Az rs defincija:

Aristoteles: (Peri Hermeneias Organon rsze, hermeneutika- az rtelmezs tudomnya, a nyelv s a

dolgok kapcsolata): Words spoken are symbols of affections or impressions of the soul; written words
are symbols of words spoken. And just as letters are not the same for all men,
sounds are not the same either, although the affections directly expressed by these
indications are the same for everyone, as are the things of which these impressions are images.
the Aristotelian notion that writing is arepresentation of oral language.

Plato: Writing, he reasoned, was just a memory aid, but could not substitute for speech,
which was always bound to a speaker who could be asked for clarification. In contrast,
written words were silent, they lacked the immediacy of speech, they were dead.

Sz defincija:
Theoretical words: Words are units at the boundary between
morphology and syntax serving important functions as carriers of both semantic
(Sampson 1979) and syntactic (Di Sciullo and Williams 1987) information and
as such are subject to typological variation.
Inflektl nyelvek kpzett szavai egy sznak tekinthetk vagy msnak: pl. scribere-rni, scripsi rtam
stb. vs izoll nyelvek, ahol nincs felktls, teht a sz mindig vltozatlan. vs agglutinl nyelvek. pl. i
was made to write kak-se-rare-ta (japn, ahol egyik elemnek sincs nll rtelme). a poliszintetikus
nyelvekben pedig mg nehezebb a nyelvi elemekre bonts (inuit, yupik).
Words are meaningful and they are grammatically autonomous. However,
typically the word is the smallest unit that can stand alone as a complete utterance
and that can be inserted, extracted and moved around the sentence without destroying
its grammaticality. Positional mobility then is an important characteristic
of words,
Word separation in medieval Latin was developed by Irish and Anglo-Saxon monks. Their
unfamiliarity with Latin made it essential for them to distinguish the words of the sacred scripture
from each other.pl. ilyen volt a hindi, stb s minden rs (krs), teht egyben rtk le szkzk
nlkl!
Ahol az rsban a szavak fel vannak ismerve az: rtelmezs! Legelszr a szavak egysgek voltak,
amiket lehetett rott jelekkel prostani, nem pedig fordtva! Elbb volt a nap sz s aztn lett jele, s
nm fordtva: teht a sumr s a knai rs megalkoti nem a szavakat cloztk meg, hanem az rott
jelek lettek szknt rtelmezve
Logografikus rs:
Writing systems whose basic functional units are interpreted as words are known as
logographic or word writing systems. Alternatively, the term ideographic is also commonly
used.
What they want to emphasize is rather that the signs of the systems they are concerned with are to be
interpreted primarily not in terms of sound but of meaning.

sumr rs: az rs els clja a gazdasgi feljegyzs volt (nehz volt az agyagtblkat cipelni , ahhoz,
hogy gy terjedjen, mint a papr stb.) Csak a tblk 15% nem gazdasgi feljegyzs.
Egy kis benedvestssel le lehetett trlni az elz rst s jat rni r.
A legels tblk nem piktorikusak, hanem szimbolikus jelek (i.e.8000, szmol kvek s agyag
rmk). Nagyrszt geometrkiai formk. A jelek alapjai fizikai trgyak (marhafej stb). Ksbb
rvesszt hasznltak (cuneus-k), aminek eredmnye kppen a grbe vonalak egyenesek lesznek, s a
piktorilis minsg eltnik. A jelek felismerse ezentl nem a hasonlsgon, hanem a klnbzsgen
alapul majd. pl. a tehn jele, ami egy tehnre hasonlt nem fontos, hanem az a fontos, h ez a holl
jeltl klnbzzn. Recognition of the signs is no longer based on
similarity but on discrimination, as pictorial likeness is gradually replaced by
the necessity to distinguish one sign from another. Differentiation thus becomes
the principal design feature of the signs.

signary- sztagjel tblzat

1000 jele van ami nagyon limitlja a kifejezst pl. egy gimis szkincse 20 000 sz.
A jelek piktorikus minsg elvesztsvel megknnytette a szemantikailag nem sszefgg szavak lerst.
Szemantika-jelentstan.
Rebus writing: rebus principle: absztrakt szavak kifejezse nehz piktorgrammal, ezrt azt a jelentst nem
figyelembe vve j sz lersra hasznltk.pl. i can see you : eye can sea ewe. Pl. Su= body, ezt hasznltk a
To replace kifejezsre. Ti=arrow + life, gy sok sz nem rokon rtelm jelentst kapott. Innen ered az krs
fonetikus rtelmezse.
Metonmia=nvcsere: szkp(trpus) ami nvtvitelen alapszik: a nv trbeli, idbeli, anyagbeli
rintkezsen vagy okokozati kapcsolaton keresztl ms jelentst vesz fel.Pl. ts asztal fizet =
az ts asztalnl l vendgek fizetnek, Eurpa csendes= az eurpai npek csendesek.

