CHAPTER 1

DEMAND OF ELECTRICITY

The electricity sector in India had an installed capacity of 255.012

GW as of end November 2014 and generated around 703.1 BU for the

period April - November 2014. India became the world's third largest

producer of electricity in the year 2013 with 4.8% global share in

electricity generation surpassing Japan and Russia. Renewable Power

plants constituted 28.43% of total installed capacity and Non-Renewable

Power Plants constituted the remaining 71.57%. India generated around

967 TWh (967,150.32 GWh) of electricity (excluding electricity generated

from renewable and captive power plants) during the 201314 fiscal. The

total annual generation of electricity from all types of sources was 1102.9

TeraWatt-hours (TWh) in 2013.

All vehicles that are in the market cause pollution and the fuel cost

is also increasing day by day. In order to compensate the fluctuating fuel

cost and reducing the pollution a good remedy is needed. That is free

energy transporting system. The device described in this project integrates

a dynamo and a bicycle, allowing the power generation of

environmentfriendly. This contemplates both personal health and

environmental issues. Here the bicycle is run without pedaling.

1
Motivational reasons for successful implantation of hybrid-electric

technology in automotive industry originate from various causes. In recent

years, hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) have taken significant role in

automotive market. Since the first serial produced hybrid car in 1997

(Toyota Prius) their presence on the roads is rapidly increasing.

More than a 5 million vehicles worldwide are sold and their number

is exponentially increasing. All major car production companies already

have hybrid-electric models, which are in commercial use or will be soon

lunched on the market. Bu definition, a hybrid vehicle is a vehicle with

two distinct sources of potential energy that can be separately converted

into useful motive kinetic energy. This potential energy may be stored in a

number of forms Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) represent a technological

cross between conventional automobiles and electric vehicles. They

combine an electric drive train, including battery or other energy storage

device, with a quickly refuelable power source (RPS). RPS can be internal

combustion engine (gasoline or diesel), fuel cell or gas turbine. In present

commercial HEVs as RPS is used internal combustion engine, which is

proved technology.

2
 This RPS recharges the electrical storage device (battery or super-

capacitor) and may drive the wheels directly together with the electric

motor. That can be achieved, either through a direct mechanical drive train

or indirectly by providing electric power to the motor.

Using pedal power to generate electricity is not a new idea, of

course, but Billions in Change says it has been able to refine the concept.

"Energy-producing bikes are not new, but before Free Electric there wasn't

anything that produced enough electricity to power 24 light bulbs, a fan, a

phone and tablet charger at the same time," the group states on its website.

The Free Electric was conceived about three years ago. The initial

prototype didn't work, but the design has undergone iterative development

until a working version was created. Bhargava tells Gizmag that each

working part of the bike has then been refined to be made as simple as

possible.

The machine is made out of standard bicycle parts, some weights, an

alternator and a 12-V battery. It was designed using these materials so that

it could be maintained or repaired by a bicycle mechanic anywhere in the

world.

3
 In the interests of simplicity, again, there is only one gear. This spins

a flywheel, which turns a generator, which, in turn, charges the battery. The

bike is said to be easy to pedal with little little trade-off between ease-of-

pedalling and productivity. In order to achieve this, an optimal gear setting

was configured by engineers at Billions in Change.

Billions in Change says the the Free Electric is able to yield enough

electricity to serve one home with clean electricity for 24 hours, although

that depends, of course, on what is being powered.

The organisation says that it is continuing to refine and improve the

efficiency of the bike and so cannot provide any specific output figures

currently.

As of March 2013, the per capita total electricity consumption in

India was 917.2 kWh. The per capita average annual domestic electricity

consumption in India in 2009 was 96 kWh in rural areas and 288 kWh in

urban areas for those with access to electricity in contrast to the worldwide

per capita annual average of 2,600 kWh and 6,200 kWh in the European

Union.

Electric energy consumption in agriculture is consumption is lower

compared to many countries despite cheaper electricity tariff in India.

4
 Fig. 1.1

Expanding access to energy means including 2.4 billion people: 1.4

billion that still has no access to electricity (87% of whom live in the rural

areas) and 1 billion that only has access to unreliable electricity networks.

We need smart and practical approaches because energy, as a driver of

development, plays a central role in both fighting poverty and addressing

climate change.

5
 The implications are enormous: families forego entrepreneurial

endeavors, children cannot study after dark, health clinics do not function

properly, and women are burdened with time consuming chores such as

pounding grain or hauling water, leaving them with less time to engage in

income generating activities. Further, it is estimated that kitchen smoke

leads to around 1.5 million premature deaths every year, more than the

number of deaths from malaria each year. After gaining access to energy,

households generate more income, are more productive and are less

hungry, further multiplying the Millennium Development Goal's progress.

The 1.4 billion people of the world that have no access to electricity

in the world, India accounts for over 300 million. The International Energy

Agency estimates India will add between 600 GW to 1,200 GW of

additional new power generation capacity before 2050. This added new

capacity is equivalent to the 740 GW of total power generation capacity of

European Union (EU-27) in 2005.

The technologies and fuel sources India adopts, as it adds this

electricity generation capacity, may make significant impact to global

resource usage and environmental issues.

Some 800 million Indians use traditional fuels fuelwood,

agricultural waste and biomass cakes for cooking and general heating

6
needs. These traditional fuels are burnt in cook stoves, known as chulah or

chulha in some parts of India. Traditional fuel is inefficient source of

energy, its burning releases high levels of smoke, PM10 particulate matter,

NOX, SOX, PAHs, polyaromatics, formaldehyde, carbon monoxide and

other air pollutants. Some reports, including one by the World Health

Organisation, claim 300,000 to 400,000 people in India die of indoor air

pollution and carbon monoxide poisoning every year because of biomass

burning and use of challahs.

Traditional fuel burning in conventional cook stoves releases

unnecessarily large amounts of pollutants, between 5 to 15 times higher

than industrial combustion of coal, thereby affecting outdoor air quality,

haze and smog, chronic health problems, damage to forests, ecosystems

and global climate. Burning of biomass and firewood will not stop, these

reports claim, unless electricity or clean burning fuel and combustion

technologies become reliably available and widely adopted in rural and

urban India.

The growth of electricity sector in India may help find a sustainable

alternative to traditional fuel burning.

7
 Fig. 1.2

In addition to air pollution problems, a 2007 study finds that

discharge of untreated sewage is single most important cause for pollution

of surface and ground water in India. There is a large gap between

generation and treatment of domestic wastewater in India. The problem is

not only that India lacks sufficient treatment capacity but also that the

sewage treatment plants that exist do not operate and are not maintained.

Majority of the government-owned sewage treatment plants remain closed

most of the time in part because of the lack of reliable electricity supply to

operate the plants. The wastewater generated in these areas normally

8
percolates in the soil or evaporates. The uncollected wastes accumulate in

the urban areas cause unhygienic conditions, release heavy metals and

pollutants that leaches to surface and groundwater. Almost all rivers, lakes

and water bodies are severely polluted in India. Water pollution also

adversely impacts river, wetland and ocean life. Reliable generation and

supply of electricity is essential for addressing India's water pollution and

associated environmental issues.

Other drivers for India's electricity sector are its rapidly growing

economy, rising exports, improving infrastructure and increasing

household incomes.

In a May 2014 report, India's Central Electricity Authority

anticipated, for 201415 fiscal year, a base load energy deficit and peaking

shortage to be 5.1% and 2% respectively. India also expects all regions to

face energy shortage up to a maximum of 17.4% in North Eastern region.

Gujarat has the highest power surplus of any Indian state, with about

1.8 GW more power available than its internal demand. The state was

expecting more capacity to become available. It was expecting to find

customers, sell excess capacity to meet power demand in other states of

India, thereby generate revenues for the state. Andhra Pradesh leads in the

9
greatest power deficit with peak power being less by 3.2 GW against

demand.

Fig. 1.3

Despite an ambitious rural electrification programme, some 400

million Indians lose electricity access during blackouts. While 80% of

Indian villages have at least an electricity line, just 52.5% of rural

households have access to electricity. In urban areas, the access to

10
electricity is 93.1% in 2008. The overall electrification rate in India is

64.5% while 35.5% of the population still live without access to electricity.

According to a sample of 97,882 households in 2002, electricity was

the main source of lighting for 53% of rural households compared to 36%

in 1993.The 17th electric power survey of India report claims:

Over 201011, India's industrial demand accounted for 35% of

electrical power requirement, domestic household use accounted for 28%,

agriculture 21%, commercial 9%, public lighting and other miscellaneous

applications accounted for the rest.

The electrical energy demand for 201617 is expected to be at least

1,392 Tera Watt Hours, with a peak electric demand of 218 GW.

The electrical energy demand for 202122 is expected to be at least

1,915 Tera Watt Hours, with a peak electric demand of 298 GW.

If current average transmission and distribution average losses

remain same (32%), India needs to add about 135 GW of power generation

capacity, before 2017, to satisfy the projected demand after losses.

McKinsey claims that India's demand for electricity may cross 300

GW, earlier than most estimates. To explain their estimates, they point to

four reasons:

11
 India's manufacturing sector is likely to grow faster than in the past

Domestic demand will increase more rapidly as the quality of life

for more Indians improve

About 125,000 villages are likely to get connected to India's

electricity grid

Blackouts and load shedding artificially suppresses demand; this

demand will be sought as revenue potential by power distribution

companies

A demand of 300 GW will require about 400 GW of installed

capacity, McKinsey notes. The extra capacity is necessary to account for

plant availability, infrastructure maintenance, spinning reserve and losses.

In 2010, electricity losses in India during transmission and

distribution were about 24%, while losses because of consumer theft or

billing deficiencies added another 1015%.

According to two studies published in 2004, theft of electricity in

India, amounted to a nationwide loss of $4.5 billion. This led several states

of India to enact and implement regulatory, and institutional framework;

develop a new industry and market structure; and privatize distribution.

The state of Andhra Pradesh, for example, enacted an electricity reform

12
law; unbundled the utility into one generation, one transmission, and four

distribution and supply companies; and established an independent

regulatory commission responsible for licensing, setting tariffs, and

promoting efficiency and competition. Some state governments amended

the Indian Electricity Act of 1910 to make electricity theft a cognisable

offence and impose stringent penalties. A separate law, unprecedented in

India, provided for mandatory imprisonment and penalties for offenders,

allowed constitution of special courts and tribunals for speedy trial, and

recognised collusion by utility staff as a criminal offence. The state

government made advance preparations and constituted special courts and

appellate tribunals as soon as the new law came into force. High quality

metering and enhanced audit information flow was implemented. Such

campaigns have made a big difference in the Indian utilities' bottom line.

Monthly billing has increased substantially, and the collection rate reached

more than 98%. Transmission and distribution losses were reduced by 8%.

Power cuts are common throughout India and the consequent failure

to satisfy the demand for electricity has adversely effected India's growth.

13
 CHAPTER 2

RENEWABLE ENERGY

Renewable energy is generally defined as energy that comes from

resources which are naturally replenished on a human timescale such as

sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves and geothermal heat. Renewable energy

replaces conventional fuels in four distinct areas: electricity generation, hot

water/space heating, motor fuels, and rural (off-grid) energy services.

Based on REN21's 2014 report, renewables contributed 19 percent

to our energy consumption and 22 percent to our electricity generation in

2012 and 2013, respectively. Both, modern renewables, such as hydro,

wind, solar and biofuels, as well as traditional biomass, contributed in

about equal parts to the global energy supply. Worldwide investments in

renewable technologies amounted to more than US$ 214 billion in 2013,

with countries like China and the United States heavily investing in wind,

hydro, solar and biofuels.

Renewable energy resources exist over wide geographical areas, in

contrast to other energy sources, which are concentrated in a limited

number of countries. Rapid deployment of renewable energy and energy

efficiency is resulting in significant energy security, climate change

mitigation, and economic benefits. In international public opinion surveys

14
there is strong support for promoting renewable sources such as solar

power and wind power. At the national level, at least 30 nations around the

world already have renewable energy contributing more than 20 percent of

energy supply. National renewable energy markets are projected to

continue to grow strongly in the coming decade and beyond.

