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Pseudocomponent Simplification. The character- where the superscripts sw and ct denote the solvent/water
ization of phase equilibria of complex mixtures can be and coal tar phases, respectively. Rearranging eq 1gives
accomplished in a number of ways. Petroleum products the ratio of the concen-
the partition coefficient, Kctlawi,
are often characterized using boiling point curves in which tration of i in the coal tar phase to the concentration in
the mixture is thought of as a continuum of infinitesimal the solvent/water phase:
fractions of pseudocomponents (13). Researchersstudying
nct F n c t
coal tar or other mixture NAPLs have, for the most part,
described dissolution in terms of individual compounds for all i
(14-19). This approach is necessary when assessing
groundwater contamination because cleanup standards Thus, an important implication is that for a given mixture
are specified for individual compounds, usually those on the partition coefficients of all coal tar constituent
the priority pollutant list. The individual compound compounds must be similar to each other and similar to
approach was not useful for this project since the objective the overall partitioning of the coal tar pseudocomponent.
was to assess the bulk solubility of coal tar based on the Semi-empirical thermodynamic modeling of ternary coal
representation of the entire coal tar mixture as a pseu- tar/solvent/water systems is strictly valid only for systems
docomponent. for which eq 2 is true, and the extent to which predictions
For most water-miscible solvents and over a large range can be made in composition regions beyond where ex-
of compositions, mixtures of coal tar, solvent, and water perimental data were used for calibration is determined
will separate into two immiscible liquid phases, which are by the extent to which eq 2 is true for a wide range of
referred to here as the coal tar phase and the solvent/ system compositions.
water phase. The coal tar phase consists primarily of This concept was explored experimentally using the
undissolved coal tar and small amounts of solvent and solvent n-butylamine, which has been identified as a good
water incorporated into this organic phase. The solvent/ water-miscible solvent for coal tar dissolution (7). First,
water phase consists of solvent, water, and dissolved coal solute partitioning tests were done for three coal tar
tar. The coal tar pseudocomponent comprises all the constituent compounds: naphthalene, phenanthrene, and
constituent compounds in coal tar, which can be thought pyrene, which represent compounds with a range of
of as everything in the system except the solvent and the aqueous solubilities. Second, the effect of extraction with
water. n-butylaminelwater solutions on the composition of the
Experimental data are used to determine parameters of coal tar phase was studied using quantitative chromato-
a semi-empiricalthermodynamic model of ternary liquid- graphic analyses of extracted coal tar samples.
liquid equilibrium (LLE) (11,12). Fitted model param- Coal Tar Solubilityi n Water. The aqueous solubility
eters for the coal tar pseudocomponent can be thought of of constituent compounds from coal tar into water has
as describing the equilibrium behavior of a coal tar been discussed in recent years (14-19) in an effort to
molecule, representing the collective behavior of all the understand groundwater contamination at coal tar sites.
constituent PAH compounds. Conceptually, the pseu- It has been found (e.g., ref 15) that predicting aqueous
docomponent representation is valid because of the solubilities of coal tar compounds using the Raoults law
chemical similarity of the PAH compounds in coal tar assumption of ideality and an approximation for pure
relative to the two other components of the system. That liquid aqueous solubilities based on heats of fusion offers
is, the molecular interactions between two coal tar reasonable agreement with experimental measurements.
constituents are much more similar than the molecular This approach was adopted for this work for the purpose
interactions between either of these compounds and of estimating the bulk solubility of coal tar as a pseudocom-
solvent or water. Strictly speaking, for model parameters ponent.
to truly represent the collective thermodynamicproperties Equilibrium solute partitioning in liquid-liquid systems
of the coal tar pseudocomponent, the coal tar component is characterized by equal fugacities of the compound in
in each phase must be identical in composition, Le., each liquid phase (20). If it is assumed that the solute
comprised of the same distribution of constituent com- behaves ideally in both the aqueous and coal tar phases,
pounds. The extent to which this is true for a given coal the equilibrium relation for solute i becomes (21)
tar/solvent/water system depends on the degree of sim-
ilarity of the partitioning behavior of the individual xp = xictx iWL (3)
compounds. Considerthe mixing of coal tar with a solvent/
water solution with the subsequent formation of a two- where x p is the mole fraction of solute i in the water phase,
phase system in equilibrium. Each coal tar constituent xpt is the mole fraction of i in the coal tar phase, and
compound, i, partitions into the solvent/water phase to an xy is the mole fraction equivalent of the aqueous
extent described by its concentration, Ctw [mg/Ll. Nor- solubility of pure liquid i. Assuming that the aqueous
malizing C;w to the total concentration of dissolved coal phase is sufficiently dilute such that the volume of the
tar constituents, CC:, results in a term that is indicative solution is approximately equal to that of pure water (ZZ),
of the abundance of i relative to the total pseudocompo- the aqueous concentration expressed as a mole fraction is
27
I I l l l / I / - 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72
Time (min.)
