Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1 Content
T Technical information T
DIN/ISO- AND STANDARD PARTS
8 Rivet technology 8
9 Procurement items
9
10 Assortments
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5.4 Standardisation of galvanic corrosion protection 6.6 Reference values for tightening torques for austenite
systems screws in accordance with DIN EN ISO 3506
5.4.1 Designation system in accordance with 6.7 How to use the tables for preload forces and
DIN EN ISO 4042 tightening torques!
5.4.2 Reference values for corrosion resistan- 6.8 Pairing dierent elements/contact corrosion
ces in the salt spray test DIN 50021 SS 6.9 Static shearing forces for slotted spring pin
(ISO 9227) connections
5.4.3 Designation system in accordance with 6.10 Design recommendations
DIN 50979 6.11 Assembly
5.4.4 Designation of the galvanic coatings
5.4.5 Passivations 7 Securing elements
T 5.4.6 Sealings 7.1 General
5.4.7 Minimum layer thicknesses and test duration 7.2 Causes of preload force loss
5.5 Standardisation of non-electrolytically applied 7.3 Methods of functioning
corrosion protection systems 7.3.1 Securing against loosening
5.5.1 Zinc ake systems 7.3.2 Securing against unscrewing
5.5.2 Standardisation of non-electrolytically 7.3.3 Securing against loss
applied corrosion protection systems 7.4 How securing elements work
Designations in accordance with 7.4.1 Ineective securing elements
DIN EN ISO 10683 7.4.2 Loss-proof fasteners
5.6 Standardisation of the hot-dip galvanising of screws 7.4.3 Loose-proof fasteners
in accordance with DIN EN ISO 10684 7.5 Measures for securing screws
5.6.1 Procedure and area of application 7.5.1 Loosening
5.6.2 Thread tolerances and designation system 7.5.2 Automatic unscrewing
5.7 Restriction on the use of hazardous substances
5.7.1 RoHS 8 Steel structures
5.7.2 ELV 8.1 HV joints for steel structures
5.8 Hydrogen embrittlement 8.2 HV screws, nuts and washers
8.3 Construction information and verications for
6 Dimensioning metric screws HV joints in accordance with DIN 18800-1 and
6.1 Approximate calculation of the dimension or the DIN EN 1993-1-8
strength classes of screws in accordance with 8.3.1 HV joints in accordance with
VDI 2230 DIN 18800-1 (2008)
6.2 Choosing the tightening method and the mode of 8.3.2 HV joints in accordance with
procedure DIN EN 1993-1-8
6.3 Allocation of friction coecients with reference 8.4 Assembly
values to dierent materials/surfaces and lubrica- 8.4.1 Assembly and test in accordance with
tion conditions in screw assemblies (in accordance DIN 18800-7
with VDI 2230) 8.4.2 Assembly in accordance with
6.4 Tightening torques and preload forces for set DIN EN 1090-2
screws with metric standard thread in accordance 8.5 Special information for using HV assemblies 1745
with VDI 2230
6.5 Tightening torques and preload forces for safety
and ange screws with nuts in accordance with
manufacturers information
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1. STEEL FASTENERS
FOR THE TEMPERATURE RANGE BETWEEN 50C AND +150C
1.1 Materials for fasteners These standards stipulate the material that is to be used,
The material that is used is of decisive importance for the the marking, the properties of the nished parts and their
quality of the fasteners (screws, nuts and ttings). If there tests and test methods.
are any faults in the material used, the fastener made from
it can no longer satisfy the requirements made of it. Dierent materials are used for the dierent strength
classes which are listed in the following table 1.
The most important standards for screws and nuts are:
T DIN EN ISO 898-1, Mechanical properties of fasten-
ers made of carbon steel and alloy steel, Part 1: Screws
DIN EN 20898 Part 2 (ISO 898 Part 2), Mechanical
properties of fasteners, Part 2: Nuts
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T
and a carbon content under 0.25% (molten mass analysis).
f
Materials in these strength classes must be suciently hardenable to ensure that there is a martensite share of roughly 90% in the hardened state before tempering in the
microstructure of the core in the threaded part.
g
Alloy steel must contain at least one of the following alloying components in the given minimum amount: chromium 0.30%, nickel 0.30%, molybdenum 0.20%, vanadium 0.10%.
If two, three or four elements are ascertained in combinations and have smaller alloy shares than those given above, the threshold value to be applied for the classication is
70% of the sum of the individual threshold values given above for the two, three or four elements concerned.
h
In case of strength class 12.9/12.9 a metallographically detectable white layer enriched with phosphorous is not permissible. This must be veried with a suitable test procedure.
i
Caution is necessary when strength class 12.9/12.9 is used. The suitability of the screw manufacturer, the assembly and the operating conditions must be taken into account.
Special environmental conditions may lead to stress corrosion cracking of both uncoated and coated screws.
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1.2.4 0.2% o set yield point Rp0.2 (MPa) 1.2.6 Strength classes
The oset yield point Rp0.2 is determined as a so-called Screws are designated with strength classes, so that it
substitute yield point, because most hardened and temper- is very easy to determine the tensile strength Rm and the
ed steels do not show a marked transition from the elastic yield point Re (or the 0.2% oset yield point Rp0.2).
into the plastic range. The 0.2% oset yield point Rp0.2
represents the tension at which a permanent elongation Example:
of 0.2% is achieved. Fig. D shows the qualitative tension Screw 8.8
curve in the stress-strain diagram for a 10.9 screw. 1. Determining Rm: the rst number is multiplied by 100.
Rm = 8 x 100 = 800 Mpa
The rst number indicates 1/100 of the minimum
tensile strength in MPa.
2. Determining Re or Rp0.2: T
the rst number is multiplied by the second and the result
is multiplied by 10; the result is the yield point
Re or 0.2% oset yield point Rp0.2. Re = (8 x 8) x 10 =
640 MPA.
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Strength class
No. Mechanical or physical property 4.6 4.8 5.6 5.8 6.8 8.8 9.8 10.9 12.9/
d d> d 12.9
16 mma 16 mmb 16 mm
1 Tensile strength, Rm, MPa nom.c 400 500 600 800 900 1,000 1,200
min. 400 420 500 520 600 800 830 900 1,040 1,220
2 Lower yield point, ReLd, MPa nom.c 240 300
min. 240 300
3 0.2% oset yield point Rp0.2, MPa nom.c 640 640 720 900 1,080
min. 640 660 720 940 1,100
4 0.0004 8 d oset yield point for whole nom.c 320 400 480
screws Rpf, MPa min. 340e 420e 480e T
5 Tension under test force, Sp , MPa
f
nom. 225 310 280 380 440 580 600 650 830 970
Test resistance ratio 0.94 0.91 0.93 0.90 0.92 0.91 0.91 0.90 0.88 0.88
Sp,nom/ReL min or
Sp,nom/Rp0,2 min or
Sp,nom/Rpf min
6 Percentage elongation at fracture of a min. 22 20 12 12 10 9 8
turned o specimen, A, %
7 Percentage contraction at fracture of a min. 52 48 48 44
turned o specimen, Z, %
8 Extension to fracture of a whole screw, min. 0,24 0,22 0,20
Af (see Annex C as well)
9 Head impact strength No fracture
10 Vickers hardness, HV min. 120 130 155 160 190 250 255 290 320 385
F 98 N max. 220g 250 320 335 360 380 435
11 Brinell hardness, HBW min. 114 124 147 152 181 238 242 276 304 366
F = 30 D2 max. 209g 238 304 318 342 361 414
12 Rockwell hardness, HRB min. 67 71 79 82 89
max. 95.0g 99,5
Rockwell hardness, HRC min. 22 23 28 32 39
max. 32 34 37 39 44
13 Surface hardness, HV, 0.3 max. h h,i h,j
14 Height of non-decarburised thread zone, min. 1/2H1 2/3H1 3/4H1
E, mm
Depth of complete decarburisation in the max. 0,015
thread, G, mm
15 Loss of hardness following re-tempering max. 20
(hardening), HV
16 Fracture torque, MB, Nm min. nach ISO 898-7
17 Notch impact energy, KVk, l, J min. 27 27 27 27 27 m
18 Surface condition in accordance with ISO 6157-1n ISO
6157-3
a Values do not apply to steel construction screws.
b For steel construction screws d M12.
c Nominal values are stipulated only for the designation system of the strength classes. See Annex 5.
d If the lower yield point ReL cannot be determined, the 0.2% oset yield point Rp0.2 may be determined.
e The values for Rpf min are examined for strength classes 4.8, 5.8 and 6.8. The current values are shown only for the calculation of the test stress ratio. They are not test values.
f Test forces are stipulated in tables 5 and 7.
g The hardness measured at the end of a screw may not exceed max. 250 HV, 238 HB or 99.5 HRB.
h The surface hardness at the respective screw may not exceed 30 Vickers points of the measured core hardness, if both the surface hardness and the core hardness are
determined with HV 0.3.
i An increase of the surface hardness to over 390 HV is not permissible.
j An increase of the surface hardness to over 435 HV is not permissible.
k The values are determined at a test temperature of 20C, cf. 9.14.
l Applies for d 16 mm.
m Values for KV are examined.
n ISO 6157-3 may apply instead of ISO 6157-1 by agreement between the manufacturer and the customer.
