Apk@cuj

DISASTER MANAGEMENT
Floods :- Water that overflows river-bed levels ("riverine flood") and runs slowly on small areas
or vast regions in usually long duration periods (one or more days).

TSUNAMI:- The term is applied to waves generated by undersea movements (caused by

earthquakes, volcanic eruptions or landslides). These waves may reach enormous size and have been
known to travel across entire oceans.

HURRICANES :- A dangerous tropical cyclone with winds speeds of 74 mph, or higher. Also
known as a typhoon in the western Pacific Ocean.

LAND SLIDES :- Landslides are simply defined as down slope movement of rock, debris and/or
earth under the influence of gravity. The materials may move by falling, toppling, sliding, spreading,
or flowing.

EARTH QUAKES:- All movements in the earths crust causing any type of damage or negative
effect on communities or properties. The event includes terms such as earth tremor, earthquake and
vibration.

Flash Floods :- Sudden and extreme volume of water that comes on rapidly over a relatively small
area causing inundation; can result in very heavy loss of life and destruction of property. May also
occur after an ice jam breaks up or after a dam breaks.

CYCLONES :- Violent atmospheric anomaly characterized by strong whirling winds

accompanied by rain. They are originated in the Caribbean Sea and tropical areas of the Pacific and
Indian Oceans. They are known as Hurricanes in the Caribbean and as Typhoons in the West Pacific
Ocean.

TORNADOES:- A wild, rotating column of air, usually attached to a cloud at the top and
touching the ground. It nearly always starts off as a funnel cloud and may be accompanied by a loud
roaring noise, like a train coming.

Hazard:-Hazards are potentially damaging physical events, which may cause loss of life, injury, or
property damage. Each hazard is characterized by its location, intensity, frequency, and probability.

Risk :- Risk is defined as the probability of harmful consequences or expected losses (deaths,
injures, property, livelihoods, economic activity disrupted or environment damaged) resulting from
interaction between natural or human-induced hazards and vulnerable conditions.

Risk = Hazards x Vulnerability

Vulnerability :-Vulnerability is the extent to which a community can be affected by the impact of
a hazard; due to several causes present in the community itself like poverty, lack of information, poor
living conditions, overloaded poorly maintained equipment, and inadequate safety precautions and so
on.
 Climate change and its impacts :-
Glacial retreats

Glacial Lake

Sea level rise

Water Resources -----Heavier precipitation, more intense and longer droughts.

Agriculture & Horticulture

Forestry & bio diversity

Human / Animal disease and health

Disaster :- Disaster means a catastrophe, mishap, calamity or grave occurrence in

any area, arising from natural or man made causes, or by accident or negligence which
results in substantial loss of life or human suffering or damage to, and destruction of,
property, or damage to, or degradation of, environment, and is of such a nature or
magnitude as to be beyond the coping capacity of the community of the affected areas.

TYPES OF DISASTER :-

NATURAL DISASTER MANMADE DISASTER

EARTHQUAKE TSUNAMI FAMINE EPIDEMICS

CYCLONE HURRICANE ACCIDENTS FIRE

FLOOD LANDLSIDE INDUSTRIAL DISASTER DAM BURSTS

AVALANCHE HAILSTORM RIOTS TERRORISM

HEATWAVE COLDWAVE HIJACKING CHEMICAL WARFARE

DROUGHT FOREST FIRE BIOLOGICAL WARFARE NUCLEAR WARFARE

QUE :- DISCUSS VARIOUS PHASES OF DISASTER MANAGEMENT CYCLE .

 PREVENTION :- Improvement of decision making and reduction of vulnerabilities at a
more global level: Includes:
planning (i.e site planning)
legal measures (i.e: construction codes)
infrastructure works

MITIGATION :- To limit/minimise the adverse impact of natural, environmental,

technological & human induced hazards by reducing the physical vulnerability of the existing
sites / infrastructures, planning and Implementation.

PREPAREDNESS :-
Training
Awareness
Early warning systems
Technical surveys
Institutional building

RESPONSE :- These are actions and functions undertaken to face the disaster when it occurs.

warning to vulnerable population, evacuation, search and rescue, relief, psycho social care,
damage assessment, restoration of key infrastructure etc.
quick and effective response requires adequate planning and preparedness

QUE:- ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE FOR MANAGING DISASTERS IN INDIA

QUE :- DESCRIVE TYPES OF VULNERABILITY AND DISCUSS HAZARD AND SHOW
VULNERABILITY PROFILE OF INDIA .