Figure 1. Chromatogram of Stroudsburg coal tar with 35 peaks identified.
Table I. Classification of Stroudsburg Coal Tar into are identified with CS; the others having been estimated
Characteristic Groups Using ASTM Method D2007 using average response factors. Summing up the weight
percents in Table 11, this composition analysis accounts
wt% classification
for just under half (46%) of the total coal tar weight, for
34 asphaltenes, the n-pentane insoluble fraction constituent compounds in the molecularweight range from
17 polar compounds, material retained on adsorbent clay after 78 to 278 that produced peak areas sufficiently large and
percolation of the samples in an n-pentane eluent distinct. This analysis cannot account for very high
41 aromatics, material that passes through a column of adsor-
bent clay in an n-pentane eluent but adsorbs on silica gel molecular weight material not quantifiable by G U M S
8 saturates, material in an n-pentane eluent that is not ad- techniques, for trace compounds such as between peaks
sorbed on either the clay or silica gel 9 and 10 in Figure 1, or for compounds that co-elute
resulting in peaks that cannot be separated.
The amount of tritiated water required for precise The predominance of PAHs is consistent with analyses
measurement would have made these experiments ex- of other coal tars (3, 311, the primary group here being
pensive and would have involved much higher than normal naphthalenes accounting for 18% of the total weight of
radioactivity levels employed for routine laboratory work. this coal tar. It is noteworthy that no single compound
It was possible, however, to use information about the accounts for more than 4% of the coal tar weight. The
precision of the experimental method to estimate an upper low concentrations of volatile aromatic compounds such
bound for the water concentration in the coal tar phase. as benzene, xylene, and toluene (BXT), together account-
ing for just under 1wt %. This is consistent with analyses
of certain other coal tars (3) where the BXT fraction
Results and Discussion accounts for about 1wt 5% , and is usually closer to 0.5 wt
%. Volatile aromatics were indeed produced at MGP
Stroudsburg Coal Tar Composition. Results of the facilities, from the volatile fraction of the raw coal and
characteristic group analysis of the Stroudsburg coal tar from the aromatic fraction of certain carburettor oils (32-
are shown in Table I, giving weight fractions and oper- 34). However, these compounds may not be present in
ational definitions. The PAH compounds comprise the significant concentrations in subsurface coal tar because
aromatics fraction and are likely also to be present as very light fractions may have been recovered as byproducts at
high molecular weight compounds in the asphaltenes MGP facilities and because the relative dissolution and
fraction. The results from the PETC chromatographic migration in groundwater of these compounds is higher
analysis of the Stroudsburg coal tar are shown in Figure than for other coal tar constituents. The absence of acid-
1. A total of 280 peaks were found, indicating the extractable organics, such as phenols, is consistent with
complexity of the mixture. The results of the quantifi- what is expected given the method of production that was
cation of compound weight percents from all the chro- used at the Stroudsburg MGP. The process at this plant
matographic analyses are shown in Table 11. The com- employed anthracite coal in a carburetted water gas pro-
pounds that were quantified using calibration standards cess, which did not produce large quantities of oxygenated
in log& for all three solutes. The discrepancies are likely such as 1,4,54rimethylnaphthalene.These approxima-
due to measurement error resulting from aqueous-phase tions do not contribute significantly to uncertainty in the
sampling difficulties in systems which may have an oily estimation of qv The aqueous solubilities of these
floating phase and tendencies to form microemulsions. compounds sum to 16.3 mg/L, providing an estimate of
K,, is used in this work solely for comparison with KdlSw, CW,. Converting to volume fraction, this corresponds to
the solute partition coefficient in coal tar/solvent/water uEt = 1.6 X 10-5. Only a portion of the coal tar has been
systems. quantitatively characterized due to analytical limitations;
The coal tadwater partition coefficients vary over orders the sum of the mole fractions used in this calculation is
of magnitude, which is indicative of the variation of 0.42, and the corresponding sum of the weight fractions
aqueous solubilities of the coal tar constituent compounds. is 0.32. However, the majority of the compounds that are
Thus, it is immediately obvious that the constituent com- not analyzable by GC/MS methods are high molecular
pounds do not equally partition to the aqueous phase, and weight compounds which have very small aqueous solu-
eq 2 does not hold for a system with only coal tar and bilities. Their contribution to the sum in eq 6 is negligible.
water. This implies that the application of a thermody- For example, pyrenes aqueous solubility is more than 2
namic model to describe the binary LLE of a coal tar/ orders of magnitude less than that of naphthalene. Also,
water system is not strictly valid since the coal tar this calculation is limited by the availability of solubility
component of the equilibrated water phase does not have data for constituent compounds. Again, the more soluble
the same composition as the coal tar component in the compounds are the ones for which data are available.
