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Lec Activity 2
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NOTE: There are 15 questions in this activity. Answer them accordingly in a clear and systematic manner. Use red as
text color to highlight your answers. Cite your references, if necessary. A Reference section should be included at
the last part of your answer sheet. Output should be printed in a LONG bond paper. You may use extra sheet(s) if
needed.

1. List four functions of the skeletal system.

Protection
Storage
Movement
Blood cell formation

2. Define ossification and identify the roles of the osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts in the growth of bones.
Ossification is the process by which the mesenchymal cells and the cartilages are converted into bones
during development. Bones grow through the cellular activities of osteoblasts on the surface of the bone, which
produce layers of mature bone cells called osteocytes. Osteoclasts are cells that function in the developing fetus to
absorb cartilage as ossification occurs and in adult bone to break down and remove spent bone tissue. (U. Balo,
2011)

3. Describe the structural and/or functional features of the following components of a typical long bone:
COMPONENTS STRUCTURAL and/or FUNCTIONAL FEATURE
a. periosteum Periosteum covers the outer bone to provide nutrients and oxygen, remove waste,
and connect with ligaments and tendons.
b. diaphysis Diaphysis is the main shaft of longbone that contains bone marrow which forms all the
blood cells; hollow, cylindrical shape, thick, compact bone which provide strong
support without cumbersome weight.
c. epiphysis Epiphysis is the end part of the bone it has growth plate that closes after the puberty,
if it closes early then height of the person remains short.
d. red marrow The red bone marrow forms all of the blood cells with the exception of the
lymphocytes, which are produced in the marrow and reach their mature form in the
lymphoid organs. Red bone marrow also contributes, along with the liver and spleen,
to the destruction of old red blood cells.
e. yellow marrow Yellow bone marrow serves primarily as a storehouse for fats but may be converted to
red marrow under certain conditions, such as severe blood loss or fever.
f. articular cartilage A hyaline connective tissue which covers the end of a bone that forms a joint surface,
providing, among its many functions, shock absorption, even distribution of load
across the joint and nutrition of the underlying bone.
g. endosteum A thin layer of connective tissue that lines the wall of the bone marrow cavities and
haversian canals of compact bone and covers the trabeculae of cancellous bone.

4. Describe the following bone markings:

BONE MARKING GENERAL CLASSIFICATION DESCRIPTION
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a. foramen opening Round hole through which blood vessels, nerves or

ligaments pass.
b. crest Processes formed where Moderately raised and therefore prominent border or
tendons or ligaments attach ridge. Such crests are often sites for a muscle
attachment.
c. condyle Processes formed for Rounded bump or large rounded prominence. Such
articulation with adjacent rounded surfaces usually fit into a fossa on another
bones bone to form a joint.
d. fossa depression A shallow depression (the word suggests "ditch" or
"trench"). Such depressions in the surface of bones
often receive another articulating bone with which a
joint is formed.
e. trochanter Processes formed where Large blunt bump-like projection (larger than a
tendons or ligaments attach tuberosity, which is in turn larger than a tubercle)
f. tuberosity Processes formed where Large rounded or oblong projection that may look like
tendons or ligaments attach a raised bump. Such rounded/oblong projections called
tuberosities are often sites for muscle attachment.
g. sinus Opening Cavity within a bone.
h. tubercle Processes formed where Small tuberosity that may also be described as a round
tendons or ligaments attach nodule or warty outgrowth.
i. sulcus Deprresion Groove, crevice or furrow. Such elongated depressions
may accommodate a blood vessel, nerve or tendon.
j. fissure Opening
Long, crack-line hole for blood vessels and nerves

5. Describe the terms suture and fontanel.

Joints called cranial sutures, made of strong, fibrous tissue, hold the bones of your baby's skull
together until the bones fuse, normally around age 2. Until then, the sutures intersect at the
fontanels, the soft spots on your baby's head. The largest of the four fontanels is at the front of the
skull (anterior). The anterior fontanel is the soft spot you feel just behind your baby's forehead. The
next largest is at the back (posterior). Each side of the skull has a tiny fontanel. (webmd.com)

6. Describe a ligament and its role in a synovial joint.

A ligament is a short band of tough, flexible tissue, made up of lots of individual fibers, which
connect the bones of the body together. Ligaments can be found connecting most of the bones in
the body. Synovial joints allow for smooth movements between the adjacent bones. Ligaments
support the joint by holding the bones together and resisting excess or abnormal joint motions.
(philschatz.com)