Vulnerability:- Vulnerability gives the extent to which a community is affected by a disaster.

The conditions determined by physical, social, economic and environmental factors or

processes, which increase the susceptibility of a community to the impact of hazards.

Geographic and Environmental

Physical
Social
Economic
Systemic

Physical:- engineering and architecture density levels, Land-use planning, remoteness of a

settlement, design and materials used for critical infrastructure and for housing

Social :- Literacy, education, peace and security, access to basic human rights, systems of
good governance, social equity, positive traditional values, knowledge structures, customs and
ideological beliefs and overall collective organizational .

Economic :- Poverty ratio, national economic reserves, socio-economic infrastructure,

communication network, utilities, supplies, transportation, water, sewage and healthcare etc.
Environmental :- Extent of natural resource depletion, state of resource degradation, loss
of resilience of ecological system, loss of biodiversity, exposure to toxic and hazardous
pollutants.

Hazards: A dangerous condition or events that threaten or have the potential for causing
injury to life or damage to property or the environment. They can be categorized in various
ways but, based on the origin, hazards worldwide are basically grouped in two broad
headings:

1. Natural Hazards (hazards with meteorological, geological or even biological origin)

2. Unnatural Hazards (hazards with human-caused or technological origin)

It is also important to know that natural phenomena are extreme climatological, hydrological,
or geological, processes that do not pose any threat to persons or property. A massive
earthquake in an unpopulated area, for example, is a natural phenomenon, not a hazard. It is
when these natural phenomena interact with the man made environment or fragile areas
which causes wide spread damage.

Vulnerability Profile of India :-

India has been vulnerable, in varying degrees, to a large number of natural, as well as, human-made disasters
on account of its unique geo-climatic and socio-economic conditions. It is highly vulnerable to floods,
droughts, cyclones, earthquakes, landslides, avalanches and forest fires. Out of 35 states and union territories
in the country, 27 of them are disaster prone. Almost 58.6 per cent of the landmass is prone to earthquakes of
moderate to very high intensity; over 40 million hectares (12 per cent of land) are prone to floods and river
erosion; of the 7,516 km long coastline, close to 5,700 km is prone to cyclones and tsunamis; 68 per cent of
the cultivable area is vulnerable to drought and hilly areas are at risk from landslides and avalanches.
QUE :- DEFINE DISASTER AND ESTABLISH RELATION BETWEEN DISASTER ,HAZARD
,RISK ,VULNERABLITY & CAPACITY .

Disaster: A disaster is the product of a hazard such as earthquake, flood or windstorm coinciding with a
vulnerable situation which might include communities, cities or villages. There are two main components in
this definition: hazard and vulnerability. Without vulnerability or hazard there is no disaster. A disaster occurs
when hazards and vulnerability meet

Vulnerability: Vulnerability is defined as The extent to which a community, structure, service, or

geographic area is likely to be damaged or disrupted by the impact of particular hazard, on account of their
nature, construction and proximity to hazardous terrain or a disaster prone area.

Now take for example a house built from cane and thatch and the other a brick building. The house built
from cane and thatch that can be blown in a tropical cyclone are more vulnerable to the wind than a brick
building. A badly constructed brick building is more likely to disintegrate with the violent ground shaking of
an earthquake than cane or thatch hut and is more vulnerable to earthquake hazard. Hence structures should
be built strong enough to resist maximum force exerted by any event or for combination of event. Such
measure will take care of the physical vulnerability.

Social and economic conditions also determine the vulnerability of a society to an extent. It has been
observed that human losses in disasters in developing countries like India tend to be high when compared to
developed countries where material losses predominate.

Unchecked growth of settlements in unsafe areas exposes the people to the hazard. In case of an earthquake
or landslide the ground may fail and the houses on the top may topple or slide and affect the settlements at
the lower level even if they are designed well for earthquake forces.
Risk: Risk is a measure of the expected losses (deaths, injuries, property, economic activity etc.) due to a
hazard of a particular magnitude occurring in a given area over a specific time period.

Four factors essentially hazards, location, exposure, and vulnerability which contribute to risk.

Hazards (physical effects generated in the naturally occurring event)

Vulnerability of the exposed structures and systems to the hazards expected to affect them
during their useful life.

Exposure (the value and importance of the various types of structures and lifeline systems such as water supply,
communication network, transportation network etc. in the community serving the population.