A kvetkez processus a metonmia volt: A szj jele (ka) megkapta az inim olvasst, aminek
sz volt a jelentse, majd pedig a dug kiejtst is, aminek beszlni volt a jelentse. Egy kp 3
kiejts. Ez megneheztette az olvasst. A flrerthetsg megszntetsrt kiegszt jeleket
alkalmaztak. 2 fle indiktort vezetnek be: meglv sz alapjelents szavakat helyeztek a
tbbjelents szavak el: az ember jel jelentse ember, az arats jele el a fa jelet (prefixum) helyeztk
ami a cselekmnyt fejezte ki, teht arats, viszont ha az embert helyeztk az arats sz el, akkor azt
jelenti,h az ember arat, vagy arat. Ennek mg nincs fonetikus rtelmezse, ezek a
determinatvumok( semantic classifiers). Mg gy is csak jrtas rnokok tudtak pontosan kiolvasni.
4. lps: phonetic indicators: a sumer agglutinl nyelv (grammatikai viszony nll jelents nlkli
morfmkkal van kifejezve). A determinatvum csak szemantikai kategrit jell. they have given him
mu-na-an-sum-mu-ush= sum-to give,
Az els logogrammkbl hinyoznak a nyelvtani informcik (nuclear writing=nukleris-a maggal
kapcsolatos).
a 2. vezred kzeptl mr ltalnoss vlik a balrl jobbra rs. Az akkd nem rokon a sumer
nyelvvel. A sumer izoll nyelv, az akkd meg smi!!!!!!!!!2800 krl az akkd kinyomta a summrt.
Az akkd nyelvre val krs hasznlata idzi el a sztagjeleket.

knai:
Chinese characters, like Sumerian signs, grew out of drawings of natural objects.
Shang-dynasty korban jelenik meg az els rs(i.e. 1750-1040)
120 krl (han-dinasztia) Xu Shen szelltja a six writings rendszert: 1. piktogram (a trgy
lerajzolsa), 2. indiktor (egyszer ideogrf): fent,lent. 3. indiktor+piktorgam pl. mng=bright:
sun+moon jelbl. 4. fonetikus klcsn: rbusz elvet kveti: szemantikailag nem rokon sz
hozrendelse egy jelhez: z= foot, hozzadjk a z to suffice szt, kalsz=jnni 5. szemantikai
fonetikai sszettel:
Double articulation elve: a nyelv 2 rszre van osztva: rtelmes rszek s rtelmetlen fonolgiai
szegmentek. A knai karakterek rtelmes egysgek, amik rtelem nlkli vonalakbl llnak.Sh=
szm: ezekbl a jelekbl tevdik ssze: n-n, zhnh-mrni mi-rizs, Amik a Szm jelentssel nem
rokonok.
Nagyjbl 50 000 karakter van. ezekkzl 6000 hasznlnak ltalnossgban.
ch= ellensg, amiben az ember gyk benne van, viszont a rng (jelentse : mg) ebben is benne van
az ember gyk (ren) de itt fonetikai funkciban.
Sztag:
sztagrs: japn, akkd krs, elmi, hurri, cherokee. cree, vai, mende
In phonology, the syllable is seen either as the minimum unit of sequential
speech sounds or as a unit of the metrical system of a language. Certain theories
consider the syllable as a basic phonological unit sui generis, while others derive
its properties from those of the composite phonemes. In very general terms, syllables are units of
speech consisting of an obligatory nucleus, usually a vowel (V), and optional initial and final margins,
usually consonants (C). The simplest syllable
in any language is a single vowel. Certain consonants, especially nasals and liquids,
can be syllabic too.
The syllable further functions as the unit to which a pitch level is assigned. Languages
that use pitch level to distinguish words are known as tone languages: Chinese, Burmese, Thai and
other languages of the Sino-Tibetan family are tone languages.
Koreban a hanguk eltt hyangchal (idu) volt.

mestersges rsok: (koreai,) inuitit, cherokee, vai, mende, cree (ojibwe, inuktitu),sztagrsok. mert a
19. szzadban azt tartottk a legkisebb nyelvi alapegysgnek.

si sztagrsok: linear B
Sumerian and Chinese, were transferred to
other languages. In both cases the adoption of the writing system for an unrelated
language, Akkadian and Japanese, respectively, led to a change of type. In this
sense it is misleading to say that scribes wrote syllables. Rather, extant logograms
were reinterpreted as syllabograms. In both cases the transitionwas piecemeal and,
perhaps, imperceptible to the scribes.Ezrt nem lehet ez egyik nyelv rst egy msikra alkalmazni.
Syllable-based logographies: sumr, knai, yi, mayan,
consonant based logographies: hieroglyphic
syllabaries: cherokee, katakana, hiragana, vai,
segmental scripts: grafmk (legkisebb rs egysg) fonmkat jelentenek: abjad( msh jelek,
arab) bc: msh s mgh is: francia , abiguda: vowel sounds are denoted by diacritical
marks or other systematic modification of the consonants.: hindi,,thai,

Transition from logography to syllabograpyAz akkd flektl nyelv a sumr meg agglutinl ezrt kellett
vltozs, h a szban lv vltozs is kimutathat legyen.
To conclude this chapter, we have seen that the syllable is the basic unit of a
great variety of writing systems. Its functional suitability depends on the syllable
structure of the language written.

89.