Biografa ponente

Jean-Pierre Cassarino tiene un Mster en Ciencias Polticas, con Oriente Medio como rea de
especialidad, del Instituto de Estudios Polticos de Aix-en-Provence. Se doctor en polticas y
ciencias sociales en el Instituto Universitario Europeo de Florencia en el ao 1998.
Actualmente es profesor a tiempo parcial en el Centro Robert Schuman de Estudios
Avanzados de ese mismo Instituto, desde donde dirige la Plataforma "Migracin de Retorno y
Desarrollo" (Return Migration and Development Platform, RDP), la cual comprende los
proyectos MIREM (Migracin de Retorno en el Magreb) y CRIS (sistema de informacin
transregional para la reintegracin de emigrantes en sus pases de origen). Aparte de eso
colabora como investigador en el Instituto de Tnez para la Investigacin sobre el Magreb
Contemporneo (IRMC). Previamente haba sido el responsable principal de programa en el
Centro Internacional de Formacin de la Organizacin Mundial del Trabajo (CIF-OIT) de
Turn. Tiene numerosas publicaciones sobre los vnculos entre la migracin de retorno y el
desarrollo, as como sobre la cooperacin migratoria interestatal y los controles fronterizos.

MIREM

MIREM stands for MIgration de REtour au Maghreb. This collective research programme
was launched in December 2005 and ended in December 2008. Today, MIREM and its
deliverables (publications, statistics and field surveys on return migrants, conferences and
seminars) are part of the RDP.

The main objective of the MIREM project lies in taking into better consideration the
challenges linked to return migration as well as its impact on development. A whole set of
analytical tools have been produced to shed light on the sociodemographic characteristics,
conditions and patterns of reintegration of return migrants to the Maghreb countries (Algeria,
Morocco, and Tunisia).

Return Migration and Development Platform

 MIREM was financially supported by the European Union (DG
Development and Cooperation EuropeAid) and the European University Institute.

Partner institutions formerly involved in MIREM:

Centre de Recherche en Economie Applique pour le Dveloppemen t

 El Instituto Universitario Europeo (EUI)
de Florencia ( Italia ) es una organizacin internacional de postgrado y post-doctoral e
instituto de investigacin creado por los Estados Miembros de la Unin Europea para
contribuir al desarrollo cultural y cientfico en las ciencias sociales, desde una perspectiva
europea. Por ley, el EUI es una organizacin intergubernamental.

Methodology

Definition and analytical categories

The survey aims to shed light on the various factors shaping returnees patterns of
reintegration in the Maghreb countries. It sets out to highlight the heterogeneity characterising
the categories of returnees while analysing their respective needs in their country of origin.

The definition of the returnee, used by the team of the MIREM project, is the following:

Any person returning to his/her country of origin, in the course of the last ten years, after
having been an international migrant (whether short-term or long-term) in another country.
Return may be permanent or temporary. It may be independently decided by the migrant or
forced by unexpected circumstances.

This definition partially draws on the one recommended by the United Nations. It refers
specifically to migrants who returned to their country of origin in the course of the last ten
years, for this time limit allows the impact of the experience of migration on the interviewees
pattern of reintegration to be assessed. It also allows the respondents to recount their
migratory experiences more precisely.

Two broad categories of returnees were taken into consideration:

1. Migrants who decided to return independently to their country of origin;

2. Migrants who were forced to do so owing to unfavourable circumstances.

The interviewees belonged to various occupational categories, namely:

1. Employees;
2. Entrepreneurs/employers;

3. Unemployed people/job-seekers ;
 4. Students ;

5. Retired people;

6. Housewives.

Various profiles have been identified. They differ from one another in terms of:

1. Patterns of reintegration;
2. Return motivations;

3. Human and financial capital and patterns of resource mobilisation;

4. Return context;

5. Experience of migration and duration.

Sampling method

The information to be collected was identified following a thorough inventory of the existing
statistical and documentary data related to return migration in Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia.
The aim was to understand:

1. The factors motivating the departure of the interviewees from their country of origin;
2. The impact of the experience of migration lived abroad on the interviewees pre- and post-
return conditions;

3. The various post-return conditions of the interviewees and their perspectives of

reintegration.

The statistical and documentary inventory allowed the sample and the sex distribution as well
as the geographical stratification to be carried out in each Maghreb country. This was
collectively done during the working sessions organised at the European University Institute
and gathering all the institutional partners involved in the MIREM project.

Various versions of the questionnaire were circulated and exchanged among the partners, as a
result of these working sessions, with a view to gradually heading towards a final draft. The
questionnaire results from a collective compromise between all the partners of the project as
well as from the desire to optimise its management on the field. The last version of the
questionnaire comprises close-ended questions. However, open-ended questions have been
included in the questionnaire, particularly regarding the degrees and occupations of the
interviewees. The modality Other has been inserted in the questionnaire to gather further
information if necessary.
Multiple-choice entries have been included in various questions. Often, their structure is
dichotomic (Yes/No answers). This configuration was chosen in order to facilitate the ensuing
data processing. Also, it allowed the complexity of certain issues, such as the family
composition, the occupational class and sectors and the types of investments to be properly
reported. On various occasions the interviewees were asked to classify by order of priority
their replies, particularly regarding the return motivations.

Filter questions have been necessarily used in the questionnaire to highlight the variety of the
migratory experiences and the manifold patterns of reintegration.