Tab. 2: Extract from DIN EN ISO 898-1, mechanical and physical properties of screws
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Tab. 3: Extract from DIN EN ISO 898-1, Test forces for ISO metric standard thread
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Tab. 4: Extract from DIN EN ISO 898-1, Test forces for ISO metric ne thread
Tab. 5: Extract from DIN EN ISO 898-1 1999-11, hot yield strength
1.4 Strength classes for nuts stress in relation to a hardened test mandrel and divided
With nuts, the test stress and the test forces calculated by 100.
from it are usually indicated as parameters (04 to 12),
because the yield point does not have to be stated. Up to Example:
the test forces shown in table 6 a tensile load on a screw M6, test stress 600 MPa
is possible without problems (take note of pairing 1.5). 600/100 = 6 strength class 6
The strength class of a nut is described through a test
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Tab. 6: Extract from DIN EN 20898-2, Test forces for ISO metric standard thread (nuts)
The test force FP is calculated as follows with the help of nuts have to be paired in accordance with the above
the test stress Sp (DIN EN 20898 Part 2) and the nominal rule. In addition, a screw assembly of this type is fully
stressed cross section As: Fp = As x Sp loadable.
As =
4 ( (
d2 + d 3
2
2 In general nuts in the higher strength class can be used
instead of nuts in the lower strength class. This is advisable
for a screws-nut connection with loads above the yield
where:
point or above the test stress (expansion screws).
d2 is the ank diameter of the external thread (nominal
size) d3 is the core diameter of the production prole of
the external thread (nominal size)
H
d 3 = d1
6
with
d1 Core diameter of the base prole
of the external thread
H = height of the prole triangle of the thread
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1.5.1 Information for steel nuts 1.5.2 Stripping resistance for nuts with a
A screw in strength class 8.8 is paired with a nut in nominal height 0.5 d and < 0.8 d
strength class 8 or higher. Thanks to this connection, the (in accordance with DIN EN 20898,
screw can be loaded to the yield point. Part 2)
If nuts are paired with screws in a higher strength class,
If nuts with a limited loadability are used for example stripping of the nuts thread can be expected.
in strength class 04, 05; nuts with hardness details 14H,
22H this is not the case. There are test forces for these The reference value show here for the stripping resistance
nuts in accordance with DIN EN 20898-2. refers to the strength class shown in the table.
Strength class of Test stress Minimum stress in the screw before stripping when paired with
the nuts of the nuts screws in strength classes in N/mm2
N/mm2 6.8 8.8 10.9 12.9
04 380 260 300 330 350
05 500 290 370 410 480
There is limited loadability as well for nuts in accordance 1.6 Mechanical properties of threaded pins
with DIN 934 that are marked I8I, and I4I, I5I, I6I, I9I, (in accordance with DIN EN ISO 898,
I10I, I12I. When a screw in strength class 8.8 and a nut Part 5)
in accordance with DIN 934 (nominal height approx. The mechanical properties apply for threaded pins and
0.8 x d) are used, this connection is not to be loaded with similar threaded parts not subject to tensile stress
certainty to the screws yield point. To mark and dierenti- that are made of alloyed and unalloyed steel.
ate them, these nuts are marked with a bar before and
after the 8 (I8I) instead of just 8.
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Marking nuts
Strength class 04 05 4 5 6 8 9 10 12
Mark 04 05 4 5 6 8 9 10 12
Inch 1/4 5/16 3/8 7/16 1/2 5/8 3/4 7/8 1 1.1/4
mm 6.3 7.9 9.5 11.1 12.7 15.9 19.1 22.2 25.4 31.8
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Strength classes
screws, nuts
type 1 50 70 80 50 70 110 50 70 80 45 60
Lower nuts 025 035 040 025 035 055 025 035 040 020 030
Soft Cold- High- Soft Hardened Soft Hardened Hardened Soft Cold-
formed strength and and and formed
tempered tempered tempered
Dierentiation characteristics of austenite steel grades (in accordance with ISO 3506)
Steel group Chemical composition in % (maximum values, unless other details provided)
C Si Mn P S Cr Mo Ni Cu
A1 0.12 1 6.5 0.2 0.150.35 1619 0.7 510 1.752.25
A2 0.1 1 2 0.05 0.03 1520 819 4
A3 0.08 1 2 0.045 0.03 1719 912 1
A4 0.08 1 2 0.045 0.03 1618.5 23 1015 4
A5 0.08 1 2 0.045 0.03 1618.5 23 10.514 1
A3 and A5 stabilised against intercrystalline corrosion through adding titanium, niobium or tantalum.
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Steel grade A3
Grade A3 steels are stainless steels stabilised through the
addition of titanium, possibly niobium, tantalum, with the
properties of A2 steels (stabilised against intercrystalline
corrosion, e.g. after welding).
Steel grade A4
Grade A4 steels are acid-resistant steels that are
molybdenum alloyed and have much better corrosion
resistance. A4 steels are used in large volumes in the
cellulose industry, because this steel grade was devel-
oped for boiling sulphuric acids (which is the reason for
the designation acid-resistant), and are suitable to a
certain extent for environments containing chloride. A4
steels are also used frequently in the food industry and in
ship building.
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The yield point Rp0.2 is determined in accordance with 2.1.3 Reference values for tightening torques
DIN EN ISO 3506-1 in the tensile test of whole screws for screws, cf. chapter 6.6
because the strength properties are achieved in part
through cold forming. 2.2 Corrosion resistance of A2 and A4
Stainless steels and acid-resistant steels such as A2 and
2.1.2 Apparent yielding point loads for set A4 come in the category of active corrosion protection.
screws
Austenitic chromium-nickel steels cannot be hardened. A Stainless steels contain at least 16% chromium (Cr)
higher yield point can only be achieved through strain and are resistant to aggressive oxidising media. Higher
hardening that arises as a consequence of cold forming Cr contents and additional alloy components, such as
(e.g. round die thread rolling). Table 17 shows apparent nickel (Ni), molybdenum (Mo), titanium (Ti) or niobium
yielding point loads for set screws in accordance with (Nb), improve the corrosion resistance. These additives
DIN EN ISO 3506. also inuence the mechanical properties. Other alloy
components are added only to improve the mechanical
Nominal Apparent yielding point loads properties, e.g. nitrogen (N), or the machining capability,
diameter for austenitic steels in accordance
with DIN EN ISO 3506 A2 and e.g. sulphur (S).
A4 in N
Strength class 50 70 Fasteners made of austenitic steels are generally not
M5 2,980 6,390
magnetisable, but a certain amount of magnetisability
M6 4,220 9,045
may be present after the cold forming. However, this does
M8 7,685 16,470
not aect the corrosion resistance. Magnetisation through
M10 12,180 26,100
strain hardening can go so far that the steel part sticks to
M12 17,700 37,935
a magnet.
M16 32,970 70,650
M20 51,450 110,250
Under the eect of oxygen stainless steel forms a stable
M24 74,130 88,250
oxide layer (passive layer). This passive layer protects the
M27 96,390 114,750
metal from corrosion.
