Professional Documents
Culture Documents
GOVERNMENT their blood and this established the Islamic Government in the 20th
century
M.S. Tajar
Manila, January 11, 1982
MS. TAJAR
TABLE OF CONTENTS CHARACTERISTIC OF ISLAMIC
GOVERNMENT..38-45
Dedication ...i Human Oriented
Introduction.....1-7 Provision of Law and Order
Who is Ali A Possible Misunderstanding
Ali Bin Abitalib The First Muslim Society Based on Moderation
Ali Multi-dimensional Personality Strong, Firm but highly Democratic
The wrong concept of Education ISLAMIC GOVERNMENT IN MUSLIM COUNTRIES AND A
Mass Education WORLDWIDE ISLAMIC GOVERNMENT46-54
Not Lawlessness Establishment of Islamic Government
ISLAMIC GOVERNMENT: AIMS AND in the Muslim Countries
OBJECTIVES...8-27 The Role if Iran
Freedom of Man A worldwide- Islamic Government
Ali a man of knowledge & wisdom The Islamic Movement Today
Alis Political Reforms Liberation Movements Conference in Tehran
Ali as a Ruler and Statesman Islamic Constitutions of Iran and the Worldwide Islamic
Establishment of a Just Political Structure Government
War in Islam? APPENDIX..ii-VI
Islam Advocates Justice BIBLIOGRAPHYVII-XIV
In Society
Qualified Islamic Leadership
But it should be different
The Government of the Islamic state
ISLAMIC GOVERNMENT: ORGANIZATION
AND ADMINISTRATION28-37
Leadership: Selective and elective
Sunni and Shia Schools
What about Today?
Relationship of Leader and his people
Administration Based on Consultation
Scope of Showra
Principle of Check and Balance
The Government Affairs
Although there are some little mistakes in this observation,
which is expected from a non-Muslim anyway, but in general, he is right.
First of all, the letter that the author mentions in neither the only
letter of instruction nor the only principle laid by Imam Ali on how to
establish and run the Islamic government; in fact there is a thick book
called Nahjul Balgha, containing his letters and his political as well as
other Islamic teaching. *
Second, the Islamic government is not based on what Ali wrote
and ruled, but what Mohammad, the founder of Islam, instructed his
INTRODUCTION followers. The only thing Ali did was to put them into proper practice
and organize as well as interpret those divine principles.
Third, the letter was not written 1300 years ago, but much closer
to the era of the Prophet and his companions. It was issued three years
after Ali became the Khifa (Caliph) of Muslims in the year 35 A.H.*
Before that, there were many other political instructions by him, but this
one was more in detail.
It was the year 1979 when a big event of the 20th century took Based on these, it becomes clear that the letter was written in the
place the militant revival of Islam, symbolized by the Islamic year 38 A.H. That is 28 years after Mohammad passed away and exactly
Revolution of Iran.1 1362 years ago.
What would be the Islamic Government in the 20th century
become everybodys question. The radical intellectuals, the
traditionalists and conservatives, politicians and businessmen, men of
religion as well as free thinkers all were interested in knowing the
Who is Ali?
nature of this phenomenon, or as Ben Bella, The leader of Algerian
Revolution put it, The Miracle of our Age. 2 It seems that in history the world there is no personality more
Many articles and commentaries appeared in the International controversial then Ali Bin Abitalib. When it comes to this personality the
Press, but almost all failed to describe it correctly, either because of the people range from those who regard him as God (Nosairies, Gholat and
lack of information on the subject matter or, in some cases, the intention Ali Allahies) down to those who regard Ali as infidel and curse him (The
to distort the facts. * Nasebies, Khawarej). In between, there are many groups with different
Nonetheless, there were some commentators who got the idea degrees of feelings and beliefs about him. There are those who believed
and explained it to their readers. Here are some portions of an article by in Ali to be an impeccable Imam (saint) who was appointed by Prophet
Mr. Arthur Higbee. After discussing some progressive and human- Mohammad as his sole legitimate and uninterrupted successor who
oriented aspects of Islam, the author writes as follows: regard him as one of the top tem respectable companions of Mohammad
and the fourth Khalifa (Sunni Muslims). Each one of these two schools
These humane percepts are contained in a letter from an Islamic again has several other sub-groups like various branches of Sufis or
ruler to one of his viceroys. They were written 1300 years ago by
mystics and other denominations. But this study is not about those
Ali, son-in-law of the Prophet Mohammad to Malik, his new
viceroy for Egypt. groups and schools, rather it intends to give a short biography of a man,
whose interpretation and practice of Islamic principles became a
The letter, as classic of Islamic Literature, has taken on a fresh guideline for the Muslims to aspire for the re-establishment of the
timeliness with revolutionary leader Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeinis Islamic government a 20th century version through self-sacrifices
demand that Iran be turned into an Islamic Republic. 3 and a bloody revolution.
Ali Bin Abitalib, the First Muslim human being can attain that height, an a third aspect will
fascinate you equally and you will realize that before you is a
Being born on the 13th of Rajab 610 A.D. (23 years before personality of such great eminence that you can not fully
Hijra) Ali was the first person to accept Islam.4 When Mohammad appreciate its greatness and you will feel that Ali was an
started preaching the new religion he began the mission from his own Imam(leader) in battle-field, was an Imam in politics, was an
Imam in religion and also an Imam in ethics, in philosophy, in
relatives as was ordered by Allah: literature, in learning and in wisdom.8
And warn (call O, Mohammad) thy clan of near Kindered.5 Ali
was the first cousin of him and since early childhood he was Another prominent historian who has devoted a large part of his
grown and trained by Mohammad himself. 6 life studying Imam Alis saying and deeds is Ibne Abil Hadeed. He has
written a commentary, covering 17 thick volumes, on the life and views
Historian believe that Ali was born in the precints of Ka,aba, the of Ali. This well-known scholar, who knows Ali better than many others,
Holy house in Mecca.7 It is more acceptable when we take into describes him this way:
consideration the facts that the family of Mohammad and Ali the Bani
Hashim, were traditional guardians and Keyholders of Ka,aba and HAZRAT (respect) Ali has a personality in which opposite
characteristics has so gathered that it was difficult to believe that
always had to be present in that Holy House and most probably Alis a human mind could manifest such combination. He was the
mother gave birth to her son while she was in the House. bravest man that history could cite and such brave persons are
always hard hearted, cruel and eager for bloodshed. On the
contrary Ali was kind, sympathetic, responsive and warm heated
Ali a Multi-dimensional Personality person, qualities quite contradictory to the other phase of his
character and more suited to pious and God-fearing persons.