While many renewable energy projects are large-scale, renewable

technologies are also suited to rural and remote areas and developing

countries, where energy is often crucial in human development. United

Nations' Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon has said that renewable energy

has the ability to lift the poorest nations to new levels of prosperity.

Fig. 2.1 Renewable Energy Circle

15
2.1 WIND POWER

Airflows can be used to run wind turbines. Modern utility-scale

wind turbines range from around 600 kW to 5 MW of rated power,

although turbines with rated output of 1.53 MW have become the most

common for commercial use; the power available from the wind is a

function of the cube of the wind speed, so as wind speed increases, power

output increases up to the maximum output for the particular turbine. Areas

where winds are stronger and more constant, such as offshore and high

altitude sites, are preferred locations for wind farms. Typical capacity

factors are 20-40%, with values at the upper end of the range in

particularly favourable sites.

Globally, the long-term technical potential of wind energy is

believed to be five times total current global energy production, or 40

times current electricity demand, assuming all practical barriers needed

were overcome. This would require wind turbines to be installed over large

areas, particularly in areas of higher wind resources, such as offshore. As

offshore wind speeds average ~90% greater than that of land, so offshore

resources can contribute substantially more energy than land stationed

turbines.

16
2.2 Hydropower

Energy in water can be harnessed and used. Since water is about 800

times denser than air, even a slow flowing stream of water, or moderate sea

swell, can yield considerable amounts of energy. There are many forms of

water energy:

Hydroelectric energy is a term usually reserved for large-scale

hydroelectric dams. The largest of which is the Three Gorges Dam in

China and a smaller example is the Akosombo Dam in Ghana.

Micro hydro systems are hydroelectric power installations that

typically produce up to 100 kW of power. They are often used in water rich

areas as a remote-area power supply (RAPS).

Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity systems derive kinetic energy from

rivers and oceans without the creation of a large reservoir.

Hydropower is produced in 150 countries, with the Asia-Pacific

region generating 32 percent of global hydropower in 2010. China is the

largest hydroelectricity producer, with 721 terawatt-hours of production in

2010, representing around 17 percent of domestic electricity use. There are

now three hydroelectricity stations larger than 10 GW: the Three Gorges

Dam in China, Itaipu Dam across the Brazil/Paraguay border, and Guri

Dam in Venezuela.

17
 Wave power, that captures the energy of ocean surface waves, and

tidal power, converting the energy of tides, are two forms of hydropower

with future potential, however, not yet widely employed commercially,

while ocean thermal energy conversion, that uses the temperature

difference between cooler deep and warmer surface waters, has currently

no economic feasibility.

2.3 Solar energy

Solar energy, radiant light and heat from the sun, is harnessed using

a range of ever-evolving technologies such as solar heating, photovoltaics,

concentrated solar power, solar architecture and artificial photosynthesis.

Solar technologies are broadly characterized as either passive solar

or active solar depending on the way they capture, convert and distribute

solar energy. Passive solar techniques include orienting a building to the

Sun, selecting materials with favorable thermal mass or light dispersing

properties, and designing spaces that naturally circulate air.

Active solar technologies encompass solar thermal energy, using

solar collectors for heating, and solar power, converting sunlight into

electricity either directly using photovoltaics (PV), or indirectly using

concentrated solar power (CSP).

18
 A photovoltaic system converts light into electrical direct current

(DC) by taking advantage of the photoelectric effect. Solar PV has turned

into a multi-billion, fast-growing industry, continues to improve its cost-

effectiveness, and has the most potential of any renewable technology.

Concentrated solar power systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking

systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam.

In 2011, the International Energy Agency said that "the development

of affordable, inexhaustible and clean solar energy technologies will have

huge longer-term benefits. It will increase countries' energy security

through reliance on an indigenous, inexhaustible and mostly import-

independent resource, enhance sustainability, reduce pollution, lower the

costs of mitigating climate change, and keep fossil fuel prices lower than

otherwise. These advantages are global. Hence the additional costs of the

incentives for early deployment should be considered learning

investments; they must be wisely spent and need to be widely shared".

2.4 Biomass

Biomass is biological material derived from living, or recently living

organisms. It most often refers to plants or plant-derived materials which

are specifically called lignocellulosic biomass. As an energy source,

biomass can either be used directly via combustion to produce heat, or

19
indirectly after converting it to various forms of biofuel. Conversion of

biomass to biofuel can be achieved by different methods which are broadly

classified into: thermal, chemical, and biochemical methods.

Wood remains the largest biomass energy source today; examples

include forest residues (such as dead trees, branches and tree stumps), yard

clippings, wood chips and even municipal solid waste. In the second sense,

biomass includes plant or animal matter that can be converted into fibers or

other industrial chemicals, including biofuels. Industrial biomass can be

grown from numerous types of plants, including miscanthus, switchgrass,

hemp, corn, poplar, willow, sorghum, sugarcane, bamboo, and a variety of

tree species, ranging from eucalyptus to oil palm (palm oil).

Plant energy is produced by crops specifically grown for use as fuel

that offer high biomass output per hectare with low input energy. Some

examples of these plants are wheat, which typically yield 7.58 tonnes of

grain per hectare, and straw, which typically yield 3.55 tonnes per hectare

in the UK. The grain can be used for liquid transportation fuels while the

straw can be burned to produce heat or electricity. Plant biomass can also

be degraded from cellulose to glucose through a series of chemical

treatments, and the resulting sugar can then be used as a first generation

biofuel.

20
 Biomass can be converted to other usable forms of energy like

methane gas or transportation fuels like ethanol and biodiesel. Rotting

garbage, and agricultural and human waste, all release methane gas also

called "landfill gas" or "biogas". Crops, such as corn and sugar cane, can

be fermented to produce the transportation fuel, ethanol. Biodiesel, another

transportation fuel, can be produced from left-over food products like

vegetable oils and animal fats. Also, biomass to liquids (BTLs) and

cellulosic ethanol are still under research.

Fig. 2.2

21
 There is a great deal of research involving algal, or algae-derived,

biomass due to the fact that it's a non-food resource and can be produced at

rates 5 to 10 times those of other types of land-based agriculture, such as

corn and soy. Once harvested, it can be fermented to produce biofuels such

as ethanol, butanol, and methane, as well as biodiesel and hydrogen.

The biomass used for electricity generation varies by region. Forest

by-products, such as wood residues, are common in the United States.

Agricultural waste is common in Mauritius (sugar cane residue) and

Southeast Asia (rice husks). Animal husbandry residues, such as poultry

litter, are common in the UK.

2.5 Biofuel

Biofuels include a wide range of fuels which are derived from

biomass. The term covers solid biofuels, liquid biofuels, and gaseous

biofuels. Liquid biofuels include bioalcohols, such as bioethanol, and oils,

such as biodiesel. Gaseous biofuels include biogas, landfill gas and

synthetic gas.

Bioethanol is an alcohol made by fermenting the sugar components

of plant materials and it is made mostly from sugar and starch crops. These

include maize, sugar cane and, more recently, sweet sorghum. The latter

crop is particularly suitable for growing in dryland conditions, and is being

22
investigated by ICRISAT for its potential to provide fuel, along with food

and animal feed, in arid parts of Asia and Africa

With advanced technology being developed, cellulosic biomass,

such as trees and grasses, are also used as feedstocks for ethanol

production. Ethanol can be used as a fuel for vehicles in its pure form, but

it is usually used as a gasoline additive to increase octane and improve

vehicle emissions. Bioethanol is widely used in the USA and in Brazil. The

energy costs for producing bio-ethanol are almost equal to, the energy

yields from bio-ethanol. However, according to the European Environment

Agency, biofuels do not address global warming concerns.

Biodiesel is made from vegetable oils, animal fats or recycled

greases. Biodiesel can be used as a fuel for vehicles in its pure form, but it

is usually used as a diesel additive to reduce levels of particulates, carbon

monoxide, and hydrocarbons from diesel-powered vehicles. Biodiesel is

produced from oils or fats using transesterification and is the most

common biofuel in Europe.

