J.Aqua.biol.(2010).

25(1)231-248

IMPACT OF AQUACULTURE AND INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION ON THE CHANGES OF

GROUNDWATER STATUS IN THE COASTAL REGION OF THE NELLOREDISTRICT A.P.

G. Ravanaiah and C.V.Narasimha murthy*,

Department of Zoology
Jawahar Bharati Degree and P.G. College,
Kavali-524201, Andhra Pradesh. E-mail: cvnmurthy.jb@gmail.com

* Jawahar Bharati Degree and P.G. College, Kavali - 524201, A.P.

Abstract :

Ground water pollution has become rampant in the recent past due to sea water intrusion,
industrial effluent discharge and due to agricultural activities (TWAD 1998). In the present study
an attempt is made to elucidate the impact of aquaculture and industrial pollution on the changes
of ground waterstatus in the coastal region of the Nellore district A.P For the ground water study, three
zones were selected in the villages in and around Nellore district. Each zone consists of seven
villages. Zone A is in the Nellore urban and within 0.5 km radius from the Industrial complex.
One of its sides it is having sewage canal and Pennar estuary. Zone B is within a radius of 0.5 to
1.5 km away from the complex at Sullurpeta. It is a semi urbanized Zone. Zone is within a radius
of 1.5 to 3.0 km away from the Kavali town. It is purely a rural Zone. Intensive agricultural
activities were well evidenced in this Zone. It is not at all influenced by the said pollution sources
for zone A.

The results of the physico-chemical parameters and heavy metals of all three Zones were
analysed and compared with the drinking water standards .The pH , BOD, COD, total hardness,
Ca++ and Mg++ were high during monsoon and low during summer seasons, at all the three
zones, whereas, groundwater temperature, chloride and fluoride were high during summer and
low during monsoon seasons, indicating temporal variations. In contrast, nutrients, total
alkalinity and heavy metals showed spatio-temporal variations.

From these results, it is very clear that all the observed physico-chemical characteristics and
heavy metals were many-folds higher in the groundwater at Zone A than at Zones B and rain and
industrial pollution plays a major role in the variation of characteristics of groundwater.

Key words: Aquaculture Industrial pollution, Ground - water quality, Nellore district.

Introduction: Andhra Pradesh State varies from place to place

Groundwater resources are very important for
irrigation and for human consumption (Abdul
Kalam, 2005). The availability of ground water
is varied with different hydro geological
environments (Abbasi, 1998; Sivakumar, 2007).
The surface water in Andhra Pradesh has been
almost utilized and focus is now on the
extraction of groundwater for multifaceted
demand. Chemical quality of groundwater in
depending on topography, lithology, climatic
conditions, rainfall, etc. Apart from natural
factors, human activities also affect quality of
surface and subsurface waters. Activities like
improper disposal of domestic and municipal
sewage, discharge of untreated industrial wastes,
agricultural activities, lack of adequate drainage
facilities etc. contribute to water pollution.
J.Aqua.biol.(2010).25(1)231-248

Table 1.1 Showing the characteristics of ground water at Zone A in and around Nellore Industrial Park, Nellore during July 2008 to June 2009