M30 117,810 140,250
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It should be noted that in practice there are a number of be the starting point for pitting. For this reason, residues
dierent types of corrosion. The more frequent types of and deposits must be cleaned regularly from all fasteners.
corrosion involving stainless steel are shown below and in
the following Fig. J as examples: Austenitic steels such as A2 and A4 are more resistant to
pitting than ferrite chromium steels.
Tab. 22
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Origin mark
XYZ
XYZ A2-70
A2-70
A2-70 XYZ
A4
Alternative marking
Steel group Strength class for socket head
cap screws
XYZ
T
A2-70
XYZ
Marking of screws that do not
satisfy the requirements for tensile
or torsion strength because of their
geometry, e.g. low cylinder heads
A2
A2-50
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This work of harmonisation in Germany was previously In many cases, a changeover from DIN to ISO is, strictly
carried out by the Deutsches Institut fr Normung e.V. speaking, not correct, because in the past many DIN
(DIN) on the national level. In addition, there are Euro- standards had already been taken over by ISO stand-
pean standards (EN standards), and on an international ards. During the harmonisation of the individual standards
level there are the ISO standards, which are issued by the codes some titles are in fact being changed, but there
International Organisation for Standardisation. are not many changes to the products themselves. For an
interim period the number 20000 was added to the ISO
National standards (DIN) are being or have already number on the takeover of ISO standards into the Euro-
been largely replaced by international/European stand- pean code (EN) (e.g. DIN EN ISO 24034). However,
ards. There will be DIN standards only for products for this naming system was abandoned some years ago and
which there are no ISO or EN standards. replaced by the now common form DIN EN ISO .
International standards (ISO). According to the It is certain that the changes to names are very annoying
task and goal of the ISO, which was established in 1946, with regard to production documents or order data, be-
these are intended to serve the global harmonisation cause these have to be changed in the short or long term.
of technical rules, and thus to simplify the exchange of But we have to be clear about one thing: the sooner we
goods and to break down barriers to trade. realise conformity to European standards, the sooner we
will prot from overcoming barriers to trade or procure-
European standards (EN) aim at harmonising ment within Europe.
technical regulations and statutes in the internal European
market, which was realised on 1.1.1995 (EU/EEC). In As already stated, the contents of many DIN standards
principle, existing ISO standards are to be taken over as already conform to the ISO standard, because they were
far as possible unchanged as EN standards. The dier- introduced at a time at which the changeover to ISO
ence between ISO and EN standards is that, according to was not yet current.
a decision of the European Council, EN standards are to
be transposed and introduced without delay and without Following Europeanisation there are absolutely no
amendment as national standards in the Member States changes to what is certainly the most important standard
and the corresponding national standards are to be for screws and nuts, ISO 898-1 Mechanical properties
withdrawn in the same step. of fasteners, because this standard was taken over into
the German standards code from the start without any
3.1.1 Product names and product changes changes to the contents.
In many cases the introduction of the European standards
is described as intransparent or even chaotic. However,
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One of the most signicant product changes on the necessary here is a change to the name in the production
harmonisation of the codes was without doubt the change documents or order les.
of the width across ats of all hexagonal products. Screws
and nuts with dimensions M10, M12 and M14 are In contrast, following more recent technical ndings the
aected (here the width across ats is reduced by 1 mm) ISO has changed the height of hexagonal nuts because it
and M22 (width across the ats is 2 mm larger). was recognised that the stripping resistance can no longer
be guaranteed, particularly when modern tightening
Apart from these four dimensions, all other screw dimen- methods are used. In this case, the connection would no
sions are already perfectly identical to ISO. This means, longer be safe against failure. For this reason alone the
for example, that a DIN 933 M16 x 50-8.8 is dimension- use of nuts in accordance with ISO standards is highly
ally, and with regard to the technical properties, com- recommended.
pletely identical to ISO 4017 M16 x 50-8.8. All that is T
DIN ISO DIN ISO DIN ISO ISO DIN ISO DIN ISO DIN
1 2339 931 4014 6914 7412 1051 660/661 4036 439 8673 934
7 2338 933 4017 6915 7414 1207 84 4161 6923 8673 971
84 1207 934 4032 6916 7416 1234 94 4762 912 8674 971-2
85 1580 934 8673 6921 8102 1479 7976 4766 551 8676 961
94 1234 960 8765 6923 4161 1481 7971 7040 982 8677 603
125 7089 961 8676 6924 7040 1482 7972 7040 6924 8733 7979
125 7090 963 2009 6925 7042 1483 7973 7042 980 8734 6325
126 7091 964 2010 7343 8750 1580 85 7042 6925 8735 7979
417 7435 965 7046 7343 8751 2009 963 7045 7985 8736 7978
427 2342 966 7047 7344 8748 2010 964 7046 965 8737 7977
433 7092 971-1 8673 7346 13337 2338 7 7047 966 8738 1440
438 7436 971-2 8674 7971 1481 2339 1 7049 7981 8740 1473
439 4035 980 7042 7972 1482 2341 1434 7050 7982 8741 1474
439 4036 980 10513 7973 1483 2342 427 7051 7983 8742 1475
440 7094 982 7040 7976 1479 2936 911 7072 11024 8744 1471
551 4766 982 10512 7977 8737 4014 931 7089 125 8745 1472
553 7434 985 10511 7978 8736 4016 601 7090 125 8746 1476
555 4034 1440 8738 7979 8733 4017 933 7091 126 8747 1477
558 4018 1444 2341 7979 8735 4018 558 7092 433 8748 7344
601 4016 1471 8744 7981 7049 4026 913 7093 9021 13337 7346
603 8677 1472 8745 7982 7050 4027 914 7094 440 8750 7343
660 1051 1473 8740 7983 7051 4028 915 7412 6914 8751 7343
661 1051 1474 8741 7985 7045 4029 916 7414 6915 8752 1481
911 2936 1475 8742 7991 10642 4032 934 7416 6916 8765 960
912 4762 1476 8746 9021 7093 4034 555 7434 553 10642 7991
913 4026 1477 8747 11024 7072 4035 439 7435 417 10511 985
914 4027 1481 8752 7436 438 10512 982
915 4028 6325 8734 8102 6921 10513 980
916 4029
1277
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3.4 Standard changeover DIN/ISO, general changes, classied in accordance with special elds.
Currently valid standards collections
1278
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1279
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1280
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1281
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1282
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This procedure is usually used for large quantities, Nuts are usually produced with the cold or hot forming
because, from an economic aspect, it is the most rational procedure as well. The choice of one or the other proce-
method. dure depends on the one hand on the size and on the
other on the required quantities.
The choice of the suitable forming machine depends on
the size of the fastener and on the degree of forming. The
greater the degree of forming, the more forming stages
are required. Sharp-edged transitions or thin proles are
unfavourable for cold forming and lead to increased tool
wear.
1283
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Diagram of the stages for a hexagonal nut During turning, the required contour of the component
is cut from the input material using a turning tool. The
diameter of the input material depends on the largest
diameter of the component. Usually, bars with a length of
up to 6 m are used. In contrast to cold or hot forming, the
chamfer course of the input material is destroyed.
4.1.3 Machining
Machining is usually understood as processing steps such
as turning, milling, grinding or reaming. The most common
method with regard to fasteners is turning, but this has
lost a great deal of importance because of the technical
possibilities of cold pressing.
1284
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Fixed die
External
diameter
of the thread
1285
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1286
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5. SURFACE PROTECTION
5.1 Corrosion 5.2 Corrosion types
About 4% of the gross national product of a western
industrial nation is destroyed by corrosion.
