assuming50%)Take12.2kbpsasexample:
www.telsol360.com
5.31M=W/(EnNo*(1+i)*R)*=3,840,000(3*(1+0.6)*12,200)*0.5=32.8ThenumberofuserscouldalsobehardlimitedbyOVSF
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codespace.TakeCS12.2kforexample:a.ACS12.2kbearerneeds1SF128code.b.TotalavailablecodesforCS12.2k=1282(1SF64)2(4
SF256)=124.c.Considersofthandoverfactorof1.8andloadingfactorof50%:124/1.8*.05=34uers/cell.WhatisEb/No?BydefinitionEb/No
isenergybitovernoisedensity,i.e.istheratiooftheenergyperinformationbittothepowerspectraldensity(ofinterferenceandnoise)after
dispreading.Eb/No=ProcessingGain+SIRForexample,ifEb/Nois5dBandprocessinggainis25dBthentheSIRshouldbe20dBorbetter.What
aretheEb/Notargetsinyourdesign?TheEb/Notargetsaredependentontheservice:Ontheuplink,typicallyCSis5to6dBandPSis3to4dB
PSisabout2dBlower.Onthedownlink,typicallyCShas6to7dBandPSis5to6dBPSisabout1dBlower.WhyisEb/Norequirementlower
forPSthanforCS?PShasabettererrorcorrectioncapabilityandcanutilizeretransmission,thereforeitcanaffordtoalowerEb/No.CSisrealtime
andcannottoleratedelaysoitneedsahigherEb/NotomaintainastrongerRFlink.WhatisEc/Io?Ec/IoistheratiooftheenergyperchipinCPICH
tothetotalreceivedpowerdensity(includingCPICHitself).SometimeswesayEc/IoandsometimeswesayEc/No,aretheydifferent?Io=owncell
interference+surroundingcellinterference+noisedensityNo=surroundingcellinterference+noisedensityThatis,Ioisthetotalreceivedpower
densityincludingCPICHofitsowncell,NoisthetotalreceivedpowerdensityexcludingCPICHofitsowncell.TechnicallyEc/Ioshouldbethe
correctmeasurementbut,duetoequipmentcapability,Ec/Noisactuallymeasured.InUMTS,Ec/NoandEc/Ioareoftenusedinterchangeably.
www.telsol360.com
6.31WhatisRSCP?RSCPstandsforReceivedSignalCodePowertheenergyperchipinCPICHaveragedover512chips.WhatisSIR?SIRis
theSignaltoInterferenceRatiotheratiooftheenergyindedicatedphysicalcontrolchannelbitstothepowerdensityofinterferenceandnoise
afterdispreading.Whatistheloadingfactorinyourdesign?Thedesignedloadingtypicallyis50%however,sometimesacarriermaywantto
designupto75%load.Giveasimpledefinitionofpolecapacity?Theuplinknoiseincreaseswiththeloadingexponentially.Whentheuplinknoise
approachesinfinitythennomoreuserscanbeaddedtoacellandthecellloadingiscloseto100%andhasreacheditspolecapacity.
Mathematically,tocalculatetheuplinkpolecapacityweneedtoknow:W:chiprate(forUMTS3,840,000chipspersecond)R:userdatarate
(assuming12,200kbpsforCS12.2k)f:othercelltoincellinterferenceratio(assuming65%)EbNo:Eb/Norequirement(assuming5dB)AF:
Activityfactor(assuming50%)PoleCapacity=(W/R)/((1+f)*AF*10^(EbNo/10))=120.6Tocalculatethedownlinkpolecapacitywealsoneed
toknow::downlinkchannelsorthogonalityfactor(assuming55%)PoleCapacity=(W/R)/((1+f)*10^(EbNo/10))=64.06Whatistypical
polecapacityforCS12.2,PS64,PS128andPS384?Withsameassumptionsasabove:CS12.2k:120.6(UL),64.1(DL).PS64k:34.8(UL),
12.8(DL).PS128k:16.2(UL),8.4(DL).PS384k:16.2(UL),2.8(DL).www.telsol360.com
7.31PS384khasonly128kontheuplink,thereforetheuplinkcapacityisthesameforboth.HowmanytypesofhandoversarethereinUMTS?
Softhandover,softerhandover,interfrequencyhandover,interRAThandover,interRATcellchange(UEmovingoutofUMTScoverageinto
GSM/GPRS/EGDGEcoverage).Whatissofthandoverandsofterhandover?Softhandover:whenaUEisconnectedtocellsownedbydifferent
NodeB.Softerhandover:whenaUEisconnectedtocellsownedbythesameNodeB.Howdoessoft/softerhandoverwork?Soft/softerhandover
downlink:UErakereceiverperformsmaximumratiocombining,i.e.UEcombinesmultipathsignalsandformastrongersignal.Softhandover
uplink:RNCperformsselectioncombining,i.e.RNCselectsthebettersignalcomingfrommultipleNodeB.Softerhandoveruplink:NodeB
performsmaximumratiocombining,i.e.NodeBrakereceivercombinessignalsfromdifferentpathsandformsastrongersignal.Whyistheresoft
handovergain?Softhandovergaincomesfromthefollowing:Macrodiversitygainoverslowfading.Microdiversitygainoverfastfading.
