Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 85 (2017) 240247

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Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/etfs

Flow pattern, pressure drop and heat transfer coefficient during

two-phase flow boiling of R134a in pump-assisted separate heat pipe
Jie Shao, Xiaohua Li, Zhenjiang Guo, Tengfei Ma, Ruijing Liu, Xiaoliang Tian
Institute of Energy Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: The pump-assisted separate heat pipe (PASHP) has a broad application prospect in the field of saving
Received 21 March 2016 energy. Two-phase flow boiling in PASHP is a multifarious physical process and the study of the
Received in revised form 12 February 2017 characteristic of the flow boiling in PASHP is significant. The experimental investigation of two-phase flow
Accepted 3 March 2017
boiling of R134a in PASHP was conducted. The results indicate that the flow patterns agree with the
Available online 6 March 2017
Wojtan-Ursenbacher-Thome map. The pressure drop has been compared with Muller-Steinhagen-Heck
correlation, and the compared results indicate that the experimental data are inside the 10% confidence
Keywords:
interval predictions. The heat transfer coefficients were compared with correlation given by Mohseni. It
Heat pipe
Flow boiling
indicates that all the experimental data are inside the 10% confidence interval predictions at x > 0.1.
Flow patterns However, part of error is beyond 30% at x
0.1. A new heat transfer coefficient correlation was developed,
Heat transfer coefficient and most of the estimated values are within an error band of 10% of the experimental data.
Pressure drop 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
The heat pipe is a simple device of high thermal conductivity
and low energy consumption, which is an excellent way of saving
energy [15]. The circulating force of the pump-assisted separate
heat pipe (PASHP) is provided by a magnetic pump, which is an
improvement to the traditional heat pipe [68] and has a lot of
advantages. Firstly, the flow rate of working fluid can be easily
changed by the different input voltage on the pump, and the higher
thermal conductivity than the traditional heat pipes. Secondly, the
structure and installation of the condenser and evaporator is of
great flexibility compared with the traditional heat pipes. Thirdly,
PASHP has the flexibility to arrange the multiple fluids, the capabil-
ity of large-scale application and the ability to transfer heat over a
long distance. The PASHP has a broad application prospect in the
field of high efficiency and saving energy. The study of the two-
phase flow boiling characteristic in PASHP is significant.
Two-phase flow boiling in PASHP is a multifarious physical pro-
cess. During the last years, several experimental studies have been
carried out for the characteristic of heat transfer during two-phase
flow boiling in pipes [913]. Chen [14] has considered two main
mechanisms in the flow boiling process, which contains nucleate
boiling and convective mechanisms. As the liquid enters the evap-
orator where the vapor quality is relatively low, nucleate boiling is
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: txl6666@163.com (X. Tian).
the dominant heat transfer mechanism. As the fluid sets ahead
inside the evaporator, the vapor quality increases and the convec-
tive boiling is the dominant heat transfer mechanism. Rabah and
Kabelac [15] measured the heat transfer coefficient for flow boiling
of R134a in a plain horizontal stainless steel tube with inner diam-
eter of 10 mm with saturation temperature varying from 233 to
278 K, mass flux from 100 to 300 kg m2 s1, and quality from 0
to 1. The results indicate that the local heat transfer coefficient
increased with vapor quality until it reached a peak followed by
a sharp falloff. For x < 0.1, the flow pattern was bubbly, and nucle-
ate boiling was the dominant mechanism. For 0.1
x
0.65, the
flow pattern varied from stratified wavy to annular. For x near to
the dry region, just before the onset of the dry region, the local heat
transfer coefficient showed an enhancement. In dry region, the
heat transfer coefficient dropped sharply.
The flow pattern has an important influence on the characteris-
tics of flow boiling. Kattan-Thome-Favrat [16] proposed a flow pat-
tern oriented heat transfer model, which combines in the final
solution the heat transfer coefficients determined for the wetted
and the dry fractions of the tube perimeter for stratified types of
flow. Wojtan et al. [17] have made several important modifications
to the flow pattern map of Kattan- Thome-Favrat [16]. The flow
pattern of Wojtan based on the dynamic void fraction measure-
ments described in the literature [18], the stratified-wavy region
has been subdivided into three subzones: slug, slug/stratified-
wavy and stratified-wavy. In addition, annular-to-dryout and

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2017.03.007
0894-1777/ 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
 J. Shao et al. / Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 85 (2017) 240247 241

Nomenclature

Bo boiling number Greek letters

Cp specific heat (J kg1 K1) a void fraction values
di inner diameter (m) l dynamic viscosity (kg m1 s1)
do outer diameter (m) q density (kg m3)
G mass flux (kg m2 s1)
g gravitational acceleration (m s2) Subscripts
h heat transfer coefficient (W m2 K1) c copper
hlv enthalpy of vaporization (J kg1) in inlet
hf frictional drag (m) l liquid phase
k thermal conductivity (W m1 K1) lo only liquid
L length (m) out outlet
Nu Nusselt number pre pre-heater
Pr Prandtl number sat saturation
P pressure (Pa) sub subcooling
Q heating power (W) test test section
q heat flux (W m2) tp two phase
Re Reynolds number v vapor phase
T temperature (K) vo only vapor
v velocity (m s1) w wall
x vapor quality wi inside wall
wo outside wall

dryout-to-mist flow transition curves have been added and inte- In this study, the pressure drop and the heat transfer coefficient
grated into the flow pattern map. in a horizontal circular copper tube with inner diameters of 10 mm
The study of pressure drop is important to the selection of are analyzed. The tests are performed for a saturation pressure of
pump and the optimization of system. Muller-Steinhagen and Heck approx 0.66 MPa, a heat flux range of 010 kW m2, a mass flux
[19] have made the fourteen existing correlations against a data range of 250450 kg m2 s1, and a vapor quality range of 00.8.
bank containing 9300 measurements of pressure drop for a variety The pictures of flow patterns are recorded with a high speed cam-
of fluids and flow conditions. Their results indicate best agreement era, which helps understanding the acquired data and contributes
between measured and predicted values was obtained with the to the flow pattern maps development.
correlation by Bandel, which, however, is quite complicated and
lengthy to use. A correlation has been developed by Muller-
2. Experimental apparatus and methods
Steinhagen and Heck [19], which is more convenient, and still pre-
dicts the pressure drop with reasonable accuracy.
2.1. Loop of pump-assisted separate heat pipe
The correlation of flow boiling heat transfer coefficient is useful
to the design of heat exchanger and the explanation of boiling
The schematic of the experimental facility is shown in Fig. 1. It
mechanism. Xu et al. [20] conducted experiments on flow boiling
is mainly composed of a pump, a flow meter, a pre-heater, a test
heat transfer coefficient of R134a in three horizontal circular cop-
section, a sight glass, a condenser, and a reservoir.
per tubes with inner diameters of 1.002, 2.168, and 4.065 mm. A
The loop of pump-assisted separate heat pipe is schematically
total of 397 experimental data points are obtained for a saturation
represented in Fig. 1. The liquid refrigerant is pumped from the
pressure range of 0.5780.82 MPa, a heat flux range of 18.0
reservoir by the magnetically coupled gear pump, and then some
35.5 kW m2, a mass flux range of 185935 kg m2 s1, and a
of the liquid pushed by the magnetically coupled gear pump came
vapor quality range of 0.031.0. In addition, there are 28 correla-
tions of flow boiling heat transfer coefficient from the literature
compared with the experimental data, and the results indicate that
the mean absolute deviation of the best correlation is 12.1%.
Many different refrigerants have been investigated in the last
years due to new regulations regarding environmental issues.
Among these new widely used refrigerants, R134a represents the
large demand in applications of domestic, commercial and indus-
trial refrigeration [21]. Thus, R134a is chose as the working fluid
in PASHP.
The PASHP has a broad application prospect in the field of high
efficiency and saving energy. Several experimental studies have
been carried out for the characteristic of heat transfer during
two-phase flow boiling in pipes and some correlations have been
obtained as mentioned above. However, there is still no unified
accurate reference correlation of the pressure drop and the heat
transfer coefficient for flow boiling [22] and the experiment about
two-phase flow boiling of R134a in PASHP is absent. Thus, the
study of the flow boiling characteristic of R134a in PASHP is neces-
sary and significant. Fig. 1. Schematic of the experimental facility.
242 J. Shao et al. / Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 85 (2017) 240247
back to the condenser through a bypass line and the rest flowed
into the test section. The effect of the bypass line is to control
the mass flow rate of the liquid passing the test section. The mass
flow rate of the liquid passing the test section is measured by the
Coriolis mass flow meter. The test liquid is heated to a specified
vapor quality in the pre-heater, and then flows into the test sec-
tion. The refrigerant is heated at a given heat flux in the pre-
heater and test section by adjusting the voltage imposed to the
heating wire wound around the pipe, and then goes into the sight
glass. The pictures of flow patterns are obtained with a high-speed
camera (500 fps) on the sight glass. The two-phase refrigerant is
cooled to a sub-cooled liquid state in the condenser, and then runs
to the reservoir. The type of heat exchanger about the installed
condenser is finned tube, and cooling form is air cooling.
2.2. Test section
The schematic of the heated test section is shown in Fig. 2. The
test section of 1.0 m effective length was prepared of the horizontal
circular smooth copper tube with inner diameter of 10 mm and
outside diameter 12 mm. The heating wire was uniformly wound
around the outer wall of the copper to provide a uniform heat flux,
and then the insulation material was wrapped to minimize the
heat loss caused by convection and radiation with the ambient.
The voltage imposed to the heating wire was controlled by the
voltage regulator.
The outside tube wall temperatures were measured by Pt1000
platinum resistance at five positions. At each section, the temper-
atures were measured at the top, middle and bottom of the tube,
and the average of these temperatures indicates the outer wall
temperatures.
2.3. Experimental procedure and measurement
The experimental procedure is as follows. Firstly, the fan of con-
denser was run. Then, the pump was turned on. The pump was a
variable frequency pump, which was controlled by a frequency
convertor. The mass flow rate through the test section was con-
trolled by the main valve, bypass valve and the pump. When the
system was stable, the single-phase pressure drop was measured.
Then, The voltage imposed to the heating wire of the preheating
section and the test section was controlled by the voltage regula-
tor. The inlet vapor quality was controlled by the heating power
of the pre-heater, and the outlet vapor quality was controlled by
the heating power of the test section. Since the delta vapor quality
between inlet and outlet is very small, the vapor quality was
mainly controlled by the pre-heater.
The outside tube wall temperatures were measured by Pt1000
platinum resistance. All the platinum resistances placed in the
facility have been calibrated together in an ice-water equilibrium
mixture with a reference tested platinum resistance. The pressure
was measured by the absolute pressure transducer. The pressure
drop of the test section was directly measured with a differential
pressure transducer. The mass flow rate of the test section was
measured with the Coriolis mass flow meter. The mass flow meter
Fig. 2. Schematic of the heated test section.
must be adjusted to zero at the situation of upstream and down-
stream valve was closed before each experiment. The heating
power which was supplied to the test section and the preheating
section was measured by two separated power meters, respec-
tively. In order to evaluate the heat losses, the applied electrical
power was compared with the thermal power absorbed by the sin-
gle phase liquid, which showed the accuracy was about 2%.
The test conditions of experiment have been listed in Table 1.
The experimental uncertainties of measured and calculated param-
eters are estimated by the method of Schultz and Cole [23] and
have been summarized in Table 2. All the signals from the plat-
inum resistance, pressure transducer, differential pressure trans-
ducer, and flow meter were acquired by a data acquisition
system. For every experimental data point reported, the data are
recorded every 2 s and averaged every 15 min.
3. Data reduction
3.1. Vapor quality
The vapor quality is obtained by performing a heat balance. The
inlet vapor quality of the test section was calculated by
4Q pre  pdi Gcp T sub  T sat
2
xin 1
pd2i Ghlv
Here xin is the inlet vapor quality of the test section, Qpre is the
effective heating power of the pre-heater, di is the inner diameter,
G is the mass flux, cp is the specific heat at constant pressure of liq-
uid phase, Tsub is the inlet subcooling, and hlv is the enthalpy of
vaporization.
The outlet vapor quality of the test section was calculated by
4Q pre Q test  pdi Gcp T sub  T sat
2
xout 2
pd2i Ghlv
Here xout is the outlet vapor quality of the test section, Qtest is the
effective heating power of the test section.
3.2. Pressure drop
The general expression for evaluating the total pressure drop is
given by the following expression:
Dptotal Dpstatic Dpmom Dpfric 3
Here Dptotal is the total pressure drop, which is the summation
of three components: the hydrostatic pressure drop Dpstatic, the
acceleration pressure drop Dpmom and the frictional pressure drop
Dpfric. Dpstatic is related with the elevation pressure head, Dpmom is
related with the acceleration of the flow, and Dpfric is related with
the irreversible friction loss. Since the pressure drop is measured in
a horizontal pipe, the hydrostatic pressure drop can be ignored.
The acceleration pressure drop was calculated by Eq. (4). The accel-
eration pressure drop was very small, which has been subtracted
from the total pressure drop. Thus, the pressure drop which was
analyzed was frictional pressure drop in this paper.
Table 1
The test conditions of experiment.
Refrigerant R134a
Refrigerant mass velocity 250450 kg m2 s1
Heat flux 010 kW m2
Saturation temperature 25 C
Inlet vapor quality 00.7
Outlet vapor quality 00.8
 J. Shao et al. / Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 85 (2017) 240247 243