Month
Parameter July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apl. May June
Temp. 26.95 25.48 26.46 24.01 24.5 24.99 26.46 25.97 27.44 28.91 29.89 29.4
Turbidity 50.96 40.18 65.66 77.42 85.26 78.4 65.66 56.84 79.38 61.74 51.94 69.58
pH 8.82 8.722 8.918 9.212 9.408 9.114 8.624 8.428 8.526 8.428 8.036 8.232
BOD 52.92 61.74 76.44 100.94 184.24 92.12 129.36 108.78 67.62 81.34 92.12 69.58
COD 218.54 182.28 296.94 261.66 435.12 575.26 394.94 283.22 299.88 340.06 217.56 309.68
Total alkalinity 1109.36 1610.14 1040.76 1845.34 2359.84 1521.94 1947.26 1614.06 987.84 1187.76 916.3 858.48
Inorg. Nitrate 91.14 123.48 100.94 196.98 160.72 228.34 163.66 125.44 141.12 97.02 163.66 149.94
Inorg. Nitrite 88.2 100.94 92.12 169.54 145.04 164.64 108.78 124.46 97.02 158.76 100.94 81.34
Ammonia 62.72 51.94 69.58 64.68 71.54 65.66 42.14 29.4 37.24 41.16 45.08 22.54
Inorg.Phosphate 50.96 38.22 46.06 92.12 98.98 105.84 51.94 74.48 65.66 62.72 47.04 40.18
Sulphate 1061.928 1124.84 1827.01 3609.242 2596.412 2948.33 1609.85 1116.02 1721.37 2177.85 1979.99 1741.26
Chloride 5.5272 7.0658 6.3602 3.1948 4.3512 4.7726 11.6816 13.3966 16.4836 13.8278 22.5106 27.8614
Fluoride 6.5268 5.9486 5.7722 6.2426 5.1548 5.6742 9.6236 8.1732 6.6248 9.8294 10.4272 8.8004
Total hardness 2594.06 2015.86 1854.16 3254.58 2124.64 2839.06 1806.14 2009.06 1622.88 1222.06 1138.76 1385.72
Calcium 710.5 658.56 683.06 966.28 877.1 1062.32 761.46 804.58 781.06 827.12 884.94 858.48
Magnesium 217.56 203.84 183.26 241.08 311.64 417.48 575.26 944.72 710.5 543.9 495.88 595.84
Cu 5.1548 4.6452 3.7632 6.8404 6.8698 8.7514 8.8984 12.9948 9.9078 8.5162 7.2324 6.2916
Zn 21.4816 16.1406 22.5694 45.9914 37.7006 50.2936 94.6288 56.9086 61.9066 32.8006 46.5206 52.283
Cd 2.1266 1.9012 2.3128 1.617 1.6954 1.4994 0.7546 0.8232 0.9114 0.6076 0.1764 0.4606
Pb 2.1364 2.695 2.8714 3.4006 3.1262 2.9596 1.9992 2.1364 2.5088 1.2348 0.9114 0.4508
Hg 0.7742 0.6272 0.6958 0.4312 0.3822 0.0588 0.1274 0.3038 0.1764 0.2156 0.3626 0.2744
J.Aqua.biol.(2010).25(1)231-248
Hence, in the present investigation, an attempt
has been made to study the nature and extent of
groundwater pollution in the coastal region of
Nellore district (Zones A, B & C), Nellore
district, Andhra Pradesh during July 2008 to
June 2009.
Materials and method:
Selection of Sites for Ground Water study:
For the ground water study, three zones were
selected in the villages in and around Nellore
district. Each zone consists of seven villages.
Zone A:
Zone A lies within the industrial complex. One
of its sides it is having sewage canal. The Pennar
estuary borders another edge of it. It is also
receives one earthened wastewater discharge
canal and two pipelines from the Nellore
industries. Solid waste dumps are seen
commonly in this zone. It is centralized by the
National High way (NH 5) road. This zone is an
urbanized one. No agricultural lands are
available at this zone.
Zone B:
Zone B is within a radius of 0.5 to 1.5 km away
from the complex at Sullurpeta. It is a semi
urbanized zone.
Zone C:
Zone C is 1.5 to 3.0 km away from the Kavali
town. It is purely a rural Zone. Intensive
agricultural activities were well evidenced in
this Zone. It is not at all influenced by the said
pollution sources for zone A.
Water samples that were collected at monthly
intervals during July 2008 to June 2009 from
the three Zones A, B and C and analysed by
adopting standard methods for the examination
of water as prescribed by Strickland and Parsons
(1972); Trivedy and Goel (1986); NEERI
(1988); APHA (1989) and TWAD (1998).
Results:
The results of the physico-chemical parameters
and heavy metals of the three Zones A, B & C of
the coastal region of Nellore district, Andhra
Pradesh during July 2008 to June 2009 were
shown in Tables 1.1 to 1.7 and were compared
with the drinking water standards.
1.1 Ground water temperature : At Zone A,
the groundwater temperature was varied from
24.0C to 29.9C. Minimum (24C) of it was
recorded during October and the maximum
(29.9C) during May. At Zone B, it was varied
from 26 to 30.5C. Minimum (26. C) of it was
recorded during November and the maximum
(30.5C) during May. At Zone C, it was varied
from 26.5 to 30.5C. Minimum (27C) of it was
recorded during February and the maximum
(30.5C) during June (Graph 1.1).
1.2. Turbidity: At Zone A, turbidity of the
groundwater was varied from 40.2 to 85.3 NTU.
Minimum turbidity (40.2 NTU) was registered
during August and the maximum (85.3 NTU)
during November. At Zone B, it was varied from
1.84 to 35.28 NTU. Minimum turbidity (7.84
NTU) was registered during May and the
maximum (35.28 NTU) during December. At
Zone C, it was varied from 1.96 to 11.76 NTU.
Minimum turbidity (1.96 NTU) was registered
during May and the maximum (11.76 NTU)
during November (Graph 1.2).
1.3. pH (Hydrogen ion Concentration): p H at
Zone A was varied from 8.04 to 9.40. Minimum
(8.2) pH was recorded during May and the
maximum (9.40) during November. At Zone B,
pH was varied from 7.54 to 8.91. Minimum
(7.54)pH was recorded during July and the
maximum (8.91) during December. At Zone C,
pH was varied from 7.15 to 8.33. Minimum
(7.15)pH was recorded during April and the
maximum (8.33) during October (Graph 1.3).
1.4. Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) : At
Zone A, BOD values were varied from 52.9 to
184.2 mgl-1 . Minimum (52.9 mgl-1) BOD was
recorded during July and the maximum (184.2
mgl-1 ) during November. At Zone B, it was
J.Aqua.biol.(2010).25(1)231-248

Table 1.2 Showing the characteristics of ground water at Zone B in and around Nellore Industrial Park, Nellore during July 2008 to June 2009.