Among the great personalities of history, there are some with a He was very pious and God fearing person and often pious
special capacity and talent in one aspect or two, but incapable in the third. and God fearing persons avoid society and do not care to mix
The history shows many chevaliers, poets, a philosopher, orators, with men of sins and me of wrath, similarly warriors, kings and
devotes, justices and rulers, etc. But the thing unique with Ali was that, dictators are usually arrogant and haughty, they consider it below
themselves to mix with poor, lowly and humble person. But Ali
according to the researchers,* he was the greatest warrior that ever was different. He was friend to all. As a matter of fact he has a
appeared in the Arab and Islamic history while his orations and writings tender spot in his heart for poor and humble, and for orphans and
are classified as the masterpieces of Arabic language and Islamic cripples. To them he always was kind friend, a sympathetic guide
literature, and his sayings, even today are considered to be among the and a fellow sufferer; he was meek unto them but haughty and
arrogant against famous warriors and generals, so many of whom
best philosophical views. His devotional life has become as symbol and a
he had killed in hand combats. He was always kind but strict with
pattern to follow, for the early Islamic Sufis as well as many mystical wayward persons, sympathetically teaching them the way of God.
schools existing today. He always smiled and passed happy and witty re-joiners, it was
Alis political teachings and rules and regulations established difficult to overcome him in a debate or reportees, his rejoiners
during his four years of Khalafat have been serving as the basis of many and retorts always bore high mark of culture, education and
knowledge.9
rightful Muslim governments of the past as well as that of today.
To have a better understanding of this great man of Islam and Ibne Abil Hadded then goes deeper to explain Alis nobility of
world in general, here are some views expressed by the philosophers and character and his gentleness. At the end he quotes a highly respectable
histories who have studied Alis life and character for many years. Uztad Muslim personality Abdullah, son of Imam Malik as saying:
(Professor) Mahommad Kamil Hatta of Egypt says:
The Caliphate did not bring any honor or glory to Ali, but it was
His (Alis) personality is very prominent on account of his itself honored and glorified by Ali and it received the status
transcending and high qualities. Each aspect of his life is so lofty actually due to it. 10
and glorious that a study of one phase would make you feel that it
was the best phase of his character and the most beautiful picture
of his personality, while contemplation of any other phase will
enchant you more and you will come to the conclusion that no
Ali as a Ruler and Statesman Behold, Him who split the grain (to grow) and created living
beings, if people had not come to me and supporters has not
When he was elected as Khalifa by the people, Ali was 58 years exhausted the argument and if there has been no pledge of Allah
old and it was 25 years after Prophet Mohammad had passed ways or 36 with the learned (the intellectuals) to effect that they should not
years after the first Islamic state was established. acquiesce in the gluttony of the oppressor and the hunger of the
oppressed, I would have cast the rope of Khelafat (rulership) on
The Shia Muslims believer that Ali, who was the most trusted its own shoulders, (..) in my view this world of yours is less
and the most deserving person at the time, was picked by Mohammad, worthy than the sneezing of a goat. 14
upon the order of Allah, during a ceremony (Al-Ghadeer) to be the post
revolutionary leader of the Muslim Ummah.11 The Sunni Muslims (The Ali would not agree in principle with any of the past three
majority), however, believe in Alis outstanding personality and also the Kahlifas and always would criticize them, but more in a type of
ceremony in which he was picked up by the Prophet; but they argue that friendliness and guidance rather then enmity and destruction. The reason
it was to declare his friendship with , and not leadership over, the why he, in spite of disagreement with their ruler in principle, never
Muslims. 12 made any attempt to overthrow them or destroy their image among the
In any case, historically and not ideologically speaking, Ali was public; particular when they were in power, was that he knew very well
elected the fourth Khalifa after: that a civil war among the Muslims in the early days of Islam would be
1. Abu Bakr son of Abi Qohafa (ruled two years and three beneficial only to the hostile powers outside the country (the Roman and
months.) Persian empires) and the counter revolutionaries (Munafeqin) and the
2. Omar Bin Khattab (ruled 10 years and six months); and reactionaries (Mushriks and Kafirs) within the new Islamic State. This
3. Othman Bin Affan (ruled 12 years). point of view could be quite clearly understood from his speech No.5, a
Unlike his three predecessors, who were either elected by a part of which states like this.
partisan group, compared to the rest of Muslim population, (like Abu
If I had attempted to pluck the unripe fruit (of Khelafat) then by
Bakr) or only selected by outgoing Khalifa (Like Omar) or elected by a this way the orchard would have been desolated and I too would
handful of elites (like Osman), Ali was the only Khalifa in the history of have achieved nothing (.) If I ask them to vacate it so that
Islam (and of the whole world till that time, 758 A.D.) who was truly owner (the right person for the post) should cultivate it himself
elected by the people to rule over the biggest existing government of the and protect it, they say how greedy I am, while if I keep quite
time composed of the whole Arabian peninsula, the former Egyptian and they think I am afraid of death. They should tell me on what
occasion did I ever feel afraid, or flew from the battle-field, for
Persian Empires and a big portion of the Roman Empire, combined. Ali life. 15
explains his own election this way:
As once a great Muslim scholar commented, we could see Alis
At the moment (elections) the crowd of people (who were tired of
the former rulers and rushed to elect Ali) frightened me. It
heroic personality and real value of him not so much in the great wars he
advanced towards me from every side like the mane of hyena so fought and won but rather in his 25 years of great silence and patience,
much so that Hassan and Hosain (Alis sons) were getting during which he suffered a lot, but for the sake of Truth and preserving
crushed and both the ends of my shoulder garment were torn. 13 unity of the newly established government of Islam, he kept quite. If the
ordinary politicians given the same opportunities, would resort to a civil
One of the factors that made this election unique, was that Ali strife or war, Ali did the opposite. He explains his own situation in those
was the first, and most probably the last, ruler who was ever elected by days as this:
the overwhelming majority without any campaign and any desire or
aspiration for the post, but rather accepted it, according to himself, as an By Allah, the son of Abi Qohafa (first Khalifa) dressed himself
obligation to Allah and His people, which Ali could not refuse. He said: with it (the Khelafat) while he certainly knew that my position in
the relation to it was the same as the position of the axis in
relation to the hand-mill (.) I put a curtain against the Khelafat
and kept myself detached from it. Then I began to think whether I
should assault of endure calmly the blinding darkness of
tribulations wherein the grown up are feebled and the young
grown old and the true believer acts under strain till he meets Regarding the reforms that his government intended to bring, Ali
Allah (on his death), I found that endurances thereon was wiser. delivered a beautiful speech on the occasion during which the allegiance
So I adopted patience although there was pricking in the eye and
suffocation (of mortification) in the throat. 17 was sworn to him at Medina. He began his words by saying:
The responsibility for what I say is guaranteed and I am
answerable for it You should know that the same problems
Ali, then lashes out on the second Kahlifa (Omar) by saying: which existed when the Prophet (Mohammad) was first send,
have returned to our society today (the socio-political corruption).