7. Describe the diseases and disorders of the skeletal system:

DISEASE / DISORDER DESCRIPTION
a. herniated disc A herniated disk refers to a problem with one of the rubbery cushions (disks) between
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the individual bones (vertebrae) that stack up to make your spine. (mayoclinic.org)
b. osteoarthritis It occurs when the protective cartilage on the ends of your bones wears down over
time. (mayoclinic.org)
c. osteoporosis A medical condition in which the bones become brittle and fragile from loss of tissue,
typically as a result of hormonal changes, or deficiency of calcium or vitamin D.
(medicinenet.com)
d. scoliosis Scoliosis is a three-dimensional deformity that occurs when the spine becomes
abnormally rotated and curved sideways. (Baaj, 2017)

e. spina bifida Spina bifida is part of a group of birth defects called neural tube defects. The neural
tube is the embryonic structure that eventually develops into the baby's brain and
spinal cord and the tissues that enclose them. (mayoclinic.org)

8. Match the types of join movement in column I with the descriptions in column II.
COLUMN I COLUMN II
__D__ a. rotation A. turning palm upward
_ A__ b. supination B. decreasing angle between parts
__F__ c. extension C. moving part forward
_ E__ d. eversion D. moving part around an axis
__C__ e. protraction E. turning the foot so the plantar surface faces laterally
__B _ f. flexion F. increasing angle between parts
__H__ g. pronation G. lowering a part
__ I__ h. abduction H. turning palm downward
__G__ i. depression I. moving part away from midline

9. State and define five general properties of muscles.

PROPERTY DESCRIPTION
a. Excitability Can be stimulated by chemical signals, nerves and
stretch.

b. Conductivity The signal for a muscle to contract is spread from the

point of stimulation throughout the entire muscle.

c. Elasticity The ability to return to normal size & shape after being
stretched.

d. Extensibility The ability of a muscle and muscle cell to be stretched.

e. Contractility The ability of the muscle to shorten.

10. List four basic functions of the muscular system.

Movement
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Maintenance of posture
Joint stabilization
Heat generation

11. Three types of muscle tissue are found in the human body. What are they? Where is each type found?
MUSCLE TYPE DESCRIPTION LOCATION IN THE HUMAN BODY
a.
b.
c.

12. Define tendon and fascia.

13. Describe the following terms in the context of muscle contraction:

TERM DESCRIPTION
a. muscle fatigue
b. muscle spasm
c. clonic
d. tonic
e. tetanus
f. tetany

14. Describe and illustrate the processes leading to muscular contraction and relaxation beginning at the myoneural
junction.

15. Define the terms origin and insertion in the context of muscle anatomy and physiology. Name five human
muscles and identify their origin and insertion.
END

References:
http://www.ptdirect.com/training-design/anatomy-and-physiology/the-skeletal-system

http://www.dummies.com/education/science/ossification-growing-bones/

U. Bala, 2011. http://skeletalsystemdev.weebly.com/ossification.html

Encyclopdia Britannica. Bone marrow. Encyclopdia Britannica, inc. January 14, 2009. https://www.britannica.com/science/bone-marrow

Dictionary of Sport and Exercise Science and Medicine by Churchill Livingstone 2008 Elsevier Limited.

Mosby's Dental Dictionary, 2nd edition. 2008 Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.

https://www.deltacollege.edu/emp/stelleen/Labs/documents/01-30-BoneFeatures.pdf

IvyRose Holistic Health 2003-2017. http://www.ivyroses.com/HumanBody/Skeletal/Bone-Markings.php

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2005-2017 WebMD, LLC. All rights reserved. http://www.webmd.com/parenting/baby/tc/fontanelles-and-sutures-of-the-infant-skull-topic-

overview

http://philschatz.com/anatomy-book/contents/m46394.html

http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/herniated-disk/home/ovc-20271246

William C. Shiel Jr., MD, FACP, FACR. http://www.medicinenet.com/osteoporosis/article.htm

http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/osteoarthritis/home/ovc-20198248

http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/spina-bifida/basics/definition/con-20035356

Ali Baaj, MD, 2017. http://www.spine-health.com/conditions/scoliosis/scoliosis-what-you-need-know

http://www.answers.com/Q/What_are_the_five_properties_of_muscle_tissue?#slide=2

https://www.reference.com/science/four-functions-muscles-9d146ad3d916ac93