Design of Concrete Structure I Page 3 of 35

Concrete:-
A concrete is a stone like material which is the careful combination of cement, sand, stone & water.

Concrete is strong in compression & weak in tension.

Tensile strength of concrete is about of its compressive strength.

Suppose, a concrete block has compressive strength of 3000 psi, then its tensile strength will be
approximately 300 psi.

Design of reinforced concrete:

Design of reinforced concrete is the combination of selection of dimension & selection of materials.

Design should be: -

I. Safe.
II. Economical.
III. Environmental friendly.

Types of concrete:-
Concrete is generally of three types:

I. Normal concrete.
II. Reinforced concrete.
III. Pre stressed concrete.

Loads:
Loads are generally of three types:

I. Dead Load.
II. Live Load And
III. Environmental load (wind, water, snow & earthquake etc).

Fundamental assumptions of reinforced concrete:-

a) Internal forces at any section are in equilibrium.

b) The strain in the embedded reinforcing bar is the same as that of the surrounding concrete.
c) Cross- section that was plain prior to loading will remain plain after loading.
d) Tensile strength of concrete is only a small portion of compressive strength concrete having
tension is usually considered to be cracked.
e) The theory is based on the actual stress-strain relationship and strength properties of the two
constituent materials.

Basic Equation:-
= 1.4 + 1.7

= 0.75(1.4 + 1.7 + 1.87 [ , = & = ]

= 0.75(1.4 + 1.7 + 1.87

= +

= + +

= + +

Fundamental assumption on flexure and shear:-

a) A cross section that was plain before loading remain plain under loading.
b) The intensity of bending stress normal to the section increases directly with the distance from
the neutral axis and is maximum at the outer fiber.
Design of Concrete Structure I Page 4 of 35

c) The stress at any given point in the cross-section is represented by the equation = .
d) Distribution of the shear stress will depend on the geometry of the section.

Crack:-
There are four type of crack:
a) Flexural crack.
b) Shear crack.
c) Flexural & shear.
d) Crushing crack.

1. Flexural crack

2. Shear crack

3. Flexural & Shear crack

4. Crushing crack

Elastic Behavior:-

At low stresses, up to about , the concrete is seen to behave nearly elastically, i.e., stresses and
strains are quite closely proportional.
At this stage, the compression strain in the concrete at any given load is equal to the compression
strain in the steel.
. . = = =

From which, = = [ , =

= +

= +
= ( + )

If the gross area, = +

Then, = ( + )

= ( +

= [ + ( 1)
Design of Concrete Structure I Page 5 of 35

Reinforced Concrete Beam Behavior:

Figure: Behavior of reinforced concrete beam under increasing load.

Figure: Stress distribution at ultimate load.

Singly reinforced beam:

WSD:
Load is kept as it is.
Material property is reduced
= 0.4 , = 0.45
Design of Concrete Structure I Page 6 of 35

Balancing condition:
Moment of compression area = Moment of tensile area
kd
(b kd) = nAs (d kd)
2
bk d 2nbd (d kd) = 0
k 2n + 2nk = 0 [ = , = ]
k = n + 2n 2pn (+ ve)
Taking moment at compression load point,
M = Asfsjd (moment capacity of tensile zone)
Taking moment at tensile load point,
= = (Moment carrying capacity of concrete)
29000000
= , , = , = =
+ 57500

Problem:-
A simply supported rectangular beam has a total cross section of 10 x 16in. and a length of 20ft. It is
reinforced with four no.5 bars in one row. The distance from the centers of the bars to the lower
surface of the beam is 2 in. With 2500 psi concrete and an allowable stress of 20,000 psi in the steel,
what is the resisting moment of the beam?

Solution: Given, L = 20
fc= 2500 psi
fs= 20,000 psi
M= ?
We know that,
= 0.45 = .45 2500 =1125 psi
As = 4# 5 = 4 0.31 = 1.24 in2
M= Asfsjd
M= fcjkbd2

We know,
= +2 =
.
= 0.0092 10 + 20.0092 10 0.09185 = = 0.009185
.

= 0.346 = = 29
.
=1 =1 = 0.884 = = 29

= 10.08 10
= = 0.009185 10 = 0.09185
= 1.24 20 0.884 13.5 = 295.96
= = 1.125 0.884 0.346 13.5 = 313.56

Moment carrying capacity = 295.96 k-inch. (Answer)

Problem :-
A simply supported rectangular beam has a total cross section of 10 x 16in. and a length of 20ft. It is
reinforced with four no.5 bars in one row. The distance from the centers of the bars to the lower
surface of the beam is 2 in. With 2500 psi concrete and an allowable stress of 20,000 psi in the steel,
If a concentrated load of 3500 lb were placed on the beam at a distance of 7 ft from the support, what
would be the maximum unit stress in the concrete and the maximum unit stress in the steel?

Solution:
, = 20
= 2500
= 20,000
= 4# 5 = 4 0.31 = 1.24
Design of Concrete Structure I Page 7 of 35

10 16
, = 150 = 166.67 /
144
.
= + = 3941.7

= 3941.7 7 166.67 7

= 23508.49 = 282.10

1
=
2
1
, 282.10 = 0.884 0.346 10 13.5
2
= 1.012 < 1.125 ( )

, =

, 282.10 = 1.24 0.884 13.5

= 19.06 < 20 ( ) (Answer)

Problem:-
A simply supported rectangular beam with a span of 18 ft supports a uniform live load of 975 plf and
a concentrated load of 3000 lb at the middle of the span. With fc=3000 psi and fs = 20,000 psi,
determine the required cross section and steel area.

Solution:
, = 18
= 3000
= 975
= 0.45 = 0.45 3000 = 1350
12 16
= 16 2.5 = 13.5
12 16
. = 150 = 200 /
144
= 975 + 200 = 1175

3000 1175 18
= + = 12075
2 2
9
= 12075 9 1175 9 = 61087.5 = 733.05
2
,
= = = 29 = 9

d= = = 0.378
1
2 +
. 0.378
d= = 16.55 > 13.5 = 1 3
= 0.874
. , .

= 16.55 + 2.5 = 19

1 2
, =2
1
, 733.05 = 1.35 0.874 0.378 16.52
2
, = 12.07 12

12 19
= ,
, = /
733.05
= = 2.54
20 0.874 16.5

, 4#8 . (Answer)
Design of Concrete Structure I Page 8 of 35

Problem:-
A rectangular beam, simply supported has a width of 14in. and an effective depth of 26in. If n= 9, and
if the allowable unit stresses are 1350 psi and 20,000 psi for the concrete and steel, respectively what
steel area must be used in order that the resisting moment with respect to the strength of the concrete
may be the same as the resisting moment with respect to the steel?

Solution:
, = 14; = 26
= 9
= 1350
= 20,000
= 0.45 = 0.45 1350 = 607.5 = 0.61
,
20
= = 0.378 , = = = 32.9
0.61
+
9
=
9 + 32.9

0.215
= 1 = 0.928
3

1
=
2

1
= 0.61 0.928 14 23.52
2

= 2188.32
1
=
2

, 2188.32 = 20 0.928 23.5

= 5.02

, 4 # 10 . (Answer)

Doubly reinforced beam:

A beam in which steel is used both in tension and compression region.

Favorable conditions:-
It is preferred for the following areas:-
I. When members are subjected to alternate external loads.
II. When overall size of the beam is limited.
III. If it is subjected to impact loads.
IV. If the beam is continuous over several supports.

Figure: Doubly Reinforced Rectangular Beam.

Design of Concrete Structure I Page 9 of 35

M1 = Moment developed by the concrete section without compression reinforcement and with partial
tensile steel area As1.
M2 = Moment in excess of M1, developed by compression reinforcement, acting with additional
tensile steel area As2.
= 1 + 2; = 1 + 2
1
1 = 2 = 1
2
1
1 =
2 = 1
2 = 2 2 ( ) = ( ) [Take lowest value]

=


= =

=
1
,

= 2
1

Problem:-
A beam of 15ft simple span carries a uniform live load of 600 plf and a concentrated load of 15,000 lb
located 5 ft from the left support. It is limited in size to an overall cross section of 10 x 18 in. What
reinforcement must be used if fs = 24,000 psi, fc = 1800 psi, and n = 8. Assume that the tension steel
will be placed in one row, and that the distance from the center of each row to the nearest surface of
the beam is 2.5 in.

Solution:
, = 15 , . = 600
= 10 , = 18 2.5 = 15.5
= 2.5 , = 8
= 1800 , = 24,000
10 18
, = 150 = 187.5
144

, = 600 + 187.5 = 787.5

787.5 15 1500 10
= + = 15906.25
2 15
787.5 52
, = 15906.25 5 = 69687.5 = 836.25
2

24
, = , = = = 13.33
1.8
+
1 8
=
2 = = 0.375
2 8 + 13.33
= 1.8 0.875 0.375 10 15.52
= 709.49 < 836.25

, .
= 1 1
.
1= = 2.18 in2
. .

, 2 = 1
= 836.25 709.49 = 126.76
2
2 =

Design of Concrete Structure I Page 10 of 35

.
= = 0.406 in2
. .
= 1 + 2 = 2.18 + 0.406 = 2.586 n2

4# 8

= 2
1
.
.
.
= 2 24 = 16.41
.
2
=

.
= . . . = 0.6 in2
2# 5 (Answer)

Problem:-
A simply supported rectangular beam with a span of 20 ft has an overall cross section of 8x23 in. It is
reinforced for compression with two No. 6 bars in one row, the center of which is 2.5 in. from the
upper surface of the beam, and for tension with four No. 7 bars in two rows, 2 in. center to center, the
center of the lower row being 2.5 in above the lower surface of the beam. What is the resisting
moment of the beam if fc = 1125 psi and fs = 20,000 psi, with n = 10?

Solution:
, = 20 , = 8 , = 8
= 23 3.5 = 19.5
= 1125 , = 20,000
= 2# 6 = 2 0.44 = 0.88 in2
= 4# 7 = 4 0.60 = 2.40 n2

20
= , = = = 17.78
1.125
+
10
= = 0.36
10 + 17.78
1 0.36
= = 0.88
3

, = 1 = d2
= 1.125 0.88 0.36 8 19.52 = 542.08
.
1 = = = 1.54 in2
. .
2 =
1 = 2.40 1.58 = 0.82 in2
0.36 0.128
2 = 2 ( ) = 2 20 = 14.49
1 0.36
= 0.82 20 19.5 2.5 = 278.8

,2 = ( )
= 0.88 14.49 (19.5 2.5) = 216.78
.
, 2 = 216.78
= 1 + 2 = 542.08 + 216.78 = 758.85 (Answer)

Problem:-
A simply supported beam 10x22.5 in. in cross section has a span of 19 ft and is reinforced for
tension with six No. 6 bars in two rows, 2 in. center to center, the center of the lower row
being 2.5 in. above the lower surface of the beam. The beam also has compression
reinforcement consisting of two No. 5 bars with their centers 2 in. from the upper surface of
the beam. If fs = 18,000 psi and fc = 800 psi, with n = 15, what uniform live load per foot can
the beam sustain?
Design of Concrete Structure I Page 11 of 35

Solution:
, = 19 , = 10 , = 15
= 22.5 3.5 = 19
= 800 , = 18000
= 2# 5 = 2 0.31 = 0.62 in2
= 6# 6 = 6 0.44 = 2.64 in2
18
= , = = = 22.5
0.8
+
15
= = 0.4
15 + 22.5
1 0.4
= = 0.867
3

= 1 = d2 = 0.8 0.867 0.4 10 192 = 500

1 = = = 1.69 in2
.

2 = 1 = 2.64 1.69 = 0.95 in2

0.4 0.132
2 = 2 ( ) = 2 18 = 16.14
1 0.4
= 0.95 18 (19 2.5) = 282.15

2 = ( ) = 0.62 16.14 (19 2.5) = 165.11

.
, 2 = 165.11
= 1 + 2 = 500 + 165.11 = 665.11
, =
8
19
, 665.11 =
8
= 280 = 280000
10 22.5
, = 150 = 234.38 /
144
= = 280000 234.38 = 279765.62 / (Answer)

T-Beam:

I. When slab and beam are casted monolithically, then it is evident that a part of slab will act with
the upper part of the beam to resist compression. The resulting beam x-section is T- shaped
rather than rectangular.
II. Slab forms the flange portion and the part of beam projecting below the slab is called web or
stem.
III. If the depth of neutral axis (NA) the slab thickness (T), the beam can be analyzed as the
rectangular.

IV. In an ordinary beam the concrete at tensile zone is ineffective for flexure.
V. A basic advantage of T-beam is that, the concrete area at tensile zone can be reduced, hereby
save material.
Design of Concrete Structure I Page 12 of 35

VI. The designer must be careful about the fact that concrete at tensile zone has a significant positive
effect in shear resistance.

Effective Flange Width:

ACI Code recommendation,
bef = 16t + bw or
bef = = or
bef = , centre to centre beam spacing.
The minimum of this will be considered as effective flange width.

= , =
+
, =
2
, = fc
2
n
, = = = =
+ nfc + fs +
+ fc
or, + =
, = (1 )
or, =
(1 )

, =
2
or, = fc
2
2
or, =
(1 ) 2
1
+ 2( )
=
+

6 6 + 2 +2
= , [ , =
6 3
[ ]

=
2
= fc = ( )
2 2
1
= . . , =
2 2b 2
Design of Concrete Structure I Page 13 of 35

Problem:-
A floor slab 4 in. thick is supported by reinforced-concrete beams, 9 ft centre to centre, which together
with slab, act as T beams. The beams are simply supported, and their span is 19 ft. The slab supports
a live load of 150 psf. The cross section of each beam below the slab is 10x20 in.; the reinforcement
consists of six No. 7 bars in two rows, 2 in. centre to centre vertically, the centre of the lower row
being 2.5 in. above the lower surface of the beam. Determine fs and fc, assuming n = 10.

Solution:
, = 19 = 10, = 9
= 24 3.5 = 20.5
=?, =?

= 6#7 = 6 0.6 = 3.6 2

.
4
= 150 9 = 0.45 /
12
20 10
= 150 = 0.21 /
144
= 150 9 = 1.35 /
= 2.01 /
,

= 16. + = 16 4 + 10 = 74
= = 9 12 = 108
12
= = 19 = 57
4 4

1
+2 3.6
, = = = = 0.003
+ 57 20.5
1 4
0.03 + 2 20.5
= = 0.22 = 0.003 10 = 0.03
4
0.03 + 20.5

= 0.22 20.5 = 4.45 > 4 ( )

, ,
,
2.01 192
= = = 1088.4
8 8

6 6 + 2 +2 4
= , = = 0.195
6 3 20.5
(0.195)
6 6 0.195 + 2 (0.195) + 2 0.03
= = 0.9288
6 3 0.195
,
=
=
1088.4
= = 15.87
3.6 0.9288 20.5

, = (1 )
1088.4
= = 0.46
4
(1 2) 4.45 10 4 0.9288 20.5
(Answer)
Design of Concrete Structure I Page 14 of 35

Problem:-
If each of the beams of above problem supports a concentrated load of 10,000 lb at midspan in
addition to the load from the slab as specified in that problem, determine the revised cross section
required and the area of the steel. Assume fc = 1350 psi and fs = 20,000 psi.