DownlinkloadsharingovermultipleRFlinks.Bymaintainingmultiplelinkseachlinkcouldtransmitatalowerpower,resultinginlower
interferencethereforeagain.Briefdescribetheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofsofthandover?Advantages:Overcomefadingthroughmacro
diversity.ReducedNodeBpowerwhichinturndecreasesinterferenceandincreasescapacity.ReducedUEpower(up4dB),decreasing
interferenceandincreasingbatterylife.Disadvantages:UEusingseveralradiolinksrequiresmorechannelizationcodes,andmoreresourcesonthe
IubandIurinterfaces.www.telsol360.com
8.31Whatarefastfadingandslowfading?Fastfadingisalsocalledmultipathfading,asaresultofmultipathpropagation.Whenmultipath
signalsarrivingataUE,theconstructiveanddestructivephasescreateavariationinsignalstrength.Slowfadingisalsocalledshadowing.Whena
UEmovesawayfromacellthesignalstrengthdropsdownslowly.Whatarefastfadingmarginandslowfadingmargin?Tofactorinthefastfading
andslowfading,weneedtohaveamargininthelinkbudgetandtheyarecalledfastfadingmarginandslowfadingmargin.Inlinkbudget,thefast
fadingmarginisusuallysetto23slowfadingmarginissetto710.Whatisatypicalsofthandovergaininyourlinkbudget?a.CS12.2k:3dB
(UL),2dB(DL).b.PS64k:1dB(UL),0dB(DL).c.PS128k:1dB(UL),0dB(DL).d.PS384k:1dB(UL),0dB(DL).Whatisthepercentageintime
aUEisexpectedtobeinsoftorsofterhandover?TypicallyaUEshouldbeinsofthandovermodeatnomorethan35to40%ofthetimeinsofter
handovermodeatabout5%ofthetime.WhatisatypicalEiRP?TheEiRPdependsNodeBtransmitpower,cableandconnectorlossandantenna
gain.Withasamplesystemof43dBmtransmitpower,a3dBcableandconnectorlossanda17dBiantennagain,theEiRP=433+17=57dBm.
HowmuchpowerusuallyaNodeBisallocatedtocontrolchannels?Thepowerallocatedtocontrolchannelsmaydependonequipmentvendor
recommendation.Typicallynomorethan20%ofthetotalNodeBpowerisallocatedtocontrolchannels,includingCPICH.However,ifHSDPAis
deployedonthesamecarrierthenthetotalpowerallocatedtocontrolchannelmaygoupto25to30%becauseoftheadditionalHSDPAcontrol
channelsrequired.WhatisatypicalCPICHpower?www.telsol360.com
9.31CPICHpowertypicallytakesabout10%ofthetotalNodeBpower.Fora20W(43dBm)NodeB,CPICHisaround2W(33dBm).Inurbanareas
whereinbuildingcoverageistakencareofbyinbuildinginstallations,theCPICHmaysometimesgoaslowas5%because:Thecoverageareais
smallsinceusersareclosetothesite,andMorepowercanbeallocatedtotrafficchannels.HowmuchisyourHSDPA(max)linkpower?HSDPA
linkpoweristypically4to5dBbelowthemaximumNodeBmaximumoutputpower.Forexample,for43dBmmaximumNodeBpowertheHSDPA
linkpoweris39dBm.Considerdownlinkonly,whatarethemajorcomponentsincalculatingmaximumpathloss,startingfromNodeB?NodeB
CPICHtransmitpower.Jumperandfeederconnectorloss.Antennagain.Overtheairloss.Building/vehiclepenetrationloss.Bodyloss.
Etc.Whatismaximumpathloss?Themaximumpathlossishowmuchsignalisallowedtodropfromatransmittertoareceiverandmaintainsas
goodsignal.Simplelinkbudget:witha30dBmCPICHanda100dBmUEsensitivity,ignoringanythinginbetween,whatisthemaximumpath
loss?30(100)=30+100=130dB.SupposeIhaveamaximumpathlossof130dBm,whatisthenewpathlossifa5dBbodylossisadded?
www.telsol360.com
10.31125dB.Whatischannelizationcode?Channelizationcodesareorthogonalcodesusedtospreadthesignalandhenceprovideschannel
separation,thatis,channelizationcodesareusedtoseparatechannelsfromacell.Howmanychannelizationcodesareavailable?Thenumberof
channelizationcodesavailableisdependentonthelengthofcode.Intheuplinkthelengthisdefinedasbetween4and256.Inthedownlinkthe
lengthisdefinedasbetween4and512.Arechannelizationcodesmutuallyorthogonal?Ifso,whyisOrthogonalityFactorrequiredinthelink
budget?Yes,channelizationcodesaremutuallyorthogonal.Nonetheless,duetomultipathwithvariabletimedelay,channelsfromthesamecellare
nolongerperfectlyorthogonalandmayinterferewitheachother.ADownlinkOrthogonalityFactor,typically5060%,isthereforeneededinthe
linkbudgettoaccountfortheinterferenceandhencereducespolecapacity.Whatisscramblingcode?Howmanyscramblingcodesthereare?
ScramblingcodesareusedtoseparatecellsandUEsfromeachother,thatis,eachcellorUEshouldhaveauniquescramblingcode.Thereare512
scramblingcodesonthedownlinkandmillionsontheuplink.Whatisscramblingcodegroup?The512scramblingcodesaredividedinto64code
groupseachcodegrouphas8scramblingcodes.Codegroupi(i=0to63)hascodesfromi*8to(i+1)*81,i.e.(07)(815)(504511).Doyou
dividescramblingcodegroupsintosubgroups?Pleasegiveanexample.Yes,wedividethe64codegroupsintosubgroups:Macrolayergroup:24
codegroupsreservedformacro(outdoor)sites.Microlayergroup:16codegroupsreservedformicro(inbuilding)sites.Expansiongroup:24
codegroupsreservedforfutureexpansionsites.Whichserviceusuallyneedshigherpower,CSorPS?www.telsol360.com
11.31ConsiderdownlinkandtakeCS12.2andPS384kforexample.Theprocessinggainis25forCS12.2and10forPS384.TheEb/No
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requirementis7forCS12.2and5forPS384.ThereforethepowerrequirementishigherforCS12.2thanPS384.WhatisEb/Norequirementfor
HSDPA?TheEb/NorequirementforHSDPAvarieswithuserbitrate(datarate),typically2for768kbpsand5for2Mbps.Whatisnoiserise?