2.6 Geothermal energy

Geothermal energy is from thermal energy generated and stored in

the Earth. Thermal energy is the energy that determines the temperature of

matter. Earth's geothermal energy originates from the original formation of

23
the planet (20%) and from radioactive decay of minerals (80%). The

geothermal gradient, which is the difference in temperature between the

core of the planet and its surface, drives a continuous conduction of

thermal energy in the form of heat from the core to the surface. The

adjective geothermal originates from the Greek roots geo, meaning earth,

and thermos, meaning heat.

The heat that is used for geothermal energy can be from deep within

the Earth, all the way down to Earth's core 4,000 miles (6,400 km) down.

At the core, temperatures may reach over 9,000 F (5,000 C). Heat

conducts from the core to surrounding rock. Extremely high temperature

and pressure cause some rock to melt, which is commonly known as

magma. Magma convects upward since it is lighter than the solid rock.

This magma then heats rock and water in the crust, sometimes up to 700 F

(371 C).

24
 CHAPTER-3

PEDAL POWER

Pedal power is the transfer of energy from a human source through

the use of a foot pedal and crank system. This technology is most

commonly used for transportation and has been used to propel bicycles for

over a hundred years. Less commonly pedal power is used to power

agricultural and hand tools and even to generate electricity.

Fig. 3.1

25
 Some applications include pedal powered laptops, pedal powered

grinders and pedal powered water wells. Some third world development

projects currently transform used bicycles into pedal powered tools for

sustainable development. The articles on this page are about the many

wonderful applications for pedal power technology.

26
 CHAPTER-4

CONSTRUCTION

4.1 Basic Components Of A Pedal Operated Free electric bicycle

generator

1. Free electric bicycle generator

2. Frame with pedal arrangement

3. Pulley and chain drive

4. Dynamo

4.1.1 Free Electric Bicycle Generator

A cellphone battery charger or recharger is a device used to put

energy into a secondary cell or rechargeable battery by forcing an electric

current through it. The charging protocol depends on the size and type of

the battery being charged. Some battery types have high tolerance for

overcharging and can be recharged by connection to a constant voltage

source or a constant current source; simple chargers of this type require

manual disconnection at the end of the charge cycle, or may have a timer

to cut off charging current at a fixed time. Other battery types cannot

withstand long high-rate over-charging; the charger may have temperature

or voltage sensing circuits and a microprocessor controller to adjust the

27
charging current, determine the state of charge, and cut off at the end of

charge.

A trickle charger provides a relatively small amount of current, only

enough to counteract self-discharge of a battery that is idle for a long time.

Slow battery chargers may take several hours to complete a charge; high-

rate chargers may restore most capacity within minutes or less than an

hour, but generally require monitoring of the battery to protect it from

overcharge. Electric vehicles need high-rate chargers for public access;

installation of such chargers and the distribution support for them is an

issue in the proposed adoption of electric cars. Most free electric bicycle

generators are not really chargers, they are only a power adaptor that

provide a power source for the charging circuitry which is almost

always contained within the mobile phone. They are notoriously

diverse, having a wide variety of DC connector-styles and voltages, most

of which are not compatible with other manufacturers' phones or even

different models of phones from a single manufacturer.

Free electric bicycle generators are nothing but AC to DC

converters. They take an input of 220 volt AC and give an output voltage

around 5Volt DC. Generally the output voltage of the chargers is in the

range of 5 to 5.5 Volts DC. But some local make chargers give an output

28
voltage beyond this level. As a user who is not bothered much about these

technical details just connects the phone and checks whether the cellphone

is getting chargedor not. But in reality a cellphone which is exposed to

conditions which are beyond the permissible limits might actually reduce

the life of cellphone.

Fig. 4.1

29
 Fig. 4.2

A small generator is sometimez fitted to a bicycle to provide

electricity for the lights at night. The generator is called a bicycle dynamo.

