I.
Basic Concepts  A description of the earth, or a
A. History
A narrative (written, visual, oral or a
combination of all three) about past
events that has
meaning to a certain group of people in
a given time and place.
Feminists criticize the term as gender
bias. They favor “her story.” The fact of
the matter is that the winners( normally
males) write history. In short, what we
are reading today is their version of the
events.
Women are often seen as the invisible
players of histo
B. Kasaysayan
“SALAYSAY na may SAYSAY” (A
story with meaning)
Without both (story and meaning) then
there is NO true history.
C. Importance of History
1. If we find meaning in history, then it
will gain the power to change our lives;
2. Making people see their past, gives
them a sense of being Filipinos;
3. History gives us a way of looking at
the world and dealing with it and its
problems.
D. Culture
 The system of shared beliefs, values,
customs, behaviors and artifacts that
the members of society use to cope
with their world and with one another,
and that are
transmitted from generation to
generation through learning.
 A way of life which involves
everything.
 It includes all the social practices
that bond a group of people together
and
distinguish them from others.
 Could never remain static, it is
constantly changing.
E. Geography
 Literally means, “Earth’s
description”
 The science, which treats of the
world and its inhabitants.
portion of the earth, including its
structure,
features, products, political divisions
and the people by whom it is inhabited.
II. Philippines
A. Basic Facts
 The Pearl of the Orient Seas
 Most ethnically diverse country in
Asia
 One of the two predominantly
Christian countries in Asia
 An ARCHIPELAGO located in SOUTH
EAST ASIA
 Situated along the “PACIFIC RING OF
FIRE”
 Made up of approximately 7,107
islands.
 3 main island groups:
LUZON (Regions I to V, NCR and CAR)
VISAYAS (Regions VI to VIII)
MINDANAO (Regions IX to XIII and
ARMM)
 Capital: MANILA
 Largest City: Quezon City
(population); Davao City (area)
 National Language: FILIPINO
 Currency: Philippine Peso
 Staple Food: Rice
 National Anthem: LUPANG HINIRANG
 Motto: “Maka-Diyos, Maka-Tao,
Maka-Kalikasan, Maka-Bansa”
B. Geographical Trivia
1. The Philippines has the world’s
longest discontinuous coastline.
2. Manila Bay is the Finest Bay in Asia.
3. San Juanico Strait is the World’s
Narrowest Strait.
4. The Philippine Deep is believed to be
the deepest area in the world.
5. Banaue Rice Terraces is one of the
Eight Wonders of the Modern World.
6. Mount Mayon has a Nearly Perfect
Cone Shape similar to Mt. Fuji of Japan.
7. Mt. Apo is the highest mountain in
the Philippines.
8. Cagayan River is the longest river of
the Philippines.
9. Laguna de Bay is the largest lake.
10. Taal Volcano could be considered
as the World’s smallest volcano.
C. The Name “Philippines”
1. MA-YI (The Land of Gold)
2. MANIOLAS (Claudius Ptolemy)
3. ARCHIPELAGO OF ST. LAZARUS
(Ferdinand Magellan)
4. LAS PHELIPINAS (Ruy Lopez de
Villalobos)
5. FILIPINAS (Spanish Era)
6. PHILIPPINE ISLANDS (American Era)
7. REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES (1946)
D. Origin of the Philippines
1. PANGAEA (Land Bridges)
2. Bottom of the Sea
3. Volcanic Eruptions
III. Basic Facts: Filipinos
 They are unique in the world for they
have four intermingled cultures – Latin,
European, American and Asian.
 But basically, they are still Malays.
 aka Pinoy or Pinay
 The Philippines is the world’s twelfth
most populous country, with a
population of 86,241,697 as of 2005
 Character traits of Filipinos:
1. Hospitable
2. Close Family Ties
3. Respect for Elders
4. Fatalistic: “Bahala Na”
5. Tardy: “Filipino Time”
6. Indolent
7. Curious: “Uzi”
8. Debt of Gratitude: “Utang na Loob”
IV. Pre-Colonial Philippines
A. Government: BARANGAY
• Came from the word BALANGAY,
meaning a boatload of people.