Whatdoesahighernoiserisemeanintermsofnetworkloading?Foreverynewuseraddedtotheservice,additionalnoiseisaddedtothenetwork.
Thatis,eachnewusercausesanoiserise.Intheory,thenoiseriseisdefinedastheratiooftotalreceivedwidebandpowertothenoisepower.
Highernoiserisevalueimpliesmoreusersareallowedonthenetwork,andeachuserhastotransmithigherpowertoovercomethehighernoise
level.Thismeanssmallerpathlosscanbetoleratedandthecellradiusisreduced.Tosummarize,ahighernoiserisemeanshighercapacityand
smallerfootprint,alowernoiserisemeanssmallercapacityandbiggerfootprint.Whatispilotpollution?Simplyspeaking,whenthenumberof
strongcellsexceedstheactivesetsize,thereispilotpollutioninthearea.Typicallytheactivesetsizeis3,soiftherearemorethan3strongcells
thenthereispilotpollution.Definitionofstrongcell:pilotswithinthehandoverwindowsizefromthestrongestcell.Typicalhandoverwindow
sizeisbetween4to6dB.Forexample,iftherearemorethan2cells(besidesthestrongestcell)within4dBofthestrongestcellthenthereispilot
pollution.Whatisatypicalhandoverwindowsizeinyournetwork?Ahandoverwindowsizeisusuallybetween4to6dB.Whatissofthandover
andsofterhandover?SofthandoveriswhenUEhasconnectiontomultiplecellsondifferentNodeB.SofterhandoveriswhenUEhas
connectiontomultiplecellsonsameNodeB.IndownlinkaUEcancombinesignalsfromdifferentcells,improvingthesignalquality.Foruplinkand
softhandover,RNCselectsthebestsignalfromdifferentNodeB.Foruplinkandsofterhandover,aNodeBcombinesthesignalfromdifferent
sectors.Duringahandover,ifonecellsendsapowerdownrequestandtwocellssendapoweruprequest,shalltheUEpoweruporpowerdown?
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12.31Powerdown.Aslongasagoodlinkcanbemaintaineditisnotnecessarytopowerupinordertomaintainmultiplelinks.Maintaining
unnecessarymultiplelinksincreasesnoiseriseandshallbeavoided.SupposewearedesigningaCSnetworkandaPSnetwork,isthereamajor
differenceinthedesignconsideration?Serverdominanceisthekeydifference.InaCSnetworkweshalllimitthenumberofstrongserversinany
givenareatonomorethantheactivesetsizetoavoidpilotpollution(inthedownlink).InaPSnetwork,however,thereisntsofthandoverinthe
downlinksotheserverdominanceisveryimportantmeaningideallythereshouldbeonlyonedominantserverinagivenarea.Whatistheactive
setsizeonyournetwork?3.HowmanyfingersdoesaUErakereceiverhave?4.Whatiscompressedmode?BeforeUEcanperforminter
frequencyorIRAThandover,itneedstohavesometimetolockontothecontrolchanneloftheotherfrequencyorsystemandlistentothebroadcast
information.Certainidleperiodsarecreatedinradioframesforthispurposeandiscalledcompressedmode.Describethepowercontrolschemes
inUMTS?OpenloopforUEtoaccessthenetwork,i.e.usedatcallsetuporinitialaccesstosetUEtransmitpower.Closedouterloop:RNC
calculatestheSIRtargetandsendsthetargettoNodeB(every10msframe).Closedinnerloop:NodeBsendstheTPCbitstoUEtoincreaseor
decreasethepowerat1,500timesasecond.Whatisthefrequencyofpowercontrol(howfastispowercontrol)?Openloop:dependsonparameter
setting:T300timetowaitbetweenRRCretries(100msto8000ms,typical1500ms)Closedouterloop:100timesasecond.Closedinnerloop:
1,500timesasecond.Brieflydescribewhyopenlooppowercontrolisneededandhowitworks?WhenaUEneedstoaccesstothenetworkituses
RACHtobegintheprocess.www.telsol360.com
13.31RACHisasharedchannelontheuplinkusedbyallUE,thereforemayencountercontention(collision)duringmultipleuseraccessattempts
andinterferewitheachother.EachUEmustestimatetheamountofpowertouseontheaccessattemptsincenofeedbackfromtheNodeBexistsas
itdoesonthededicatedchannel.ThepurposeofopenlooppowercontrolistominimizethechanceofcollisionandminimizetheinitialUE
transmitpowertoreduceinterferencetootherUE.InitialUEtransmitpower=Primary_CPICH_PowerCPICH_RSCP+UL_Interferrnce+
constant_Value_CprachInsteadofsendingthewholemessage,atest(preamble)issent.WaitforanswerfromNodeB.Ifnoanswerfrom
NodeBincreasethepower.Tryandtryuntilsucceedortimeout.Whatispowercontrolheadroom?Powercontrolheadroomisalsocalled
powerrise.InanonfadingchanneltheUEneedstotransmitacertainfixedpower.InafadingchennelaUEreactstopowercontrolcommands
andusuallyincreasesthetransmitpower.Thedifferencebetweentheaveragepowerlevelsoffadingandnonfadingchannelsiscalledpowerrise
orheadroom.Whenin3waysofthandover,ifaUEreceivespowerdownrequestfromonecellandpoweruprequestfromtheother2cells,
shouldtheUEpowerupordownandwhy?Powerdown.Maintainingonegoodlinkissufficienttosustainacallandhavingunnecessarystronger
linkscreatesmoreinterference.SupposetwoUEareservedbythesamecell,theUEwithweakerlink(poorRFcondition)usesmorecapacity,
whydoesthismean?TheUEwithweakerRFlinkwillrequireNodeBtotransmithighertrafficpowerinordertoreachtheUE,resultinginless
powerforotherUEthereforeconsumesmorecapacity.UnderwhatcircumstancescanaNodeBreachitscapacity?Whatarethecapacity
limitations?NodeBreachesitsmaximumtransmitpower,runsoutofitschannelelements,uplinknoiserisereachesitsdesigntarget,etc.