The first one went his way (died) but handled over the
By Allah who send the Prophet with faith and truth, you will be
Khelafat to Ibne Khattab (second Khalifa) himself.
severely subverted (by my governments plan for reforms),
This one put the Khelafat in a tough enclosure where the
bitterly shaken as in sieving and fully mixed as by spooning in a
utterance was haughty and the touch was rough, Mistakes were in
cooking pot till your low persons become high and high ones
plenty and so also the excuses thereof. One in contact with it was
become low, those who were forward would become backward
like the rider of an unruly camel. If he let it loose, he would be
(the former appointments have been unjust). By Allah, I have not
thrown. Consequently, By Allah, people got involved in
concealed a single word not spoken any lie (unlike many
recklessness, wickedness, unsteadiness and deviation
politicians).. Beware that sins (corruption) are like unruly
Till the third man of these people (the third Khalifa,
horses on whom their riders have been placed and their reigns
Othman) stoop up (.) with him his cousins also stood up
have been let loose so that hey would jump with them in Hell (of
swallowing up Allahs wealth (National income) like a camel
destruction), while piety is like trained horses on whom the riders
devouring the foliage of spring till his rope broke down his
have been placed with the reign of their hands, so that they would
actions finished him and his gluttony brought him down prostrate
take their riders to Heaven (of prosperity). There is right and left
(the people rebelled and killed the third Khalifa) 18
(wings) there are followers of each (remember) there are
misleading paths; only the middle way is the right path; only the*
From his criticism of the past Khalifas acts and policies, one can () Hide in your houses and reform yourselves. 19
easily determine how contrary to the Islamic principles they might have
been in Alis point of view. It also indicate his determination to check Thus Ali began his reform of all deviations that had occurred
and correct all misconducts and deviations committed by the past in the Islamic Society as whole and the political structure in particular.
Khalifas. He removed many governors and officials of the previous
That is why this research work intends to take up and analyze governments replacing them by the pious officers; issued firm
Alis interpretation of the Islamic law regarding government: because by instructions against discrimination that existed between the Arab and
comparing his views with those of his opponents, a big gap and a very non-Arab citizens of the Islamic government, and even among different
clear contrast shall arise and will show the true nature of the Islamic Arab families. These kinds of discriminations were part of some anti-
Government. Islamic and anti-human practices that developed after third Khalifas.20
The Prophet has repeatedly said: There is no superiority for an
Arab over a non-Arab or for anon-Arab over an Arab: the honor belongs
Alis Political Reforms to the pious and people of noble characters. 21
Before taking up some major political reforms brought by Ali Ali also decided to take back all the lands and fortunes that were
during his Khelafat, it should be borne in mind that in Islam there exist illegally transferred to the relatives and the favorites of third Khalif,
no difference between political and religious or social and moral or other Othman, during his 12 years of rule.
matters, but rather all aspects in the life of any citizen of the Islamic After resuming the land grants made by Othman, he said:
government are to be considered by the administration. By Allah, even if I had found that by such money women have
Therefore, if a reform was made by Ali or any other Islamic been married I would have resumed it; because there is wide
administrator which seemed not to be apparently political but, say scope in dispensation of justice and he who finds it hard to act
religious it is still considered political because here the government and justify should fin it harder to deal with injustice. 22
politics eminate from religion and any reform in the basis religion
doubtless will affect everything, including the government and politics of
the state.
Ali, a Man of Knowledge and Wisdom
Hardly is there any religion other than Islam that has laid so
much emphasis on knowledge and thought. The word knowledge and
its derivatives are sued 190 times in different parts of the Quran. Also
the words of wisdom and analysis 20 times; though 10 times, reading
His other plans to reform were: To make proper arrangement
and writing 115 times, etc.
for the security of Islamic state from external threats as well as internal
In Quran, God Almighty swears By the pen and that which
chaos and lawlessness, to establish a sound economic order based on the
they write (therewith). 24 The Prophet (Mohammad) has come to teach
Islamic principles of do not lose and do not cause the others loss! to
people the Scripture and wisdom (62:2) and to instruct man to pray:
recognize the public services division and to treat non-Muslim citizens of
My Lord increase me in knowledge. (20:114).
the Islamic state with deserving leniency and respect.
The Prophet of Islam said: Seek knowledge from the cradle to
The land survey was carried on by him and he was the first man
the grave, and also said: Seeking knowledge is a duty for Muslim male
to introduce the Budgetary System for collection of revenues and for its
and female, etc.
expenditure. 23 Ali divided the state service into following sections:
Ali was a man trained in accordance with the teachings of
1. Public Finance,
religion such as Islam; no wonder if he was one of the best examples of a
2. Army,
philosopher ruler whom Plato would aspire to see in his dreams of the
3. Central Secretariat,
Utopian Society.
4. Judiciary,
That is also why some non-Muslim scholars and philosophers of
5. Provincial Offices.
the West, regret that Ali is not alive today so that they could ask him the
The public finance was also divided by him into two sections: (a)
solutions for the unanswered problems of man. 25
collection section and (b) distribution section. Again the collection
The flood of knowledge flows down from me and no high
section was sub-divided into three to collect the three different taxes that
flying mind can reach mine.26
were allowed to be collected, namely:
In another speech he stressed: O, people: ask me (re-study his
1.) Land revenue,
speeches, short sayings and the letters he has written on different
2.) Zakat (poor rate) and Safaqat (poor fund)
subjects-matters. His discussions range from analysis of Islamic beliefs
3.) Jezya, a tax from non-Muslims in lieu of Zakat.
down to political, economic, social, moral, judicial, military science,
(The reason for separation of non-Muslim tax was that Zakat is
mathematics, logic and literature.
an Islamic obligation and non-Muslims could not be obliged to follow it;
Ali is the founder of Arabic grammar and the first person (after
but they had to pay their own tax that is called Jezya).
Prophet Mohammad) who began the analytical-study of Quran (Tafsir)
There are many more reforms initiated by Ali, based on his
as the basis for understating Islam. He also trained some bright students
knowledge and dedication to the Islamic cause, the details of which
in several fields of arts and sciences. Here are some of what he did to
could be found in the Islamic history as well as a thorough study of Alis
develop education among the illiterate Arabs, who later on became the
own sayings, speeches, letters of instruction and steps taken by him on
propagators of education in the world:
various occasions during his five years of Khelafat.
To Abul-Aswad Doelly, he dedicated basic principles and rules ISLAMIC GOVERNMENT:
of grammar for the Arabic language with special instruction to AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
concentrate on the syntax of the language. Abdul Rahman Salmi
was made to look after the art of reading Quran correctly (to
understand correctly). Komail Zias was made responsible for
mathematics, Engineering and Astronomy, Omar Ibne Salama for The ultimate aim and objective of Islam, and as a result the
poetry (and also) logic, Abdullah Ibne Abbas for principles of Islamic Government, is the true happiness of man.