Solution:
Given, = 19 , = 10, / = 9
= 24 3.5 = 20.5
= 1350 , = 20,000
= 6#7 = 6 0.6 = 3.6 in2
.
4
= 150 9 = 0.45 /
12
20 10
= 150 = 0.21 /
144
= 150 9 = 1.35 /
= 2.01 /
,

= 16. + = 16 4 + 10 = 74
= = 9 12 = 108
12
= = 19 = 57
4 4

1
+2 3.6
, = = = = 0.003
+ 57 20.5
1 4
0.03 + 2 20.5
= = 0.22 = 0.003 10 = 0.03
4
0.03 + 20.5

= 0.22 20.5 = 4.45 > 4 ( )

, ,
,
2.01 192 10 19
= + = + = 1658.4
8 4 8 4

, = (1 )
1658.4
= = 0.6865 < 1.35
4
(1 2) 4.45 10 4 0.9288 20.5
, .[ ]

.
= = = = 4.35 in2 (Answer)
. .

Problem:-
A floor slab 4 in. thick is supported by reinforced concrete beams 9 ft centre to centre which,
together with the slab, act as T beams. The beams are simply supported, and their span is 19
ft. The cross section of each beam below the slab is 10x20 in.; the reinforcement consists of six
No. 8 bars in two rows, 2 in. centre to centre vertically, the center of the lower row being 2
in. above the lower surface of the beam. If a 2500 psi concrete and an allowable steel stress of
20,000 psi are used, what is the maximum allowable working moment of the beam?
For 2500 psi concrete, a working stress fc = 1125 psi is specified by Code, with n = 10.

Solution:
Given, = 19 , = 10, / = 9
= 24 3.5 = 20.5
= 1125 , = 20,000
Design of Concrete Structure I Page 15 of 35

= 6#8 = 6 0.79 = 4.74 in2

,

= 16. + = 16 4 + 10 = 74
= = 9 12 = 108
12
= = 19 = 57
4 4

1
+2 4.74
, = = = = 0.0041
+ 57 20.5
1 4
0.041 + 2 20.5
= = 0.254 = 0.0041 10 = 0.041
4
0.041 + 20.5

= 0.254 20.5 = 5.21 > 4 ( )

, ,
, = = 4.74 20 0.916 20.5 = 1780 (Answer)

Design of one way slab:

Slab: A slab is horizontal member of concrete or steel.

Types: Slabs are generally three (3) types.

a. One way slab.

b. Two way slab.
c. Flat slab.

If, >2, .

<2, .

WSD: Calculation:

M
= in ( )
fsjd

= in / ( ) Figure: Unit strip basis flexural design.

Figure: Types of structural slab.

Design of Concrete Structure I Page 16 of 35

Minimum Thickness:
Simply supported
One end continuous
Both ends continuous
Cantilever
Minimum slab thickness 3"
Concrete cover usually = 1
For up to 6 slab, slab thickness is rounded to the next higher inch.
For thicker slab, slab thickness is rounded to the next inch.

One way Slab:

Main bars are in short direction.
Bar spacing 2.
Temperature & shrinkage reinforcement will be on the perpendicular direction of the main
reinforcement.
Bar spacing 5 18" .

Temperature & shrinkage reinforcement:

For deform bar, As = 0.002bt, if fy< 60

As = 0.0018bt, if fy 60

For plain bar, As= 0.0025 bt.

Slab design in WSD method:

Example - 4.4:

A reinforced concrete slab is built integrally with its supports and consists of two equal spans, each
with a clear span of 15 ft. The working live load is 100 psf, and 4000 psi concrete is specified for use
with steel of yield stress equal to 60,000 psi. Design the slab using WSD method, following the
provision of ACI code.

Solution:

Given, two span, = 15 , . = 100 psf

= 60,000 , = 4000

l 15 12
Thickness, t= = = 5.14 5.25"
35 35

d = 5.25" 1" = 4.25"

.
Load, . = 150 = 65.63 psf

. = 100 psf

Total load = 165.63 psf

W = 165.63 plf considering 1 strip

Now, moment, from Table 12.1:-

= = 4140.75 lb ft = 49.69 kip inch

Design of Concrete Structure I Page 17 of 35

= = 2661.91 lb ft = 31.94 kip inch

wl
= = 1552.78 lb ft = 18.63 kip inch
24

Now, = 0.45 = 18ksi, fs = 0.4 fy = 24 ksi

n 8 k
= = = 0.375, J=1 = 0.872
n + r 8 + 24 3
1.8

.
Check for depth, = = = 3.75 < 4.25" !
. . . "

.
Reinforcement, , , = = 0.56 in/ft
. .