Month
Parameter July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apl. May June
Temp. 26.95 27.44 27.93 26.46 25.97 26.95 27.93 28.42 29.4 28.91 30.38 29.89
Turbidity 11.76 17.64 20.58 28.42 31.36 35.28 12.74 14.7 13.72 9.8 7.84 10.78
pH 7.546 7.742 7.938 8.722 8.526 8.918 8.82 8.232 8.428 8.526 8.134 8.232
BOD 12.74 17.64 11.76 45.08 36.26 28.42 19.6 15.68 12.74 4.9 6.86 1.96
COD 56.84 42.14 65.66 99.96 97.02 140.14 26.46 55.86 35.28 5.88 10.78 15.68
Total 515.48 339.08 487.06 1060.36 1143.66 1316.14 435.12 553.7 826.14 883.96 496.86 476.28
alkalinity
Inorg. 26.46 54.88 32.34 95.06 120.54 115.64 25.48 17.64 30.38 10.78 5.88 8.82
Nitrate
Inorg. 23.52 17.64 35.28 85.26 57.82 64.68 17.64 17.15 11.564 3.724 7.448 9.114
Nitrite
Ammonia 1.0878 0.9506 1.4308 2.0874 2.3128 1.9208 1.4406 1.2054 1.4994 1.029 0.8526 0.6174
Inorg. 3.7632 5.8506 10.3488 22.1872 26.1856 18.571 12.3676 14.3472 15.729 8.7318 6.4386 10.1136
Phosphate
Sulphate 555.856 612.108 694.33 1242.934 960.204 1062.516 218.932 458.248 386.414 182.574 145.53 199.724
Chloride 2.6656 3.5378 2.2932 1.8326 1.5876 1.1074 3.6162 4.0376 4.7432 5.8114 6.0858 7.7126
Fluoride 0.8036 0.9506 0.7056 0.5488 0.4606 0.8232 1.2642 1.8032 2.1364 1.9894 1.6072 1.2054
Total 858.48 714.42 610.54 1028.02 1432.76 1779.68 1198.54 808.5 753.62 786.94 634.06 691.88
hardness
Calcium 231.28 301.84 397.88 442.96 459.62 414.54 213.64 190.12 159.74 147.98 100.94 132.3
Magnesium 180.32 165.62 198.94 301.84 280.28 240.1 108.78 91.14 76.44 33.32 54.88 59.78
Cu 0.9506 1.0976 0.8428 0.9114 1.2936 1.3818 2.8322 2.1266 2.4108 3.7828 3.0478 3.4692
Zn 8.7906 10.3488 9.2218 11.3876 7.2716 3.8024 12.789 16.5326 20.5114 27.097 31.5266 37.8868
Cd 0.0882 0.1274 BDL 0.0686 0.1176 0.1764 0.3136 0.2744 0.441 0.2156 0.3528 0.1764
Pb 0.0686 0.0882 0.1078 0.0588 0.1372 0.1274 0.2646 0.1764 0.2254 0.3234 0.3038 0.2842
Hg 0.00784 0.00588 BDL 0.00882 0.0098 0.01176 0.03528 0.02156 0.06664 0.08428 0.04312 0.01666
J.Aqua.biol.(2010).25(1)231-248
varied from 1.96 to 45.08 mgl-1 . Minimum
(1.96mgl-1 ) BOD was recorded during June and
the maximum (45.08 mgl-1 ) during October. At
Zone C, it was varied from 0.94 to 5.15 mgl-1.
Minimum (0.94 mgl-1) BOD was recorded
during May and the maximum (5.15 mgl-1)
during December (Graph 1.4).
1.5. Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) : At
Zone A, COD values were varied from 182.2 to
572.2 mgl-1 . Minimum (182.2 mgl-1) COD was
recorded during August and the maximum
(572.2 mgl-1) during December. At Zone B, the
variation was from 5.88 to 140.1mgl-1.
Minimum (5.88 mgl-1) COD was recorded
during April and the maximum (140.1 mgl-1)
during December. At Zone C, the variation was
from 0.46 to 3.01 mgl-1. Minimum (0.46 mgl-1)
COD was recorded during May and the
maximum (3.01 mgl-1) during December (Graph
1. 5).
1.6. Total Alk ali nit y :Minimum (858.4 mgl-1)
and maximum (2359.8 mgl-1) total alkalinity
values were observed during June and
November months, respectively, at Zone A.
Minimum (339.08 mgl-1) and maximum
(1316.1mgl-1 ) values of total alk ali nit y were
observed during August and December months,
respectively, at Zone B. Minimum (130.3 mgl-1)
and maximum (810.4 mgl-1) values of total
alkalinity were observed during August and
March months, respectively, at Zone C (Graph
1.6).
1.7. Inorganic Nitrate : At Zone A, minimum
(91.1 M) of inorganic nitrate was recorded
during July and the maximum (228.3 M)
during December. At Zone B, minimum (5.88
M) of it was recorded during May and the
maximum (120.54 M) during November. At
Zone C, minimum (2.94 M) of it was recorded
during July and the maximum (100.94 M)
during February (Graph 1.7).
1.8. Inorganic Nitrite : At Zone A, minimum
(81.34 M ) of inorganic nitrite was recorded
during June and the maximum (169.54 M
during October. At Zone B, minimum (3.72 M
of it was recorded during April and the
maximum (85.2 M ) during October. At Zone
C, minimum (1.17 M) of it was recorded
during August and the maximum (19.81 M
during March (Graph 1.8).
1.9. Ammonia : At Zone A, ammonia was
varied from 22.54 to 71.5 M. Minimum (22.54
M ) of it was recorded during June and the
maximum (71.5 M) during November. At Zone
B, it was varied from 0.617 to 2.313 M
Minimum (0.617 M ) of it was recorded during
June and the maximum (2.313 M ) during
November. At Zone C, it was varied from 0.617
to 2.33 M . Minimum (0.617 M of it was
recorded during August and the maximum (2.33
M) during February (Graph 1.9).
1.10. Inorganic Phosphate : At Zone A,
minimum (38.22 M) inorganic phosphate
concentration was recorded during August and
the maximum (105.54 M) during December. At
Zone B, minimum (3.76 M) of it was recorded
during July and the maximum (26.186 M )
during November. At Zone C, minimum (0.372
M) of it was recorded during May and the
maximum (4.17 M ) during November (Graph
1.10).
1.11. Sulphate : Sulphate values at Zone A
were observed to be minimum (1061.92 mgl-1)
during July and the maximum (3609.24 mgl-1)
during October. At Zone B, it was observed to
be minimum (145.53mgl-1 during May and the
maximum (1242.93 mgl-1 ) during October. At
Zone C, it was observed to be minimum (28.71
-1
mgl ) during June and the maximum (180.81
mgl-1 ) during December (Graph 1.11).
1.12. Chloride : Chloride concentration was
minimum (3.195 ) during October and the
maximum (27.86 ) during June, at Zone A. It
was minimum (1.10 ) during December and
the maximum (7.71 ) during June, at Zone B.
It was minimum (1.68) during October and
the maximum (4.98 ) during April, at Zone C
(Graph 1.12).
1.13. Fluoride : At Zone A, minimum (5.15
mgl-1 ) and maximum (10.42 mgl-1 ) fluoride
concentrations were recorded during November
J.Aqua.biol.(2010).25(1)231-248

Table 1.3. Showing the characteristics of ground water at Zone C in and around Nellore Industrial Park, Nellore during July 2008 to June 2009

Month
Parameter
J A S O N D J F M A M J
Groundwater 29.4 28.42 28.91 27.93 27.44 27.44 26.95 26.46 27.44 28.42 29.4 30.38
temp.
Turbidity 5.88 8.82 6.86 9.8 11.76 8.82 4.9 3.92 2.94 3.92 1.96 2.94

pH 7.644 7.84 8.134 8.33 7.938 8.134 7.742 7.448 7.546 7.154 7.448 7.252

BOD 2.1168 2.8812 1.9404 4.5766 3.871 5.1548 3.0968 2.0678 1.9404 1.6366 0.9408 1.4308

COD 1.9894 2.0384 2.3912 2.9008 2.8126 3.0184 2.1756 1.617 1.2054 0.9408 0.4606 0.6664

Total alkalinity 153.86 130.34 146.02 217.56 259.7 281.26 447.86 557.62 810.46 359.66 273.42 260.68

Inorg. Nitrate 2.94 17.64 26.46 32.34 15.68 24.5 95.06 100.94 57.82 45.08 53.9 48.02

Inorg. Nitrite 4.802 1.176 3.724 11.76 8.428 10.192 25.48 18.326 19.8156 12.8674 14.9646 10.6722

Ammonia 0.9604 0.6174 0.7546 0.931 1.0486 1.0878 2.0384 2.3324 1.9306 1.1956 1.3524 1.617

Inorg. Phosphate 2.597 2.1364 2.6656 3.1262 4.1748 3.8906 1.2544 1.6366 1.519 1.0388 0.3724 0.7742

