Name: Mukhiddin

ID: 20146143

Estimation in Statistics :

Estimation refers to the process by which one makes inferences about

a population, based on information obtained from a sample.
Statisticians use sample statistics to estimate population parameters. For
example, sample means are used to estimate population means; sample
proportions, to estimate population proportions.

An estimate of a population parameter may be expressed in two ways:

Point estimate. A point estimate of a population parameter is a single value

of a statistic. For example, the sample mean x is a point estimate of the
population mean . Similarly, the sample proportion p is a point estimate of
the population proportion P.

Interval estimate. An interval estimate is defined by two numbers, between

which a population parameter is said to lie. For example, a < x < b is an
interval estimate of the population mean . It indicates that the population
mean is greater than a but less than b.

Random Experiments:

a random experiment is a process by which we observe

something uncertain.
After the experiment, the result of the random
experiment is known.
An outcome is a result of a random experiment. The set
of all possible outcomes is called the sample space.
Thus in the context of a random experiment, the sample
space is our universal set
What is Hypothesis Testing?

A statistical hypothesis is an assumption about a population parameter;

Assumptions may or may not be true.
Hypothesis testing refers to the formal procedures used by statisticians to accept or
reject statistical hypotheses.

Statistical Hypotheses: The best way to determine whether a st

atistical hypothesis is true would be to examine the entire populati
on. Since that is often impractical, researchers typically examine a r
andom sample from the population. If sample data are not consist
ent with the statistical hypothesis, the hypothesis is rejected.

There are two types of statistical hypotheses:

Null hypothesis. The null hypothesis, denoted by H0, is usually the

hypothesis that sample observations result purely from chance.

Alternative hypothesis. The alternative hypothesis, denoted by H1 or Ha,

is the hypothesis that sample observations are influenced by some non-
random cause.

Parameter:

A parameter is a measurable characteristic of a population, such as mean or a standart

deviation.

Parameter space: The concept of parameter space is found in the theory

of statistical inference. In a statistical inference problem, the statistician utili
zes a sample to understand from what probability distribution the sample its
elf has been generated. Attention is usually restricted to a well-defined set o
f probability distributions that could have generated the sample. When these
probability distributions are put into correspondence with a set of real numb
ers (or real vectors), such set is called the parameter space and its elements
are called parameters.

The critical region of the sampling distribution of a statistic is also

 known as the region

It is the area, or areas, of the sampling distribution of a statistic that will

lead to the rejection of the hypothesis tested when that hypothesis is true.

Difference Between Hypothesis and Assumption

Hypothesis and assumption are concepts that are similar in nature and are used
commonly in research and experiments. A hypothesis is a theory that seeks to
explain a phenomenon or a set of phenomena. They conduct a number of
experiments and test this hypothesis, and if the hypothesis indeed proves correct,
it is deemed to have become a theory.

What is the difference between a Hypothesis and Assumption?

Hypothesis is an argument put forward to explain a phenomenon or

sets of phenomena

Hypothesis is not a theory until it has been proved and verified under
different circumstances

Anything taken for granted is an assumption, and a hypothesis is at

best a working assumption

Hypothesis is a theory in waiting as it can be called theory only after

verification