Administration and Rheotorics, and he (Ali) himself for
Philosophy of religion, ethics (analytical) commentary of the
When the Quran speaks of sending Prophet Mohammad as a
Holy Quran and traditions of the Holy Prophet. But actually he messenger, it says it this way:
was hub of the whole activity28 We (God) did not send you (O, Mohammad) but as a mercy
for mankind. 1
When one reads about this educational institution, one cannot but Regarding the direction to which it guides mankind Quran
be surprised and ask himself: What is the relation between subjects like states:
poetry and logic or administration and rhetoric that are handled by the Lo this Quran guideth unto that which is the straitest (way
to mans welfare). 2
same teacher?
Although it is easily understood that during those days
In order to be more specific, we would like concentrate on the
specialization was not so popular among scholars and almost all scholars
following essential objectives of the Islamic government as described by
of ancient time were skillful in several arts and sciences,* but seems, as it
Imam Ali:
was apparent from Alis own practice and word, that to him science
a. Freedom of man;
without love of God (religion) and art of humanity was a dangerous play,
b. His education;
in which science would be a mere tool to produce materialistic thoughts,
c. The Political structure of the state in which he is supposed to
and to show the ways for more disastrous exploitation of man by man
live, and (lastly)
and more destructive wars for domination, in order to bring endless
d. The Leadership of that state.
wealth and limitless power to the logical beings!
Ton conclude about Alis ideas on education, it can be said that
the rich background in education and training he got from Prophet Freedom of Man
Mohammad since early childhood, made Alis resourceful authority, not
only on the early movement of Islam, but on the Islamic ideology and its As far as freedom of man is concerned, the Islamic government
education system as well. is fully committed to it. In fact Islam announces its mission to be the
freedom of man from all traditional or modern yokes, be they social or
political that are limiting mans real freedom.
Note for example this announcement from the Quran which is
the charter of the Islamic government:
Those who follow the messenger (Mohammad who) will
relieve them from their burden and the fetters that used to wear,
(all the chains of the old corrupt society.)3
What were those burdens and fetters? Ali as an expert on
Islam and an active member of the early Islamic movement, and one who
had observed the past, could explain it better. Once discussing the
situation of the people before the coming of Prophet Mohammad, he
said;
They obeyed Satan (subjected themselves to wrong) through
them Satans emblem got flying and his standard was raised in
the vices which (as a result) trampled the people under their
hoofs, and threaded upon the m with their feet (this obedience to
Satan, the symbol of all vices, caused man to oppress one internal dangerous and hidden enemies who are in better position to
another). The vices stood on their toes (in full stature) and people attach on his right to be real human.
immersed in them were perplexed, ignorant and seduced. 4
But freedom of man in its perfect sense is the first aim of Islamic
system of government; and to achieve it, there is a need to educate or
And regarding the mission of Prophet Mohammad in order to
better to say re-educate man. Here comes the Islamic system of mass
free those people from all the chains that were on their bodies and minds,
education.
again Ali said:
I also stand witness that Mohammad is His (Gods) servant and Mass Education
His prophet. Allah sent him with the Illustrious religion (bright
and clear teachings) effective emblem effulgent light, sparkling He (God Almighty) it is Who hath sent among the unlettered
gleam, and decisive injunction in order to dispel doubts, presents ones a messenger of their own, to recite unto them His
clear proofs (to open the minds) administer warning through revelations (teachings for a desirable and successful living) and
signs and to warn of punishments (the results of the wrong to make them grow (materially and spiritually), and to teach them
conducts in a society)5 the Scripture and Wisdom, though hereto fore they were indeed
in error manifest! 8
Not Lawlessness
As far as the mass education in Quran and teaching of Prophet
Here may arise a misconception that when we say the Islamic
Mohammad and other Muslim Imams is concerned, they can reveal to us
government is the advocator of freedom for man, it means that it does not
countless examples in both theoretical as well as practical aspects of
have rules or regulations which the citizenry are obliges to follow. But
educating the people and opening their eyes and minds to the realities of
this is not the right concept of freedom in the Islamic system of
life in this world and hereafter. This study aims to take up some of those
government.
aspects that are pointed out and explained by Imam Ali as a great
The freedom that Islamic government is advocating has a more
authority on Islamic Affairs. Here are parts of what he said regarding the
profound meaning. It is a state of freedom where a man is free from
education in general and the responsibility of the educated people in
anything under the sun, including his own selfish desires!
sharing their knowledge with the non-educated ones and spreading it
He is not obedient to any, and slave of none. But he should obey
among the public. Addressing the intelligentsia, Ali said:
God Almighty to whom he has a natural obligation and promise to
listen.6 God Almighty did not oblige the un-educated to learn, unless
At this point wee could understand the full meaning of Alis after He held the educated ones responsible to provide them with
famous statement on freedom when he proclaimed: education! 9
Do not be slave to any (including yourself) while Allah has
bestowed you Freedom. Ali himself was one of the best educators whose speeches are
In short, the freedom in Islamic terminology means a total liberty still a very rich source towards understanding the human way of life in
in which man is rebellious against any power that wants to enslave him, general and the Islamic one in particular.
including his own selfish desire which is called by Ali as the most His sayings as well as doings are of high qualities of human
dangerous, close and hidden enemy of man. But he has obey one, that is values and serve as good models for everyday. Alis teachings are not
God. limited to one aspect of life (material or spiritual alone) but a beautiful
In the other democratic institutions of the world, man is free to combination of both.
do anything he wishes as long as he does not violate the freedom of his In his lectures delivered for the ordinary Arabs of 1400 years, all
fellow being. They say: intellectual of the 20th century can find many points to discover. Those
The individuals right reaches its limit at the point where speeches range from philosophy of religion, moral lessons, self-
anothers right starts. discipline, prayers with real meaning up to the creating of the world
They provide man with a protection from external threats that ______________________________________________________
may violate his rights, while they fail to provide him freedom from his oppressors, science, philosophy of history, sociology, etc.
Except for some very technical matters all of these points were righteousness. Otherwise, the gluttony of the oppressor does not
discussed by Ali among common men and women of Arabia. This is require one to be a university graduate to know those things.
what we term as a mass education where the universities and academies Thirdly, the un-educated people are not merely the illiterates but
are brought among the people. rather those simple-minded (literates or illiterates) who are cheated by
the oppressors and their rights are taken away from them; thus they are
The Wrong Concept of Education
hungry, persecuted or dealt with unjustly in one way or the other.
There is a misconception regarding education that should Fourthly, the educated people should shoulder the
clarified, otherwise it may lead to many other misunderstanding, responsibilities of awakening and defending the masses whether they like
including the misinterpretation of mass education in the Islamic System it or not, because it is not optional but an un-avoidable heavenly (from
of Government. Alis point of view) responsibility.
To some people, among them some learned man, education is a Here is an assessment by Ali of what his master, leader, mentor
synonym for literacy. Therefore, when they want to measure the and beloved friend Mohammad did to educate the people of Arabia
educational situation in a country, they give reference to the percentage during the early Islamic movement.
of literate people. Even the United Nations and its educational arm
(UNESCO) follow this pattern of evaluating people and nations. Allah send the Prophet (S.A.W.) at a time when the people
were going astray in perplexity and were moving here and there
In the Islamic concept, the measurement for education is not in mischief. Desires had deflected them and self-conceit had
based on literacy. Although literacy is also considered to be one of the served them. Extreme ignorance had made them foolish. They
effective means of education, but as long as Islam is concerned, it is not were confounded by the unsteadiness of matters and the evils of
education by itself. ignorance. Then the Prophet (S.A.W.) did his best in giving them
sincere advice, himself treaded on the right path and called (the
In the Islamic concept, the measurement for education is not
people) towards wisdom and good counsel.15
based on literacy. Although literacy is also considered to be one of the
effective mean of education, but as long as Islam is concerned, it is not Taking all of those into consideration we come to a conclusion
education by itself. that the Islamic government does not want to keep its citizens unaware,
Quran calls the people whop read books but do not apply the but rather Islam wants them to be more aware and truly educated;
good teachings therein, as the likeness of the ass carrying books.10 because in Islamic point of view, only through peoples awakeness, can a
Then what is the meaning of education in the Islamic System? society avoid exploitation of one class by another or a Ali puts it: The
According to Islamic instructions, the education is a light through which gluttony of the oppressor and the hunger of the oppressed.
man can ding his way to the right path, and the educated man has the No need to mention that without such kind of public education
responsibility to enlighten the people of his society. and awareness, the real freedom of man or any other Islamic social or
Ali pointed to the same responsibility when he said: political concept will be futile.
Behold, by Him who split the grain (to grow) and
From here we may judge the truth about implementing Islam in
created living beings if there has been no pledge of Allah with
the learned to the effect that hey should not acquiesce in the some of the so-called Islamic countries, Saudi for example, where the
gluttony of the oppressor and the hunger of the oppressed, I King and Prices have imposed themselves because the people are not
would have cost the rope of Caliphate on its own shoulders (I ware, that Islam is a democratic system wherein exist no King and no
would not have accepted it). 11 crown Price but a democratic government elected in accordance with
From this very phrase we can understand several points Quran and teachings of Prophet Mohammad.
regarding the Islamic concept of educating people.
The first point to note is that the learned men, by virtue if the Establishment of a Just Political Structure
knowledge that they have, are obligated by God Almighty to speak out Although the establishment of a government and taking power in
against injustice and wrong conduct in society. hand is not the ultimate objective of the Islamic system of though,
Secondly, Islam does not point to the literate people only but that however this religion being realistic, believes that a true reform. Be in
every person who is aware of the fact, should awaken others and defend moral, social, educational, political, economic and so forth can never be
implanted while the power is in the hands of the corrupt people. Thus the
establishment of a just political structure becomes a prime target IF any religion has a change of ruling over England, nay
Europe, within the next 100 years it is Islam.16
indirectly to the Islamic school of thought.
To clarify this, here is a verse from the Quran that tells us how Most probably it has caused a psychological reaction that is to
the Islamic system wants to lead the society: face Islamic movement negatively through false accusations.
O, ye who believe! Obey Allah, and obey the messenger and
Another possibility for this kind of propaganda could be the
those of you who are (rightfully) authorized and if ye have a efforts of the church to cover or justify its so-called evangelization
dispute concerning any matter, refer it to Allah and the activities in the numerous colonies in Black Africa, Asia and Latin
messenger.13 America during which countless number of people were tortured or
killed in the name of Christ the Savior.
And what is the messenger supposed to do in the society wherein Or may be the church feels guilty of being the roller of
he is appointed? Here is another verse to explain it: colonization and exploitation for the European kings and rulers, for
We (God Almighty) verily send our messengers with clear centuries.
proofs and revealed with them the Scripture and the Balance, that Whatever the reason or reasons might be, the fact is that the
mankind may observe right measure, and He revealed iron, church preaches love and peace in theory, while in practice it creates
wherein is mighty power and (many) uses for mankind and that hatred and suppression. It tells the people: Love your neighbor love
Allah may know him who helpeth Him and His messenger
though unseen. Lo! Allah is Strong, Almighty.14
your enemy; whoever strikes you on the right cheek, turn to him the
other as well27
A Muslim researcher describes the above verses this way: In other words, the philosophy that teaches. If someone throws
you stone, throw him bread, but it did the contrary itself.
In that case the ideology has tree bases: (1) The Scripture or
manifest to guide; (2) The Balance to measure and distinguish What About Islam/
right from wrong; and (3) The iron (as a symbol of power) to
impose the law for observing justice and right measure in the
In the case of the Islam and its government the historical facts
community.15 say it is different. Islam neither issued an unconditional love for
everybody including the enemy nor did it practice hatred and violence
In other words, Islam struggles for power and tries to establish against the common man. Its policy as declared by the Islamic leaders,
its own government; but to govern is not an end by itself rather it is a including Ali, is that of realism and not idealism. Here are two verses of
means to an end which is the implementation of law, justice and a human the Quran to prove it:
conduct in the society.
There is no compulsion in religion (after) the right is
War in Islam made clear from the wrong.18n
Whenever the word Islam or Islamic government is mentioned, a Fight in the way of Allah against those who fight against
majority of the non-Muslims think of the wars and violence that are you, but begin not hostility. Lo! Allah loveth not aggressors. 19
attributed both rightfully and wrongfully to this religion and its system of
government.
This kind of concept about Islam is particularly found among the Islam Advocate Justice
Christians in general and the populace of the western countries in In the Islamic concept, the reaction to any action should be that
particular, because the church said so. which is logical and just. If for instance, one throws you a stone
The reasons for such an allegation could be many. For instance, (intentionally), you retaliate it with bread, as the church preaches, but
the priests want to accuse Islam of violence so that the horrible treatment when another person throws you bread, you the same or better (or
and persecutions of millions of people by the church during the Middle worse); in all cases, your reactions are questionable from the point of
Ages will be considered as normal for a religion. views of Justice.
Bread versus stone as well as bread, is not justifiable because it Carlyle himself answer this question of Goethe by saying, Yes,
means the good and bad are rewarded in the same way. It encourages all of us that have any moral life, we all live so. This is yet the highest
(most of the time) the bad to continue and the goof to abandon his good wisdom that heaven has revealed to our earth. 21
practices.
Bread versus stone but bread plus honey versus bread, is un- Another interesting point to note here is that the person who has
justifiable, too; because it shows your little disgust and a meticulous gathered views of Thomas Carlyle and Goethe, namely Professor
hatred toward the stone-thrower; that is still a big sin in the Christian Ramakrishha Rao, is a prominent non-Muslim scholar. He himself is a
school of thought. Hindu from India, a country that has sheltered the Muslim community as
And if you throw bread versus stone but less for the bread a minority for centuries. He wrote:
thrower, you have rewarded unjustly on both sides; and nothing can
justify that. Therefore, the war or Jihad in Islam is just to liberate man
from the clothes of the man-like monster and to make them all
In Society equal un front of the law that is not man-made to give chances for
exploitation of the rules by the ruling class who are also the
Now let us bring that plan and apply it in society, Supposed we lawmakers or the lawyers (apparently from among the masses)
come to love the ruling class and as much as they throw stones of who will think of the interest of their own group before that of
the others. 22
oppression and exploitation and abuses, and as much as they slap on the
right cheek of the people by sucking their blood to get fatter and to color The law here is made by God Almighty who has no particular
their luxurious lives, we give them the supposedly remaining left, then interest with any group and who has created all the people and essentially
does any rational being call this a practice of human society or shall he likes all of them equally, and declares that:
call it the rule of the jungle?
Does any political scientist, nay, any sane person approve of The nobles of you with God is (only) the best in conduct. 23
such philosophy of living, except the ruling class?
Then what should be done? In the Islamic concept the children of Adam are dignified,24 but
Anybody may have its own choice, but the answer of Islam for for those who like Pharaoh exalted in the earth and made people castes
this question is: The establishment of a just structure through any means (classes), a group of whom he oppressed Lo! he was of those who
possible be it peace or (otherwise) ware. The philosophy here is that the worked in corruption. 25 Yes in that case the faithful muslims are obliged
garden should be protected from the parasites at any cost, even if that to do their duty that means to fight the corrupt and must support the
means the uprooting of parasites, or use the pesticides. oppressed.
This is the actual philosophy of war in Islam. Anything aside Why should ye not fight for the cause of Allah and of the
feeble among men and women and children who are crying: Our
from that, is ether 1) defense against the attaching enemy; (2) deviation Lord! Bring us forth from out this town (on country) of which the
from Islamic rules by an ignorant individual or king or; (3) a baseless people are oppressors! Oh, give us from Thy presence some
allegation by the opponents.20 protecting friend! Oh, give us from Thy presence some defender!
REFERENCE
22
CHAPTER I Ibid, p.57
23
S.M.A. Jafaray Nahrul Balagha (Introduction) p.57-60
1 24
Time Magazine, New York, April 16, 1979 Quran, 68:1
2 25
Ettelaat, Tehran, January 30, 1980 Opinion expressed by Mr. Narsisian, First Secretary of British
*
See for example: Embassy, in his speech at Islamic Center Baghdah, December 15, 1970
26
The Dagger of Islam, by John Laffin, (London: Sphere Books, Faizol Islam, Naqi Nahjul Balagha p.46
27
Ltd, 1979). Ibid, p.761
3 28
Arthur Higbee, What Would Irans Islamic Republic Be Like? Faizol Islam, Naqi Nahjul Balagha p.56
*
Bulletin Today, February 11, 1979, p.6 Note for example Omar Khayyam of Persia (Iran) who was an
*
This book has been printed many times in Arabic, Persian, Urdu, astronomer, philosopher, mathematician and one of the most outstanding
etc. A good English translation is published by Center of Islamic Studies, poets in history. Another good example is Abu Rarabi (Central Asian)
P.O. Box 12. Qom, Iran, in 1975. who was a great Philosopher as well as musician, etc.
*
A.H. stands for After Hijra meaning the migration of Prophet
Mohammad from Mecca to Medina.
4
Ali Reza, Seyyed, Nahjul Balagha (Qum Center of Islamic
Studies, 1975) p.12
5
Quran 26:214
6
Ali Reza Seyyed, Nahjul Balaha p.12
7
Ibid; p.14
*
The English translation of Nahjul Balagha gives a list of
Muslim as well as non-Muslim Scholars who have researches regarding
this matter (N.B. Center of Islamic Studies, Qum, Iran, pp. 9-12).
8
Hatta, Mohammad, A review on the Character of Ali (Cairo,
Neel Books Ltd., 1970) p.40.
9
Ali Reza, Seyyed, Nahjul Balaha (Qum Center of Isalmic
Studies, 1975) p.11.
10
Ibid
11
S.V. Mir Abmed Ali; The Holy Quran Full Commentary Vol.I
(Karachi, Pakistan: P.E. Trust Publications, 1979) p.608
12
Ibid
13
Faizol-Islam, Naqi Nahjul Balagha p.52
14
Ali Reza, Seyyed, Nahjul Balaha p.134
15
Ibid, p.148
16
Shariati, Ali Maktab (Houston, Texas: Book Distribution
Center 1977) p.10
17
Ali Reza Seyyed Nahjul Balaha p.134
18
Ibid, p.148
19
Ali Reza, Seyed Nahjul Balagha (Qum Center of Isalmic
Studies, 1975) p.162
20
George Zaidan History of Islamic Civilization Vol. I (Cairo,
Dar Al-Kotab Publications, 1960) p.160
21
Ibid, p.165
31
CHAPTER II Ali Reza Seyyed, Nahjul Balaha p.408
32
Ibid. p. 127
1 33
Picktthall, Marmaduke The Glorious Quran (Tehran: Salehi Ibid. p. 419
34
Publications, 1974) 21:107 Ibid. p. 190
2 35
Ibid, 17:9 Ibid. p. 425
3 36
Marmaduke Pickthall, The Glorious Quran (Tehran: Salehi Ibid.
37
Publications, 1974) 7:175 Ibid.
4 38
Ali Reza Seyyed, Nahjul Balaha p.131 Ibid. p. 448
5 39
Ibid, p.132 Ibid. p. 532
6 40
Picktthall, Marmaduke The Glorious Quran 7:172 Faizol Islam, NAQI Nahjul Balagha p.993
7 41
Statement by Mohammad Ali Jinah, founder of Pakistan, in his Ibid. p. 993
42
speech delivered at Karachi on the occasion of the Independence of Ibid. p. 1044
43
Pakistan, September 14, 1947 Ali Reza Seyyed, Nahjul Balaha p.158
8
Picktthall, Marmaduke The Glorious Quran 62: 2
9
Ali Reza Seyyed, Nahjul Balaha p.140
10
Picktthall, Marmaduke The Glorious Quran 62:5
11
Ali Reza Seyyed, N.B p.134
12
Ibid, p.258
13
Picktthall, Marmaduke The Glorious Quran 4:59
14
Ibid 57:25
15
Ammed Al Qommi, a Brief Study of Quran, Iranian Muslim
Student Association, Manila, Philippines, 1979, p.10
16
Rao Ramaksrisna Muhmmad (Mnila: Far East Young Muslims
Association, 1980) p.9.
17
See The New Testament, Mathew 5:38-45
18
Quran, 2:256.