1287
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Tab. 1
Tab. 2
1288
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Tab. 3
Tab. 4
1289
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DIN EN ISO 4042 does not dierentiate between sur- No layer thickness 0
prescribed
face coatings containing chromium (VI) and those without
3 1
chromium (VI). 5 2+3 2
8 3+5 3
Designation example 10 4+6 9
12 4+8 4
15 5+10 5
A surface designation must always consist of
20 8+12 6
the code letter table A + code number table B +
code letter table C 25 10+15 7
30 12+18 8
X X X
Tab. 6: Extract from ISO 4042
Coating metal
Table C Passivation/chromating
Minimum thickness
Gloss level Passivation through Code letter
After-treatment chromating
Matte No colour A
Bluish to bluish iridescent B
Table A Coating metal/alloy
Yellowish shimmering to C
yellow-brown iridescent
Coating metal/alloy Code letter Olive green to olive D
Abbreviation Element brown
Zn Zinc A Bright No colour E
Cd Cadmium B Bluish to bluish iridescent F
Cu Copper C Yellowish shimmering to G
yellow-brown iridescent
CuZn Copper-zinc D
Olive green to olive H
Ni b Nickel E
brown
Ni b Cr r Nickel-chromium F
Glossy No colour J
CuNi b Copper-nickel G
Bluish to bluish iridescent K
CuNi b Cr r Copper-nickel- H
Yellowish shimmering to L
chromium
yellow-brown iridescent
Sn Tin J
Olive green to olive M
CuSn Copper-tin K brown
1290
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5.4.2 Reference values for corrosion resistances in the salt spray test DIN 50021 SS (ISO 9227)
T
Procedure Chromating Inherent colour Designation Nominal White rust Red rust
group designation of the chromate in accordance layer h h
layer with ISO 4042 thickness
Passivation A Transparent A1A, A1E, A1J 3 2 12
colourless
A2A, A2E, A2J 5 6 24
A3A, A3E, A3J 8 6 48
Passivation B Blue iridescent A1B, A1F, A1K 3 6 12
blue A2B, A2F, A2K 5 12 36
A3B, A3F, A3K 8 24 72
Chromating C Yellow iridescent A1C, A1G, A1L 3 24 24
yellow A2C, A2G, A2L 5 48 72
A3C, A3G, A3L 8 72 120
Chromating D Olive green A1D, A1H, A1M 3 24 24
olive
A2D, A2H, A2M 5 72 96
A3D, A3H, A3M 8 96 144
Chromating BK Sooty to black A1R, A1S, A1T 3 12 36
black A2R, A2S, A2T 5 12 72
8 24 96
Tab. 8
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Abbreviation Denition
Zn Zinc coating without added alloy partner
ZnFe Zinc alloy coating with a mass share of
0.3% to 1.0% iron
ZnNi Zinc alloy coating with a mass share of 12%
to 16% nickel
5.4.5 Passivation
T Passivating means making conversion layers by treating
with suitable Cr(VI) free solutions in order to improve the
corrosion resistance of the coatings. Colouring is possible.
5.4.6 Sealings
Sealings increase corrosion resistance and usually have a In most cases the sealings also eliminate the interference
layer thickness up to 2 m. Sealings consist of Cr(VI)-free colours (iridescences) formed by passivating.
organic and/or inorganic compounds.
Abbreviation Description
Products that can be removed with cold cleaners, e.g. on T0 Without sealing
an oil, grease, wax basis, are not considered as sealings T2 With sealing
in the context of this standard. The inuence of sealings Tab. 11: Extract from DIN 50979
on the functional properties of the component, such as, for
example, transition resistance, weldability, compatibility
with fuels, glued joints, is to be assessed on the basis of
the component. In case of the special requirements for the
surface functionality the use of the sealing and the type of
sealant have to be agreed, because the band width of the
possible surface modications through sealings is large.
1292
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Zinc/iron alloy coating on a component made of steel This procedure is unsuitable for threaded parts M6 and
(Fe), a thinnest local layer thickness of 5 m (5) and black for fasteners with small internal drives or ne contours.
passivated (Fn), with sealing (T2) Fe//ZnFe5//Fn//T2 Here, threads that are not true to gauge size and unus-
able internal drives must be reckoned with.
5.5 Standardisation of non-electrolytically
applied corrosion protection systems Zinc ake systems are suitable for coating high-strength
5.5.1 Zinc ake systems components. If suitable cleaning procedures are used
The parts that are to be coated are placed in a centrifuge hydrogen inducement in the coating process is ruled out.
basket and immersed in the coating medium. Part of the
coating substance is thrown o through centrifugation.
In this way a largely even layer is created. The coating
1293
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Corrosion resistances in accordance with DIN 50021 SS (ISO 9227) in dependence on the layer
thickness
1294
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With female thread parts such as nuts, the thread is not 5.7 Restriction on the use of hazardous
cut until after galvanising. substances
5.7.1 RoHS
The load bearing capacity of the paired threads can be Electrical and electronic equipment brought onto the
reduced with thread sizes less than M12, because the market from 1 July 2006 may not contain any lead,
zinc coating, with its thickness of at least 50 m on aver- mercury, cadmium, hexavalent chromium, polybrominated
age, leads to a reduction of thread overlapping. biphenyl (PBB) or polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE).
Example:
Hexagon head screw ISO 4014 M12x80 - 8.8U tZn
1295
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5.7.2 ELV
End-of life vehicles directive
(up to 3.5 t gross vehicle weight)
Materials and components for vehicles brought onto
the market from 1 July 2007 may not contain any lead,
mercury, cadmium or hexavalent chromium.
Exceptions include
Lead as alloy element in steel
up to 0.35% by weight
Hexavalent chromium in corrosion protection layers
(to 01 July 2007)
Lead as alloy element in copper alloys
up to 4.0% by weight
This concerns:
All vehicles with a gross vehicle weight not exceeding
3.5 t
1296
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Tab. 1
It must also be taken into account that, depending on the
chosen assembly method and on the frictional conditions, A From column 1 choose the next higher force to the one
the assembly preload force FM can disperse in more or that acts on the joint. If the combined load (lengthwise
less wide limits. and shear forces FAmax <FQmax/ Tmin) apply, only FQmax is
to be used.
An approximate dimensioning is often sucient for an ini-
tial selection of the suitable screw dimension. Depending B The necessary minimum preload force FMmin is found by
on the application, further criteria are then to be checked proceeding as follows from this gure:
in accordance with VDI 2230.
B1 If the design has to use FQmax: four steps for static or
6.1 Approximate calculation of the dimension dynamic shear force
or the strength classes of screws
(in accordance with VDI 2230)
On the basis of the above-mentioned ndings, the pre- FQ
1 2 3 4
Force in N Nominal diameter in mm
Strength class
B2 If the design has to use FAmax: 2 steps for dynamic and
12.9 10.9 8.8
eccentric axial force
250
400
or
630
1.000 M3 M3 M3
1.600 M3 M3 M3
1297
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or
1298
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Tab. 2
1299
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6.3 Allocation of friction coe cients with reference values to di erent materials/surfaces and
lubrication conditions in screw assemblies (in accordance with VDI 2230)
T
Coe cient of friction Range for G and K Selection of typical examples for
class
Material/surface Lubricants
A 0.04 to 0.10 Bright metal Solid lubricants such as MoS2,
Black annealed graphite, PTFE, PA, PE, PI in solid lm
Phosphate lubricants, as top coats or in pastes;
