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Q: What is pF ?
A: The logarithmic expression of the force with which soil holds water. The pF may vary between 0
and higher than 4.2. Where 0 is no suction (soil saturated with water) and 4.2 is the 10log of 16.000
cm water suction. This is the so called wilting point or the point where most plants start having
severe growing problems since they cannot get water out of the pores anymore. For some plant this
wilting point may be much lower than 4.2. For instance a (sugar) beet plant will have considerable
growth problems when pF=2.0.
A sand soil may have a lot smaller space (porosity) to hold water than clay (e.g. 38%) but the pores
itself are so large that almost all this 38 vol% of water is readily available for the plants. Only a few
percent of the initial moisture will stay behind in micro pores. A clay soil however with a volumetric
soil moisture content that may go well above 60% only has small pores. This means that adhesion
forces can hold the water tightly once the roots have used the water from some macro pores. Clay
soils may appear bone dry when still holding 25vol% of water ! This means that measuring suction
(expressed in Pascal or pF) gives direct information on plant growth stress whereas volumetric soil
moisture content (obtained by classical gravimetric or modern FDR or TDR techniques) first must be
translated by means of a pF curve of that very soil type. Only then a good irrigation advice can be
given.
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properties (which is simply said a soil between a sand and a clay soil like loess), is more worth than a
soil where plants suffer easily from drought or that bears difficulties when draining or irrigating. Then
a pF curve determination is a valuable and objective way to determine that price together of course
with (other) soil profile characteristics, soil chemistry, slope, permeability, susceptibility for erosion
and so on.
Q: When do I use the sand and / or kaolin box and when the pF plates.
A: To keep it simple: To get the complete pF curve you will need the sand box (for very low pF values
in fact up till 1.0 meter of water suction = pF 2.0), the kaolin box for somewhat higher values (up till
5 meters of water suction or pF 2.7). Above that, nature does not allow suction to be used as the
force to drive out the water from the pores (the rings are weighed after having increased the suction
to see the loss in water). With the pF plates pressure must be used. This only can be done with
disturbed soil which you press in very low rings. These rings are placed on a porous water saturated
ceramic plate. With overpressure (going up to 16 bars) the system will try to press the water out of
the sample. The ceramic plate is fitted with a drain tube and the drained water is collected and
measured. All the equipment together will result in a pF curve ranging from saturation to wilting
point. Keeping out the pressure plates will result in a pF curve of which the drier section is missing.
Keeping out the sand and kaolin boxes will result in pF curves of which the wetter part is missing
which is, specially for sandy soils essential.
Measuring ranges:
5 PSI 217.5 PSI MAX PRESS (over range limit) 250 PSI
0.344 BAR 14.99 BAR MAX PRESS (over range limit) 17.23 BAR
pF 2.536 pF 4.175 MAX PRESS (over range limit) pF 4.236
Measuring ranges:
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pF 1.778 pF 3.698 MAX PRESS (over range limit) pF 3.741
0780P0300 Test Gauge 0 300 PSI / 0 20 BAR 0.25% FULL SCALE ACCURACY
Subdivision 2.0 PSI / 0.1 BAR
0780P0100 Test Gauge 0 100 PSI / 0 6.5 BAR 0.25% FULL SCALE ACCURACY
subdivision 0.5 PSI / 0.02 BAR
If the number of sieves is reduced to: 63, 105, 150, 210, 300, 420 en 2000 microns then it will still
comply to ISO 5104 (which is a common geotechnical standard).
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a certain level after a certain sinking time. That sample is dried and the weight increase of the
container is determined resulting in the quantity of fines in the soil sample. The pipette method asks
for more skills to operate but can be more accurate and versatile. It is generally preferred and
standardized in Europe. In the US the hydrometer method is more popular. Check local standards (or
habits) to make your selection.