The commutator was needed to produce direct current. When a loop of

wire rotates in a magnetic field, the potential induced in it reverses with

each half turn, generating an alternating current. However, in the early

days of electric experimentation, alternating current generally had no

known use. The few uses for electricity, such as electroplating, used direct

30
current provided by messy liquid batteries. Dynamos were invented as a

replacement for batteries. The commutator is essentially a rotary switch. It

consists of a set of contacts mounted on the machine's shaft, combined

with graphite-block stationary contacts, called "brushes", because the

earliest such fixed contacts were metal brushes.

The commutator reverses the connection of the windings to the

external circuit when the potential reverses, so instead of alternating

current, a pulsing direct current is produced. It would probably be more

practical to design a free energy recharger for the batteries that is not

attached to the bicycle, and design our bike to operate on a small electric

motor that uses the rechargeable batteries.

Inside the dynamo a permanent magnet is rotated in the middle of

some coils of wire. Rotating the magnet instead of the coils has the

advantage that slip rings are not needed. The rotating magnet produces a

changing magnetic field and this generates electricity in the coils of wire.

The top of the dynamo is touched against the rim of the tyres which

rotates when the bicycle is moving.

31
Fig. 4.3 Bicycle Dynamo

32
S.No Components Quantity Material

1. Pedal and frame 1 Mild steel

2. Chain Pulley arrangement 1 Mild steel

3. Dynamo 1 Magnet

5. Free electric bicycle 1 Plastic body

generator

6. Circuit board 1 Semiconductor

Table 4.1

CHAPTER - 5

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE PEDAL FREE

33
ELECTRIC BICYCLE GENERATOR

BICYCLE

PEDAL POWER

CHAIN &
(PULLEY
ARRANGEMENT)

DYNAMO

POWER

CIRCUIT BOARD

FREE ELECTRIC
BICYCLE
GENERATOR

CHAPTER - 6

WORKING PRINCIPLE

34
 When the pedal is pressed by the man, the Kinetic energy of the

pedal power is converted into mechanical energy. This mechanical energy

is transmitted and speeds up by the chain and pulley arrangement.

The mechanical power is transmitted to the dynamo shaft which is

coupled to the pulley arrangement. The dynamo uses rotating coils of wire

and magnetic fields to convert mechanical rotation into a pulsing direct

electric current through Faraday's law of induction. A dynamo machine

consists of a stationary structure, called the stator, which provides a

constant magnetic field, and a set of rotating windings called the armature

which turn within that field. The motion of the wire within the magnetic

field causes the field to push on the electrons in the metal, creating an

electric current in the wire.by means of this current the cellphone battery

gets charged.

Advantages

Simplicity of design

35
 Easier installation

No cost for power

No fuel is used

No pollution

Higher Performance

It can be used in all areas

Weight of the free electric bicycle generator is less

Low maintenance

No running cost

Applications

36
 All light duty applications

Industrial

Workshop

Army areas

Desert regions

Home appliances

Ships & boats

CHAPTER 7

COST ESTIMATION

37
SI. No. PARTS Qty. COST

1 Dynamo 1 500

2 Column frame 2m 1500

3 Base frame & pedal 1m 1000

4 Wheel roller 1 200

5. Pulleys 2 900

6. Chain drive 2m 400

7. Circuit board & charger 1 1000

8. Welding & assembly 2000

9. Painting 200

Total 7700

Table 7.1 Cost Estimation

CHAPTER -8

CONCLUSION

38
 From the project we studied that pedal power has a lot of potential in

it and if properly harnessed then it can help solve the energy crises in the

world. The fabrication of pedal free electric bicycle generator and its

characteristics showed that how it can be properly designed and used to get

the maximum output. Since the pedal free electric bicycle generator

converts pedal power to electric energy, it eliminates the global warming

problem.

This free electric bicycle generator finds the solution for oil and

power price hike. Pedal free electric bicycle generator can be used for

commercial purpose. We can drive the free electric bicycle generator

without any propellant. The user also operate this free electric bicycle

generator at free of cost.

REFERENCES

39
1. Yongning Chi, Yanhua Liu, Weisheng Wang, Voltage Stability

Analysis of Pedal powerFarm integration into Transmission

Network IEEE Trans. Energy Conversion, vol. 21, issue 1, pp.

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