• The unit of government consisting of
30 to 100 families
• Each barangay was independent from
one another, thus there was NO central
government.
• Ruled by a Chieftain (Datu, Lakan,
Sultan, etc.) whose primary duty was to
rule and
govern his subjects and to promote
their welfare and interests. They were
advised by the
ELDERS.
• The chief exercised all the functions
of government – executive, legislative
and judicial,
sometimes even religious.
• The subjects served their chieftain
during wars and voyages and helped
him in tilling and
sowing of the land and in the
construction of his house.
• BUWIS (tributes) were paid to the
Chieftain in the form of crops.
• According to the texts of the Chinese
Merchants who traded in the
Philippines, Pre-
Colonial Filipinos were HONEST. They
pay their debts even if a year had
already passed.
B. Inter-Baranganic Relations
• Consisted in carrying on commerce
between barangays and in agreements
concerning
friendship and alliance.
• Treaty of Friendship and Alliance was
concluded by SANDUGUAN, making the
contracting parties “blood-brothers”
• Causes of Wars:
1. A man from one barangays went to
another and was murdered without any
obvious
cause;
2. Kidnapping the wives of men
belonging to another barangays;
3. Maltreatment of men of one
barangays by men of another
barangays.
• Resolution of the conflict was brought
about by force.
C. Laws
• Either Customary or Written.
• Customary laws were handed down
ORALLY from generation to generation
and
constituted the bulk of the laws of the
barangays.
• Written laws were those that the
chieftain and the elders promulgated
from time to time
as necessity arose.
• Ex. CODE OF KALANTIYAW
− 1433: Datu Kalantiyaw, third chief of
Panay, probably a descendant of Datu
Sumakwel.
− He issued orders for the guidance of
his people.
• Many of the written laws were
destroyed by the early Spanish
missionaries and many
more destroyed by the elements.
• The laws, customary and written,
dealt with various subjects such as
inheritance, divorce,
partnership, crime and punishment,
property rights, family relations,
adoption and loans.
• How a Law was made:
1. Elders of the Community were called
by the Chief and tell them what was in
his
mind.
2. The elders either approve or
disapprove the plan.
3. If approved, the chief then made the
necessary regulations or rules.
4. The elders immediately approve of
such rules.
5. The UMALOHOKAN, will be
summoned and ordered to go around
the barangay
to announce the promulgation of the
new rules and regulations.
6. The umalohokan called the attention
of the subjects by ringing the bell that
he
had with him.
7. The people gathered around him and
heard from him the provisions of the
new
law.
8. The law is effective immediately.
Anybody violating the law was promptly
arrested and brought before the
chieftain to be judged according to the
merits of the
case.
D. Judicial Process: TRIAL-BY-
ORDEAL
E. Status of Pre-Colonial Women
 Enjoyed a unique position in society
 Customary laws gave them the right
to be equal to men
1. They could own and inherit property
2. Engage in trade and industry
3. Succeed to the chieftainship of a
barangay in the absence of a male heir
 Had the exclusive right to give
names to their children
 As a sign of deep respect, the men,
accompanying women, walked behind
them.
Social Classes
 Lines drawn between classes were
not hard; any member of the social
classes could go
up or down the social ladder depending
upon the attendant circumstances.
1. Nobles (Maharlika)
− Consists of the chiefs and their
families
− Wielded tremendous influence in the
barangay
− Enjoyed rights that were not usually
enjoyed by the other members of
society
2. Freemen (Timawa)
− Includes the dependents who had
earned their freedom
3. Dependents (Alipin)
− Acquired his low status by:
o Inheritance;
o By captivity in war;
o By failing to pay his debts;
o By purchase; or
o By committing a crime for which he
was duly sentenced
− Gradations among dependents:
o Full dependent – the son or daughter
of dependent parents
o Half-dependent – the son or daughter
of parents, one of whom was full
dependent and the other a freeman
o Quarter-dependent – the son or
daughter of parents, one of whom was
a
half dependent and the other a
freeman.