Galv. coatings such as Zn, Zn/Fe, liqueed wax; wax dispersions
Zn/Ni, zinc ake coatings
B 0.08 to 0.16 Bright metal Solid lubricants such as MoS2,
Black annealed graphite, PTFE, PA, PE, PI in solid lm
Phosphate lubricants, as top coats or in pastes;
Galv. coatings such as Zn, Zn/Fe, Zn/ liqueed wax; wax dispersions;
Ni, zinc ake coatings, Al and Mg greases, oils, delivery condition
alloys
Hot dip galvanised MoS2; graphite; wax dispersions
Organic coating With integrated solid lubricant or wax
dispersion
Austenitic steel Solid lubricants, waxes, pastes
C 0.14 to 0.24 Austenitic steel Wax dispersions, pastes
Bright metal, Phosphate Delivery condition (lightly oiled)
Galv. coatings such as Zn, Zn/Fe, None
Zn/Ni, zinc ake coatings, adhesive
D 0.20 to 0.35 Austenitic steel Oil
Galv. coatings such as Zn, Zn/Fe, None
hot-dip galvanised
E 0.30 Galv. coatings such as Zn/Fe, Zn/Ni, None
austenitic steel, Al, Mg alloys
Tab. 3
Coecient of friction class B should be aimed for, so that 6.4 Assembly preload forces FMTab and tightening torques
the highest possible preload force with simultaneous low MA with 90% utilisation of the screw yield strength Rel
distribution can be applied. (The table applies to room or 0.2% oset yield point Rp0.2 for set screws with metric
temperature.) standard thread in accordance with DIN ISO 262;
head sizes of hexagon head screws in accordance with
DIN EN ISO 4014 to 4018, screws with external hex-
alobular drive in accordance with DIN 34800 or socket
cap screws in accordance with DIN EN ISO 4762 and
medium bore in accordance with DIN EN 20 273 (in
accordance with VDI 2230)
1300
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Standard thread
Tab. 5
1301
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T Fine thread
Size Strength Assembly preload forces Tightening torques
class FMTab in kN for G = MA in Nm for K = G =
0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.20 0.24 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.20 0.24
M8 8.8 21.2 20.7 20.2 19.7 19.2 18.1 17.0 19.3 22.8 26.1 29.2 32.0 37.0 41.2
x1 10.9 31.1 30.4 29.7 28.9 28.1 26.5 24.9 28.4 33.5 38.3 42.8 47.0 54.3 60.5
12.9 36.4 35.6 34.7 33.9 32.9 31.0 29.1 33.2 39.2 44.9 50.1 55.0 63.6 70.8
M9 8.8 27.7 27.2 26.5 25.9 25.2 23.7 22.3 28.0 33.2 38.1 42.6 46.9 54.4 60.7
x1 10.9 40.7 39.9 39.0 38.0 37.0 34.9 32.8 41.1 48.8 55.9 62.6 68.8 79.8 89.1
12.9 47.7 46.7 45.6 44.4 43.3 40.8 38.4 48.1 57.0 65.4 73.3 80.6 93.4 104.3
M10 8.8 35.2 34.5 33.7 32.9 32.0 30.2 28.4 39 46 53 60 66 76 85
x1 10.9 51.7 50.6 49.5 48.3 47.0 44.4 41.7 57 68 78 88 97 112 125
12.9 60.4 59.2 57.9 56.5 55.0 51.9 48.8 67 80 91 103 113 131 147
M10 8.8 33.1 32.4 31.6 30.8 29.9 28.2 26.5 38 44 51 57 62 72 80
x 1,25 10.9 48.6 47.5 46.4 45.2 44.0 41.4 38.9 55 65 75 83 92 106 118
12.9 56.8 55.6 54.3 52.9 51.4 48.5 45.5 65 76 87 98 107 124 138
M12 8.8 50.1 49.1 48.0 46.8 45.6 43.0 40.4 66 79 90 101 111 129 145
x 1,25 10.9 73.6 72.1 70.5 68.7 66.9 63.2 59.4 97 116 133 149 164 190 212
12.9 86.2 84.4 82.5 80.4 78.3 73.9 69.5 114 135 155 174 192 222 249
M12 8.8 47.6 46.6 45.5 44.3 43.1 40.6 38.2 64 76 87 97 107 123 137
x 1,5 10.9 70.0 68.5 66.8 65.1 63.3 59.7 56.0 95 112 128 143 157 181 202
12.9 81.9 80.1 78.2 76.2 74.1 69.8 65.6 111 131 150 167 183 212 236
M14 8.8 67.8 66.4 64.8 63.2 61.5 58.1 45.6 104 124 142 159 175 203 227
x 1,5 10.9 99.5 97.5 95.2 92.9 90.4 85.3 80.2 153 182 209 234 257 299 333
12.9 116.5 114.1 111.4 108.7 105.8 99.8 93.9 179 213 244 274 301 349 390
M16 8.8 91.4 89.6 87.6 85.5 83.2 78.6 74.0 159 189 218 244 269 314 351
x 1,5 10.9 134.2 131.6 128.7 125.5 122.3 155.5 108.7 233 278 320 359 396 461 515
12.9 157.1 154.0 150.6 146.9 143.1 135.1 127.2 273 325 374 420 463 539 603
M18 8.8 122 120 117 115 112 105 99 237 283 327 368 406 473 530
x 1,5 10.9 174 171 167 163 159 150 141 337 403 465 523 578 674 755
12.9 204 200 196 191 186 176 166 394 472 544 613 676 789 884
M18 8.8 114 112 109 107 104 98 92 229 271 311 348 383 444 495
x2 10.9 163 160 156 152 148 139 131 326 386 443 496 545 632 706
12.9 191 187 182 178 173 163 153 381 452 519 581 638 740 826
M20 8.8 154 151 148 144 141 133 125 327 392 454 511 565 660 741
x 1,5 10.9 219 215 211 206 200 190 179 466 558 646 728 804 940 1,055
12.9 257 252 246 241 234 222 209 545 653 756 852 941 1,100 1,234
M22 8.8 189 186 182 178 173 164 154 440 529 613 692 765 896 1,006
x 1,5 10.9 269 264 259 253 247 233 220 627 754 873 985 1,090 1,276 1,433
12.9 315 309 303 296 289 273 257 734 882 1,022 1,153 1,275 1,493 1,677
M24 8.8 228 224 219 214 209 198 187 570 686 796 899 995 1,166 1,311
x 1,5 10.9 325 319 312 305 298 282 266 811 977 1,133 1,280 1,417 1,661 1,867
12.9 380 373 366 357 347 330 311 949 1,143 1,326 1,498 1,658 1,943 2,185
M24 8.8 217 213 209 204 198 187 177 557 666 769 865 955 1,114 1,248
x2 10.9 310 304 297 290 282 267 251 793 949 1,095 1,232 1,360 1,586 1,777
12.9 362 355 348 339 331 312 294 928 1,110 1,282 1,442 1,591 1,856 2,080
M27 8.8 293 288 282 276 269 255 240 822 992 1,153 1,304 1,445 1,697 1,910
x 1,5 10.9 418 410 402 393 383 363 342 1,171 1,413 1,643 1,858 2,059 2,417 2,720
12.9 489 480 470 460 448 425 401 1,370 1,654 1,922 2,174 2,409 2,828 3,183
1302
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Tab. 6
Reference values
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6.6 Reference values for tightening torques Coe cient of friction ges 0.20
for austenite screws in accordance with
Preload forces FVmax. Tightening torque MA
DIN EN ISO 3506 [KN] [Nm]
The following table shows the tightening torque required FK 50 FK 70 FK 80 FK 50 FK 70 FK 80
for an individual case in dependence on the nominal M3 0.60 0.65 0.95 1.00 1.10 1.60
diameter, the coecient of friction and the strength class M4 1.12 2.40 3.20 1.30 2.60 3.50
(SC) as a reference value. M5 1.83 3.93 5.24 2.40 5.10 6.90
M6 2.59 5.54 7.39 4.10 8.80 11.8
Coe cient of friction ges 0.10 M8 4.75 10.2 13.6 10.1 21.4 28.7
M10 7.58 16.2 21.7 20.3 44.0 58.0
Preload forces FVmax. Tightening torque MA M12 11.1 23.7 31.6 34.8 74.0 100.0
[KN] [Nm]
T FK 50 FK 70 FK 80 FK 50 FK 70 FK80
M14
M16
15.2
20.9
32.6
44.9
43.4
59.8
56.0
86.0
119.0
183.0
159.0
245.0
M3 0.90 1.00 1.20 0.85 1.00 1.30
M18 26.2 56.2 74.9 122.0 260.0 346.0
M4 1.08 2.97 3.96 0.80 1.70 2.30
M20 33.8 72.4 96.5 173.0 370.0 494.0
M5 2.26 4.85 6.47 1.60 3.40 4.60
M22 41.0 88.0 118.0 227.0 488.0 650.0
M6 3.2 6.85 9.13 2.80 5.90 8.00
M24 47.0 101.0 135.0 284.0 608.0 810.0
M8 5.86 12.6 16.7 6.80 14.5 19.3
M27 61.0 421.0
M10 9.32 20.0 26.6 13.7 30.0 39.4
M30 75.0 571.0
M12 13.6 29.1 38.8 23.6 50.0 67.0
M33 94.0 779.0
M14 18.7 40.0 53.3 37.1 79.0 106.0
M36 110.0 998.0
M16 25.7 55.0 73.3 56.0 121.0 161.0
M39 133.0 1.300
M18 32.2 69.0 92.0 81.0 174.0 232.0
M20 41.3 88.6 118.1 114.0 224.0 325.0
M22 50.0 107.0 143.0 148.0 318.0 424.0 Coe cient of friction ges 0.30
M24 58.0 142.0 165.0 187.0 400.0 534.0
Preload forces FVmax. Tightening torque MA
M27 75.0 275.0 [KN] [Nm]
M30 91.0 374.0 FK 50 FK 70 FK 80 FK 50 FK 70 FK80
M33 114.0 506.0 M3 0.40 0.45 0.70 1.25 1.35 1.85
M36 135.0 651.0 M4 0.90 1.94 2.59 1.50 3.00 4.10
M39 162.0 842.0 M5 1.49 3.19 4.25 2.80 6.10 8.00
M6 2.09 4.49 5.98 4.80 10.4 13.9
M8 3.85 8.85 11.0 11.9 25.5 33.9
M10 6.14 13.1 17.5 24.0 51.0 69.0
M12 9.00 19.2 25.6 41.0 88.0 117.0
M14 12.3 26.4 35.2 66.0 141.0 188.0
M16 17.0 36.4 48.6 102.0 218.0 291.0
M18 21.1 45.5 60.7 144.0 308.0 411.0
M20 27.4 58.7 78.3 205.0 439.0 586.0
M22 34.0 72.0 96.0 272.0 582.0 776.0
M24 39.0 83.0 110.0 338.0 724.0 966.0
M27 50.0 503.0
M30 61.0 680.0
M33 76.0 929.0
M36 89.0 1.189
M39 108.0 1.553
Tab. 8
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6.7 How to use the tables for preload forces Depending on how the above-mentioned inuences are
and tightening torques! controlled, the tightening factor A must be selected.
The procedure is as follows:
Example:
A) Determining the total coe cient of friction If a commercially available torque wrench with an
ges.
: electronic display is used, a tightening factor
Dierent coecients of friction have to be reckoned A = 1.41.6 must be reckoned with.
with, depending on the surface or lubrication condition of The selection is:
the screws or nuts. Table 3 in chapter 6 is used to make A = 1. 4 (see Table 2 in chapter 6 Reference values for
the selection. the tightening factor ...)
C) Tightening factor A
(taking the tightening uncertainty into
account)
All tightening methods are more or less accurate. This is
caused by:
The large range of distribution of the friction that
actually occurs during installation
(if friction gures can only be estimated roughly for the
calculation)
Dierences in the manipulation with the torque wrench
(e.g. fast or slow tightening of the screw)
The distribution of the torque wrench itself.
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Steel, bright
Aluminium
Copper
Brass
Fastener material/surface
Aluminium ++ +++ ++ ++ + + + +
Copper + + +++ ++ + + + +
Brass + + ++ +++ + + + +
Tab. 9
Material:
Spring steel hardened
from 420 to 560 HV
Fig. AU Fig. AV
Tab. 10
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Spring-type straight pins, standard design in accordance with ISO 8750 (DIN 7343)
Material:
Spring steel hardened
from 420 to 520 HV
Fig. AW
T
Two-shear 0.40 0.6 0.90 1.46 2.58 3.88 5.52 7.54 9.86 15.28 22.1 39.2 62.24 89.7 123.2 152
Tab. 11
Spring-type straight pins, coiled, heavy duty in accordance with ISO 8748 (DIN 7344)
Material:
Spring steel hardened
from 420 to 520 HV
Fig. AX
Tab. 12
Spring-type straight pins, slotted, light duty in accordance with ISO 13337 (DIN 7346)
Material:
Spring steel hardened
from 420 to 560 HV
Fig. AY Fig. AZ
Tab. 13
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F 2F
single-shear two-shear
F F F
T Fig. BA
AW drive
Fig. AS
AW drive system
Advantages with regard to previous drive systems:
Improved force transmission by means of the conical
multipoint head.
Longer service life through optimal t.
Optimum centring through the conical course of the bit.
Greatest possible bearing surface of the bit in the
screw drive comeout.
Comeout = zero. The even force distribution prevents
damage to the surface protective layer and thus guar- Fig. AT
antees greater corrosion resistance.
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The four tightening walls in the cross recess, with which Angle of rotation method
the screwdriver is in contact when the screw is being Prerequisite is that the parts to be joined rest largely at
screwed in, are vertical. The remaining walls and ribs are on each other. The pre-tightening torque is applied with
slanted. This can improve ease of assembly if the cross one of the two methods described above. Mark the posi-
recesses are made optimally. Pozi drive screwdrivers have tion of the nut relative to the screw shaft and component
rectangular blade ends. clearly and permanently, so that the subsequently applied
further tightening angle of the nut can be determined
Cross recess H (Phillips) in accordance easily. The required further tightening angle must be
with ISO 4757 determined by means of a method test at the respective
original screwed connections (e.g. by means of screw
lengthening).
T
Fig. AU
6.11 Assembly
Torque method
The required preload force is generated by the Fig. W
measurable torque MV. The tightening appliance that is
used (e.g. a torque wrench) must have uncertainty of less
than 5%.
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7. SECURING ELEMENTS
7.1 General
To select the right securing element it is necessary to
consider the screw assembly as a whole. In particular,
the hardness of the materials that are to be braced and
any dynamic loads that may have an eect on the screw
assembly must be considered when choosing a securing
element.
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Optisert insert
Liquid adhesives
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7.4.2 Loss-proof fasteners With bonding in the thread it is possible to work with
The category of loss-proof fasteners comprises products anaerobically bonding liquid plastic retention devices, or
that initially are unable to prevent automatic loosening, to use screws with micro-encapsulated adhesives. Screws
but after an unspecied large preload force loss prevent with micro-encapsulated pre-coating are standardised in
complete unscrewing, so that the connection does not accordance with DIN 267/Part 27.
fall apart. This category includes, for example, nuts with
a polyamide ring insert (lock nuts), all-metal lock nuts or
screws with a thread clamping insert in accordance with
DIN 267/Part 28.
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8. STEEL STRUCTURES
8.1 HV connections for steel structures sion here takes place through friction between the contact
HV is the marking of a screw assembly in steel construc- surfaces of the preloaded components. For this purpose,
tions with high-strength screws in strength class 10.9. H the contact surfaces have to be made friction grip by
stands here for high-strength, corresponding to the require- blasting or by means of approved friction grip coatings.
ments for strength class 10.9 and V for preloaded, When the screw is tightened, the operating forces are
i.e. the possibility to bring the connection to a dened transmitted vertically to the screw axis, as shown in Fig. 2.
preload force with standardised methods.
Fig. 1
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DIN DIN EN
Calculation DIN 18 800-1 DIN EN 1993-1-8
design DIN EN 1993-1-9
Execution DIN 18 800-7 DIN EN 1090-2
Products DIN 7968, DIN 7969 DIN EN 15048-1/-2
DIN 7990 + tech. product specs.
DIN EN ISO (DIN EN ISO 4014)
4014/4017 DIN EN 14399-1/-2
DIN 6914, DIN 6915, DIN EN 14399-4
DIN 6916 DIN EN 14399-6
DIN 7999 DIN EN 14399-8
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Tab. 2a
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Screw grip length tmin. and tmax. for HV and HVP screws1)
Nominal M12 M16 M20 M22 M24 M27 M30 M36
length l
30 11 16
35 16 21 12 17
40 21 26 17 22
45 26 31 22 27 18 23
50 31 36 27 32 23 28 22 27
55 36 41 32 37 28 33 27 32
60 41 46 37 42 33 38 32 37 29 34
65 46 51 42 47 38 43 37 42 34 39
T 70 51 56 47 52 43 48 42 47 39 44 36 41
75 56 61 52 57 48 53 47 52 44 49 41 46 39 44
80 61 66 57 62 53 58 52 57 49 54 46 51 44 49
85 66 71 62 67 58 63 57 62 54 59 51 56 49 54 43 48
90 71 76 67 72 63 68 62 67 59 64 56 61 54 59 48 53
95 76 81 72 77 68 73 67 72 64 69 61 66 59 64 53 58
100 81 86 77 82 73 78 72 77 69 74 66 71 64 69 58 63
105 86 91 82 87 78 83 77 82 74 79 71 76 69 74 63 68
110 91 96 87 92 83 88 82 87 79 84 76 81 74 79 68 73
115 96101 92 97 88 93 87 92 84 89 81 86 79 84 73 78
120 101106 97102 93 98 92 97 89 94 86 91 84 89 78 83
125 106111 102107 98103 97102 94 99 91 96 89 94 83 88
130 111116 107112 103- 108 102107 99104 96101 94 99 88 93
135 116121 112117 108113 107112 104109 101106 99104 93 98
140 121126 117122 113118 112117 109114 106111 104109 98103
145 126131 122127 118123 117122 114119 111116 109114 103- 108
150 131136 127132 123128 122127 119124 116121 114119 108113
155 136141 132137 128133 127132 124129 121126 119124 113118
160 141146 137142 133138 132137 129134 126131 124129 118123
165 146151 142147 138143 137142 134139 131136 129134 123128
170 151156 147152 143148 142147 139144 136141 134139 128133
175 156161 152157 148153 147152 144149 141146 139144 133138
180 161166 157162 153158 152157 149154 146151 144149 138143
185 158163 157162 154159 151156 149154 143148
190 163168 162167 159164 156161 154159 148153
195 168173 167172 164169 161166 159164 153158
200 173178 172177 169174 166171 164169 158163
210 183188 182187 179184 176181 174179 168173
220 193198 192197 189194 186191 184189 178183
230 203208 202207 199204 196201 194199 188193
240 213218 212217 209214 206211 204209 198203
250 223228 222227 219224 216221 214219 208213
260 233238 232237 229234 226231 224229 218223
1)
The screw grip length t
comprises the two washers as well
Tab. 2b
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e
ls u VI
15 to 30 lg s 1
VI,R,d
k l
Thread end in accordance with DIN 78-K
u = incomplete thread = max. 2 P The limit hole face force VI,R,d is
fz,k
= t dSch l
T
Screw in accordance with
DIN EN 14399-4 Washer in accordance with M
dw
c DIN EN 14399-6
da
8.3 Construction information and verications Factor 1 depends here on the geometry of the com-
for HV joints accordance with DIN 18800-1 pleted screwed connection, in particular on the distances
and DIN EN 1993-1-8. of the screws from the edges of the components and from
8.3.1 HV joints in accordance with each other. Tables or appropriate software are usually
DIN 18800-1 (2008) available for calculation purposes.
The calculation values for the shearing stress Va may not
exceed the limit shear forces Va,R,d in accordance with DIN 18800-1 dierentiates cases for the calculation of
DIN 18800-1:2008-11. the limit tensile force under the pure tensile load on the
screws. Because of the yield point ratios of strength class
Va
1 The limit shear force Va,R,d is 10.9, the failure in the thread is decisive for HV screws.
Va,R,d
The limit tensile force is therefore calculated as:
f
Va,R,d = A a,R,d = A a u,b,k
M
ASp fu,b,k
NR,d =
1.25 M
A Shaft cross-section Asch, when the smooth shaft is in
ASp Tension cross-section
the shear joint.
fu,b,k for FK 10.9 = 1,000 N/mm
Tension cross-section ASp, when the threaded part of
1.25 = Coecient for the increased security against
the shaft is in the shear joint.
tensile strength
a 0.55 for HV screws in strength class 10.9, when the
M
= 1.1
smooth shaft is in the shear joint.
0.44 for HV screws in strength class 10.9, when the
If a tensile force and a shear force aect a screw
threaded part of the shaft is in the shear joint.
simultaneously, interaction verication has to be carried
fu,b,k Characteristic tensile strength of the screw material,
out in accordance with the requirements of DIN 18800-1.
for HV screws:
1000 N/mm2
M
= 1.1 part safety coecient for the resistance
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With friction-grip connections (GV and GVP), the loads Vg 8.3.2 HV joints in accordance with
may not exceed the boundary sliding forces Vg,R,d in the DIN EN 1993-1-8
boundary state of usability The European standard classies the screw assemblies
in accordance with Table 3 and makes a fundamental
Vg
1 dierence depending on the direction of the external
Vg,R,d
force.
Tab. 3
The boundary sliding force Vg,R,d is The verication of bearing stress diers here in the
approach from the procedure in accordance with
Fv
Vg,R,d = , if no external tensile force acts on the DIN 18800-1 so that transmission of calculation results or
(1.15 M)
table values is not possible. In this case, recalculation in
HV screw,
accordance with the requirements of DIN EN 1993-1-8 is
N necessary. In many cases, the stress resistance in accord-
Fv (1
)
Fv ance with EN is greater than in accordance with DIN.
Vg,R,d = , if an external tensile force acts
(1.15 M)
on the HV screw, Verication of shearing o of the screws in accordance
with EN diers only slightly and has a similar structure
whereby: from the theoretical aspect. If the shaft is in the shear joint
is the coecient of friction after pre-treatment of the the stress resistances are approximately the same. If the
friction surfaces in accordance with DIN 18800-7 thread is in the shear joint they are the same.
Fv is the preload force in accordance with DIN 18800-7
N is the tensile force falling pro rate on the screw In the case of HV screws under tensile load in the screws
M
= 1.0 lengthwise axis the calculation approach hardly diers
at all from that in the DIN standard and the results are
In addition, interaction verication has to be carried out approximately the same.
for GV and GVP connections in the same way as for SL
and SLP connections. In the simple case of friction-grip connections without
external tensile load the approaches in accordance
with DIN and EN are also similar; however, a signicant
dierence has to be mentioned at this point that also has
eects on the applicable preloading method.
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example to increase the fatigue resistance. For example, Measures for checking are not required for connections
this can be the preload force level in accordance with that are not systematically preloaded. In the case of con-
DIN 18800-7. nections that are preloaded systematically at least 10%
of the assemblies for the connection are tested in the case
Fp,C* = 0.7 fyb AS of connections that are not mainly loaded at rest, and at
least 5% of the assemblies for the connection with connec-
That is, the preload force amounts to 70% of the screw tions that are mainly loaded at rest (with connections with
yield point. This means that all preloaded screw assem- less than 20 screws at least 2 connections, or 1 connec-
blies in accordance with DIN EN 1993-1-8 that are not tion). The assembly is to be checked after the marking
friction-grip preloaded may be preloaded with the stand- (situation of the nut relative to the screw shaft) from the
ard torque method for screw assemblies. The assembly side from which tightening took place.
values may be taken from DIN 18800-7 and are shown
in chapter 8.4.
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Tab. 5
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Combined method
Dimensions M12 M16 M20 M22 M24 M27 M30 M36
Preload force Fp,C = 0.7 fub AS [kN] 59 110 172 212 247 321 393 572
Pretightening torque MA [Nm]1) 75 190 340 490 600 940 1240 2100
Further angle of rotation or revolution dimension for screw grip length t
Total nominal thickness t of the parts to be joined Further angle of rotation Further revolution dimension
(including all lining plates and washers) d = screw
diameter
1 t < 2d 60 1/6
2 2d t 6d 90 1/4
3 6d t 10d 120 1/3
Note: If the surface under the screw head or the nut (taking account of any square taper washers that are used as well) is not vertical to the screw axis, the necessary further angle
of rotation should be determined in experiments.
1)
Example of manufacturers recommendation
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P
and in recycling components.
Thread geometry
30 angle
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Relief hole:
The relief hole at the upper end of the drilled hole reduces
tension overlapping and thus prevents the tube from
bursting.
At the same time it serves to guide the screw during
assembly.
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The required tightening torque can be determined To make thread grooving easier the screw cross-sections
theoretically with the following equation: are specially formed (trilobular) over the whole length or
MA = ME + 1/3 1/2 (M ME) at the screw end only.
The screwing and the thread-stripping torques are to be For placing in the core removing hole the screw thread is
determined in experiments. conical over max. 4 x P thread pitch in accordance with
DIN 7500.
A secure directly screwed plastic joint can only be made
with torque-controlled and rotation-angle controlled The thread pitch, which is smaller in comparison with
assembly equipment. The screwing speed is to be selected tapping screws, and the high thread engagement give the
between 300 rpm and 800 rpm. screws a certain amount of security against independent
loosening.
Because of the heat eect, greater speeds lead to
damage to the plastic and to a disproportionate reduction 9.2.2 Screw assemblies for thread-grooving
of the preload force. screws in accordance with DIN 7500
(Gefu-1 and Gefu-2)
Both the tube design and the tightening torque are to be The ideal drilling diameter for the tapping holes is to be
checked in practice on the components. determined through experiments. The following two tables
provide good points of reference.