Table 2 The compared results are presented in Fig. 3, showing almost all
Uncertainties of measured and calculated parameters. the experimental data inside the 10% confidence interval
Parameter Uncertainty predictions.
Diameter 1 lm
Length 1 mm 4.2. Single-phase heat transfer data validation
Temperature 0.1 K
Absolute pressure 0.1%fs (fs = 2 MPa)
Pressure drop 0.075%fs (fs = 1000 Pa, fs = 8000 Pa) In order to validate the heat transfer coefficient measurement,
Mass flux 1.0% the experimental single phase liquid data is acquired and validate
Power meter 0.5% against the Dittus-Boelter correlation [25]. The compared results
Heat flux 2.413.38% are presented in Fig. 4, showing almost all the experimental data
Vapor quality 2.954.68%
Heat transfer coefficient 5.028.01%
inside the 10% confidence interval predictions.

(" # " # ) 5. Experimental results and discussion

x2 1  x2 x21  x2
DPd G2  4
aqv 1  aql in
aqv 1  aql out
5.1. Flow patterns visualization

Here a is void fraction values, which was calculated by The heat transfer process is related with the flow pattern, so one
must distinguish the flow pattern regimes during the flow boiling
1
a 1x0:64 qv 0:36  l 0:07 5 experiments. The flow pattern map of Wojtan [17] is used for the
1 0:28 x q l
l
two-phase flow boiling of R134a. The data points came from the
l v
experiment were compared with Wojtan-Ursenbacher-Thome
model is shown in Fig. 5. The flow regimes identification criteria
3.3. Heat transfer coefficient are the same as used in Mastrullo et al. [26] and Kundu et al.
[27]. Some sample images of flow regimes are shown in Figs. 6
The boiling heat transfer coefficient is defined as the heat flux and 7. The comparative result indicates that these flow patterns
into test fluid divided by wall superheat as shown below. agree with the Wojtan-Ursenbacher-Thome model.
q
h 6
T wi  T f 5.2. Experimental pressure drop results