www.telsol360.com
14.31Whatiscellbreathingandwhy?Thecellcoverageshrinksastheloadingincreases,thisiscalledcellbreathing.Intheuplink,asmoreand
moreUEareservedbyacell,eachUEneedstotransmithigherpowertocompensatefortheuplinknoiserise.Asaconsequence,theUEwith
weakerlink(UEatgreaterdistance)maynothaveenoughpowertoreachtheNodeBthereforeacoverageshrinkage.Inthedownlink,theNodeB
alsoneedstotransmithigherpowerasmoreUEarebeingserved.AsaconsequenceUEwithweakerlink(greaterdistance)maynotbereachableby
theNodeB.IsUMTSanuplinklimitedordownlinklimitedsystem?AUMTSsystemcouldbeeitheruplinklimitedordownlinklimiteddepending
ontheloading.Inalightlyloadedsystem,theUEtransmitpowersetsacoveragelimitationthereforeitisuplinklimited.Inaheavilyloadedsystem,
theNodeBtransmitpowerlimitsthenumberofUEsitcanservethereforeitisdownlinklimited.Whatistheimpactofhigherdatarateoncoverage?
HigherdataratehaslowerprocessinggainandthereforeaNodeBneedstotransmitmorepowertomeettherequiredEb/Nothismeansthecoverage
issmallerforhigherdatarate.WhatisOCNS?OCNSstandsforOrthogonalChannelNoiseSimulator.Itisasimulatednetworkloadusuallyby
increasingthenoiserisefigureintheNodeB.WhataretheinterfacesbetweeneachUTRANcomponent?Uu:UEtoNodeBIub:NodeBtoRNCIur:
RNCtoRNCIu:RNCtoMSCBrieflydescribetheUEtoUTRANprotocolstack(airinterfacelayers).Theradiointerfaceisdividedinto3layers:1.
Physicallayer(Layer1,L1):usedtotransmitdataovertheair,responsibleforchannelcoding,interleaving,repetition,modulation,powercontrol,
macrodiversitycombining.www.telsol360.com
15.312.Linklayer(L2):issplitinto2sublayersMediumAccessControl(MAC)andRadioLinkControl(RLC).MAC:responsiblefor
multiplexingdatafrommultipleapplicationsontophysicalchannelsinpreparationforovertheairtransmition.RLC:segmentsthedatastreams
intoframesthataresmallenoughtobetransmittedovertheradiolink.3.Upperlayer(L3):verticallypartitionedinto2planes:controlplanefor
signalinganduserplanforbearertraffic.RRC(RadioResourceControl)isthecontrolplanprotocol:controlstheradioresourcesfortheaccess
network.Inimplementation:1.UEhasall3layers.2.NodeBhasPhysicalLayer.3.RNChadMAClayerandRRClayer.BrieflydescribeUMTSair
interfacechanneltypesandtheirfunctions.Thereare3typesofchannelsacrossairinterfacephysicalchannel,transportchannelandlogical
channel:PhysicalChannel:carriesdatabetweenphysicallayersofUEandNodeB.TransportChannel:carriesdatabetweenphysicallayerand
MAClayer.LogicalChannel:carriesdatabetweenMAClayerandRRClayer.GivesomeexamplesofPhysical,TransportandLogicalchannels.
1.LogicalChannel:Controlchannel:BCCH,PCCH,CCCH,DCCH.Trafficchannel:DTCH,CTCH.2.TransportChannel:Commoncontrol
channel:BCH,FACH,PCH,RACH,CPCH.Dedicatedchannel:DCH,DSCH.2.PhysicalChannel:Commoncontrolchannel:PCCPCH,S
CCPCH,PSCH,SSCH,CPICH,AICH,PICH,PDSCH,PRACH,PCPCH,CD/CAICH.Dedicatedchannel:DPDCH,DPCCH.