9.2 Direct screwing into metals
Thread forming screws for metals are grooving screws
with metric threads and tapping screws. These screws
groove the counterthread themselves without cutting. They
can be used in ductile metals such as, e.g., steel, or in
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Gefu-1: Recommended tapping holes for cold malleable materials in dependence on the screwing length
Thread d M3 M4 M5 M6
Material thickness Recommended tolerance eld
of the screwing
St Al Cu St Al Cu St Al Cu St Al Cu
length
1.0 2.7
1.2 2.7
1.5 2.7 3.6 4.5
1.6 2.7 3.6 4.5
1.7 2.7 3.6 4.5
1.8 2.75 2.7 3.6 4.5
2.0 2.75 2.7 2.7 3.6 4.5 5.4 T
2.2 2.75 3.6 4.5 5.4
2.5 2.75 3.65 3.6 3.6 4.5 5.4
3.0 2.75 3.65 3.6 3.6 4.5 5.45
3.2 2.75 3.65 3.6 3.6 4.55 4.5 4.5 5.45
3.5 2.75 3.6 4.55 5.45
4.0 2.75 3.6 4.55 5.5 5.45 5.45
5.0 2.75 3.7 3.65 3.65 4.6 5.5 5.45 5.45
5.5 2.75 3.7 3.65 3.65 4.6 5.5
6.0 2.75 3.7 3.65 3.65 4.6 5.5
6.3 2.75 4.65 5.5
6.5 2.75 4.65 5.5
7.0 2.75 4.65 5.55 5.5 5.5
7.5 4.65 5.55 5.5 5.5
8 to 10 4.65 5.55
>10 to 12
>12 to 15
Thread d M5 M6 M8
Material thickness Recommended tolerance eld
of the screwing
St Al Cu St Al Cu St Al Cu
length
1.0
1.2
1.5 4.5 4.5 4.5
1.6 4.5 4.5 4.5
1.7 4.5 4.5 4.5
1.8 4.5 4.5 4.5
2.0 4.5 4.5 4.5 5.4 5.4 5.4
2.2 4.5 4.5 4.5 5.4 5.4 5.4 7.25 7.25 7.25
2.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 5.4 5.4 5.4 7.25 7.25 7.25
3.0 4.5 4.5 4.5 5.45 5.45 5.45 7.25 7.25 7.25
3.2 4.55 4.5 4.5 5.45 5.45 5.45 7.25 7.25 7.25
3.5 4.55 4.55 4.55 5.45 5.45 5.45 7.25 7.25 7.25
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Thread d M5 M6 M8
Material thickness Recommended tolerance eld
of the screwing
St Al Cu St Al Cu St Al Cu
length
4.0 4.55 4.55 4.55 5.5 5.45 5.45 7.3 7.3 7.3
5.0 4.6 4.6 4.6 5.5 5.45 5.45 7.4 7.3 7.3
5.5 4.6 4.6 4.6 5.5 5.5 5.5 7.4 7.3 7.3
6.0 4.6 4.6 4.6 5.5 5.5 5.5 7.4 7.3 7.3
6.3 4.65 4.65 4.65 5.5 5.5 5.5 7.4 7.35 7.35
6.5 4.65 4.65 4.65 5.5 5.5 5.5 7.4 7.35 7.35
7.0 4.65 4.65 4.65 5.55 5.5 5.5 7.5 7.4 7.4
7.5 4.65 4.65 4.65 5.55 5.5 5.5 7.5 7.4 7.4
T 8 to <= 10 4.65 4.65 4.65 5.55 5.55 5.55 7.5 7.4 7.4
>10 to <=12 7.5 7.5 7.5
>12 to <=15 7.5 7.5 7.5
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General
t1 [mm]: Upper hole range, with increased conicity for
roundings advantageous for casting, strengthening of the
mandrel, screw centring, prevention of material bucking,
and adaptation to low-cost standard screw lengths.
t2/t3 [mm]: Bearing tapping hole range, max. tightening
angle 1
T
Fig. AC
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T
Fig. 1: Simple screwed joint (two tapping holes) Fig. 4: Tapping hole drawn through (thin plates)
Fig. 2: Simple screwed joint with through hole Fig. 5: Prestole screwed joint
Fig. 3: Tapping hole, widened (thin plates) Fig. 6: Screwed joint with tightening nut
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Tapping hole diameter db for thread size Tapping hole diameter db for thread size
ST 4.8 ST 8
Plate Material strength Rm Plate Material strength Rm
thickness s N/mm2 thickness s N/mm2
100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
1.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.9 2.1 6.3 6.3 6.3 6.3 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9
1.7 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.9 4.0 2.2 6.3 6.3 6.3 6.5 6.6 6.8 6.8 6.9 7.0
1.8 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.8 3.8 3.9 4.0 4.0 2.5 6.3 6.3 6.5 6.7 6.8 6.9 7.0 7.0 7.1
1.9 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.9 4.0 4.0 2.8 6.3 6.4 6.7 6.8 6.9 7.0 7.1 7.1 7.2
2.0 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.8 3.9 3.9 4.0 4.0 4.1 3.0 6.3 6.5 6.8 6.9 7.0 7.1 7.1 7.2 7.2
2.2 3.6 3.6 3.7 3.9 3.9 4.0 4.0 4.1 4.1 3.5 6.4 6.8 7.0 7.1 7.1 7.2 7.2 7.3 7.3
2.5 3.6 3.7 3.9 4.0 4.0 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.2 4.0 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.2 7.2 7.3 7.3 7.3 7.3
2.8
3.0
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.1
4.1
4.1
4.1
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.5
5.0
6.8
7.0
7.1
7.1
7.2
7.2
7.2
7.3
7.3
7.3
7.3
7.3
7.3
7.4
7.3
7.4
7.4
7.4
T
3.5 3.8 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 5.5 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.3 7.3 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4
4.0 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.3 4.3 4.3 6.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.3 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4
6.5 7.2 7.3 7.3 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4
Tapping hole diameter db for thread size
ST 5.5
Plate Material strength Rm
thickness s N/mm2
100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
1.8 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.6
1.9 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.6 4.7
2.0 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.6 4.7
2.2 4.2 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.7 4.8
2.5 4.2 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.7 4.7 4.8 4.8 4.8
2.8 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.7 4.7 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.9
3.0 4.2 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.9 4.9
3.5 4.4 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.8 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9
4.0 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 5.0 5.0
4.5 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 5.0 5.0 5.0
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10. RIVETING
10.1 Rivet types Because of the large countersinking angle of 140 at
10.1.1 Solid rivets countersunk head rivets (DIN 675) are very often used to
Solid rivets are used less and less. They have been join soft materials such as leather, felt, rubber (no tearing).
replaced in many cases by welding or bonding.
Countersunk head
Blind rivet, countersunk head
Oval head rivets (DIN 662) are still used in many cases
for stairs, treads and catwalks where the surface has to be Rivet pins are simple cylindrical steel pins whos end face
non-slip and safe to walk on without risk of an accident. is either countersunk to 120 or has a short bore hole.
The end faces are only slightly ared to secure the pins
from falling out. For this reason only a load causing shear
stress is permissible.
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In place
Expanding rivet
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Fig. 2
Fig. 3
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The blind rivet nut is screwed onto the threaded mandrel Method of use
of the rivet tool.
Design: mushroom head.
The nut is then placed into the prepared bore hole. When Material: rivet body made of neoprene (EPDM) with
the tool is operated the threaded mandrel is withdrawn. brass insert.
The pulling movement causes the rivet head to deform the Hardness: 60 Shore.
sleeve and this leads the two workpieces to be pressed Advantages: can be used in blind or pocket holes.
rmly together. Double function as thread carrier or fastener. Air-tight and
moisture-proof connection. Ideal for various materials.
Possible operating temperatures: 30C to +80C.
Ozone-resistant.
Areas of application:
Electronics construction, vehicle construction, trailer con-
struction, sign making, plant engineering, air-conditioning
and refrigeration engineering, agricultural engineering
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This type of connection results in a high-strength screw 10.7.4 Bore hole too small:
thread in thin-walled materials. The rivet sleeve cannot be inserted into the material
because the rivet sleeve diameter is greater than the
bore hole.
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