Here h is the boiling heat transfer coefficient, q is the heat flux

into test fluid, Twi is the inner wall temperature and Tf is the satu-
ration temperature of test fluid. The saturation temperature is
determined by its saturation pressure calculated from the inlet
pressure and the pressure drop measured in the test section. The
heat flux is calculated by dividing the effective heating power by
the heated inner surface area of the test section.
Q test
q 7
pdi L
where Qtest is the effective heating power of the test section which
can be obtained by the total heating power of the test section and
the heat losses, di and L are the inner diameter and the heating
length of the copper respectively. The inner wall temperature is cal-
culated from the measured outer wall temperature by a heat con-
duction equation as
lndo =di
T wi T wo  Q test
2pLkc
where Two is the outer wall temperature, do and L are the outer
diameter and the heating length of the copper respectively, and kc
is the thermal conductivity of the copper.
The pressure drop gradients of R134a as a function of vapor
quality for G = 263 kg m2 s1, G = 340 kg m2 s1 and
2 1
G = 440 kg m s are reported in Fig. 8. The pressure drop is eval-
uated as the pressure drop per unit length between the inlet and
the exit from the test section. It can be observed that the pressure
drop increases with the increasing vapor quality and the mass flux.
The frictional pressure drop is a change of pressure ensuing from
the energy dissipated in the flow by friction, eddying, etc. [28].
When the mass flux is same, the density of the liquid-vapor mix-
ture decreases with the vapor quality. As a result, the flow velocity
and turbulence intensity are increased, which increase the fric-
tional pressure drop. Similarly, the flow velocity and turbulence
intensity increase with the increasing mass flux when the vapor
quality is same, which increase the frictional pressure drop.
The results are plotted together with the two-phase pressure
drop correlation given by Muller-Steinhagen and Heck [19] (often
more recommend for use, as in Didi et al. [29] and Li et al. [30])
8
0.048
Experimental data
0.042 Correlation prediction
frictional coefficient

4. Single phase validation

+10%
A validation of the measurement methods for the frictional 0.036
pressure drop and heat transfer coefficients was performed for sin-
gle phase liquid conditions with widely known and tested correla- 0.030
tions, which assure the reliability of the experimental setup. -10%

4.1. Single-phase pressure drop data validation 0.024

In order to validate the pressure drop measurement, the exper- 8000 12000 16000 20000 24000
imental single phase liquid data is acquired and validate against Re
the theoretical values at adiabatic situation. The theoretical fric-
tional coefficient is obtained by Nikuradse model [24]. Fig. 3. Single phase pressure drop experimental results versus predictions.
244 J. Shao et al. / Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 85 (2017) 240247

140

+10%
120
Nusselt number

100
-10%

80
Experimental data
Correlation prediction
60

8000 12000 16000 20000 24000 28000

Re

Fig. 4. Single phase heat transfer experimental results versus predictions.

600
Intetmittent Mist
Semi-annular Fig. 7. Annular flow.
Annular
500 Dry-out
-1

Intermittent
mass velocity/kgm s
-2

-1
400

experimental pressure drop gradient Pam

7000
300 Annular
6000
Semi-annular Dry-out
200 5000
Slug

100 4000
Slug Stratified Wavy
and Stratified Wavy 3000
0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 2000 -2 -1
vapor quality 263kgm s
-2 -1
1000 340kgm s
-2 -1
Fig. 5. Flow pattern map for present date following Wojtan-Ursenbacher-Thome 440kgm s
model. 0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
vapor quality

Fig. 8. Pressure drop as a function of vapor quality for G = 263 kg m2 s1,
G = 340 kg m2 s1 and G = 440 kg m2 s1.
-1
pressure drop gradient by correlation Pam

4000
10%

3000 -10%

2000

1000
Muller-Steinagen-Heck correlation

0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000
-1
experimental pressure drop gradient Pam

Fig. 9. Comparison of pressure drop data with correlation at G = 263 kg m2 s1.
Fig. 6. Intermittent flow.

where
are shown in Figs. 911. The Muller-Steinhagen -Heck correlation /2lo Y 2 x3 1  x1=3 1 2xY 2  1 10
is shown below.
       
