1. Why were Graft and poli. Corruption so widespread after the civil war?

Chaotic growth of cities and immigration allowed bosses to become powerful because they
offered their constituents favors. Graft was possible and common because it was an easy way to
enrich oneself when you were kept updated of how much the city was expanding and where you
could sell land for a property b/c a transit system would be built near by. Also, after the civil war
many new industrial techonologies such as the Bessemer process and the open-hearht process to
make steel from iron were created which allowed more building to be created from steal and the
techniques allowed the companies to make steel in GREAT wuatities and large dimensions
which made ths city spread and made graft and corruption possible because bosses always lknew
where things were going to be done and the government didn’t get things done so these people
took it upn themselves to get the jobs done 

2. What is meant by the statement that America has changed from a rural, agricultural economy
to an urban industrial economy?

Before the civil war, and thanks to slavery, America was centered around farming and there were
little to no cities. After the war, slaves were freed, but the crop-lien system (farmers gave
merchants a claim on their crops as collateral for the loans they gave. Farmers who suffered a
few bad years in a row could become trapped in a cycle of debt.) Because of this system, blacks
(after reconstruction) and whites who owned land gradually lost it to debt.Southern farmers
became almost wholly dependent on cash crops- mostly cotton- because this was marketable and
seemed to offer the only way out of debt. Planting of cotton eventually exhausted the soil and
undermined the southern agricultural economy over time. As this happened, Americans left
agriculture for the more industrial north including blacks trying to escape poverty, debt,violence,
and oppression they faced in the south. Also, immigrants arrived and helped cities grow by
working in unskilled jobs. And because immigrants moved to cities, there was a need for more
homes. More homes were built with the new Bessemer and open hearth steel producing
processes that allowed companies to create large quatntites in large dimensions. Also new josb
were created by all the innovation.

3. What advances in American industry between the years 1850 and 1900 were most significant
in helping to create big business?

It began with the railroads. There were two processes discovered that allowed steel to be made
stronger and in greater quantities and in larger dimensions, the Bessemer Process and the open-
hearth process. Since the railroad needed steel these provided it, and became bigger as the
railroads became so. New Blast furnaces were also created (cylindrical iron shells) and could
produce over 500 tons a week! Also the rise of the petroleum insutry and all the products that
could be made from it. Expecially oil with all the new transportation.

4. yes the viewpoint that government is best which governs least became less practical because
of all the new innovation and all the money being made off of it had to be going sometwhere.
5. Labor unions came as a direct response to the problems created by industrialization.
Comment.

True, when people thought about it, and discovered, shit, im being mistreated. They decided to
do something about it. They formed unions to see if that would make a difference rather than just
one person doing something. Knights of labor was open to all who toilded. AFL was open to
craft unions and skilled workers only.

6.A.A.s were discriminated against by labor unions, sometimes they were not allowed to join.
They were lynched and killed by the kkk who were confederates angry over the war. Jim crow
laws were created.Blacks could not vote.

7. What were the causes of the Cuban revolt against spain? Why did this revolt affect the US?

They wanted their independence from cruelties by the Spaniards such as the concentration camps
and other savage methods. The revolt affected the US because how the Spaniards were treating
the Cubans was disgusting. Also after Mckinley protested the spanish’s conduct, a Cuban agent
stole a letter written about the president that called him a weak crowd pleaser. Also they were
blamed for the explosion of the maine.

8.To what extent did each of the following help bring about the Spanish American war:

Sensational press coverage very large effect on American sentiments

Destruction of the Maine only had effect b/c of newspapers portrayal
American investments
America was interested in the carribean
Trade with Cuba
9. The Spanish American war marked a turning point in American history. Explain

It created something similar to a modern military system. It marked the beginning of america’s
acquisition of territories colonies from spain. Also right after, America becomes a world power.

10. Agree/disagree with anti-imperialists who argued that, in taking the phillipines, the US
violated the D.o.I.? Explain.
Anti imperialists believed:
Imperialism was immoral b/c repudiated america’s commitment to human freedom.
Would pollute American pop. By introducing inferior asian races
Cheap labor would take away jobs
Large standing army and entangling foreign alliances would require threat of American liberties
Sugar growers feared competition
We were not taking them prisoners, if anything we bettered their position and society.
11.How did the Us finally aquire Hawaii? Explain.
American farmers in Hawaii had their economy devastated when tariffs were imposed on their
exported goods to America. So they thought they needed to be part of it in order to continue their
success. So they staged a revolution in 1893 and called on the US for protection. The US
minister ordered marines from a warship in Honolulu harbor to go aid the rebels, the queen
yielded her authority. The Americans created a provisional gov’t and sent a delegation to washi.
To negotiate an annexation treaty. In 1898 congress approved the agreement.

12. imperialist policy worked to the disadvantage of A.A.s Why did they feel this way?
They felt that imperialist policy was a disadvantage to A.A.s because Cubans fighting with
Americans were black but fully integrated into the rebel army giving black Americans a stronger
sense of the injustice of their position.
Organized labor thought that the colonies people were going to immigrate and take their jobs.

13. Why did the Foreign policy of the US change from one of isolationism to one of
expansionism?

14. What arguments did expansionists use to defend their position?

Search for natural resources b/c fear of dwindling
Business men after beginning of depression of 1893 sought new interests abroad
Survival of the fittest Darwin theory
And naval bases needed thought Alfred mahan
Didn’t want to be left out and lose world power status.

15. I wouldn’t agree with the fortune that loves the brave part because 5200 perished of disease,
not from being brave in fighting and there were shortages of modern rifles ammo and uniforms
that were too heavy and food that was too scarce.

16. Mercantilism-establishment of colonies that would supply materials and markets so that the
home colony would not have to rely on other countries to buy their goods.
Yes.

17.Open door policy – European countries were carving up china and America wanted to share
in the trade, Russia flat out said no, the others were “coooly received”
Monroe doctrine declared that the western hemisphere was not open to Europe for colonization
and any interference would be a threat to security.

America wanted to join Europes colonization and trade but the US did not want Europe to be
involved in its own colonies.

18. Economic and military reasons fo panama canal.

America was interested in a canal through central America so that they would not have to travel
all the way around the tip of south America. Important to move navy, for trade, and to defend.
19.The Roosevelt corollary stated that not only does the us oppose European intervention in the
western hempishpere but the US also has the power to intervene in its neighbors affairs if they
prove themselves unable to maintain order and national sovereignty on their own.
It was first used in the dom .rep. Roosevelt intervened when a rev. overthrew its corrupt and
bankrupt gov’t in 1903 but the new regime proved no better b/c they owed 22 million to euro
countries. Roosevelt established an American receivership and assumed control over dom
customs and distributed 45 percent of revenues to the doms and the rest to foreign creditors.
Lasted for more than 3 decades.
20. Progressivism: a movement in which people tried to reform society. They believed society
could be improved and continued growth and advancement were destiny of US.
Secret Ballot
Referendeum
Initiative
Recall
Direct primary
Womerns suffrage
Direct election of senators