− Types of Dependents:
a) Aliping Namamahay
 Had his own family and house
 Served his master during planting
and harcest seasons
 Rowed for the master
 Helped in the construction of the
master’s house
 Served the visitors of the master
b) Aliping Sagigilid
 Had no property of his own
 Lived with his master
 Could not marry without the
master’s consent
V. Pre-Colonial Communities
A. Igorot
 People of the Mountains (Cordilleras)
 Headhunters
 Miners
 Cañao
 Cabunian; Ancestral Worship
 Mummification
B. Pintados
 Tattooed warriors (Batuk)
 Panay
 Decorative Dentistry: Sangka and
Pusad
 Skull Moulding
C. Buranuns
 Sulu
 Islam
−1380: Mudum
−1390: Raja Baginda
−1450: Abu Bakr ~ Paramisuli
−Serif Kabungsuan
 Traders
−Orang Dampuans (Men from Champa)
−Banjarmasins (Men from Banjar)
−Chinese (Sung/Ming)
Wedding Ceremony
−Betrothal
−Dowry
−Wedding Festival
VI. The Coming of the Spaniards
A. 15th Century: Renaissance Period
 the period of Exploration
 Gospel, Gold and Glory
 Portugal vs. Spain
 Spice Race
B. Treaty of Tordesillas
 This agreement was the Church’s
solution to the endless competition
between the 2
Christian nations.
 The Kings of Portugal and Spain, with
Pope Alexander VI’s blessing, signed an
agreement that divides the world
between the two countries
 All countries lying to the east belongs
to the King of Portugal (Africa, India and
Brazil)
 All countries to the west belonged to
the King of Spain (‘New World”)
C. Ferdinand Magellan
 He REDISCOVERED the Philippines
 He was a Portuguese who
approached the Spanish King, Charles V
because his plan to
sail west was rejected by the King of
Portugal.
 He was given a fleet of 5 ships: SAN
ANTONIO (abandoned the mission),
SANTIAGO
(wrecked), TRINIDAD, CONCEPCION and
VICTORIA.
 The ships Trinidad, Concepcion and
Victoria reached the Philippines in
March 16, 1521.
But only Victoria was able to go back to
Spain.
 Met a few Chiefs such as Raja
Humabon and Raja Sula
 He was killed by a Filipino Chief, Raja
Lapu-Lapu
 The Magellan Expedition established
the following:
1. Europeans learned the existence of
the Philippines;
2. It proved that the Earth is round;
3. It established the vastness of the
Pacific Ocean;
4. It proved that the East Indies could
be reached by crossing the pacific;
5. It showed that the Americas were
really separated from Asia.
D. Ruy Lopez de Villalobos
 The second explorer who went to the
Philippines
 Butuan
 His greatest contribution was the
naming of the country, LAS PHELIPINAS
in honor of
King Philip II
E. Miguel Lopez de Legazpi
 The most successful of all the three
conquerors
 He accomplished an almost bloodless
conquest in the Philippines
 He became the First Governor-
General of the Philippines
F. Reduccion Bajo El Son dela
Campana
 Resettlement Under the Sound of the
Bell
 A “civilizing” device to make the
Filipinos ultimate “little brown
Spaniards”
 All new Christian converts were
required to construct their houses
around the Church and
the unbaptized were invited to do the
same.
VII. Spanish Institutions
A. Political System
KING of SPAIN
MINISTRY OF COLONIES
(Consejo de las Indias)
GOBERNADOR - GENERAL
ALCALDE-MAYOR CORREGIDORES
GOBERNADORCILLO
CABEZA DE BARANGAY
 King of Spain – the supreme ruler
and law maker of all Spanish
possessions
 Ministry of Colonies – governs all
Spanish possessions; oversees the
colonies of the
Spanish empire.
 Gobernador-General – the
spokesman and representative of the
King in the Philippines.
 Functions of the Gobernador-
General:
1. The Commander-in-Chief of the Army
and Navy;
2. The President of the Real Audiencia
(Supreme Court);
3. The Vice-Real Patron;
4. The source of Civil Power.
 Alcalde Mayor – heads the
PACIFIED provinces
 Corregidores – heads the
UNPACIFIED provinces
 Functions of the Alcalde Mayor
and Corregidores:
1. Judge;
2. Inspector of Encomiendas;
3. Chief of Police;
4. Tribute Collector;
5. Vice-Regal Patron;
6. Captain-General of the Province
 Gobernadorcillo - the highest
position that a Filipino could attain
- also referred to as the Little Governor
 Qualifications to be a
Gobernadorcillo:
1. Any Filipino or Chinese Mestizo;
2. at least 25 years old;
3. Literate in Oral or Written Spanish;
4. Had been a Cabeza de Barangay for
4 years.
 Duties of the Gobernadorcillo:
1. Preparation of the Padron (tribute
list);
2. Recruitment and Distribution of Men
for draft labor, communal public work
and
the quinto;
3. Postal Clerk;
4. Judge in civil suits involving P44.00
or less.
 Cabeza de Barangay – heads the
barrio government
 Responsibilities of the Cabeza
de Barangay:
1. Tax and Distributions Collector for
the gobernadorcillo;
2. Responsible for the peace and order
in his own barrio;
3. Recruited Polistas for communal
public works.
 Visita (Specific and General)
and Residencia - Judicial Review;
checks the abuses of government
officials
B. Amalgamation of the Church and
State
C. Economic System
1. buwis (tribute) ~ cedula personal
(1885)
 Tax Exemptions:
o Descendants of the Filipino chiefly
class who participated during
the pacification campaigns of early
conquistadores
o Laborers in the arsenal/ artillery yard
of Cavite
o Mediquillos (Filipinos with medical
experience but no title)
o Vaccinators
o College and University students of
Sto. Tomas, San Jose, San
Juan de Letran and San Carlos of Cebu
2. bandala
3. polo y servicio personal
 polista: male; 16-60 y/o; 60 days (15
days: 1885)
 falla
4. encomienda (royal and private)
 encomendero
5. Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade
D. Social Transformation
1. Language
2. Compadrazgo (ritual co-parenthood)
E. Educational Transformation
1. “Spare the Rod, Spoil the Child”
2. compulsory education
F. Filipinos Not Totally Hispanized
VIII. From Indio to Filipino: The Rise
of Filipino Nationalism
A. Categories of Revolts
1. Personal Motives:
a. Political led by former Datus
b. Religious led by Babaylans
2. Resistance to oppressive Spanish-
introduced economic as well as
religious
institutions
3. Mindanao Resisitance
a. Moro Wars (1718-1762; 1850-1878)
B. Failure of Revolts
1. Insular Makeup of the Philippines
 No Sense of National Unity
 Communication Gap (No Lingua
Franca)
2. Inferior Weapons/ Lack of Weapons
C. Filipino Nationalism:
Accelerators
1. The Philippines in World Commerce
2. Rise of Class Media
3. European Liberalism and Carlos
Maria de la Torre
4. Racial Discrimination
5. Regular-Secular Conflicts ~ Cavite
Mutiny
IX. The Reform Movement
a. Filipino Middle Class
 Rose to a position of power in the
Filipino Community
 Spanish authorities looked down
upon them
 The “natives”, on the other hand,
looked at them with suspicion
 They were looking for a place in the
sun
B. Assimilation accomplished in a
peaceful manner
C. Nature of the Reform Movement
 The reformists (propagandists)
believed in the power of words and not
of the
sword to achieve their purpose
 There was NO clamor for
independence; the reformists believed
that the
Filipinos would be better off if they
were to become Spanish Citizens.
 As Spanish Citizens:
1. Representation in the Spanish
Cortes: Filipinos could propose and
participate
in the approval of laws beneficial to the
country.
2. Immunity from abuses
3. Freedom from paying unreasonable
taxes.
