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Crystallization is a solid-liquid separation process in which mass transfer of a solute from the liquid
solution to a pure solid crystalline phase occurs
In crystallization, the solution is CONCENTRATED and usually cooled until the solute concentration
greater than it solubility at that temperature.
Then, the solute comes out of the solution forming CRYSTAL of approximately pure solute.
Example : Production of sucrose from sugar beet, where the sucrose is crystallized out from an aqueous
solution
Nucleus Crystal
Formation Growth
Tetragonal three axes at right angles to each other, one axis longer
than the other two
Monoclinic three unequal axes, two at right angles in a plane and a third at
some angle to this plane
In crystallization equilibrium is
attained when the solution or
mother liquor is saturated.
Represented by a SOLUBILITY
CURVE.
Solubility is dependent mainly on
temperature.
In general, the solubilities of most
salts increase slightly or markedly
with increasing temperature.
Solubility Curve
Solubility increases rapidly with temperature, but there are definite breaks in the
curve which indicate different hydrates.
Up to 50C, the solid crystals formed are Na2S2O35H2O
From 50C to 65C, the solid crystals formed are Na2S2O32H2O
From 65C to 70C, the solid crystals formed are Na2S2O3H2O
Above 70C, anhydrous solid crystals formed are Na2S2O3
Yields and Heat and Material Balances in Crystallization
The yield of crystals from a crystallization process can be calculated knowing the initial
concentration of solute, the final temperature and the solubility at this temperature.
W kg H2O
C kg crystals
2) Heat effects and heat balances in crystallization
V kg H2O
21.5 106
Na2CO3 balance: 0.3(10000) (S ) (C )
100 21.5 286.2
0.03(10000) 300 kg H 2 O
21.5 106
0.3(10000) (S ) (C ) 0
100 21.5 286.2
W= 0
F=2268kg
(327.6K) S (293.2 K) 35.5 kg MgSO4
Crystallizer
100kg H2O
48.2 kg MgSO4
100 kg H2O
C kg MgSO4 . 7H2O
1. Perform material balance for water and MgSO4
100 100 126
H2O balance: 2268 (S ) (C ) 0
100 48 . 2 100 35 . 5 246 . 49
MgSO4 balance:
48.2 35.5 120.49
2268 (S ) (C )
100 48 . 2 100 35 . 5 246 . 49