Sulphate 55.566 63.014 69.482 125.734 147.784 180.81 91.336 66.346 48.51 40.082 32.144 28.714
Chloride 2.6166 2.9204 2.0286 1.6856 1.7738 2.0776 3.6162 3.1458 3.8612 4.9784 4.5766 4.1748
Fluoride 0.1176 0.1862 0.2254 0.0882 BDL 0.049 0.3136 0.2646 0.5194 0.6076 0.8526 0.5782
Total hardness 550.76 488.04 524.3 658.56 722.26 788.9 314.58 291.06 281.26 119.56 183.26 198.94
Calcium 87.22 100.94 126.42 183.26 211.68 198.94 142.1 123.48 104.86 50.96 23.52 66.64
Magnesium 69.58 81.34 93.1 120.54 153.86 169.54 103.88 72.52 53.9 28.42 32.34 13.72

Cu 0.37 0.48 0.7 0.66 0.54 0.43 0.87 1.23 1.05 1.08 0.75 0.84

Zn 4.6452 2.2736 5.5762 8.7416 6.4386 4.8804 11.6816 10.1528 12.2402 15.2488 16.9932 13.8866

Cd 0.00784 0.0098 0.00588 0.00392 0.00686 0.00294 BDL 0.0049 BDL 0.00294 0.00098 0.04508

Pb 0.00588 BDL BDL 0.00294 0.0049 0.00098 0.0637 0.03528 0.098 0.06272 0.08134 0.04508

Hg BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL
J.Aqua.biol.(2010).25(1)231-248
and May months, respectively. At Zone B, it was
minimum (0.46 mgl-1) and maximum (2.136
mgl-1 ) during November and March months,
respectively. At Zone C, it was below detectable
limit (BDL) and maximum (0.853 mgl-1 ) during
November and May months, respectively (Graph
1.13).
1.14. Total Hardness : Total hardness was
registered minimum (1138.76 mgl-1) during May
and the maximum (3254.6 mgl-1 ) during
October, at Zone A. It was minimum (610.54
mgl-1 ) during September and the maximum
(1779.68 mgl-1) during December, at Zone 3. It
was minimum (119.56 mgl-1 ) during April and
the maximum (788.9 mgl-1) during December, at
Zone C (Graph 1.14).
1.15. Calcium : At Zone A, calcium
concentration was recorded to be minimum
(658.56 mgl-1) during August and the maximum
-1
(1062.32 mgl ) during December. At Zone B, It
was minimum (100.94 mgl-1) during May and
the maximum (459.62 mgl-1 ) during November.
At Zone C, it was minimum (23.52 mgl-1 ) during
May and the maximum (211.68 mgl-1) during
November (Graph 1. 15).
1.16. Magnesium :
At Zone A, minimum (188.26 mgl-1) magnesium
concentration was recorded during September
and the maximum (944.72 mgl-1 ) during
February. At Zone B, minimum (33.32 mgl-1 ) of
it was recorded during April and the maximum
-1
(301.84 mgl ) during October. At Zone C,
minimum (13.72 mgl-1 ) of it was recorded
during June and the maximum (169.54 mgl-1)
during December (Graph 1.16).
1.17. Copper : At Zone A, copper values in the
groundwater were varied from 3.763 to 12.99
gl-1 . Minimum (3.763 gl-1) Cu was recorded
during August and the maximum (12.99 gl-1)
during February. At Zone B, the variation was
from 0.8428 to 3.78 gl-1 . Minimum (0.8428
gl-1 ) Cu was recorded during September and
the maximum (3.78 gl-1) during April. At Zone
C, the variation was from 0.37 to 1.23 gl-1.
Minimum (0.37 gl-1 ) Cu was recorded during
July and the maximum (1.23 j gl-1) during
February (Graph 1.17).
1.18. Zinc : Minimum (16.14 gl -1) and
maximum (94.62 gl-1) concentrations of zinc
were observed during August and January
months, respectively, at Zone A. Minimum (3.80
(gl -1) and maximum (37.88 gl-1 ) values of Zn
were observed during December and June
months, respectively, at Zone B. Minimum (2.27
gl-1 ) and maximum (16.99 gl-1 ) values of zinc
were observed during August and May months,
respectively, at Zone C (Graph 1.18).
1.19. Cadmium : At Zone A, minimum (0.176
gl-1 ) concentration of cadmium was recorded
during May and the maximum (2.312 gl-1)
during September . At Zone B, Cd was BDL
during September and it was maximum (0.441
gl-1 ) during March. At Zone C, Cd was BDL
during January and March and it was maximum
-1
(0.0098 gl ) during August (Graph 1.19).
1.20. Lead : At Zone A, minimum (0.458 gl-1)
concentration of lead was recorded during June
and the maximum (3.4006 gl-1 ) during October.
At Zone B, minimum (0.068 gl-1 ) Pb was
recorded during July and the maximum (0.323
gl-1 ) during April. At Zone C, it was BDL
during August and September and it was
maximum (0.098 gl-1 ) during March (Graph
1.20).
1.21. Mercury : At Zone A, minimum (0.0588
gl-1 ) concentration of mercury was recorded
-
during December and the maximum (0.774 gl
1
) during July. At Zone B, it was BDL during
September and was maximum (0.084 gl-1
during April. At Zone C, it was not detected
throughout the study period (Graph 1.21).
Discussion:
Groundwater Pollution in Andhra Pradesh :
The factors controlling the groundwater
pollution include the nature of soil, reactions of
the pollutants in the top soil, saturated and
unsaturated zones, and the effects of specific
gravity
J.Aqua.biol.(2010).25(1)231-248

Table 1.4 Correlation co-efficient (r) physico-chemical characteristics of ground water at Zone A during July 2008 to June 2009.