D. The Great Reformists
 Only a few of the sons of the
wealthy Filipinos that went to Spain
joined the
Propaganda Movement
 They were those who were
concerned of their country
 Graciano Lopez-Jaena
 The GREAT ORATOR
 Wrote FRAY BOTOD which deals with
the ignorance, abuses and immorality
of a
friar named Botod
 Founded the La Solidaridad (Sol)
 Marcelo Hilario del Pilar
 The Political Analyst of the Filipino
Colony in Spain
 Founded the Diariong Tagalog
 Dec. 1889, he took over the
editorship of the Sol and became the
moving spirit
behind the Reform Movement
 Dr. Jose Rizal
 National Hero
 Wrote his first poem at age 8
 Wrote two great novels: Noli and Fili
 Died as a martyr in Bagumbayan
E. La Solidaridad
 The Official Organ of the Reform
Movement
 The paper was dedicated to:
 Expose the conditions in the
Philippines;
 Defend the Filipinos against
malicious and slanderous attacks of the
hired writers
of the friars; and
 Publish studies about the Philippines
and the Filipinos
 In writing for the Sol, the Reformists
used pen names for obvious reasons:
1. JOSE RIZAL: Dimas Alang; Laong
Laan
2. MARIANO PONCE: Tikbalang; Naning;
Kalipulako
3. ANTONIO LUNA: Taga-ilog
4. MH del PILAR: Plaridel
5. JOSE MA. PANGANIBAN: Jomapa
 Accomplishments of the Sol:
 It represented the ideals of the
Filipino Reformist Group;
 It exposed the evils in the Philippine
Society;
 It belied the claim that Filipinos had
no civilization before the coming of
Spaniards.
F. Hispano-Filipino Association
 Composed of Filipinos and Spaniards
who favored the granting of reforms in
the
colony.
 To make the propaganda work
effective, the society was divided into 3
sections:
 The POLITICAL Section under M.H.
del Pilar
 The LITERARY Section under Mariano
Ponce
 The SPORTS Section under Tomas
Arejola
 They believed that the reforms −the conservatives which pledged to
needed in the Philippines were: continue supporting the La
 The compulsory teaching of Spanish Solidaridad
in all schools; −It lasted only for a few months for its
 The suppression of inhuman members, though patriotic, were
punishment in all jails and tribunals of passive and too conservative to make
justice; the society an effective medium of
 The establishment of a civil registrar the Propaganda.
and the register of deeds;  Katipunan
 The abolition of unfair taxes; −A secret society of radicals led by
 The establishment of secondary Bonifacio
schools in the archipelago; −Organized on the very day Rizal was
 Reforms in UST in order to raise it to deported to Dapitan.
the rank of the universities in Spain; H. Causes of the Failure of the
 The establishment of agricultural Reform Movement
banks;  Spain was too pre-occupied with its
 The initiation of reforms in the public own internal problems to give a
administration; and thought to
 The construction of good roads and the Colonial Problem.
railways.
G. La Liga Filipina
 The Friars were too powerful even
in Spain. The Sol was counteracted by
 A civic society founded by Rizal
the
 Aims:
influential and powerful newspaper of
 To unite the whole archipelago into
the friars, the LA POLITICA DE
one compact, vigorous and
ESPAÑA EN
homogenous
FILIPINAS
body;
 The movement has no sufficient
 Mutual protection in every want and
means to carry out their aims;
necessity;
 The propagandists were divided
 Defense against all violence and
against themselves by petty jealousies.
injustice;
Although the Reform Movement was a
 Encouragement of instruction,
failure in the achievement of its goals,
agriculture and commerce;
it was still a success for
 Study and application of reforms.
its failure led to the founding of the
 At first the Liga was quite active.
Revolutionary Katipunan with separatist
Bonifacio in particular exerted great
aims.
efforts to
organize chapters in various districts of
Manila.
 A few months later, however, the
Supreme Council of the Liga dissolved
the
society.
 The reformist leaders found out that
most of the councils were no longer
willing
to send funds to the Madrid
propagandists
 This was because they had become
convinced that peaceful agitation for
reforms was futile.
 The Liga membership split into two
groups:
 Cuerpo de Compromisarios: