You are on page 1of 22

 

   

 
  
  

  

 

     


    
 ! " #$%

 


      

 !! "# 



      
 
 
    
            
 
   
  
  
 
 
     
  
  



   
   

  $ % 

 !!  


    
   

 !"
  ##  

 

$ %
        
  
 
 
 
   &  

 
   '   
   &    (
&
  
 )    
   &   *       + 

   

  
 

&  & 

      
  &     &,
-.   
   *  

  
  
  (     

   
&
' 
(
 
   
  
-$.  / 
    

-$.   
 
  
 ) 
/   &
-$.   

    (      
 
 & 

 
 
-$. &  
    

 
        
    

 %
        
  
 
 
 
   &  


 
 '   
   & 0  1 + 

   

  
 

& '& 
 
        
'     ,
-. 
  

     
-$. 


   
 
 
  
-$. 


   
 
 
  
-$. */ 
    

-$. 

    
   2 
  2  

 !"
  #*#  

C C

3
NOx

C C

0.6 0.8 1 1.2


E

3  $4   
 
 5
 *
*    
  3  $        
 & 

 
   &
   (   
     &    6   
   
 &
  7 
  
 + 
   

     (! ,
-.  
 
      
 &    
 
  

   
  
-$.   
/    
 &    
-$.     
 
  &
  8 9
-$.       
  (   
    
 
-$.   
      &

& 
      
  

 !"
  #:#  

30 10 0 10 20 30 30 10 0 10 20 30
velocity velocity velocity velocity velocity

40

20

20

40

velocity velocity velocity velocity velocity

40

20
north.south

20

40

velocity velocity velocity velocity velocity

40

20

20

40

30 10 0 10 20 30 30 10 0 10 20 30 30 10 0 10 20 30
east.west

3  4   
 
 5
 :
:    
  3          
  
    

**        ' ;<6*$      *     4 -$.  
 =
 

  
 >
 ' 
   

      ( -.  
 =
 

   > ' (  -*.   
 
      
  

     7/
  
  + 

  

     
,
-.          
      
 /    
   

-$.          
      
 /   
   

-$.          
      
 /    
   

-$.          
      
 /   
   

-$.          
      
   


4 ! 8 
 ( 
 8 
 (    8  (  8 

 !"
  #6#  

6 + 

   

     
,
-.       
    
(    &

-$.    '   & 

 
        

 
-$.       
   
(  
   
  
-$.  ?    &      
-$.
 
(     
          
  
Residuals vs Fitted Normal QQ plot

3
10 10
2

19

2
33 19
33

Standardized residuals
1
Residuals

1
0

0
1

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 2 1 0 1 2

Fitted values Theoretical Quantiles

ScaleLocation plot Cooks distance plot


10
1.5

10
27
19
33
0.15

33
Standardized residuals

1.0

Cooks distance

0.10
0.5

0.05
0.00
0.0

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 10 20 30 40

Fitted values Obs. number

3  *4 " 
  
 
 5
 )
) 3  * 
 
  
  

&   2  
 + ( 
 (  
     
,
-.  
  
 
    &
-$.  
       
-$. 
  
   &
  
-$.  
     
 
 
-$.  
 

    
&     


 !"
  #)#  

< 3
      5
 )(     
 
   ,
-. + 
  
   

-$. + 
   
 
-$. + 
  
   
        
 
 
-$. + 
        
-$. +  

 (    

&     

@  2  
(    
  '   
   &  $   (
   
     
 
      $ 8 $
6(   8 * +     


  7
 4
  ! "
 # $ %&# "%'( # $%)
*$
+, '-.-(/0
*$
+, (".-".-
*$
+, '.
*
+, (1".('
 2(0.&#'.
+, "("/0"

+ 
   

   
,
-. 96A  
   
 B  -$
<6$@ 6
$9).
-$. 96A 
2   
    
  -$
<6$@ 6
$9).
-$. 96A  
   
 B  -*
**6 *
9$:).
-$.   @A
-$.    
  $<:
9    
 
       (   
   &      
'   
   &  ( (    +   




 
         7 
 
 
    !  !  ! # %$
 3
 3" 452  67 87    
 &''-. "-(- (1"( 1''// "(/'// ""("' ( (  (
 0/"-0/ /(1/ (./. -'-". "//-". "."(1'  ( ( (
 "'/-.0 0'1- (.0 0.""" '"(""" '"&1.0 ( ( ( 

 !"
  #<#  

" (--1'' 1/'& (1.& ""./ -&./ &-"( ( (  


" (10'0. 0((' (1/0 "1/.& &/.& /(/(  (  (
" '"(0&' (0. (1-" &0/'0 1"/'0 0"-  ( ( 
' 0(0'(- .&.1 (10( /&0' "0&0' -(0(/  (  
' 0-01-. .0& (11& "(- '&(- -/'"1    (
' (-(/-( 1/." (1.- "-&& -.&& &1-/0 (   
- 1100' .-.1 (10" /((( "0((( -'-"    

+  
  
 
    &  
 ,
-.    !  !  ! 
-$.    !  ! 
-$.   
-$.    !  ! 
-$. 

   &

$      
(    
   
   
  
 
 &
  

      &     
            

   '       
    
 &     &(
   (       * 
   
4 $  (
$    $:  ( 

  
     
      %
  

  7 
     
        &   


      &

    !  
 "   9  

 
$$ :
 ;    <


7  -1&&1 ..(&-1 &-' (((("(. 999
"(( 0.(( "(1'-( --( ((((/ 99
-(( 10./-& "(//( 0((1 "(1(/ 999
  (0'0"1 ((&/'/ ///- '.&(0 999

5   : '"1&   3 $ $


= 5;2: (0.-&# 64 52: (0/.&
>: -(  '    ?># : -1(0(0

 "
$$ :
 ;    <


7  -&.1"1" 1/""11 "-&1 (('/' 9
"(( (-.0.. ""11'. ((" (01'.
-(( ''/("( "0/-- &'' (&0/
  (0/1&1 ('1'' .((" /'(& 999

 !"
  #@#  

"((:  ((/"1' (/1/- ('.' (.1


-((:  ((&-/ (/(/" (/&. (&".0

5   : ''  0 3 $ $


= 5;2: (0.11# 64 52: (0/.
>: 1'  &   0 ?># : "0/'(.

  #"
6  $ @  )A
= :    !  
= ":    9  
5?$ 5;; ?$ ; $ ;2 > <>
  1/1(
" 0 01/-/ " "(('- (0'0 (-'&"

-. 3
   (      $:    &
 9@   
     
$  
-$.    (     
 

-$. 3
   (      $    &
 9$       $
 
-$.    (      $:    &
 **)   
    $
 
-$.   
           
  $:     
$  
$$   '   
        (    
'   
  
4  

 
      -  
C   
.    

 
  - 
  C &(   
.  
         
     3

    
&  
(    $   7 
  

   

&
4
 3 9#%$
$$ :
 ;    <


7  (((( -/'"!(( "&10  "/ 999
  -( /&&!(( "&" (('&1& 9
<B (&( /&&!(( ((./ (0'0--
C "(1( /&&!(( '.& ((("-. 99
 :C 11( 0"/-!(( "("0 ((-.'/ 9
<B:C ((( 0"/-!(( '"0& (((((

 !"
  #9#  

       
   $     
 
 
       

  
 
-. @*9
-$. $6*<
-$. $@@
-$. $
-$. 
$   
  '  (     
        (     
'   
  
4   
 
      -    C 
(   
 .(   

 
  -  
C 
  
& .(    


2 
& -  
( 
   .  
       
    
 2'      3
     
&  
(      
7 
  

   
 &
4
  B3 99$# %B$
6  $ @  )A
5 : B3
?$ ; ;2 = ;2 >  <>
  '.'((' '.'((' '.''- ((.."1/ 
 " /'/&0 '1"/( '1&- ((../.0 
$  -"'(- -"'(- -"-"0 ((("/&' 99
 : " 1&1.(" -"0'& -"0.- (('0'- 9
 :$  .(.' .(.' ((.(1 (.0-.(/
:$ " '(0-" &-.( &-1& ("&""(
 ::$ " &(('/ "&(1 ("&(- (.1"-&'
5 " 010"/ 000

 
    &  
  
-.  9 ! $
-$.  : !  :$
-$.  !  ! $
-$.  99$
-$.  ! 9$

 !"
  # $ #  

$*  5
 $(  
   

  &      
 
,
-.  D
      
 2 
& 
 
  
   



 
 
-$.  D
      
 
   
   
 2 
&
-$.  D
      
 
  
=  
   

 
 
-$.  D
      

 
  
=  
   
 
 
-$.  D
      
 2 
&  
   
 
 
$: %
    
   
'   
  
   +   


    

   6 -E
 $.    6 9 8 -E
 .(      

  7 +
& 
  #"
6  $ @  )A
= :   6
= ":   6 9 8
5?$ 5;; ?$ ; $ ;2 > <>
 &. &0'"-
" &- &1/( ' -'-/- /.&"/ ((((&0. 999

  
  &
(   
    &   &   /  69<$,
-.   
  
D
   

-$.   
 
 &  
-$.   
  
D
   

-$.  
      
 

-$. F
  
   
       


 !"
  # $$ #  

Residuals vs Fitted Normal QQ plot

67 67

3
4

Standardized residuals

2
2
Residuals

1
0

0
1
2

2
48
4

48
77

3
77

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 2 1 0 1 2

Fitted values Theoretical Quantiles

ScaleLocation plot Cooks distance plot


67
77
67
77

0.08
48
1.5
Standardized residuals

Cooks distance

0.06
1.0

48
0.04
0.5

0.02
0.00
0.0

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Fitted values Obs. number

3  :4 " 
  
 
 5
 $6
$6 +  2  
 
 

 
 
   
 
  
'   
   &  (    
  
 
  3  : 
& 
  
&  

  
   
&     &
   + 

  

     
,
-.   
  
 
       
   
  2 &    


  F  
  
-$.   
  
 
     
       
-$.   
  
 
        
 
    &
-$.   
  
 
   

    
-$.   
  
 
   
   


 !"
  # $ #  

$)  
   
  5
 $6 
-. !       
-$.  
   '   
   & 
       
-$. 7
  
 
-$. "

 
-$.  
   
   & 
  
  

(i) (ii)

1.0
1.0

0.5
0.6
ACF

0.0
y
0.2

0.5
0.2

0 5 10 15 20 0 20 40 60 80 100

Lag Time

(iii) (iv)
1.0

1.0
Previous residual

0.5

0.5
ACF
0.0

0.0
0.5

0.5

0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 0 5 10 15 20

Current residual Lag

3  64 " 
  
 
 5
 $<
$< %
     
    
          
 
  
 
  3  6( 
 - .  - .  

 
   ( 
 - . 
    

    -  

      
.  
 - .


          
   

& 
    
 

   


 !"
  # $* #  

+ 
   

     
,
-.  
 - .(   
  
    

 
-$.  
- .(   
  

   

 
-$.  
- .(     
    

 
    

-$.  
 - .(   
  

   

 
-$.  
 - .(   
  
 (    
 
   
    

  

 
$@ %
          &   
  
   

-$.
 
/
 -.
    (  
 
 '   
   &  
+ 2 
   
    
 
       $6 + 
  


   
,
-.  D
        
 
   
  

 

  &  

 @6<
-$.  D
        
 
   
  

 

  &  

 $6
-$.  D
        
 
   
   
/

 

  &  

 $6
-$.  D
        
 
   
   
& &  
  
 &  

 @6<
-$.  D
        
 
   
   
/

 

  & @6<
$9    
   
 
 
         D
  

  &
 
    
     
 
      

  
       
    
 
   




    

        
   
&    

    4
"
 -.(  &   

(  &
  ( 
*:  **
6 6 *
< $$ *@
@6 $: *<
$6 $@ :
$* $ *<
$@ * *$
$ * *<
@ < *

 !"
  # $: #  

;   


 
-  . G -   . 
--   . . 8 $69
6<:


 '

 - G  . G  
-$ G ' - G  .. 8 $))
:@ 



 '

  G  
-$ G ' -.. 8 $<
@@:

 
   

   
,
-.      
   
   
  $*@:$
-$.      
   
   
  )9)
-$.    
   
   
  6@*<6
-$.    
   
   
  $$)<6
-$.      
   
   
  6@*<6
 3
   '    5
 $9(   

 
   
& 
 3A #   # $%A 
  # $ %"( #%D D
+, (1(-&.//
  # $ %"(
+, -&-1

+ 
   

   
,
-.    

 

    8   :$$<9)
-$.    

 

    8   $:$6$:@
-$.     
/

 

    8   @:6<))
-$.     
& &  
 

    8   $96:*:
-$.    

 

    8   *6<6
$  
   
 
 
    (   6 '   
   &(     
    :9:66
 <6 
 
(          @**:

@ 
 
  

 
   
& 4
 21'"'-# 1(
+, ('1("'--
 2-0-&&#.&
+, (00((&./
 2''..0# &
+, "/'-.1(/

 !"
  # $6 #  

+ 
   

   
,
-. %

   '   
   & 
 &      

-$. 
   '   
   & 
 &      

-$. 

   '   
   & 
 &      

-$.                
 2 
-$.              
 
= 2 
  
   &(  
   

  
 '        

 F  
 
       
 ,
-.  G 
-$. 
-$.  
-$. 
-$.  G
*      
 
/ 
  
   &    
   
 
 
  (   
/ 

 


 

  
   
  

      
& &            &   2 
    
  


 & + 
   

      
/ 


    '   
,
-. %&          
    & 
    

-$. %&        '      


/ 

     



 
    

-$. %&              


/ 

     



 
    

-$. %&       $- . 


     

-$. %&          


   
    
    

 !"
  # $) #  

:   / 


  
   &    
 (   (    

   
  
    2  + 

   

  &   
  2 
,
-.   
 (       
-$.   
     
-$. 
  
  
 
 
  
& &   
 &
-$. 
 
 
  (    
-$.   
  
      

6 %
          
  
 2
 

   &  

 
    
    $  +             
6
& 
  *   & ( >   (      
   >
   
 
  (        &
       
       +   
   
      2
 
   
    &

  
  ( -      
 
    &

     

 
    .     
  # " (    
"  

 2   H

 
         &
&
 +  
   " &,
-. E
 $4    > ! # E
 4    >9 
-$. E
 $4    ># E
 4    > ! 
-$. E
 $4    # E
 4    >
-$. E
 $4    # E
 4    > ! 
-$. E
 $4    ># E
 4    >9 

 !"
  # $< #  

 
$ %
     2  
     
   &    '   /

   &   
 

- . " &    
  
   
    
    
 


  '   
   &    
   2 +  
 

     

  & 
   
 
 
 
,
-&. " & 
   
    
     
   &   /

  " 
 
    
( 
   
 
    

  &  
  
   
 

-.   
 
        
  
  
 
  

 

           I
  
' 
    

&     &(
& 

         (   
     ::
& 

  
     &( E(    >
    
 
 E    ! >   2(     
: $ % E   ! >#  % $
$$ :
 ;    <


7  "0./-(/ (/1/"0" (&." "1(' 999
 &1/01. (0(.((" &.0 (0(/ 999
> (((/00' ((('-0& "(( ((&" 
5   : '(1  - 3 $ $
= 5;2: (-/# 64 52: (-''.
>: .-/  "   - ?># : '"/&(/
  
  
  &   - .  '  (       

2 & 

   3
4
: $ % E   ! ># ' #  % $
$$ :
 ;    <


7  (--(/ ""1 0'1. -0 999
 -/"&' (0&/0 -1'' ""(& 999
># '  /(-. "//( ""/( (("0-/ 9
># ' " (1-- '.'- ("&. (.011"(
># ' ' (0-( ".'&- '00( (((("1" 999
5   : "/-&  '0 3 $ $
= 5;2: (/"'# 64 52: (&1"-
>: &00  -   '0 ?># : .1&1(1
J    

   '   
   2, 5
   2 

 
  
?  
 
-.  3  )(  
 
  
  
(  

   ( 
 /
 
 
     
  &  
 "
  
   
 

       
 
 &   
 
   2
  
 !"
  # $@ #  


, 7 
  2 
   
 
  
?  
 
Residuals vs Fitted Normal QQ plot

2
5
19 19

Standardized residuals

1
Residuals

0
1
5

2
6

6
16

3
16

48 50 52 54 56 2 1 0 1 2

Fitted values Theoretical Quantiles

ScaleLocation plot Cooks distance plot


16

0.4
6
6
1.5
Standardized residuals

19

0.3
Cooks distance
1.0

23

0.2 16
0.5

0.1
0.0

0.0

48 50 52 54 56 0 10 20 30 40

Fitted values Obs. number

3  )4 " 
  
 
 5
 F$ -.
  
 

 
             

     !    "


 #  

$  %&! %&& &$' %&&'! ! &&'$ %&&!$$ &&(!) *& ) &%&' & )!( +
( % $*%& & ''$ &)*&( %&,,*,) &,,,& ! % $ !) &(*' '& %& &!$*& +
) !&)%&! %&& *&* %&&*'!! &&)&! %&&,)&' & $(, '*( $&%& &!'(( +
( ,)(%& %&)&(* %&! $, &,*,&$ %&&&$&, % &))' &!& )$%& &&*&$ +
! (( %& %&&&!,' & ,$'& & ))! & $ * &''! '&$ !' %&! &!& +
! !),%&! %&&*& %&'**!& %&$$'( %&(&' !! % &)*& !, !!*%& &!(! +

J 4 7   
  I  4
 

= "  
     -
6. 8 
@)( 



      * (
      * -  .
     $  *(
 !  *

 !"
  # $9 #  

   '   
     
   -  .  
 
  
  
  D 
 
( 
 
     
 

 ( *
 :  
  

 
 

              
  
'
        '   
      
 (    
 '   
   &(      
4
 %    
 F
) '
   -(*
 : .

* 7      -: ( )A( )6@A( <6A( <6@A .
   (     -* ( $ ( $6 (  .
3
  
     *  :  * 8 <
 &  
&  

   
  
( 
   '  (    & -

 .
  
 
 
&?

     
   

   
& &  
    
   '   

  &
- .   
    '     
  
(    
 &  /

 " &
 
 
 
&
      
 
   
    
 ( 
 
 
   2 7 
 J
 
 

   
 
 
    ,
-&.   (    
   
 
 2        % 
    
   
  
 &
       D
   
  '
  
  

    
:
3$ % A ?#   ?  ; ! $  !
$5F ! $) # $ % A #  %  $

$$ :
 ;  G  <
G

7  -"-. ('-"& "'(.  "/ 999
;8 "10& (/1 .0.( &0& 999
$  ' ""'0( ('('( .'0( -.' 999
$  - '1- ("00( (/&(  "/ 999
$5F /&1 (/-( (0.0 '(' (((0" 99
$5F .(& "&/ ("&/ &1"& &."(0 999
$5F .&1 &1." (""0( /0' -0" 999
$) & (&.&/ (01 "0(/ ((('// 99
$) "( (0--- (0-" -1/' &(/ 999

  : '///0(  . 3 $ $


5  : '(1(.  /' 3 $ $
-. %    
 
      
     
    '/

    
(  
     
 
   &( 
  
      
 
   F
        
   


 !"
  #  #  

    
    -&. -E
 $  .    
   &   /

( &    
  
 -E
   .      
 
   &
 E
   
 &    
E
 $,  E
      

E
 $(
 
 
    -&.  ,
  
 E
 4
: 3$ % A ?#   ?  ; ! 7H  !
$5F ! $) # $ % A #  %  $
$$ :
 ;  G  <
G

7  "'1 ('1(1 &&& "1-(1 999
;8 "0' (/"( .01( -/& 999
7H  "-//" (0"0 -(.  "/ 999
$5F /&1 (/-& (01( '(- (((0 99
$5F .(& "&1. ("&0 &1'( &&-(0 999
$5F .&1 &0 (""0' /0'0 '0/" 999
$) & (&.. (01' "0( ((('/" 99
$) "( (0-/- (0-- -1/1 '(/ 999

  : '///0(  . 3 $ $


5  : '"1  /- 3 $ $

6  $ ?  )A


= : A ?#   ?  ; ! 7H 
! $5F ! $)
= ": A ?#   ?  ; ! $ 
! $5F ! $)
5 ?$ 5 ? ?$ ?  <


 /- '"1(
" /' '(1(/&  (-.-& (-0(0

 !"
  # $ #  

* - .   /   &    
 (   ( 2 -  
    &

& &   .      
 
&  
    J
    

  & '   
  
,
-&. !         /   & & 
 


  
 
,
-.   & &
   2 $<:

      " E
( 
 & 

&?(         
 
        %    
H   
 K   
B
/: B  $:

$ :
6/9 B $6 $

* $6
$/$: B * 

* 
$6/$9 B < :

$ )
/*9 B $ *

< 6
:G B $ $

* 
H

 
 
   2 
   &(     

  4
 
    
  !" 
  # $%
# # & # & #  ' !'
()** +, -+,-.-
 - /-0, ++ -+,/+1 /./2
 - /34. +- -++/4- /,+4
 2 3-+-4 -4 ,/102 ,.,/5-1
6 - -0++3 -2 -44-4 -4-35/0
6 2 .334 -/ 14+/ /-24
6 2 2-1- 2 ,00/ /,30
66 2 ,00/ / -2205-2 /4,,
"
    
 & H     K    
 , ; 
 
 
 
 
-. !  
  &
 
       
 
 &    
  
 
 
  &           
   ,
 
    
  !" 
  # $%
# # & # & #  ' !'
()** +, -+,-.-
 - /-0, ++ -+,/+1 /./2

 !"
  #  #  

 - /34. +- -++/4- /,+4


6 - -0++3 +/ -/.1,, ////-4-3

You might also like