Rain Air GW Turbi pH BOD COD Alkali No3 No2 Nh4 PO4 SO 4 Cl Fl Hard Cs Mg Cu Zn Cd Pb Hg
Fall Temp. Temp. dity 5 6 7 nity 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Ness 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
1 2 3 4 8 16
1 1.000

2 -0.837 1.000

3 -0.603 0.839 1.000

4 0.729 -0.582 -0.330 1.000

5 0.744 -0.760 -0.883 0.510 1.000

6 0.527 -0.604 -0.424 0.510 0.442 1.000

7 0.848 -0.726 -0.307 0.686 0.434 0.497 1.000

8 0.579 -0.771 -0.786 0.316 0.680 0.809 0.383 1.000

9 0.737 -0.596 -0.370 0.551 0.317 0.384 0.585 0.379 1.000

10 0.605 -0.584 -0.506 0.459 0.522 0.451 0.535 0.558 0.513 1.000

11 0.625 -0.472 -0.635 0.228 0.838 0.252 0.237 0.401 0.177 0.360 1.000

12 0.817 -0.783 -0.643 0.707 0.673 0.571 0.679 0.591 0.636 0.836 0.439 1.000

13 0.672 -0.460 -0.382 0.700 0.538 0.383 0.488 0.343 0.713 0.778 0.463 0.727 1.000

14 -0.527 0.664 0.863 -0.144 -0.884 -0.247 -0.228 -0.612 -0.096 -0.486 -0.846 - 0.514 -0.313 1.000

15 -0.613 0.536 0.770 -0.334 -0.832 -0.077 -0.192 -0.349 -0.134 -0.170 -0.703 - 0.445 -0.239 0.734 1.000

16 0.559 -0.656 -0.833 0.269 0.782 0.100 0.218 0.485 0.436 0.478 0.628 0.610 0.464 -0.779 -0.681 1.000

17 0.669 -0.417 -0.166 0.599 0.230 0.334 0.618 0.201 0.839 0.702 0.123 0.753 0.806 -0.005 -0.003 0.346 1.000

18 -0.288 0.047 0.359 0.083 -0.589 0.090 0.118 -0.141 0.024 -0.046 -0.816 0.030 -0.273 0.602 0.547 -0.438 0.130 1.000

19 0.030 -0.296 0.007 0.218 -0.261 0.275 0.303 0.166 0.229 0.320 -0.527 0.398 -0.023 0.229 0.343 -0.096 0.332 0.893 1.000

20 0.191 -0.341 0.063 0.374 -0.226 0.365 0.382 0.210 0.467 0.046 -0.465 0.148 0.081 0.334 0.448 -0.122 0.284 0.642 0.646 1.000

21 0.313 -0.356 -0.678 0.000 0.767 -0.068 -0.023 0.268 -0.169 0.032 0.799 0.154 0.048 -0.833 -0.860 0.647 -0.290 -0.757 -0.580 -0.601 1.000

22 0.588 -0.750 -0.928 0.360 0.879 0.293 0.240 0.607 0.271 0.432 0.746 0.593 0.390 -0.892 -0.846 0.762 0.076 -0.448 -0.101 -0.174 0.760 1.000

23 -0.409 0.342 -0.128 -0.507 0.193 -0.319 -0.657 -0.133 -0.581 -0.408 0.439 - 0.411 -0.333 -0.352 -0.384 0.197 -0.609 -0.663 -0.717 -0.760 0.689 0.211 1.000
J.Aqua.biol.(2010).25(1)231-248
and viscosity, rate of movement of pollutants
and the type of effluent (Dogra et al., 1998).
In the present study, turbidity, pH, BOD, COD,
total hardness, Ca++ and Mg++ were high during
monsoon and low during summer seasons, at all
the three zones, whereas, groundwater
temperature, chloride and fluoride were high
during summer and low during monsoon
seasons, indicating temporal variations. In
contrast, nutrients, total alkalinity and heavy
metals showed spatio-temporal variations.
From these results, it is very clear that all the
observed physico-chemical characteristics and
heavy metals were many-folds higher in the
groundwater at Zone A than at Zones B and C.
In the present study, it has also been inferred
that the rain plays a major role in the variation of
characteristics of groundwater, between zones as
well as between seasons.
In the present study, the seawater intrusion could
be confirmed by the excessive levels of
turbidity, CI- ,SO4 , Mg++, total alk ali nit y and
total hardness, which are indicating the brackish
nature of water. Strong positive correlation
between them also confirms it. Mala (1997) and
Ramanathan (1999) were also made similar
observations.
Higher values of chloride in groundwater
indicate the admixture of mineralized water or
pollution (Narayana and Suresh, 1989). Due to
its close proximity to the sea, intrusion of CI -
and SO4 is expected in the ground waters
(Kumarasamy et al., 1997). Chloride and
magnesium indicate saltwater dominance in a
water medium. The type and concentration of
salts depend on the environment, movement and
sources of groundwater (Tripathy and
Panigrahy, 1998). Once the seawater has
intruded in summer, it is difficult to push back
the high density salt water wedge. So, in the
monsoon period, the input of fresh rainwater
dilutes sea water. The steady increase of these
parameters concentrated towards sea levels can
be ascribed to groundwater movement and
dissolution of salts (Rao and Rao, 1995).
Gnanasundar and Elango (1998) have observed
that the most dominating anion in shallow dug
wells as chloride, possibly explained that the
polluted Buckingham Canal had high influence
on the groundwater of aquifer with salt water;
sea water intrusion existing between 200-300m
from the coast at South Chennai. Tripathy and
Panigrahy (1998) have also observed that
saltwater in the groundwater around salt pans at
Chilka Lake, Orissa.
Moore (1999) has also stated that the increased
groundwater usage in the coastal aquifers caused
infiltration of seawater, which results in an
increased rate of salinization of subterranean
estuaries( Reddy and Mohanthy, 2003).
In the present study, the changes in physico-
chemical characteristics of groundwater
observed at Zone A compared to Zones B and C
could be attributed to the following reasons: It is
well evident from the present study that Pennar
estuary is a highly organically polluted water
body. The higher levels of observed parameters
at Zone A possibly could be due to the estuarine
water intrusion, since it is in its bank. The
estuarine water may have intruded into the wells
of Zone A due to its nearness and making it unfit
for drinking and even for domestic and industrial
purposes. This is well evidenced in the water of
the Pennar estuary, as well as in the groundwater
at Zone A; exhibiting all the observed
parameters at higher concentrations.
The wells on the banks of the polluted estuary
receive direct underground recharge. Similar
observations were also made by Rao et al.,
(1993) in the ground water around Bandi River,
near Pali, Rajasthan; recharge up to 500m away
from the river bank. Jacob (1996) and Jacob et
al., (1994) have also made similar observations
around hosiery industrial polluted river Noyyal,
Tiruppur. In the present study, it can be
presumed that the polluted estuarine water was
intruded into the groundwater aquifer and make
it maximum contaminated.
The other possible reason for the groundwater
contamination at Zone A is wastewater
discharging canals or effluent receiving canals.
J.Aqua.biol.(2010).25(1)231-248

Table 1.5 Correlation co-efficient (r) for physico-chemical characteristics of ground water at Zone B during July 2008 to June 2009.

Rain Air GW Turbi Alkali Hard

Fall Temp. Temp. dity pH BOD COD nity No3 No2 Nh4 PO4 SO 4 Cl Fl Ness Cs Mg Cu Zn Cd Pb Hg
5 6 7 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
1 2 3 4 8 16
1 1.000

2 -0.837 1.000

3 -0.632 0.722 1.000

4 0.907 -0.823 -0.770 1.000

5 0.658 -0.630 -0.129 0.454 1.000

6 0.688 -0.786 -0.816 0.837 0.476 1.000

7 0.860 -0.809 -0.782 0.949 0.337 0.796 1.000

8 0.859 -0.621 -0.467 0.761 0.679 0.642 0.709 1.000

9 0.912 -0.788 -0.806 0.964 0.440 0.881 0.894 0.773 1.000

10 0.763 -0.719 -0.780 0.911 0.427 0.917 0.901 0.704 0.886 1.000

11 0.805 -0.853 -0.748 0.861 0.578 0.893 0.808 0.780 0.867 0.853 1.000

12 0.728 -0.767 -0.512 0.778 0.704 0.797 0.673 0.783 0.775 0.744 0.889 1.000

13 0.746 -0.695 -0.833 0.927 0.249 0.881 0.933 0.660 0.902 0.958 0.813 0.672 1.000

14 -0.677 0.793 0.902 -0.814 -0.171 -0.789 -0.869 -0.494 -0.790 -0.798 - 0.811 -0.512 -0.854 1.000

15 -0.589 0.429 0.772 -0.678 0.062 -0.628 -0.667 -0.222 -0.679 -0.743 - 0.502 -0.321 -0.740 0.685 1.000

16 0.959 -0.859 -0.630 0.773 0.670 0.663 0.757 0.745 0.800 0.651 0.732 0.659 0.586 -0.638 -0.429 1.000

17 0.739 -0.724 -0.870 0.923 0.232 0.827 0.871 0.557 0.884 0.899 0.821 0.643 0.933 -0.886 -0.827 0.588 1.000

18 0.711 -0.677 -0.900 0.881 0.160 0.877 0.879 0.535 0.882 0.933 0.806 0.612 0.956 -0.889 -0.876 0.581 0.959 1.000

19 -0.400 0.476 0.789 -0.653 0.262 -0.628 -0.740 -0.190 -0.625 -0.680 - 0.547 -0.267 -0.813 0.860 0.746 -0.267 -0.805 -0.856 1.000

20 -0.585 0.763 0.884 -0.709 -0.064 -0.680 -0.774 -0.343 -0.693 -0.647 - 0.695 -0.372 -0.744 0.968 0.615 -0.582 -0.801 -0.793 0.849 1.000

21 -0.349 0.187 0.716 -0.486 0.184 -0.474 -0.491 -0.229 -0.518 -0.576 - 0.250 -0.143 -0.624 0.468 0.821 -0.280 -0.650 -0.687 0.588 0.421 1.000

22 -0.351 0.446 0.805 -0.626 0.273 -0.629 -0.728 -0.189 -0.606 -0.680 - 0.492 -0.243 -0.820 0.813 0.733 -0.248 -0.770 -0.840 0.977 0.810 0.670 1.000

23 -0.359 0.370 0.608 -0.520 0.223 -0.512 -0.595 0.003 -0.519 -0.556 - 0.256 -0.201 -0.606 0.525 0.842 -0.343 -0.609 -0.694 0.736 0.510 0.680 0.750 1.000
J.Aqua.biol.(2010).25(1)231-248
In the present study area, effluents from various
industries at Nellore industrial park are let out
through three canals; one being earthened canal
and others being cement pipelines. These canals
run through the villages before they empty into
the Pennar estuary. The eartherned canal and
leakages in the cement pipes on their way may
pollute the nearby groundwater by direct
seepage into the aquifer.
Another possible source for the groundwater
contamination in this zone is the solid waste
dumping. The dumping of residual sludge from
effluent treatment plants from different
industries into low-lying areas over the years has
also polluted the groundwater. Since this area is
an urban area, municipal solid waste disposal
sites are also responsible for groundwater
pollution. These refused dumps have caused
leaching into some parts of the aquifer,
particularly during the rainy season.
The other possible reasons for the groundwater
contamination of the area might be sewage and
stagnant ponds. These also seep into the
groundwater in course of time. Since at Zone A,
sewage canal is passing, through the seepage
and it may be one of the reasons for the
groundwater pollution. Since the soil is sandy
with low water holding capacity and high
permeability, the seepage rate is very high due to
large hydraulic conductivity. After infiltration
through the unsaturated zone, pollutants reach
the water table and migrate through adhesion
and hydraulic dispersion (Thangarajan, 1999).
Similar observations were also made by
Narayana and Suresh (1989) in Mangalore city;
Kumarasamy et al., (1997) in coastal basin in
Visakhapatnam; Gill and Arora (1997) in
Ludhiana city, Punjab; Dhembare et al., (1998)
in Pravara area, Maharashtra; Sharma and Dogra
(1998) in Faridabad, Haryana and Gonsalves and
D'Souza (1999) in Calangute, Goa.
Since the Zones B and C are free from the
pollution sources that are evident at Zone A and
are quite away from the industrial zone, the
extent of groundwater pollution decreases in the
order of Zone A > Zone B > Zone C.
It is also evident from the present study that at
Zone B also exhibited elevated concentrations of
observed characteristics of groundwater,
particularly during rainy season; it is also
observed that Zone B is getting polluted recently
due to Nellore industrial park effluents. At Zone
C, it seems that industry has no impact, all the
parameters being in lesser concentrations. Slight
higher concentrations of nutrients and total
alkalinity and their variations at Zone C
probably could be due to intensive agricultural
practices in the surroundings. Govardhan (1990)
from his observations in Nalgonda District, A.P
has stated that the greater quantity of various
pollutants due to increased human activities in
terms of cultivation practices, dumping of
fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides and also due
to water logging excessive irrigation and
intensive farm practices. Guin and Rajkumar
(1993) in Calcutta and Das and Mehta (1996) in
coastal alluvial areas of Orissa had also made
similar observations.
The presence of heavy metal ions in
groundwater indicate that soil zone has become
saturated in respect of these ions. The positive
correlation between metals indicates the
possible association of these metals in ground
waters (Jacob et al., 1994). In the present study,
higher concentration of heavy metals was
observed only at Zone A, not at Zones B and C.
This explanation is in agreement with
Govardhan (1990) that the greater amount of
heavy metals might be the result of disturbed
localized ecosystem by means of various
anthropogenic factors like dumping of various
industrial discharged water, impact of intensive
agricultural practices, water logging excessive
irrigation and irrational application of pesticides,
fungicides and herbicides, which aided in the
enrichment of the groundwater.
Another possible explanation for this is metal
rich polluted estuarine water , intrusion and
atmospheric wash-outs and road run off due to
vehicular pollution, as National Highway is
passing through the middle of the zone. Heavy
metals in the groundwater were also reported
around Cooum river (Jacob et al., 1994 and
Sukumar and Sadagopan, 1990); Visakhapatnam
J.Aqua.biol.(2010).25(1)231-248

Table 1.6 Correlation co-efficient (r) for physico-chemical characteristics of ground water at Zone C during July 2008 to June 2009.

Rain Air GW Turbi Hard

Fall Temp. Temp. dity pH BOD COD Alk No3 No2 Nh4 PO4 SO4 Cl Fl Ness Cs Mg Cu Zn Cd Pb Hg
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
1 2 3 4 16
1 1

2 -0.686 1

3 -0.209 0.766 1

4 0.7426 -0.670 -0.278 1

5 0.6088 -0.677 -0.279 0.799 1

6 0.8051 -0.878 -0.505 0.820 0.782 1

7 0.6920 -0.852 -0.473 0.888 0.897 0.886 1

8 -0. 319 -0.116 -0.552 -0.490 -0.377 -0.181 -0.311 1

9 -0.506 -0.038 -0.468 -0.586 -0.410 -0.276 -0.366 0.677 1

10 -0.315 -0.169 -0.510 -0.510 -0.325 -0.095 -0.275 0.785 0.867 1

11 -0.427 -0.052 -0.430 -0.620 -0.511 -0.285 -0.402 0.817 0.904 0.874 1

12 0.833 -0.752 -0.330 0.909 0.793 0.817 0.910 -0.330 -0.585 -0.452 -0.502 1

13 0.896 -0.920 -0.531 0.801 0.758 0.9504 0.877 -0.162 -0.256 -0.074 -0.241 0.862 1

14 -0.640 0.692 0.280 -0.857 -0.89 -0.741 -0.920 0.3908 0.473 0.447 0.456 -0.913 -0.754 1

15 -0.603 0.760 0.413 -0.865 -0.753 -0.787 -0.936 0.3196 0.410 0.387 0.366 -0.901 -0.761 0.9153 1

16 0.818 -0.723 -0.245 0.898 0.874 0.842 0.923 -0.428 -0.606 -0.475 -0.551 0.965 0.858 -0.940 -0.892 1

17 0.741 -0.948 -0.612 0.817 0.783 0.900 0.9165 -0.046 -0.167 -0.038 -0.132 0.870 0.928 -0.839 -0.850 0.839 1

18 0.817 -0.927 -0.565 0.843 0.834 0.913 0.942 -0.193 -0.276 -0.134 -0.284 0.894 0.966 -0.837 -0.838 0.900 0.941 1

19 -0.591 0.215 -0.307 -0.655 -0.598 -0.491 -0.557 0.7410 0.820 0.685 0.771 -0.626 -0.471 0.603 0.554 -0.752 -0.343 -0.521 1

20 -0.466 0.486 0.163 -0.763 -0.686 -0.567 -0.777 0.4598 0.590 0.660 0.568 -0.776 -0.524 0.816 0.874 -0.814 -0.583 -0.655 0.695 1

21 -0.094 0.374 0.629 -0.160 -0.323 -0.251 -0.325 -0.263 -0.110 -0.265 0.009 -0.218 -0.299 0.160 0.159 -0.196 -0.233 -0.388 -0.034 0.103 1

22 -0.573 0.4195 -0.022 -0.817 -0.686 -0.587 -0.764 0.731 0.624 0.747 0.671 -0.782 -0.565 0.838 0.838 -0.813 -0.577 -0.625 0.692 0.855 -0.090 1

23 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 1
J.Aqua.biol.(2010).25(1)231-248

Table 1.7. Showing the analysis of variance (ANOVA) for the physico-chemical characteristics of the ground
water at different Zones in Nellore (Dt) during July 2008 to June 2009.

Parameter. Groups SS DF MS F-VALUE P-VALUE

Temp. BM 57.19716 11 5.199741414 6.112615823 0.000161134
BZ 16.50021 2 8.250102778 9.698503207 0.000954973
Turbidity BM 1846.529 11 167.8662788 3.06116492 0.012270065
BZ 23557.81 2 11778.90583 214.7970015 3.66792E-15
pH BM 3.261892 11 0.296535626 3.145613584 0.01065386
BZ 5.942208 2 2.971104111 31.51710831 3.47631E-07
BOD BM 7514.236 11 683.1123797 1.771922288 0.122082353
BZ 56331.94 2 28165.968 73.05958425 1.9269E-10
COD BM 68303.22 11 6209.383851 1.706137015 0.137825887
BZ 688607.5 2 344303.7486 94.60348792 1.56624E-11
Total BM 1793426 11 163038.6875 1.587227092 0.171495442
alkalinity
BZ 7354833 2 3677416.525 35.80067545 1.20933E-07
Inorg. NO3 BM 20040.56 11 1821.869099 1.43695137 0.225444538
BZ 81402.28 2 40701.13841 32.10195322 2.99125E-07
Inorg. NO2 BM 10252.82 11 932.0748149 2.256399198 0.050192463
BZ 79859.86 2 39929.93247 96.66377222 1.26635E-11
NH3 BM 987.6366 11 89.7851418 0.989393151 0.484660457
BZ 19177.29 2 9588.646477 105.6627072 5.23681E-12
Inorg. Po4 BM 3387.886 11 307.9896077 2.135335457 0.062566205
BZ 26712.24 2 13356.11929 92.59986178 1.93361E-11
SO4 BM 4372861 11 397532.8452 2.323164012 0.044482856
BZ 22903218 2 11451609.12 66.92268701 4.43625E-10
Cl BM 421.0304 11 38.27548669 2.734873374 0.021437113
BZ 512.1546 2 256.0773131 18.29732515 2.09032E-05
Fl BM 23.01445 11 2.092222669 2.370659827 0.040835898
BZ 357.9047 2 178.9523644 202.7677014 6.69818E-15
Total hardness BM 4443646 11 403967.7819 4.222824939 0.001971921
BZ 15203937 2 7601968.274 79.46619174 8.58954E-11
Ca BM 224660 11 20423.63358 2.92385588 0.015481024
BZ 3313744 2 1656871.756 237.1984499 1.29578E-15
Mg BM 133852.5 11 12168.41109 0.449822008 0.914524391
BZ 937321.6 2 468660.8207 17.32469012 3.03042E-05
Cu BM 41.25953 11 3.750866469 1.931693048 0.09092343
BZ 307.9919 2 153.9959486 79.30778279 8.75674E-11
Zn BM 3162.745 11 287.5223072 1.863180128 0.10316476
BZ 8500.08 2 4250.039811 27.54078387 1.02375E-06
Cd BM 1.348296 11 0.122572386 0.629588779 0.784849453
BZ 10.58643 2 5.293214694 27.18841231 1.13259E-06
Pb BM 2.504716 11 0.227701418 0.717854188 0.710139738
BZ 35.26236 2 17.63118223 55.58427402 2.50168E-09
Hg BM 0.168713 11 0.015337578 0.824702974 0.618146196
BZ 1.01878 2 0.509389864 27.38993912 1.06888E-06
BM = Between months BZ = Between Zones

Standards (1982), World Health Organisation

(Rao and Rao, 1989); Hubly (Hegde and
Puranik, 1992); around Noyyal river, Tiruppur
(Jacob, 1996); around a phosphatic fertilizer
plant at Paradip (Pradhan et al., 1998) and
around oil installations at Rudrasagar, Assam
(Sharma et al., 1995).
When compared with the drinking water
standards prescribed by Buaero of Indian
(1984), Indian Council of Medical Research
(1989) and CHEECO, the present study clearly
indicates that all the parameters at Zone A and
some parameters at Zone B, particularly in rainy
season, were above the permissible limits.
Whereas, at Zone C, the characteristics were
within the prescribed limits. In the present
study, it has been observed that the values are in
J.Aqua.biol.(2010).25(1)231-248

graph 1.2 Turbidity Graph 1.3 98 pH

10
90 9
Graph 1.1 Ground water temp. 80 8
35 70 7

Turbidity(NTU)
30 60
Ground water tempC)

6
50

pH
25 5
40 4
20
30 3
15
20 2
10 10 1
5 0 0
0 J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J
J A S O N D J F M A M J

Graph 1.4 BOD Graph 1.5 COD

200
180 700
160 600
140
BOD(mgl-1 )

120 C OD (m gl- 1) 500

Zone A
100 400
80
Zone B
300 Zone C
60
40 200
20 100
0
0
J A S O N D J F M A M J
J A S O N D J F MA M J

Graph 1.8 Inorg.Nitrite

1.7 Inorganic Nitrate 180
Graph 1.6 Total alkalinity 250
160
2500
In org .N itrite(M) 140
In org an ic Ni tra te (M)

200
120
Total alk al ini ty(mgl -1)

2000
100
150
1500 80
100 60
1000 40
50 20
500 0
0 J A S O N D J F M A M J
0 J A S O N D J F M A M J
J A S O N D J F M A M J

Graph 1.10 Inorg.Phosphate

Graph 1.9 Ammonia 120
80
70 100
Inorg.Phosphate(M)

60
Ammonia(M)

80
50 Zone A
40 60 Zone B
30
Zone C
20 40
10
20
0
J A S O N D J F M A M J
0
J A S O N D J F M A M J

Graphs 1.1-1.10 . Showing the physico-chemical characteristics of the ground water at zones A,B
&C during July 2008 to June 2009.
J.Aqua.biol.(2010).25(1)231-248
conformity with the works of Mala (1997) and
Ramanathan et. al., (1999).
Since there is no prospect of any augmentation
of water supply from surface source, heavy
reliance is bound to be placed on groundwater in
this area. Hence, people have to depend only on
groundwater for their drinking as well as
domestic purposes. The higher levels of
physico-chemical characteristics may also leads
to the health hazards of the consumers. Water
related public disorders and the associated
water-borne diseases due to unhygienic
condition of water were observed by Jacob
(1996) around Noyyal river, is also true in the
case of present study where, the surrounding
people of Nellore industrial park area are
suffering from many health disorders.
If the effluents continue to be discharge at the
present level, the groundwater pollution will
continue to increase both in volume and
concentration. Therefore, from the above
mentioned facts, it appears reasonable to assume
that the groundwater in the coastal region of
Nellore district, Andhra Pradesh is no more on
the safer side and if proper remedial or
alternative measures are not taken immediately,
the whole system of this area may get crippled
in the near future. So, a consorted action on the
part of enforcing agencies as well as the
industrialists is the need of the hour to protect
this area from further deterioration.
Acknowledgements: The authors are thankful
to UGC for the financial assistance in the form
of Major research project grant
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 J.Aqua.biol.(2010).25(1)231-248

Graph 1.12 Chloride Graph 1.13 Fluoride

Graph 1.11 Sulphate 12
30
4000
10
3500 25

Fl uori de(mgl-1)
8

Chloride(mgl-1)
3000 20
Sulphate(M)

2500 6
15
2000
4
1500 10

1000
2
5
500 0
0
0
J A S O N D J F M A M J
J A S O N D J F M A M J
J A S O N D J F M A M J

Graph 1.15 Calcium

Graph 1.14 Total Hardnes s
1200
3500
3000 1000
Total Hardne ss(mg l-1)

Zone A
Calcium(mgl-1)

2500 800
Zone B
2000
600 Zone C
1500
400
1000
500 200

0 0
J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J

Graph 1.17 Copper

Graph 1.18 Zinc
Graph 1.16 Magnes ium 14 100
1000
900 90
12
800 80
Magnesium(g/g)

10 70
C op pe r( g/g)

700
60
zinc(g/g)

600 8
50
500 6 40
400
30
300 4
20
200
2 10
100 0
0 0
J A S O N D J F M A M J
J A S O N D J F M A M J J AS O N D J F M A M J

Graph 1.19 Cadmium Graph 1.20 Lead

2.5 4
3.5
2
3
Cadmium(g/g)

2.5
Lead (g/g)

1.5
2
1 1.5
0.5 1
0.5
0 0
J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J

Graphs 1.11 - 1.21 . Showing the physico-chemical characterstics of the ground water at zones A,B
&C during july 2008 to june 2009
J.Aqua.biol.(2010).25(1)231-248
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