19
Ibid 2:190
20
Rao Ramaksrisna Muhmma p.11
21
Ibid. p. 12
22
Ibid. p. 12
23
Quran, 49:13
24
Ibid. 17:70
22
Ibid. 28:4
27
Quran, 28:5-6
28
Ali Reza Seyyed, Nahjul Balaha p.179
29
Ibid. p. 304
*
The awaited Imam that shall appear later. A belief (common
among almost all peoples and religions that their leader shall return (e.g.)
Jesus Christ shall return, that is the belief of the Catholic, etc.
30
Ministry of National Guidance: The Iranian Constitution,
Tehran, Iran 1979, p.4.
CHAPTER IV
CHAPTER III
1
Rao Ramakrishna Muhammad p. 14
1 2
Amini Allama Al-Ghadir (Nejaf, Iraq Al-Ghadir Publications Quran 114:1-3
*
1968) p. 125 This is the first sentence that every Muslim or newly-converted
3
Faizol-Islam Naqi, Nahjul Balagha p.50 to Islam should proclaim, namely: LA ILAHA ILAL LAH
4 3
Ibid., p.146 Torabi, Rashid Hazrat Alis Famous Epistle to Malik Ashtar,
5
Ali Shariati Ommat Wa Imamat (West Germany, United Islamic Governor of Eqypt (Qum, Ansanan Publications, 1972) p.9
4
Students Ass. Persian Speaking Group 1976) p.95 Abid., p. 10
6 5
Quran 62:2 Abid., p. 11
7 6
Iranian constitution, Article 107 Ali Reza, Seyyed Nahjul Balagha p. 539
8 7
Ali Reza, Seyyed Nahjul Balagha p.279 Quran, 57:25
9 8
Abid., p. 881 Abid., 62:2
10 9
Motahhari Mortez Dastan Rastan (Tehran, Enteshar Abid., 26:90
10
Publications Inc., 1972) p. 90. Abid., 4:76
11 11
Quran 3:159 Faizol-Islam, Naqui Nahjul Balagha pp. 52 & 112
12 12
Abid., 42:38 Torali Rashid, Hazrat Alis Famous Epistle to Malik Ashtar,
13
The Iranian Constitution (Tehran, Ministry of National Governor of Egypt p.20
13
Guidance 1979) p.5 Quran, 5:32
14 14
A.M. MacDonald, Chambers Essential English Dictionary Ameed Al-Qommi A Brief Study of Quran (Manila:Iranian
p.130 Muslim Students Association 1979) p. 23.
15 *
Iranian Constitution, Preamble, under Methods of Refer to Chapter 2: Under the topic Establishment of a Just
Government in Islam. Political Structure.
16 15
Abid Quran, 79:17
17 16
Ali Reza Seyyed, Nahjul Balaha p.423 Quran, 79:18-26.
18 17
Harold J. Salemsoh Sayings of the Ayatollah Khomeini (New Abid., 59:22
18
York: Bantam Books Inc., 1980) p.15. Abid., 2:142
19 19
Ali Reza Seyyed, Nahjul Balaha p.648 Torali Rashid, HAZRAT ALIS Famous Epistle to Malik
20
Abid., p. 702 Ash,tar, p.25
21 20
Iranian Constitution, Preamble, under Methods of Abid., p.16
21
Government in Islam. Quran, 4:59
22
Abid., 59:7.
23
Abid., 5:48.
24
Abid., 1:3.
25
Abid., 2:185
26
Ali Reza Seyyed, Nahjul Balaha p.205
27
Rao Ramakrishna, Muhammad (Manila: Far East Young
Muslims Association, 1980) p. 7
27
CHAPTER V Selected Messages and Speeches of Imam Khomeini (Tehran:
The Hamdami Foundation Books, 1980) p. 90.
1 28
Laffin John, The dagger of Islam (London: Sphere Books LTD., Quran, 49:10.
29
1979) p.5 Iranian Constitution. Section 1, Principle 11.
2 31
Abid., p. 6 Abid., Preamble
32
3
Abid., p. 4. Iranian Constitution, Section 10, Article 154.
*
4
Muslims of the Soviet East. Official Journal of Muslim Ali Reza Seyyed, Nahjul Balagha p. 486
Religious Board of Asia and Kazakhistan, No.3, 1980, p. 11.
*
5
Hong Kong Muslim Herald Vol. 3, Nov. 1980, p. 3. Ali Reza Seyyed, Nahjul Balagha p. 520.
6
Islmic Republic (Morning Daily) Tehran, Feb. 4, 1981
7
John Laffin, The Dagger of Islam p.4.
8
Laffin John, The Dagger of Islam (London: Sphere Books LTD.,
1979), p. 5.
9
Robert AZZI, Saudi Arabia National Geog. Mag. Sept. 1980),
pp.279-298
10
Harold J. Salemson, Sayings of the Ayatollah Khomeini (New
York: Bantam Books Inc., 1980) p. 3.
11
Ettelaat (Evening Daily), Tehran, August 12, 1980, p.3.
*
Muslim countries still under monarchy system or sheikhdom
are: Saudi Arabia, Oman, Morocco, Malaysia, Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain
and United Arab Emirates.
12
Harold J. Salemson. Sayings of the Ayatollah Khomeini (New
York: Bantam Books Inc., 1980) p. 10
13
A statement by Ayatollah Khomeini, Founder of the Islamic
Republic of Iran, in his speech delivered to the Muslim Ambassadors in
the Holy City of Qum, on November 3, 1979.
14
Abid.
15
The Iranian Constitution, section 10
16
The Islamic Republic (Morning Daily, Tehran, February 12,
1980) p.4.
17
Quran, 34:28.
18
Quran, 48:28;9:33; and 61:9.
19
Ali Reza Seyyed, Nahjul Balagha p. 178
20
Sheikh Abss Qommi, Montahal aamal (Tehran: Elmieh Books
Ltd., 1960) p. 95.
21
Harold J. Salemson, Sayings of the Ayatollah Khomeini (New
York: Bantan Books, 1980) p. 8.
22
Bulletin Today, Manila, Nov. 30, 1980 p. 1.
23
Saying of the Ayatollah Khomeini p.8
24
Abid., p. 9.
25
Quran, 4:75.
26
Ibid., 3:104.
Appendix I
A LETTER OF INSTRUCTION ISSUED BY IMAM ALI
Move on with the fear of Allah who is One and has no Partner.
Do not frighten any Muslim. Do not pass over his land so as to make him
feel unhappy. Do not take from him more than Allahs share in his
property. When you go to a tribe, you should get down al their watering
place instead of entering their houses. Then proceed towards them with
peace and prestige till you stand among them. Then salute them and do
APPENDIX not fall short of greeting them. They say to them O people of Allah. The
vicegerent of Allah and His Caliph has sent me to you to collect from
you Allah ad His Caliph has sent me to you to collect from you Allahs
share in your properties, is there anything of His share in your
properties? If so, give it to His vicegerent. If someone among them says
NO, then do not repeat the demand! If someone speaks to you in the
affirmative, then go with him without frightening him, threatening him,
pressuring him or oppressing him. Take whatever he gives you such as
gold or silver (coins). If he has cattle or camels d not enter upon them
save with is permission, because their major part is his. Therefore when
you get there do not enter upon them like one who has full control over
them or in a violent manner. Do not scare any animal, do not tease any
one and do not let the owner feel grieved about any one. Divide the
property into two parts and let the owner choose one. When he has
choose one do not object to it. Then divide the remaining into two parts
and let the owner choose one. When he has chosen do not object to it.