www.telsol360.com
16.31WhataretheRRCoperationmodes?Idlemodeandconnectedmode.WhataretheRRCstates?Thereare4RRCStates:Cell_DCH,
Cell_FACH,URA_PCHandCell_PCH.URA=UTRANRegistrationArea.Whataretransparentmode,acknowledgedmodeandunacknowledged
mode?TransparentmodecorrespondstothelowestserviceoftheRLClayer,nocontrolsandnodetectionofmissingdata.Unacknowledgedmode
offersthepossibilityofsegmentandconcatenateofdatabutnoerrorcorrectionorretransmissionthereforenoguaranteeofdelivery.Acknowledged
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modeoffers,inadditiontoUMmodefunctions,acknowledgementoftransmission,flowcontrol,errorcorrectionandretransmission.Whichlayer(s)
performcipheringfunction?RRCforacknowledgedmode(AM)andunacknowledgedmode(UM).MACfortransparentmode(TM).Whatis
OVSF?OrthogonalVariableSpreadingFactor.HowmanyOVSFcodespacesareavailable?TotalOVSFcodes=256.Reserved:1SF64forS
CCPCH,1SF256forCPICH,PCCPCH,PICHandAICHeach.Totalavailablecodespace=2564(1SF64)4(4SF256)=248.Cancode
spacelimitthecellcapacity?Yes,cellcapacitycanbehardlimitedbycodespace.TakeCS12.2kforexample:ACS12.2kbearerneeds1SF128
code.TotalavailablecodesforCS12.2k=1282(1SF64)2(4SF256)=124.www.telsol360.com
17.31Considersofthandoverfactorof1.8:124/1.8=68uers/cell.CanauserhaveOVSFcodeas1111?No,because1111(256times)is
usedbyCPICH.Whatarethesymbolrates(bitspersymbol)forBPSK,QPSK,8PSKand16QAM?BPSK:1.QPSK:2.8PSK:3.16QAM:4.
BrieflydescribeUMTSframestructure.UMTSframeduration=10ms.Eachframeisdividedinto15timeslots.Eachtimeslotisdividedinto
2560chips.Therefore2560chips/TS*15TS/frame*(1000ms/10ms)frame/sec=3,840,000chip/sec.Whatiscellselectioncriterion?Cell
selectionisbasedon:a.Qmean:theaverageSIRofthetargetcell.b.Qmin:minimumrequiredSIR.c.Pcompensation:acorrectionvaluefor
differenceUEclasses.S=QmeanQminPcompensationd.IfS>0thenthecellisavalidcandidate.e.AUEwillcamponthecellwiththehighest
S.BrieflydescribeCapacityManagementanditsfunctions:CapacityManagementisresponsibleforthecontroloftheloadinthecell.Itconsistsof3
mainfunctions:DedicatedMonitoredResourceHandling:tracksutilizationofcriticalresourcesofthesystem.AdmissionControl:accepts/refuses
admissionrequestsbasedonthecurrentloadonthededicatedmonitoredresourcesandthecharacteristicsoftherequestCongestionControl:
detects/resolvesoverloadsituationswww.telsol360.com
18.31Whatarethemajor4KPIsinpropagationmodeltuningandtypicalacceptablevalues?The4KPIsarestandarddeviationerror,rootmean
squareerror,meanerrorandcorrelationcoefficient.Thetypicalacceptablevaluesare:Standarddeviationerror:thesmallerthebetter,usually7to
9dB.Meanerror:thesmallerthebetter,usually2to3.Rootmeansquareerror:thesmallerthebetter,usuallyCorrelationcoefficient:thelarger
thebetter,usually70%to90%.Whatistheminimumnumberofbinsrequiredforacertainpropagationmodel?Themorebinsthemorelikelyto
comeupwithagoodmodel.Usuallyaminimumof2,000binesisconsideredacceptable,butsometimesaslowas500binsmaybeaccepted.How
manyscramblingcodesarethere?Thereare512scramblingcodesinthedownlinkand16,777,216codesintheuplink.Howmanyscramblingcode
groupsaretherefordownlink?Thereare64codegroups,eachgrouphas8scramblingcodes.Canweassignsamescramblingcodestosistersectors
(sectorsonsamesite)?No,becausescramblingcodeonthedownlinkisusedforcellidentity.Asarequirement,scramblingcodeshavetomaintaina
safeseparationtoavoidinterference.Arescramblingcodesorthogonal?No,scramblingcodesarenotorthogonalsincetheyarenotsynchronizedat
eachreceiver.Theyarepseudorandomsequencesofcodes.Canweassignscramblingcodes1,2and3tosistersectors?Yes.InIS95wehaveaPN
reusefactor(PNstepsize)andthereforecannotuseall512PNcodes,whyisntitnecessaryforUMTSscramblingcodes?BecauseIS95isa
synchronizednetwork,differentPNcodeshavethesamecodesequencewithatimeshift,thereforeweneedtomaintainacertainPNstepsizeto
avoidmultipathproblem.Forexample,iftwowww.telsol360.com
19.31sectorsintheneighborhoodhaveasmallPNseparationthensignalarrivingfromcellAmayrunintothetimedomainofcellB,causing
interference.UMTS,ontheotherhand,isnotasynchronizednetworkandallscramblingcodesaremutuallyorthogonalsononeedtomaintainastep
size.WhatarecoveragethresholdsinyourUMTSdesignandwhy?ThecoveragethresholdsarebasedonUEsensitivity,fadingandpenetrationloss.
AssumingUEsensitivityof110dBm,fademarginof5dB:Outdoor:110dBmsensitivity+5dBfademargin=105dBm.Invehicle:110dBm+
5dB+8dBinvehiclepenetrationloss=97dBm.Inbuilding:110dBm+5dB+15dBinbuildingpenetrationloss=90dBm.WhatistheEc/Io
targetinyourdesign?TheEc/Iotargettypicallyisbetween12to14dB.However,ifanetworkisdesignedfordatathentheEc/Iotargetcouldgo
highertoaround10dBbecauseserverdominanceismorecriticalforadatanetworksincethereisntsoftwareinthedownlink.WhatisMonte
Carlosimulation?SinceUMTScoverageisdependentontheloading,staticcoverageandqualityanalysis(RSCPandEc/Io)representsthenetwork
performanceinnoloadcondition.MonteCarlosimulationisthereforeusedtoillustratenetworkperformanceundersimulatedloadingconsition.
