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SPACEFLIGHT DYNAMICS
Two-Body Motion
vx
Lecture 3: The Two Body Problem 9
Challenge #2
Anyone who suggested a solution
even remotely similar earned a point.
Circles and circular arcs! Which was 3 people.
Our toolbox:
Newtons law of gravitation
v2
r = 3r = Specific Energy
r 2 r
Vis-Viva Equation
2
v= Most everything else comes
r a
Lecture 3: The Two Body Problem
straight from these. 15
Properties of Conic Sections
v e a
2
Ellipses < <0 0e<1 a >0
r
2
Parabolas = =0 e=1 a =
r
2
Hyperbolas > >0 e>1 a<0
r h2
Since = a(1 e 2 ) is positive
2 2
n= = q
P 2 a3
r
= rad/s
a3
Lecture 3: The Two Body Problem 18
Where are we in an orbit?
We have:
Our position in an orbit relative to Earth
The time
The true anomaly,
We want to know:
How long it will take to get
somewhere
The time profile of (t) r
We pose the answer by
determining how much
area is swept out in some
amount of time.
Mean anomaly, M
An angle that does
advance at a constant
rate in an elliptical orbit.
M = n(t tp )
r
Eccentric anomaly, E
An angle that helps
translate from the true
anomaly to the mean
anomaly
Mean anomaly, M
An angle that does
advance at a constant
rate in an elliptical orbit.
M = n(t tp )
r
Eccentric anomaly, E E
An angle that helps
translate from the true
anomaly to the mean
anomaly
Satellite is at periapse
Satellite is at apoapse
Lets see
some math!
True Anomaly
Note: c = a rp
Mean Anomaly = a a(1-e)
=ae
Eccentric Anomaly
Now,
2 2 2 a 1 e2
r = XSAT + YSAT
= (a cos E ae)2 + (bsin E)2
= a 2 "#cos2 E 2ecos E + e2 + (1 e2 )sin 2 E $%
p
Remember r =
1+ ecos
p (esin ) p ( esin ) r 2 hesin
r = 2
= =
(1+ ecos ) p2 p
But also r = a (1 ecos E )
r = aesin EE
hesin
So, aeE sin E =
p Note b sin E = r sin
he " b % b
aeE sin E = $ sin E ' sin = sin E
p #r & r
p
Remember r =
1+ ecos
p (esin ) p ( esin ) r 2 hesin
r = 2
= =
(1+ ecos ) p2 p
But also r = a (1 ecos E )
r = aesin EE
hesin
So, aeE sin E =
p Note b sin E = r sin
he " b % b
aeE sin E = $ sin E ' sin = sin E
p #r & r
rE =
hb
=
a (1 e 2
) a 1 e 2
h2
=p
Thus,
pa a(1 e 2 )a
3
rE =
a a (1 e ) 2
=
a 2
=
4
a 2 (1 e 2 ) a2 a
Thus, a(1 e cos E )E =
a
1
2
E e cos EE = 3 =n
a 2
rE =
hb
=
a (1 e 2
) a 1 e 2
h2
=p
Thus,
pa a(1 e 2 )a
3
rE =
a a (1 e ) 2
=
a 2
=
4
a 2 (1 e 2 ) a2 a
Thus, a(1 e cos E )E =
a
1
2
E e cos EE = 3 =n
a 2
rE =
hb
=
a (1 e 2
) a 1 e 2
h2
=p
Thus,
pa a(1 e 2 )a
3
rE =
a a (1 e ) 2
=
a 2
=
4
a 2 (1 e 2 ) a2 a
Thus, a(1 e cos E )E =
a
1
2
E e cos EE = 3 =n
a 2
M = n(t tp ) = E e sin E
Keplers Equation relates the Mean
Anomaly to the Eccentric Anomaly
Lecture 3: The Two Body Problem 36
Derivation of Keplers Equation
M = n(t tp ) = E e sin E
p a(1 e2 )
r = a(1 e cos E) = =
1 + e cos 1 + e cos
If is given: p
r=
1 + e cos
r cos + ae
cos E =
a
r sin
sinE =
b
Solve E-e sin E = M for t (or M)
Lecture 3: The Two Body Problem 41
If we have t and need more:
If t is given: If is given:
M = n(t - tp) p
Solve E-e sin E = M for E r=
1 + e cos
r = a( 1-e cos E) r cos + ae
cos E =
a cos E ae a
and cos =
r r sin
b sinE =
sin = sin E b
r
2
Solve E-e sin E = M for t (or M)
a 1e
= sin E
r
1+e E
Another Useful Relation: tan = tan
Lecture 3: The Two Body Problem
2 1e 2 43
Solving Keplers Equation
Today:
Keplers Laws
Properties of conic orbits
The Vis-Viva Equation! You will fall in love with this equation.
Converting between the anomalies
Monday:
Several examples of converting between the anomalies
Solving Keplers Problem
Satellite state representations
1+ e E
tan = tan
2 1e 2
Lecture 3: The Two Body Problem 48