Then divide the remaining into two parts and let him choose one and
when he has chosen do not raise any objection. Continue like this till
only that much remains which is enough to satisfy Allahs dues. Than
take Allahs due from it. If he disputes your action allow his view, then
mix the two (separated) parts and repeat what you had done before till
you take Allahs due from the property. Do not take an old, decrepit limb
broken, sick or unsound animal. Do not entrust the animals (for custody)
except to him who you trust that he would take care of Muslims
property till he hands it over to their chief who would distribute it. Do
not entrust it to anyone except who is well wisher, God-fearing,
trustworthy and watchful, and who is not harsh (on them), not makes
them run too much, nor tires them, not belabors them. Then send to us all Appendix II
that you collected and we shall deal with it as Allah has ordered. When Another Letter
the trustee takes over (the animals) tell him that he would not separate
the she-camel from its young and should not milk all its milk because (When Imam Ali came to know that the people of Basra invited
that would affect its young and also that he should not exert it in riding. Usman bin Hunait, governor of the place of to a banquet and he joined it,
In this matter he should behave justly between it and all its companions. the wrote to him):
He should allow rest to camels (who are tired), and drive with ease those O, Ibne Hunaif, I have come to know that a young man of Basra
whose hoofs have been rubbed off. When you pass a water spring stay invited you to a feast and you leapt towards it. Foods of different colors
the camels there for drinking and do not take them away from vegetation were being chosen for you and big bowls were being given to you. I
growing land to barren paths. He should allow them rest now and then never thought that you would accept the feast of a people who turn out
and give them time near water and grass. In this way then they would the poor and invite the rich. Look at the morsels you take, leave out that
reach us they would be fat with plenty of narrow and would not be about which you are in doubt and take that about which you are sure that
fatigued or distressed. We would then distribute them according to the it has been secured lawfully.
(commands of) Quran and the Sunna of the Prophet of Allah (S.A.). Remember that every follower has a leader whom he follows and
Certainly this would be great source of rewards for you and means to from the effulgence of whose knowledge he takes light. Realize that your
secure guidance, if Allah, so wills.* Imam has contented himself with two shabby pieces of cloth out of the
(comforts of the) world and two loaves for meal. Certainly you cannot do
so at least support me in piety, exertion, chastity and uprightness,
because, by Allah I have not treasured any gold out of his world nor
amassed plenty of wealth nor collected any clothes other than the two
shabby sheets. Of course, all that we had in our possession under this sky
was Fadak, but a group of people felt greedy for it and the other party
with held themselves from it. Allah, is, after all, the arbiter. What shall I
do: Fadak or no Fadak, while tomorrow this body is to go in the grave I
whose darkness its traces would be destroyed and (even) its news would
disappear. It is pity that even if its ____ is widened or the hands of the
digger kept it vast the stones and clods of clay would narrow it and the
falling earth would close its openings. I am always trying to keep myself
engaged in piety so that on the day of the great fear it remains peaceful
and steadfast in slippery places. If I wished I could have taken the way
leading towards (the worldly pleasure like) pure honey, fine wheat and
silk clothes but it cannot be that my passion may lead me and greed may
take me to choosing good meals while in Hedjaz or in Yamama there
may be people who have no hope of getting a loaf or who do not have
full meal. Shall I lie with satiated belly wile around me there may be
hungry bellies and thirsty livers? Or shall I be as the poet has said?
It is also a disease that you lie with your belly full while around
you people may be badly yearning for dried leather.
Shall I be content with being called Imam Ali although I do sleep overpowers him he lies down on the ground using his hand as
not share with the people the hardships of the world? Or shall I be an pillow along with those who keep their eyes wakeful in fear of the Day
example for them in the distresses of life? I have not been created to keep of Judgment, whose bodies are ever away from beds, whose lips are
myself busy in eating good foods like the tied animal whose only worry humming in remembrance of Allah and whose sins have been erased
is his fodder or like a loose animal whose activity is to swallow. It fills through their prolonged beseeching for forgiveness. They are the party
its belly with its food and forgets the purpose behind it. Shall I be left of God: Be it known verily the party of God alone shall be the successful
uncontrolled or to pasture freely. Or draw the rope of misguidance or ones Quran 58:22. Therefore, OIbne Hunaif, fear Allah and be
roam aimlessly in the paths of bewilderment. I see as though some one of content with your own loaves so that you may escape Hell.*
you would say that if this I what Ibne Abi Talib acts then weakness must
have made him unfit to fight his foes and encounter the brave.
Remember that the three of the forest is the best for timber whole green
twigs have soft bark. And the wild bushes are very strong for burning
and slow in dying off. By Allah if the Arabs join to fight me I would
hasten to catch them by their necks. I shall surely strive to relieve the
earth of this man of perverse mind and unclothe body, till mud particles
are removed from the grain.
Get away from me O, world! Your reign is on your own shoulder
as I have released myself from your ditches, get out of your share and
avoid walking into your slippery places. Where are those communities
whom you had enticed with your embellishments? They are all confined
to graves and hidden in burial places. By Allah if you had been a visible
personality and a body capable of feeling I would have awarded your
penalty fixed by Allah because of the people whom you deceived
through desires and the communities whom you threw into destruction
and the rulers whom you consigned to ruin and drove them to places of
distress after which there is neither going nor returning. Indeed whoever
stepped on your slippery place slipped, whoever rode your surges got
down and whoever evaded your shares received inward support. He who
keeps himself safe from you does not worry even through his affairs
maybe straightened and the world to him is like a day which is near
expiring. Get away from me, for by Allah, I do not bow before you so
that you may humiliate me, nor do I let loose the rains for you so that
you may drive me away, I swear wherein I expect the will of Allah that I
shall train myself that it would feel joyed if it gets one loaf for eating,
and be content with only salt to season it. I shall let my eyes empty
themselves of tears like the stream whose water has flown away. Should
Ali eat whatever he has and fall asleep like the cattle who fill their
stomach from the pasture land and lie down or as the goats graze, eat the
green herbs and enter their enclosure. His eyes may die if he, after long
years, follows loose cattle and pasturing animals.
Blessed is he who discharges his obligation towards Allah and
endures his hardships, allows himself no sleep in the night but when
On the Blessed Occasion
of the Anniversary of
the Islamic Revolution of Iran
Printed by:
Iranian Muslim Students
Association, Philippines