Professional Documents
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Measurement
Tape
Odometer
Subtense Bar
Stadia
EDM
Distance Measurement
Devices and accuracy:
Older technologies quick look
Pacing : 1:50
Optical rangefinders: 1: 50
Odometers: 1:200
Tacheometry / stadia 1: 500
Subtense bar 1: 3000
Tapes: 1: 10,000
Modern Technology:
- Electronic Distance Measuring (EDM) devices: 2 +2 ppm
Tape Measurement
Accuracy and speed considerations for
civil engineers.
Sources of Errors:
Incorrect length of the tape
Temperature difference
Sag
Poor alignment
Tape not horizontal
Improper Plumbing
Odometer and Subtense Bar
The idea of an
odometer.
Subtense bar: a 2 m
rod.
Distance H=
cot(/2) m.
Aiming Telescope
Subtense Bar
Distance H = cot(/2) m.
L
L /2
H
/2
tan ( /2) = (L/2) / H Example:
H = (L/2) / tan( /2) what is the
horizontal distance
If L = 2 m, then
between A and B if
H = 1 / tan (/2) = cot (/2) the angle was
2?
Stadia
Chapter (16)
Principle of the Stadia:
Horizontal Distance = 100 rod intercept for a
horizontal line of sight and a vertical rod
Symbols:
(I) rod intercept, or stadia interval
180 0
270
Phase Angle
Assume that = 2 m
If 1 = 80, it corresponds to a distance = (80/360) * = 0.44 m
If 2 = 135, it corresponds to a distance = (135/360) * = 0.75 m
If 3 = 240, it corresponds to a distance = (80/360) * = 1.33 m
Basic relationships
Distance = Velocity * Time = ((N *) + ) / 2
Where is a fraction of wave length =
(/360) *
N is the number of full cycles, ambiguity?
B
C