Location of the hazards relative to the community at risk,

Disaster = Natural hazards Vulnerabilities D = {(H x V) x R} C

Capacities

QUE :- DISCUSS STRUCTURAL & NON-STRUCTURAL MEASURES .

STRUCTURAL MEASURES :-
RETROFITTING: After assessment of vulnerability of buildings the priority for structural
mitigation has to be defined. Generally public buildings are given first priority because they are lesser
in number and at the time of disaster people can take shelter in these public buildings. Some
examples of important buildings are hospitals, clinics, communication buildings, fire and police
 stations, water supply, cinema halls, meeting halls, schools and cultural buildings such as museums,
monuments and temples. The second priority goes to other type of buildings like housing, hostels,
offices, warehouses and factories

CONSTRUCTION CONTROL: The following building code is practiced in India:

IS: 1893,1984 - Criteria for earthquake resistance design of structures

IS:13828,1993 - Guidelines for improving low strength earthquake resistant masonry buildings

IS:13920,1993 - Ductile detailing of reinforced concrete structures subjected to seismic forces- code
of practice

IS: 13827,1993 - Guidelines for improving earthquake resistance of earthen buildings

IS: 13935,1993 - Guidelines for repairing & seismic strengthening of buildings

LIGHTENING:

I. Installation of lightning conductors on all public buildings in the first phase;

II. Lightning detectors for buildings

III. Installation of Lightning Suppressors

IV. Improvement of Drainage System: Ranchi has seen flood only because of inadequacy of drainage
system. Encroachment of Harmu river and other drains does not allow free flow of water resulting in
inundation.

V. Training & Awareness : Mitigation also means training of people in building strong quake resistant
houses which can also withstand torrential rains. Training modules to be developed for
masons/engineers for safe building practices.

NON-STRUCTURAL MEASURES :-
o Awareness: Consciousness and awareness programmes have been devised for the people so that
they can escape the wrath of earthquake, lightning, etc.

o INDIVIDUALS (LIGHTNING)
o If outdoors, seek shelter; get indoors or in an all-metal car

o Avoid bodies of water and all metal objects

o Get off the high ground; avoid solitary trees, hilltops, cliff faces, caves, and open spaces

o Hang up the telephone, turn off appliances, computers, power tools, and television sets

Factors affecting human vulnerability :-

It is important to understand some of the major factors which make a population vulnerable. These
factors include:
 Poverty

Increased population density

Rapid Urbanisation

Changes in way of life

Environmental degradation

Lack of awareness and information

Civil disturbances

War

HAZARD PROFILE OF INDIA:-

HPC (1999) identified 33 different type of Disasters affecting various parts of India.
12 Types of Hydromet disasters - IMD
BMTPC Atlas 169 /594 in 1997 214/241 in 2007
59% of land mass prone to earthquakes (Zone III, IV and V)
40 million hectares of landmass prone to floods
8000 Km long coastline with two cyclone seasons
Hilly regions vulnerable to Mass Movement Hazards (~20%)

Disasters Identified by the High Powered Committee

(J C Pant Committee) August 99Disasters Identified by the High
Powered Committee (J C Pant Committee) August 99 :-
I. Water and Climate related Disasters
Floods and Drainage Management
Cyclones
Tornadoes and Hurricanes
Hailstorm
Cloud Burst
Heat Wave and Cold Wave
Snow AvalanchesSerial Bomb Blasts
Festival Disasters and Fires
Electrical Disasters and Fires
Air, Road and Rail Accidents
Boat Capsizing
Village Fire
V. Biologically related Disasters
Biological Disaster and Epidemics
Pest Attacks
Cattle Epidemics
Food Poisoning

Droughts
Sea Erosion
Thunder and Lightening
Tsunami (Added)
 II. Geologically related Disasters
Landslides and Mudflows
Earthquakes
Dam Failures / Dam Bursts
Mine Fires

III. Chemical, Industrial and Nuclear related Disasters

Chemical and Industrial Disasters
Nuclear Disasters

IV. Accident related Disasters

Forest Fires
Urban Fires
Mine Flooding
Oil Spill
Major Building Collapse
Serial Bomb Blasts
Festival Disasters and Fires
Electrical Disasters and Fires
Air, Road and Rail Accidents
Boat Capsizing
Village Fire
V. Biologically related Disasters

Biological Disaster and Epidemics

Pest Attacks
Cattle Epidemics
Food Poisoning

Disaster Management Act 2005:-

The DM Act received the assent of the president on 23rd Dec 2005

Total Chapters ----XI

Total Sections --- 79

This Act extends to the whole of India

This Act came into force in all States/UTs including Jharkhand from 1st August 2007

FEATURES OF ACT :-
(1) I - Definition of Terms

(2) II III,& IV Authorities---- National / State / District- (i) constitution, power & function, (ii) National /
State Executive Committee,

(3) V -Measures for DM to be taken by Central / State Govt.- Responsibilities of Ministries/ Deptts.