coal tar phase. A following section discusses the validity When estimating properties of mixtures, the approach
of the pseudocomponent simplification for ternary systems of selecting a representative compound is often used. The
which include solvent. premise of this method is that there is a single constituent
Estimation of the bulk solubility of coal tar in water, compound whose property is representative of the bulk
Cz,was accomplished using the predicted aqueous sol- property of the mixture as a whole. While this method is
ubilities of constituent compounds based on Raoults law tempting because of its simplicity, the above calculation
(eq 6). Data for this calculation are shown in Table IV, indicates that it is not immediately obvious how a
for compounds which had been quantified (Table 11) and representative compound would be chosen. Since all the
for which solubility data and fugacity ratios were available coal tar constituents are present in small quantities, a
from the literature (23). For co-eluting compounds, e.g. representative compound cannot be chosen on the basis
m- and p-xylene, the weight fractions were taken to be of predominance. Alternatively, the selection of a rep-
half of the total for both, effectively using an equally- resentative compound based on a close match with the
weighted average aqueous solubilityfor these compounds. number-average molecular weight of coal tar leads to a
For quantified groups with limited data available, such as low bias for CW,. The compound with available aqueous
trialkylated naphthalenes, solubility and fugacity ratio solubility data, whose molecular weight most closely
data for a reported compound in the group were used, matches 210, is 9,lO-dimethylanthracenewith a molecular
A pyrene
25 "C (23),which is significantly less than 16 mg/L, the
0 phenanthrene
estimated CW,based on eq 6. For a mixture with relatively 10000
evenly distributed weight, the selection of a representative 0 naphthalene
compound based on molecular weight is inherently biased 0
low because there is an approximate logarithmic relation
between aqueous solubilities and molecular weight for
nonpolar hydrocarbons, and thus the averages do not
correspond with each other. For purposes of predicting
aqueous solubility, fluorene is more representative of the
Stroudsburg coal tar mixture, with a subcooled liquid !
aqueous solubility of 15.1 mg/L and a molecular weight 4
of 166 (23). lo!
Solvent = n-Butylamine
0.048 (0.014) 0.052 (0.001) 0.900 (0.014) 0.959 (0.001) 0.029 (0.001) 0.012 (0.0002)
0.080 (0.013) 0.113 (0.001) 0.807 (0.013) 0.920 (0.001) 0.058 (0.001) 0.022 (0.0004)
0.065 (0.009) 0.165 (0.002) 0.770 (0.009) 0.899 (0.002) 0.073 (0.001) 0.028 (0.0004)
0.106 (0.011) 0.300 (0.005) 0.594 (0.009) 0.910 (0.001) 0.070 (0.001) 0.020 (0.0004)
0.106 (0.008) 0.398 (0.006) 0.496 (0.006) 0.893 (0.002) 0.087 (0.002) 0.020 (0.0003)
0.162 (0.007) 0.456 (0.005) 0.382 (0.004) 0.891 (0.001) 0.090 (0.001) 0.019 (0.0003)
0.196 (0.007) 0.500 (0.006) 0.304 (0.003) 0.887 (0.001) 0.095 (0.001) 0.018 (0.0003)
0.352 (0.008) 0.465 (0.007) 0.183 (0.003) 0.841 (0.003) 0.133 (0.003) 0.026 (0.0005)
Solvent.= Acet.nna
Solvent = 2-Propanol
0.001 (0.014) 0.160 (0.002) 0.839 (0.014) 0.928 (0.001i 0.070 (0.001) 0.002 (0.0004)
0.041 (0.008) 0.297 (0.003) 0.662 (0.007) 0.888 (0.002) 0.107 (0.002) 0.005 (0.0007)
0.048 (0.007) 0.485 (0.005) 0.467 (0.005) 0.850 (0.002) 0.144 (0.002) 0.006 (0.0009)
0.041 (0.007) 0.620 (0.006) 0.339 (0.004) 0.814 (0.003) 0.179 (0.003) 0.007 (0.0009)
0.075 (0.010) 0.699 (0.009) 0.226 (0.004) 0.743 (0.005) 0.251 (0.005) 0.006 (0.0011)
L1 10 error estimates are indicated in parentheses
molecular weight
60
eo
FlgunS. Experlmntalcoaitar/aCB1one/watBrternaryphasediagram.
Error bars on soiventlwater phase tie line end points are 30 random
error estimates: the errors on the coal tar phase end point are
80
fie
insignificant.The shaded circle is the two-phase check point.
pro pa no^
(b)
Figure 7. Three-dimensional error space as determined by error bars
for vf, vis. and vf,