1.

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2. Corazon Aquino, a popular president of the Philippines
3. Organization of American states OAS. 35 member state, founded in 1948
4. The French Revolution did not start as a revolution but merely as resistance to King Louis XVIs
attempts to raise taxes (largely to pay off debts incurred when the French sided with American
colonists in their war for independence)
5. overthrow of Louis XVI in 1792 and the establishment of the French Republic
6. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (Dclaration des droits de l'homme et du
citoyen) is a fundamental document of the French Revolution and
7. the government instituted the leve en masse in 1793, conscripting all ablebodied men between
the ages of 18 and 25 into military service.
8. Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821), an ambitious revolutionary general known for military
brilliance and personal arrogance, staged a coup in 1799.
9. Napoleon became the first (but certainly not the last) populist dictator in modern Europe.
10. The Napoleonic Wars (18021815)
11. Waterloo in 1815.
12. 1815 saw the start of 100 years of relative peace in Europe, know as the Pax Britannica
13. The French Revolution was a turning point because it marked the beginnings of modern
nationalism.
14. After the Napoleonic Wars, the victorious monarchs of Europe formed the Concert of Europe,
promising to resolve their disputes without resort to force and maintain a balance of power so
that no one power would be tempted to dominate the whole continent, trying to recreate the
order of preRevolutionary Europe.
15. Its founding powers were Austria, Prussia, the Russian Empire and the United Kingdom, the
members of the Quadruple Alliance responsible for the downfall of the First French Empire. In
time, France was established as a fifth member of the concert.
16. Before 1871, no such country as Germany existed; the area that we know as Germany was
divided in several states (Prussia, Bavaria, Hannover, etc.)
17. The unification of Italy in 1861 and that of the German states in 1871
18. Between 1864 and 1871, the Prussian general Otto von Bismarck waged a series of quick and
decisive wars to unify the German states.
19. Germany formed an alliance with Austria-Hungary and Italy in 1882. After years of searching for
a partner, France finally formed an alliance with Russia in 1892. This basic division of Europe
remained intact until the outbreak of World War I.
20. The first general laws against child labour, the Factory Acts, were passed in Britain in the first
half of the 19th century.
21. in 1893, the employment of children under 13 was ended
22. June 28, 1914- the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his
pregnant wife Sofia assassinated in Sarajevo by Gavrilo Prinzip (17 yo) - a young Serbian
nationalist from Bosnia
23. The French and British called the war the Great War
Alliances during WWI
24. CENTRAL POWERS Germany, Austro-Hungary, Ottoman empire, and Bulgaria
25. ENTENTE POWERS Britain, France, and Russia. From 1915, Italy. From 1917, the US. Associated
forces were also Australia, Canada, Indian Empire, New Zealand, Newfoundland, South Africa;
Belgium, Greece, Japan, Luxembourg, Montenegro, Portugal, Romania, Serbia.
26. NEUTRAL STATES Denmark, Norway, and Sweden
27. WWI was brought to a formal end with the Versailles Treaty. 1919
28. Traditional accounts date the start of World War II to Germanys invasion of Poland on
September 1, 1939, although Japans takeover of Manchuria (part of China) in 1931 or its
invasion of China in 1937 can also mark the starting point. As Japan was expanding its empire in
Asia, Hitler came to power in Germany in 1933
29. Hitlers first major international move occurred in 1936, when German forces reentered the
Rhineland
30. The Munich Agreement 1938
31. the United States had refused even to recognize the Soviet government until 1933
32. the U.S. atomic bomb program, the Manhattan Project
33. the Declaration on Liberated Europe (1945)
34. The Adriatic Sea is a body of water separating the Italian Peninsula from the Balkan
peninsula
35. s the Marshall Plan, announced in May 1947
36. Marshall Plan was named after Secretary of State, George Marshall.
37. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was established in 1949 by 12 Western nations: