Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1. Introduction
2. Optical Transmission
4. DWDM Components
5. DWDM Networks
Noise/Interference
S
o S
Data Communication Data i
u Encoder Decoder
r Channel n
c k
e
Attenuation
DWDM Offers:
40Gbit/s,
Transparency... .ATM, SDH, ESCON, GE, etc. 100Gbit/s
Scalability . MAN, P-to-P, Rings, Meshes, etc.
Dynamic Provisioning High BW services in days rather than months
n+n+n+n
DWDM Representation
O 1260 1310 nm
E 1360 1460 nm
S 1460 1530 nm There is an
C 1530 1565 nm undefined 7th
L 1560 1625 nm band: 850nm
U 1625 1675 nm region
For example, FEC allows errors and optical impairments which may be
introduced by NEs such as DXC and OADMS to be corrected.
Again, theres no risk of getting shocked and installers do not have to wear
special protective attires.
n2 Cladding
n1 Core
Glass Fibre
Plastic-clad Silica (PCS)
Plastic
In DWDM, the fibre modes used are the single and multi-modes. However,
the single mode is preferred by transmission deployers due to the multiplied effects
of scattering and absorption on the multi-mode fibre.
During the manufacturing process, all impurities cannot be removed from
the material. These residual impurities are therefore responsible for the inherent
attenuation characteristic of the fibre-optic cable. The other resultant effect of
scattering and absorption is modal dispersion.
. . . . . .
. . . . . .
. . . . . .
. . . . . .
Scattering
Absorption
By Ayodeji Morakinyo Bimonthly Presentation 10
DISPERSION & ATTENUATION
Patch cords are small fibre optic cables of narrow diameters used to
connect the terminal points of one equipment to another on the distribution
frame. They are also used to connect to test devices when troubleshooting or
measuring power levels of optical signals.
SC FC
MT-RJ
SMA
Couplers are fibre-optic materials used to join one patch cord to another or
to extend connections from one patch panel to another. They are often employed
during ADM installation to fix patch cords to the trays. This allows for neat and orderly
arrangement in the trays.
When the two end connectors of a patch cord are of the same type, it is
called a coupler.
GB TESTER
MTS8000 MTS6000
OLS
OLP OLA
DWDM TDM
Can handle 40Gbps and above. The At 40Gbps, severe technical issues
specific limits of this technology are occur. PMD and CMD are the most
still unknown. common ones.
All signals arrive at the same time To increase capacity, time must be
rather than being broken up and sliced into smaller intervals so that
carried in time slots. the bits from multiple sources can
carried on the link
2.5Gbps 4 X 2.5Gbps
In TDM, a particular data stream is assigned a time slot with other data
streams and the allotted time slots repeat over a given interval.
.
.
.
Multiplexers basically comprise lens and prisms which diffract the impinging
light rays and refocus them into a single beam. The reverse is the case for DEMUXES
DEMUX
. . .
MUX/DEMUX alike are either passive or active. Passive designs are based
on prism, waveguide and filters while active designs are different from the passive
ones because they have tunable filters.
are devices used to boost signal power after multiplexing and before
demultiplexing. Due to attenuation, there are limits to how long a fibre can
propagate a signal with integrity before it has to be regenerated. With the use of
optical amplifiers, this can be achieved. Examples are the ALU LOFA cards.
When a weak signal enters the EDFA, light at 980nm or 1480nm is injected
using a laser pump held in place by a coupler and this stimulates the erbium atoms to
release their stored energy as additional 1550nm light. As this process continues down
the fibre, the signal grows stronger.
Oftentimes along the fibre span and due to access needs, the insertion or
removal of certain wavelengths becomes necessary. OADMs are DWDM equipment that
make this possible.
Though similar to the SDH ADMs, OADMs only add/drop optical signal and no
conversion from optical to electrical form occurs.
Access Networks: are closest to the end users at the edge of the MAN. It is the part
of the telecoms network that connects subscribers to their immediate service
provider.
Access networks are characterised by diverse protocols and infrastructures
and span a broad spectrum of access rates.
customers range from residential internet users and individual service
subscribers to large corporations & institutions.
It is expected that, in the near future, redundancy will migrate from system,
card and fibre levels to the wavelength level. When this happens, a data channel will
be able to change wavelength as it makes its way through the network because of a
fault.
OSNR
is the ratio of power in the signal to the noise that is with the signal. In
most cases, an OSNR of 10dB or better is needed for error-free operation.
OSNR= 10log(Ps/Pn)
Each in-line amplifier (repeater) gives some noise to the system. The
build-up of amplifier noise is therefore proportional to the number of amplifiers.
And as such, total accumulated noise equals the product of Noise per repeater
and the total number of repeaters.
is the ratio of error bits to the total transmitted bits. BER is a dimensionless
and the performance parameter is often expressed as percentage.
Bit synchronization problems and attenuation are factors affecting bit error rate but
it may be improved by ensuring that adequate error detection and correction
techniques are applied and signal strength is fairly strong.
1 1 0 0 1 0 1
is a measure of how noisy a pulse is for diagnostic purposes. The higher the
Q-factor, the freer the pulse is from noise.
1626LM
It is used for:
1686WM
1830PSS
is a scalable optical transport platform for regional
and MAN transport and services delivery. It provides 88
channel support, wavelength tracking and single fibre
bidirectional transmission. It also supports point-to-point
linear, ring and mesh-capable networks and is 2.5G/10G/40G
transport ready.
But true investors know that on the long run, the capital will yield good
returns by improving their QoS and customer/subscriber base.