WhatisthekeydifferencebetweenastaticanalysisandaMonteCarlosimulation?StaticanalysiscanonlyshowRSCPandEc/Ioinnoload
condition.MonteCarlosimulationnotonlycanshowRSCPandEc/Ioinsimulatedloadingconditionbutalsocanshowmanymoreothers:mean
served,cellloading,uplinkanddownlinkcapacitylimitsreached,etc.Whatshouldberunfirst(whatinformationshouldbereadyandloaded)before
runningaMonteCarlosimulation?BeforerunningMonteCarlosimulation,thefollowingshouldbecompletedorinplace.Runprediction.
Spreadthetraffic.Defineterminaltypes.HowmanysnapshotsanditerationdoyouusuallyhavewhenrunningMonteCarlosimulation?
www.telsol360.com
20.31(Dependonsoftwaretoolrecommendations).WhatarethedesignKPIs?(RSCP,Ec/Io,meanserved,softhandoverratio)Whatplotsdo
youusuallycheckafterrunningMonteCarlofortroublespots?(RSCP,Ec/Io,serviceprobability,reasonsforfailure)Whatarethetypicalreasons
offailureinMonteCarlosimulation?DownlinkEb/Nofailure(Capacity).DownlinkEb/Nofailure(Range).UplinkEb/Nofailure.Lowpilot
SIR.Noiseriselimitreached.Etc.Whatdoestrafficspreadmean?Trafficspreadmeansspreadingtraffic(numberofterminals)inacell
coveragearea.Doyouuselivetrafficorevenloadtrafficinyourdesign?(Depends).Whataretheoptimizationtoolsyouuse?Drivetest,analysis,
others?AreSystemInformationBlocks(SIB)transmittedallthetime?No,systeminformationblockismultiplexedwithsynchronizationchannel.
Synchronizationchanneloccupiesthefirsttimeslot(TS)andSIBoccupiestheother9timeslots.HowdoesUEcamp(synchronize)toaNodeB?1.
UEusestheprimarysynchronizationchannel(PSCH)forslotalignment(TSsynchronization).2.AfteraligningtoNodeBtimeslot,UEthenuses
secondarysynchronizationchannel(SSCH)toobtainframesynchronizationandscramblingcodegroupidentification.3.UEthenusesscrambling
codeIDtoobtainCPICH,thuscampingtoaNodeB.www.telsol360.com
21.31Whatcouldbethecauseofsofthandoverfailure?UEissue.ResourceunavailableattargetNodeB.InadequateSHOthresholddefined.
Etc.Whatarethethreesetsinhandover?The3setsinhandoverare:ActivesetthelistofcellswhichareinsofthandoverwithUE.Monitored
setthelistofcellsnotinactivesetbutRNChastoldUEtomonitor.DetectedsetlistofcellsdetectedbytheUEbutnotconfiguredinthe
neighborlist.WhatarethemajordifferencesbetweenGSMandUMTShandoverdecision?GSM:TimebasedmobilemeasuresofRxLevand
RxQualmobilesendsmeasurementreporteverySACHperiod(480ms).BSCinstructsmobiletohandoverbasedonthesereports.UMTS:
EventtriggeredreportingUEsendsameasurementreportonlyoncertaineventtriggers.UEplaysmorepartinthehandoverdecision.What
aretheevents1a,1b,1c,etc.?e1aaPrimaryCPICHentersthereportingrange,i.e.addacelltoactiveset.e1baprimaryCPICHleavesthe
reportingrange,i.e.removedacellfromactiveset.e1canonactiveprimaryCPICHbecomesbetterthananactiveprimaryCPICH,i.e.replacea
cell.e1d:changeofbestcell.e1e:aPrimaryCPICHbecomesbetterthananabsolutethreshold.e1f:aPrimaryCPICHbecomesworsethanan
absolutethreshold.Whatareevent2a2dand3a3d?www.telsol360.com
22.31Events2a2dareforinterfrequencyhandovermeasurementsandevents3a3dareforIRAThandovermeasurements.e3a:theUMTScell
qualityhasmovedbelowathresholdandaGSMcellqualityhadmovedaboveathreshold.e3b:theGSMcellqualityhasmovedbelowathreshold.
e3c:theGSMcellqualityhasmovedaboveathreshold.e3d:therewasachangeintheorderofbestGSMcelllist.Whatmayhappenwhen
theresamissingneighbororanincorrectneighbor?Accessfailureandhandoverfailure:mayattempttoaccesstoawrongscramblingcode.
Droppedcall:UEnotawareofastrongscramblingcode,stronginterference.Poordatathroughput.Poorvoicequality.Etc.Whatcanwetryto
improvewhenaccessfailureishigh?WhenaccessfailureishighwecantrythefollowingtoimproveRACHperformance:IncreasemaximumUE
transmitpowerallowed:Max_allowed_UL_TX_Power.Increasepowerquickly:power_Offset_P0.Increasenumberofpreamblessentinagiven
preamblecycle:preamble_Retrans_Max.Increasethenumberofpreamblecycles:max_Preamble_Cycle.IncreasenumberofRRCConnection
Requestretries:N300.WhataretheconditionsyoutypicallysettotriggerIRAThandover?RSCPandEc/IoareusedtotriggerIRAThandover:
RSCP100dBm.Ec/Io16dBm.WhatarethetypicalKPIsyouusetomeasureanetworkandwhatcriteria?Accessfailurerate(2%).