Dp Dp Dp Dp
/2lo 9 Y2 11
DL tp DL lo DL vo DL lo
 J. Shao et al. / Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 85 (2017) 240247 245

-1

-1
experimental heat transfer coefficient Wm K
pressure drop gradient by correlation Pam 6000

-2
6000
5000 10%
5000
-10%
4000
4000

3000
3000

2000
2000 -2 -1
263kgm s
-2 -1
1000 340kgm s
Muller-Steinagen-Heck correlation 1000 -2 -1
440kgm s
0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 0
-1
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
experimental pressure drop gradient Pam vapor quality
Fig. 10. Comparison of pressure drop data with correlation at G = 340 kg m2 s1.
Fig. 12. Heat transfer coefficients as a function of vapor quality for
G = 263 kg m2 s1, G = 340 kg m2 s1 and G = 440 kg m2 s1.
-1
pressure drop gradient by correlation Pam

7000 transfer coefficient. It can be observed in Fig. 12 that the heat

10% transfer coefficient is strongly dependent on mass flux at x > 0.1,
6000
it is a sign that the convective heat transfer mechanism is domi-
5000 -10% nant. Indeed, the increasing mass flux increases the fluid velocity,
thus enhancing convective boiling. However, the influence of the
4000
mass flux became weaker at x < 0.1, which can be interpreted that
3000 nucleate boiling is the dominant.
From Fig. 12, it can be seen that the heat transfer coefficient
2000
increases with increasing vapor quality until the heat transfer coef-
1000 ficient obtains a highest point, then, the heat transfer coefficient
Muller-Steinagen-Heck correlation
decreases. This can be interpreted that the density of the liquid-
0 vapor mixture decreases with the vapor quality increases the fluid
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
-1 velocity, thus enhancing convective boiling. The heat transfer coef-
experimental pressure drop gradient Pam
ficient obtains a highest point at the annular flow pattern. The liq-
Fig. 11. Comparison of pressure drop data with correlation at G = 440 kg m2 s1. uid film disappears with increasing vapor quality, leaving the tube
wall partially or totally dry. In this region, the heat transfer coeffi-
cient decrease because of the low thermal conductivity of the
As the vapor quality increases along the evaporator tube due to vapor.
heating with constant heat flux, the Eq. (9) is integrated. Thus The 66 experimental data points are plotted together with the
Z     two-phase heat transfer correlation given by Mohseni [31] are
L
dp Dp Gdhlv 3
dL  1  x4=3 1 2Y 2  1x shown in Figs. 1315. The correlation of Mohseni is shown below.
0 dL tp DL lo 4q 4 !

xout  x 0:7  q 0:41
1 2 4 9 2 h 0:55hfm 1 3000Bo 0:86
1:12 l
F a0:48
Y x  Y  11  x7=3 12 1x qv
4 14 xin
14
The vapor quality is obtained from an energy balance.
dx 4q where
13
dL Gdi hlv  0:9
G1  xdi
hfm 0:023 Pr0:4
l kl =di 15
where q is the heat flux, G is the mass flux, di is the diameter of tube, ll
and hlv is the enthalpy of vaporization.
The results are presented in Figs. 911, showing all the experi-
1 x 6 0:7
mental data inside the 10% confidence interval predictions. Thus, Fa 16
1 0:2x1:2 cos 15 x > 0:7
the Muller-Steinhagen- Heck correlations can be used to calculate
the pressure drop in two-phase flow boiling of R134a, which pro- q
vides a theoretical reference for the selection of pump and the opti- Bo 17
Ghlv
mization of system.
where x is the average vapor quality at the inlet and outlet of the
5.3. Experimental heat transfer results test section, ql is the density of liquid, qv is the density of liquid,
ll is the dynamic viscosity of liquid, kl is the thermal conductivity
The heat transfer coefficients of R134a as a function of vapor of the liquid, q is the heat flux, G is the mass flux, di is the diameter
quality for G = 263 kg m2 s1, G = 340 kg m2 s1 and of tube, and hlv is the enthalpy of vaporization.
G = 440 kg m2 s1 are reported in Fig. 12. The two-phase flow The correlation of Mohseni is obtained from the experimental
boiling heat transfer coefficient is typically characterized by either data at x  0.2, and the range of mass flux is 53170 kg m2 s1.
the nucleate or the convective component, or both. Most of the cor- From Mohsenis experiment, most of the estimated values are
relations differ in how they both contributions to the global heat within an error band of 12% of the experimental data. The results
246 J. Shao et al. / Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 85 (2017) 240247

8   0:9544 
>
-1

>
> x 6 0:1
heat transfer coefficient by correlation Wm K
1
h
< fm 1 10107Bo 6:466 X tt
-2

4000 30% 10% h  

>
>    0:41
> 0:55hfm 1 3000Bo0:86 1:12 x 0:7 ql
: F a0:48 x > 0:1
1x q v

3000 -10%
18
-30%
2000 8  0:8
>
< 0:023 G1xd Pr 0:4
l kl =di x 6 0:1
i
ll
hfm   19
>
: 0:023 G1xdi
0:9
1000 l Pr 0:4
l kl =di x > 0:1
l
Mohseni correlation
present correlation
 0:9  0:5  0:1
0 1x qv ll
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 X tt 20
experimental heat transfer coefficient Wm k
-2 -1 x ql lv
The comparison between the predicted heat transfer coeffi-
Fig. 13. Comparison of heat transfer coefficients with correlations at
cients from present correlation and the experimental data is made
G = 263 kg m2 s1.
in Figs. 1315. As it is observed, most of the estimated values are
within an error band of 10% of the experimental data. Therefore,
the new correlation can predict the heat transfer coefficient
-1

effectively.
heat transfer coefficient by correlation Wm K

5000
-2

30% 10%
4000
6. Conclusions

-10%
The experimental investigation of two-phase flow boiling of
3000 R134a in PASHP is conducted and the following conclusions have
-30%
been drawn.
2000
(1) The flow patterns have been recorded by a high speed cam-
1000 era and the result shown these flow patterns agree with the
Mohseni correlation Wojtan-Ursenbacher-Thome model, which contributes to
present correlation
the development of flow pattern maps.
0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 (2) The results of pressure drop were compared with Muller-
experimental heat transfer coefficient Wm k
-2 -1 Steinhagen-Heck correlation. The compared results indicate
that all the experimental data inside the 10% confidence
Fig. 14. Comparison of heat transfer coefficient with correlations at interval predictions. Thus, the Muller-Steinhagen-Heck cor-
G = 340 kg m2 s1. relations can be used to calculate the pressure drop in
two-phase flow boiling of R134a.
(3) The heat transfer coefficients were compared with correla-
tion given by Mohseni. It indicates that all the experimental
-1
heat transfer coefficient by correlation Wm K

6000 data inside the 10% confidence interval predictions at x > 0.1.
-2

30% 10% However, the error is 30% at x
0.1. It can be interpreted by

5000 the mechanism of two-phase flow boiling heat transfer. The
-10% nucleate boiling is the dominant at low vapor quality and
4000
the convective heat transfer mechanism is dominant at high
-30% vapor quality.
3000
(4) A new heat transfer coefficient correlation was developed,
2000 and most of the estimated values are within an error band
of 10% of the experimental data. Therefore, the new corre-
1000 Mohseni correlation lation can predict the heat transfer coefficient effectively.
present correlation
0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
-2 -1
experimental heat transfer coefficient Wm k References

Fig. 15. Comparison
G = 440 kg m2 s1.
are presented in Figs. 1315, showing all the experimental data
inside the 10% confidence interval predictions at x > 0.1. However,
parts of error are beyond than 30% at x
0.1. It can be interpreted
by the mechanism of two-phase flow boiling heat transfer. The
nucleate boiling is the dominant at low vapor quality and the con-
vective heat transfer mechanism is dominant at high vapor quality.
Thus, the correlation of Mohseni is developed to predict the heat
transfer coefficient at x > 0. The new correlation is shown below.
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