(4) VI Local Authority

(5) VII - NIDM

(6) VIII - National Disaster Response Force

(7) IX - Finance, Accounts and Audit----(i) National Disaster Response Fund,

(ii) National Disaster Mitigation Fund ---- Likewise State & District
 (8) X - Offences & Penalties

(9) XI - Miscellaneous

NATIONAL DISASTER RESPONSE FORCE

A National Disaster Response Force constituted for specialist response.

The general superintendence and direction of the Force shall be vested in and exercised by the National
Authority.

Command and supervision of the Force shall vest in an officer to be appointed by the Central Government as
the Director General of the NDRF

8 Battalion (8x 1158) of National Response Force raised two each from the BSF, CRPF, CISF and ITBP.

Each battalion consist of 18 specialist response team besides other supporting staff

Each Specialist Response Team of 45 persons comprising engineers, technicians, electricians, dog squads
and medical/paramedics etc.

4 SAR Team

1 Medical Support Team

1 Technical Support Team

1 Dog Squad

Each battalion to have 1 diving and 1 Water Rescue Team

Four of these battalion to specialize on Nuclear, Biological and Chemical Disasters

These NDRF battalions are located at Ten different locations in the country based on the vulnerability
profile to cut down the response time for their deployment.
http://ndma.gov.in/ndma/ndrfoverview.html

 Community Based Disaster Preparedness
Community and Village Plan
Community is the First Responder to any Event
Development of Block, Gram Panchayat, Village Disaster Management Plans
Constitute Disaster Management Committees [DMCs] & Disaster Management
Teams [DMTs] at all Levels
Village Disaster Management Team[ DMT] will be selected by the Villagers
Type of DMTs- Warning Dissemination, Rescue & Evacuation, First Aid,
Shelter Management, Damage Assessment, Counseling, Water & Sanitation,
Relief Distribution, Village Protection Teams
Training & Capacity Building of DMTs at all Levels Mock Drill Exercises
Training and Demonstration in Cost Effective Alternate Technology for Hazard
Resistance Housing including Roof Top Rain Water Harvesting Features
Strengthening of Disaster Management Information Centers
Integration of Disaster Management Plans with the Developmental Plans at all
Levels

District Disaster Management Committee

1. Collector, as the Chairman
2. Chairperson, Zilla Parishad
3. Addl. Dist. Magistrate in-charge of emergency
4. Project Director, DRDA
5. SP
6. Key Dist. level Officers
7. Sub-Collector(s)
8. Representative of District Coordinating Agency of NGOs
9. Two NGOs engaged in Disaster Mitigation activities in the district
10. Dist. Project Officer (NUNV)
11. District Emergency Officer as member-Convenor
Block Disaster Management Committee
1. Chairperson, Panchayat Samiti
2. Vice-Chairperson of the Panchayat Samiti
3. MLA/ MLAs, or their representative(s)
4. Key Departmental Officials at the Block level
5. Two Sarpanch and two PS members, including one woman in each category
6. Representative from the Coordinating Agency of Block NGO cell
7. One local NGO engaged in Disaster Mitigation in Block area
8. Asst. Engineer of the Block
9. Tahasildar/ Addl. Tahasildar
10. BDO, as the Member-Convenor
Village Disaster Management Committee (VDMC):
Role & Responsibilities:
The President would preside over all meetings and be responsible for overall management.
All the Task Force Members would be directly managed by him.
The committee would be responsible for :
Developing the Village Disaster Mitigation Plan
Maintaining peace during operations.
Maintaining all accounts of the committee.
Keeping contact with Block Administration and other related agencies.
Assisting the various team members in performing their responsibilities.
Trying to wipe out bottlenecks/ lacunas in the contingency plan.
Oil Spill :- is the release of a liquid petroleum hydrocarbon into the environment , especially
marine areas , due to human activity and is a form of pollution.

Volcanic Eeruption :- volcanic eruption happen when lava and gas are discharged from a
volcanic vent.

Drought :- is an extended period when a region receives a deficiency in its water supply , whether
atmospheric , surface or ground water .