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23.31Callsetuptime(CS:over95%ofthetime<6secondformobiletoPSTN,9secondformobilemobile.PS:over95%ofthetime<5
second).Droppedcallrate(2%).BLER:over95%oftheblocks2%.AverageDL/ULthroughputforPSD:210kbpsforloaded,240kbpsfor
unloaded.WhatisthetypicalUEtransmitpower?Variesmostofthetimebelow0dBm.HaveyourusedEricssonTEMS?Ifso:Doyouknow
howtocreatecommandsequence?Whatarethecallsequencesyoutypicallyhave?CSlongcall,CSshortcall,PSDcall,etc.Whatarethe
typicalcommandsyouhaveforCSandPScall?Doyouregularlystopandrestartanewlogfile?Whyandwhentostopandstartanewfile?
Howdoyoustopalogfile?Stopcommandsequencefirst,waitandmakesureallequipmentareinidlemodebeforestoplogging.Didyouworkon
neighborprioritization?Pleaseexplain.WhatisthetypicaleventsequenceofIRATHandoverfrom3Gto2GEvent2denteringintocompressed
modemeasurementof2GcandidatesEvent3aVerificationof2GresourcesHandoverfromUTRANCommandfrom3GRNCtoUEWhat
arethepossiblecausesforanIRATFailure?Missing2GrelationsNonavailabilityof2GResourcesPoor2GCoverageMissing3GRelations
WhatisPagingSuccessRatio?WhatisthetypicalPSRthatyouhaveseeninaUMTSnetwork?PSRPagingResponsestothePagingAttempts
About90%www.telsol360.com
24.31WhatarethepossiblecausesforalowerPSR?NoncontinuousRFCoverageUEgoinginandoutofcoverageareafrequentlyVeryHigh
PeriodicLocationUpdateTimerKeepingUEsinVLRlongtimeafteritmovedoutofcoverageLowerPagingChannelPowerAccess
ChannelParameterIssuesDelayedLocationUpdatewhencrossingtheLA/CNBoundariesWhatarethepossiblecausesforaDropCallona
UMTSnetwork?PoorCoverage(DL/UL)PilotPollution/PilotSpilloverMissingNeighborSCCollisionsDelayedHandoversNo
resourceavailability(Congestion)forHandinLossofSynchronizationFastFadingDelayedIRATTriggersHardwareIssuesExternal
InterferenceAUEisservedby2or3SCinAS.ItisidentifyingaSCfrom3rdtier,StrongerandmeetsthecriteriaforEvent1aorEvent1c.ButSHO
didnothappenbecauseofmissingneighborrelations?Howdoyouoptimizethisissue?www.telsol360.com
25.31StudythePilotspilloverfromthe3rdTierSCandcontrolitscoverageEvenaftercontrollingthecoverage,ifthespilloveristhere,Addthe
neighbor.AUEisservedby2SCinAS,aSCiscomingintoMonitoredSetandEvent1aistriggered.ButUEisnotreceivingActiveSetUpdate
fromNodeBandthecalldrops.Whatcouldbepossiblecausesforthisdrop?DelayedHandoverLossofSynchronizationFastFadingPilot
Pollution/SpilloverissuesWhatisHardHandoverinUMTS?Whenwillithappen?HardHandoverinUMTSisabreakbeforemaketype
Handover ItcanhappenintheinterRNCboundarieswherethereisnoIurlink.WhatisthetypicalCallSetupTimefora3GUEto3GUECall?
WhatarethepossibleRFrelatedcausesforadelayedCSTinthistypeofcall?6to9seconds MultipleRRCAttempts(UEisonpoorcoverage
needmorethanAccessAttempt) DelayedPageResponses HighLoadonPagingand/orAccessChannelwww.telsol360.com
26.31 Paging/AccessParametersWhatisSoftHandoverOverhead?WhatisthetypicalvalueinUMTSnetwork?SoftHandoverOverheadis
calculatedintwoways.1)AverageActiveSetSizeTotalTraffic/PrimaryTraffic.2)Secondary/TotalTraffic TypicalValuesarelike1.7(Avg
ActiveSetSize)or35%(Secondary/Total)WhatwillhappentotheSoftHandoverOverheadwhenyouapplyOCNSonthenetwork?AndWhy?
WithOCNS,theinterference(load)increases.ThisleadstoreductioninEc/IoofaPilot,whichreducesthepilotspillovers.ReductioninPilot
SpilloverwillreducetheSoftHandoverOverhead.WhatarethepossiblecausesforanAccessFailureinUMTS?MissingNeighbors Poor
Coverage PilotPollution/Spillover PoorCellReselection CoreNetworkIssues Nonavailabilityofresources.AdmissionControldenies
HardwareIssues ImproperRACHParameters ExternalInterferencewww.telsol360.com
27.31(FORERICSSONEXPERIENCED)WhatisRTWP?Whatisthesignificanceofit?ReceivedTotalWidebandPower ItgivestheTotal
UplinkPower(Interference)levelreceivedatNodeB(FORERICSSONEXPERIENCED)WhatistheSystemReferencePointatwhichallthe
PowerLevelsaremeasuredinEricssonNodeB?SystemRefPointforE///NodeBisattheoutputofTMA(BetweenTMAandAntenna)Whatare
thetypicalvaluesforreportingrange1aandreportingrange1b?3dBand5dBrespectively.Whatwillbetheimpactwhenyouchange
reportingrange1afrom3to4dBandtimetotrigger1a100to320ms,withoutchanginganyotherparameters?ReductioninnumberofEvent1a
DelayedEvent1atrigger ReductioninAverageActiveSetSize DelayinEvent1acouldincreaseDLinterference,whichcouldleadtoadropcall
orincreaseinAveragePowerPerUser(reductionincellcapacity)WhatisAdmissionControl?www.telsol360.com
28.31AdmissionControlisanalgorithmwhichcontrolstheResourceAllocationforanewcallandadditionalresourceallocationforanexisting
call.Incase,ifacellisheavilyaloadedandenoughresourcesintermsofpower,codesorCEsarenotavailable,admissioncontroldeniespermission
fortheadditionalresourcerequirement.WhatisCongestionControl?CongestionControlmonitorsthedynamicutilizationofspecificcell
resourcesandinsuresthatoverloadconditionsdonotoccur.Ifoverloadconditionsdooccur,CongestionControlwillimmediatelyrestrictAdmission
Controlfromgrantingadditionalresources.Inaddition,CongestionControlwillattempttoresolvethecongestionbyeitherdownswitching,or
terminatingexistingusers.Oncethecongestioniscorrected,thecongestionresolutionactionswillcease,andAdmissionControlwillbeenabled.