.
, , = = 0.36 in/ft
. .

18.63
, , = = 0.21 in/ft
24 0.875 4.25

For mid span,

0.36 in is required for 12"
12 0.20
0.20 in is required for = = 6.67"6.5"
0.36
#4 @ 6.5" /

For Interior,
#4 @ 13" /

Now, 12" 0.56 in

.
13" = = 0.60 in
Design of Concrete Structure I Page 18 of 35

= 0.60 0.20 = 0.40 in

2#4
For exterior,
#4 @ 13" /

Now, 12" 0.21 in

.
13" = = 0.23 in
= 0.23 0.20 = 0.03 in
1#3

For shrinkage,

= 0.0018 = 0.0018 12 5.25 = 0.1134 in/ft

Now, 0.1134 in is for 12"

12 0.11
0.11 in is for = = 11.64"11.5"
0.1134
#3 @ 11.5" /

: .
Design of Concrete Structure I Page 19 of 35

Reinforced Concrete Design using Ultimate Strength Design(USD) Method

Reinforced Concrete Beam Behavior:

Figure: Behavior of reinforced concrete beam under increasing load.

Figure: Stress distribution at ultimate load.

= ( )

= ( )

= ( )
Design of Concrete Structure I Page 20 of 35

= = ( ) ( )

= = ( ) ( )

If failure is ductile then, =

Form equation (i)

=

=

= = = = ( )

Nominal moment,

= = ( )

= 1

= 1 0.59

Equivalent Rectangular Stress Distribution:

Figure: Actual & equivalent rectangular stress distribution at ultimate load.

= = = = [ =2 = = .85 ]

= = 0.85 [ ( 3.1) ]
4000
= 0.85 .005 [0.65 0.85]
1000

Now, =
=
0.85 =
Design of Concrete Structure I Page 21 of 35

= = =
0.85 0.85 0.85
= = ( )=( )= ( )
2
= [ = 0.9]

Balanced Steel Ratio:

Based on the condition that, at balanced failure, the steel strain is exactly equal to , when the strain
in the concrete simultaneously reaches the crushing strain of the = 0.003.

Figure: Actual & equivalent rectangular stress distribution at ultimate load.

= =
+
Now, = =
=
=
=

=
+

0.003 =
= 0.85
0.003 + = 29 10
29 10
87000
= 0.85 [ ]
87000 +

Otherwise,

0.003
= 0.85
0.003 +
Design of Concrete Structure I Page 22 of 35

Singly Reinforced Rectangular Beam:

Figure: Singly Reinforced Rectangular Beam.

Design Procedure:
Given, b,h,As,fc,fy/Mu=?

Solve Procedure:

I. =

= 0.85

Check < = 0.9

= 0.8
II. = .
III. = ( ) 200
=
IV. =
V. Check 0.75 3.1

Example 3.5:-

A rectangular beam has width 12 inch and effective depth 17.5 inch. It is reinforced with four No.9
bars in one row. If = 60,000 psi and = 4000psi, what is the nominal flexural strength, and what
is the maximum moment that can be utilized in design, according to the ACI Code?

Solution:

Given, = 4 #9 = 4 1.0 = 4.0

= 12 , = 17.5 ,

= 60,000 , = 4000

Now, = = = 0.019
.

87000 4 87
= 0.85 = 0.85 0.85 = 0.0285
87000 + 60 87 + 60

Check, < [0,019 < 0,0285 ]

Now, = = = 5.89
. .

5.89
= = 4 60 17.5 = 3490 kips
2 2
= = 0.9 3490 = 3140 ( )

Check, = 0.75 = 0.75 0.0285 = 0.0214

Design of Concrete Structure I Page 23 of 35

200
= = 0.0032

Design Procedure:

Load & moment is given, find out As,b,h =?

Working Procedure:

I. From load find out moment.

II. = 0.85

= 0.75 , =

III. Let, = or = 0.5 to 0.75

IV. = 1 0.59
From where, bd =
( . )

V. Let, = 10 or 12, =?
VI. = + 2.5 = , = 2.5
VII. =

Check = =?, = =?

< <

Example 3.6:-

Find the concrete cross section and the steel area required for a simply supported rectangular beam
with a span of 15 ft that is to carry a computed dead load of 1.27 kips/ft and a service live load of 2.15
kips/ft. Material strength are = 60,000 psi and = 4000psi.

Solution:

Given, = 15 ,

. . = 1.27 / , . . = 2.44 / ,

= 60,000 , = 4000

Now, = 1.4 D. L + 1.7 L. L

= 1.4 1.27 + 1.7 2.44 = 5.88 /

1 1
= wl = 5.88 15 = 165.375 k ft = 2000 kip in
8 8

Now, = 0.85 = 0.85 0.85 = 0.0285

= 0.75 = 0.75 0.0285 = 0.0214

Let, =

Now, = 1 0.59

.
2000 = 0.9 0.02175 60000 1 0.59 = 2130

2130
Let, = 10, d= =14.59"
10

= 14.59 + 2.5 = 17.09 18"

= 2.5 = 18 2.5 = 15.5"

Design of Concrete Structure I Page 24 of 35

= = 0.02175 10 15.5 = 3.37 4#9

.
Check, = = = 0.02175, = = = 0.0034
.

< <

Doubly Reinforced Beam:

Figure: Doubly Reinforced Rectangular Beam.

(d) =

(e) = =( )

From (e), =

( ) = 0.85


=
=
=
0.85 0.85 0.85

= +

= +
2
=
Steel ratio for doubly reinforce beam:
[ ]
= + =

= 0.75 +


= 0.85 +
+

87000
= 0.85 +
87000

If the tensile steel ratio is less then this limiting value, then the compression steel stress at failure is
less then yield stress.

Check,

< , ,

As final = As revised
Design of Concrete Structure I Page 25 of 35

Design Procedure:
, , , &
Working Procedure:

I. For tensile steel,

87000
=? [ = 0.85 ]
87000 +

= 0.75 , Let , =

II. =
III. =

IV. Check for singly or doubly, if >

If <

V. If Doubly then, =

= [ = ]

VI. = ( )

= +

VII. Check, !

< ,

( )
= 87000

( )
= , =
0.85

= + ( ), . , .

Example 3.12:-
A rectangular beam that must carry a service live load of 2.47 kips/ft and a calculated dead load of
1.05 kips/ft on an 18 ft simple span is limited in cross section for architectural reasons to 10 in. width
and 20 in. total depth. If = 40,000 psi and = 3000psi, what steel area(s) must be provided?

Solution:

Given, = 18 , = 10", = 20"

. . = 1.05 / , . . = 2.47 / ,

= 40,000 , = 3000

Now, , = 16"

= 1.4 D. L + 1.7 L. L

= 1.4 1.05 + 1.7 2.47 = 5.66 /

1 1
= wl = 5.66 18 = 229 k ft = 2750 kip in
8 8

Now, = 0.85 = 0.85 0.85 = 0.0371

Design of Concrete Structure I Page 26 of 35

= 0.75 = 0.75 0.0371 = 0.0278

= = 0.0278 10 16 = 4.45
.
, = = = 6.98
. .

6.98
= = 4.45 40 16 = 2227
2 2
= = 0.9 2227 = 2004

There, if > .
2700
= = = 2227 = 828
0.9
828
= = = 1.54
( ) 40 (16 2.5)

= + = 1.54 + 4.45 = 5.99

Check, >

5.99
= = = 0.0374
10 16
.
= = = 0.0096

87000
= 0.85 +
87000 +
3 2.5 87
= 0.85 0.85 + 0.0096 = 0.0154
40 16 87 + 40
Since, < !

Design Procedure:
1, , , , =?
Working Procedure:

I. = (tensile steel)

= (compression steel)

II. Check, singly or doubly (i.e. if the compression bars can be disregarded)

If Then singly

Then doubly

III. Check,
IV. = .
V. = ( )+( )
VI. =

Example 3.11:-
A rectangular beam has width 12 inch and effective depth to the centroid of the tension reinforcement
of 18 inch. The tension reinforcement consists of six No.10 bars in two rows. Compression
reinforcement consisting of two No 9 bars is placed 2.5 in. from the compression face of the beam. If
= 50,000 psi and = 5000psi, what is the design moment capacity of the beam?

Solution:

Given, = 12", d=18", = 2.5"

Design of Concrete Structure I Page 27 of 35

= 50,000 , = 5000

= 6 #10 = 6 1.27 = 7.62

= 2#9 = 2 1.0 = 2.0

.
Now, = = = 0.0352

2
= = = 0.0093
12 18
87000 5 87
= 0.85 = 0.85 0.85 = 0.0458
87000 + 50 87 + 50

= 0.75 = 0.75 0.0458 = 0.0324

Since, >

Now, = 0.85 +

5 2.5 87
= 0.85 0.85 + 0.0093 = 0.0315
50 18 87 + 50
Here, > < !

(7.62 2.0) 50
= = = 5.50
0.85 0.85 5 12
5.5
= ( )+( ) = 2 50 (18 2.5) + (7.62 2) 50 18
2 2
= 5834 kips inch
= = 0.9 5834 = 52500 ( )

T - Beam:
I. Symmetrical,
16 + Smallest

II. T- having flange in one side, +

6 + Minimum
+
2
III. Isolated, 4
8

Figure: T- Beam.

= +

= +
= =( )

Again, = +
Design of Concrete Structure I Page 28 of 35

= 0.85 ( )

= 0.85

We have, = , =

= , =
4
If, =
0.85fc hf( bw)
=

Again, = =

=

( 2)

M = Cw d = Tw (d )
2 2
= +

Design Procedure:
, , , , =?
Working Procedure:

I. =?
II. Check whether T or not,

= = .

If, > , Then T- beam analysis is needed

Then Rectangular beam analysis is needed

III. For flange part, =

0.85fc hf( bw)

=

M = Asf fy d
2
For web part, = , Here, = Aswfy

= As Asf

=
0.85

M = d
2

M = Asf fy d
2
IV. = +

=
Design of Concrete Structure I Page 29 of 35

Example 3.13:-
An isolated T beam is composed of a flange 28 in. wide and 6 in. deep poured monolithically with a
web of 10 in. width which extends 24 in. below the bottom surface of the flange to produce a beam of
30 in. total depth. Tensile reinforcement consists of six No. 10 bars placed in two horizontal rows. The
centriod of the bar group is 26 in. from the top of the beam. It has been determined that the concrete
has strength of 3000 psi and that the yield stress of the steel is 60,000 psi. What is the useful moment
capacity of the beam?

Solution:

Given, = 28", hf =6", =10", = 26"

Total depth = 6+ 24 = 30

= 60,000 , = 3000

= 6 #10 = 6 1.27 = 7.62 , =?

Check whether T beam or not,

.
= = = 0.0104

.
= = = 6.40 inch
. .

Since, > (6"), Then T- beam analysis is needed

. . ( )
Now, = = = 4.59 in

M = Asf fy d = 4.59 60 26 = 6334 kips/inch Figure: T- beam example

3.13

Now, = As Asf = 7.62 4.59 = 3.03

3.03 60
= = = 7.13
0.85 0.85 3 10
7.13
M = d = 3.03 60 20 = 4078 kip/inch
2 2
= + = 10412

Design Procedure:
, =?
Working Procedure:

I. =?
II. Check whether T or not,

Assuming, =

=
( 2)

= , = .

Check, > , Then T- beam analysis is needed

< Then Rectangular beam analysis is needed

. ( )
III. =

Now, M = Asf fy d 2

M = M M
Design of Concrete Structure I Page 30 of 35

Now, A =
( )

Assume, > , found earlier (usually next round figure)

=?

Check, = } Iteration
.

Finally, = + Asf

Check,

Here, = =

87000
= 0.85 1 87000 +

3 200
= 0.75 = 0.75( + ), =

Example 3.14:-
A floor system consists of a 3 in. concrete slab supported by continuous T beam of 24 ft span, 47 in. on
centers. Web dimensions, as determined by negative-moment requirements at the supports, are =
11 in. and d = 20 in. What tensile steel area is required at mid span to resist a moment of 6400 in-kips
if fc= 3000 psi and fy= 60,000 psi.

Solution:

Given, = 24 , = 47"

= 60,000 , = 3000

= 6400 , =?
24 12
= = 72"
4 4
16 + = 16 3 + 11 = 49"

= 47"
= 47" Figure: T- beam example 3.14

Check: Let , =

6400
= = = 6.40
( 2) 3
0.9 60 (20 2)
. .
= = = 0.00681, = = = 3.20 in
. .

Since, > , Then T- beam analysis is needed

Now, M = Asf fy d = 0.9 4.58 60 20 = 4570 kip inch

. ( ) . ( )
Here, = = = 4.58 in

Now, M = M M = 6400 4570 = 1830 kip inch

1830
A = = = 1.88 [ = 4.0]
2 4
0.9 60 20 2

1.88 60
= = = 4.02 , , !
0.85 0.85 3 11

= + Asf = 1.88 + 4.58 = 6.46 in

Design of Concrete Structure I Page 31 of 35

Design of one way slab:

Slab: A slab is horizontal member of concrete or steel.

Types: Slabs are generally three (3) types.

d. One way slab.

e. Two way slab.
f. Flat slab.

If, >2, .

<2, .

WSD: Calculation:
M
= in ( )
fsjd

= in / ( ) Figure: Unit strip basis flexural design.

Figure: Types of structural slub.

Minimum Thickness:
Simply supported
One end continuous
Both ends continuous
Cantilever

Minimum slab thickness 3"

Concrete cover usually = 1
For up to 6 slab, slab thickness is rounded to the next higher inch.
For thicker slab, slab thickness is rounded to the next inch.

One way Slab:

Main bars are in short direction.
Bar spacing 2.
Temperature & shrinkage reinforcement will be on the perpendicular direction of the main
reinforcement.
Bar spacing 5 18" .

Temperature & shrinkage reinforcement:

For deform bar, As = 0.002bt, if fy< 60

As = 0.0018bt, if fy 60

For plain bar, As= 0.0025 bt.

Design of Concrete Structure I Page 32 of 35

Slab design in USD method:

Example - 4.4:
A reinforced concrete slab is built integrally with its supports and consists of two equal spans, each
with a clear span of 15 ft. The working live load is 100 psf, and 4000 psi concrete is specified for use
with steel of yield stress equal to 60,000 psi. Design the slab using WSD method, following the
provision of ACI code.

Solution:

Given, two span, = 15 , . = 100 psf

= 60,000 , = 4000
l 15 12
Thickness, t= = = 5.14 5.25"
35 35
d = 5.25" 1" = 4.25"
.
Load, . = 150 1.4 = 91.875 psf

. 100 1.7 = 170.00 psf

Total load = 261.875 psf

W = 261.875 plf (considering 1 strip)

Now, moment, from Table 12.1:-

= = 6546.875 lb ft = 78.56 kip inch

= = 4208.705 lb ft = 50.504 kip inch
wl
= = 2455.078 lb ft = 29.461 kip inch
24

Check for depth, = 0.85 = 0.85 0.85 = 0.0285

Design of Concrete Structure I Page 33 of 35

= 0.75 = 0.75 0.0285 = 0.0214

Taking, =

= 1 0.59
0.00214 60
, 78.56 = 0.9 0.0214 60 12 1 0.59
4
, = 6.9888, = 2.64 < 4.25" !
Reinforcement:
.
, A = = . = 0.234 in/ft [Assume, a=0.5]
. .

.
Again, = = = 0.34
. .

.
Now, A = = . = 0.229 in/ft [here, a=0.34]
. .

Now, 0.229 in is required for 12"

12 0.11
0.11 in is required for = = 5.76"5.5"
0.229
#3 @ 5.5" /

For Interior,
Provide #3 @ 11" /
.
Now, A = = . = 0.355 in/ft [Assume, a=0.3]
. .

.
Again, = = = 0.52
. .

.
Now, A = = . = 0.365 in/ft [here, a=0.52]
. .

.
Again, A = = . = 0.365 in/ft [here, a=0.54]
. .

Now, 12" 0.365 in

.
11" = = 0.335 in
= 0.335 0.11 = 0.225 in
1#4 + 1#3
For exterior,
#3@ 11" /
.
Now, A = = . = 0.133 in/ft [Assume, a=0.3]
. .

.
Again, = = = 0.195
. .

A = 0.133 in/ft

Now, 12" 0.131 in

.
11" = = 0.12 in
= 0.12 0.11 = 0.01in
1#3

Temperature reinforcement:

= 0.0018 = 0.0018 12 5.25 = 0.1134 in/ft

Now, 0.1134 in is for 12"
12 0.11
0.11 in is for = = 11.64"11.5"
0.1134
#3 @ 11.5" /
Design of Concrete Structure I Page 34 of 35

Design for shear:

Where, = .

= .

= .

Figure: Forces at a diagonal crack in a beam with vertical stirrups.

Total shear force, = +

= + [Where, n= ]

= +

=

Shear stress, = , =
Thus, = =
( ) ( )
When, =
For USD, =
( )

Check: for USD:-

4 < <8 , =
4

2 < 4 , =

2 , =

= 24 Choose smaller one.

Check: for WSD:-

= 1.1

2 < <4 , =
4

1.1 < 2 , =

1.1 > , =

= 24 Choose smaller one.

Example: A simply supported rectangular beam 16 in wide, having an effective depth of 22 in,
carries D.L. of 3.12 k/ft $ L.L of 2 k/ft on a 20 ft span, for fc= 3000 psi with fv= 20,000 psi. Design the
shear reinforces both in WSD & USD.

Solution: (WSD)

Load, . + . = 3.2 + 2 = 5.12 k/ft

.
= = = 51.2

Shear at critical section, , d = 51.2 5.12 = 41.8

, .
Shear stress, ,d = = = 118.79

Design of Concrete Structure I Page 35 of 35

In WSD:-

= 1.1 = 1.13000 = 60.25

2 0.11 20000
, = = = 4.69
( ,d ) 16 (118.79 60.25)

Check, 2 = (109.54) < (= 118.79) 4 (= 219.08), S = = = 5.5 inch

So, provide 2 legged #3 @ 4.5" /

Let, this R.F. is continued up to 5 ft length (l/4).

2nd step:

,5 = 51.2 5.12 5 = 25.6

25.6 1000
,5 = = 72.73
16 22

= 1.1 = 60.25
2 0.11 20000
, = = = 22.03
( ,5 ) 16 (72.73 60.25)

Check, 1.1 = (60.25) 5(= 72.73) 2 (= 109.54) , = = = 11 inch

So, provide 2 legged #3 @ 11" /

Solution: (USD)

Load, = 1.4 . + 1.7 . = 1.4 3.2 + 1.7 2 = 7.77 k/ft

.
= = = 77.7

Shear at critical section, , d = 77.7 7.77 = 63.46

, .
Shear stress, ,d = = = 180.3

=2 = 23000 = 109.54

Now, = , = 0.4 fy = 50,000 psi

,

0.85 2 0.11 50000

, = = = 6.70
( ,d ) 16 (180.3 0.85 109.54)

Check, 2 = (109.54) (= 180.3) 4 (= 219.08), S = = = 11 inch

So, provide 2 legged #3 @ 6.5" /

Let, this R.F. is continued up to 5 ft length (l/4).

2nd step:

,5 = 77.7 7.77 5 = 38.85

38.85 1000
,5 = = 110.37
16 22

=2 = 23000 = 109.54
0.85 2 0.11 50000
, = = = 35
( ,5 ) 16 (110.37 0.85 109.54)

Check, 2 = (109.54) (= 110.73) 4 (= 219.08), S = = = 11 inch

So, provide 2 legged#3 @ 11" / .