WhatisthemaximumnumberofChannelizationCodesthatcanbeallocatedforHS,asper3GPPstandard?15codesofSF16.WhatisCode
MultiplexinginHSDPA?SharingtheHSChannelizationCodesamongmorethanoneHSuserswithinthe2msTTIperiod.(FORERICSSON
EXPERIENCED)InEricssonSystem,howisthePowerallocatedforHSDPA>Powerunutilizedby99PS,CSandCommanChannels,isusedfor
HS(PHS=PmaxhsPowerMarginPnonHS)WhatareEventsthatcantriggertheHSDPACellChange?Event1dHSChangeofBestCellin
theActiveSet Event1borEvent1cRemovaloftheBestCellfromtheActiveSetHowistypicallytheCallSetupTimeofaCSVcall
calculatedinUMTSusingL3messages?www.telsol360.com
29.31CSTiscalculatedasthetimedifferencebetweenAlertingandthefirstRRCConnectionRequest(CallInitiation)messages.Whatispre
synchronizedhandover?Apresynchronizationmethodinwhichthesourcecellchoosesasignaturefortheusermobiletouseinthetargetcellfor
RACHaccess,andinstructstheusermobiletoperformRACHaccessandreturntothecurrentcellbeforeahandovercommand(breakcommand)is
issued.ThiscausesparallelexecutionoftheULsynchronizationprocesswiththecontexttransferprocessamongthetwobasestationsBriefdescribe
theadvantagesanddisadvantagesofsofthandover?AdvantagesSpeechquality:Thespeechqualityisverygood.Thehandoverisseamlessandthe
frequencyisnotchanged.OneorevenmoreconnectionsfromtheUEtotheUTRANareupallthetime.Thereisnoshortinterruptionofthedata
transferwhenaconnectiontoonecellisreleased.TransmissionerrorscanbedetectedandcorrectedverywellbecausetheUTRANreceivesthe
radiosignalfromdifferentlocationsandcanusejustthesignalofthecellthatcurrentlyhasthebestradiolinktotheUE.Inthiscaseespeciallyin
buildings,radiosignalreflectionsbywallsetc.canbetterbefilteredbytheUTRAN.Theprobabilitythatmanyradiolinksatthesametimeare
disturbedisverylow.Powersaving:Becauseofthepossibilitytocorrecttransmissionerrorseasilybycomparingthesignalsreceivedbythe
differentantennasfromtheUEahighertransmissionerrorrateineachlinkcanbecompensated.Hencethetransmissionpowerlevelcanbelower
thaninnetworksorsituationswithonlyoneradiolinktothenetwork.Thissavespower.UEscanworklongerwithsamebatterypower.
www.telsol360.com
30.31Lowertransmissionpowerlevel:BecauseoftheeffectdescribedabovethetransmissionpowerleveloftheUEandthecellsisnormallylower
thanitcouldbewithonlyoneradiolinkonly.Thisreducespossibleadversehealtheffectsandreducesthepossibilityofdisturbingothersystems.No
pingpongeffect:BecauseanUEcanhavemorethanoneconnectionitisnotpossiblethataUElocatedinthemiddleoftwocellsoftendoesa(hard)
handoverbetweenthesetwocells.Frequencyplanningandnetworkexpansion:BecauseinWCDMAallparticipantsusethesamefrequencyno
detailedfrequencyplanningisneeded.Newcellscanbeaddedeasilybecausenonewfrequencyplanningisneededwhenexpandinganexisting
network.DisadvantagesCostsofcomputation:Especiallyinasofterhandover(intraNodeB/intraRNS)manyarithmeticexercisehastobedoneby
theNodeBtodothemaximumratiocombining.TheUEalsohastodothiswork.Eveninothersofthandovercasesthecostofcomputationbythe
SRNCtodotheselectioncombiningarequitehighcomparedtohardhandover.Forthelattercombiningisnotneeded(see5.5).Thiscomputations
costpowerandhardware.Complextoimplement:TheimplementationofthedifferentsofthandoverscenariosintheUTRANismore
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31.31difficultthanhardhandoveronly.Thefirmware/softwareoftheUEisalsomuchmorecomplexbecauseitmustbeabletohandlemanyradio
linkswithdifferentscramblingcodesandhastodomaximumratiocombining.UEandUTRANhavetoadjustpermanentlythetransmissionpower
leveltoreduceinterferenceswithotherparticipants.Formoredetaileddescriptionoftheproblemsthatmayoccurathightransmissionpowerlevels
seechapter5.1MacroDiversity.ForanyQueryorRequirement.Kindlydropyourmailatquery@telsol360.comRegards,TechnicalTeam
Telsol360Visitusatwww.telsol360.comwww.telsol360.com

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