The Eurostat nomenclature of country codes has been used and the occupational ISCO codes
have been simplified for the purposes of the survey.

A three-stage questionnaire

The questionnaire is structured in three distinct migratory stages:

Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3

Situation before leaving Experience of migration Return to the country of origin

the country of origin lived in the main country of Post-return conditions
immigration
Demographic and Experience of Return journey;
social characteristics ; migration ;
Reasons and factors
Reasons for leaving Reasons for having lived motivating return;
the country of origin; in the country(ies) of
immigration; Expected duration of the
Social and financial return;
conditions before leaving Duration of the
the country of origin; experience lived abroad; Social and financial conditions
after return;
Composition of the Social and financial
household before leaving conditions in the immigration Composition of the household
(if any); country(ies); after return;

Education and skills Composition of the Education and skills acquired

before leaving; household (if any); after return;

Education and skills Professional and financial

Professional
acquired abroad; status after return;
situation.
Professional and Relationships with the local
financial situation; institutions and the society in the
country of origin after return;
 Relationships with the Links with the former
local institutions abroad and the immigration country(ies);
receiving society;
Post-return projects.
Links/contacts with the
origin country.

These three stages allow the factors inherent in the returnees migratory experience, as well as
those that are external to it to be identified, while viewing return as a changing process,
whether it is permanent or temporary. In other words, thanks to this approach, it possible:

1. To understand the extent to which the experience of migration, as well as the social and
institutional context at home, have impacted on patterns of reintegration;
2. To analyse why and how the human social and financial capital of the interviewee has
changed over time;

3. To compare diachronically the various factors having motivated and shaped the migratory
stages.

Preparation of the survey

Once the variables have been consensually agreed, a pilot survey was organised and carried
out in each Maghreb country. The questionnaire was administered directly with the
respondents.

The pilot survey was a prerequisite to optimising the administration of the questionnaire and
to maximising the response rate. Around ten pilot interviews were carried out. Then, the tested
field data were processed on a common template which was prepared using the SPSS
software. The pilot survey was critical in enhancing the wording of the questionnaire and in
correcting its shortcomings. The online questionnaire results from a series of amendments.

The fact that each partner institution in Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia has a proven knowledge
of the field and several contacts with migrant-aid associations and networks was essential to
meet the respondents. Interviews were carried out in public and private places, sometimes at
home, and more often than not in Arabic, sometimes in French.

Each partner was in charge of recruiting interviewers in the selected regions of inquiry.
Training sessions addressed to interviewers were organised in each country with a view to
ensuring that:

1. The objectives of the survey were clearly understood and that the interviewers would
administer the questionnaire properly without influencing the respondent;
2. The rules of confidentiality and anonymity were respected;
 3. The duration of each interview did not exceed 45 minutes, as far as this was possible;

4. The administration of the filter questions was optimal;

5. The regional distribution of the teams of interviewers was properly done;

6. The procedures for collecting the field data were respected and controlled, if need be, by the
partner in charge of controlling the implementation of the survey operations.

The geographical stratification as well as the distribution by sex of the sample were verified
and compared with the official statistical data with a view to having the possibility to weigh
the collected data.

992 interviews were collected as a whole: 332 in Algeria, 330 in Morocco and 330 in Tunisia.
The geographical stratification was as follows:

In Algeria, the wilayas of Algiers, Bejaia in Kabylie and Setif eastwards of the capital and
Tlemcen westwards of the country were covered.

Wilayas N %

Algiers 104 31,3

Setif 82 24,7

Bejaia 75 22,6

Tlemcen 71 21,4

Total 332 100,0

In Morocco, the region of Tadla-Azilal and the coastal regions of Casablanca, Chaouia-
Ourdigha and Rabat-Sal-Zemmour-Zar were privileged.

Regions N %

Tadla-Azilal 111 33,6

 Casablanca 99 30,0

Chaouia-Ourdigha 57 17,3

Rabat-Sal-Zemmour-Zar 50 15,2

Other regions 13 3,9

Total 330 100,0

In Tunisia, the northern governorates of Tunis, Ariana, La Manouba, and Nabeul were covered
as well as the governorates of Soussa and Sfax in the centre of the country, and of Medenin in
the south.

Governorates N %

Tunis 122 37,0

Ariana 40 12,1

Sfax 40 12,1

Sousse 40 12,1

Nabeul 28 8,5

Medenine 25 7,6

Mahdia 20 6,1

La Manouba 15 4,5
 Total 330 100,

Duration of the survey

The surveys started at the same time, in the three countries, in September 2006 and ended in
January 2007.

Data processing
From the preparation of the survey, all the partners agreed to use a common template which
necessarily drew on the structure of the questionnaire. Moreover, new variables were included
in order to foster the exploitation of the processed data as well as their analysis.

In order to avoid any delay, the processing of the field data started as these were collected,
validated and checked. The simultaneous collection and processing of the data allowed the
geographical stratification and sex distribution of the sample to be controlled on a regular
basis.

Moreover, each partner forwarded the processed data to the coordinating unit so as to ensure
the harmonised codification and treatment of the field data.

Data exploitation and analysis

A common set of cross-tabulations has been used by all the partners with a view to exploiting
the field data while referring to a number of dependent and independent variables. These
cross-tabulations allow the following topics to be analysed comparatively:

1. Reasons and factors motivating or determining the departure for abroad, and the post-return
conditions;
2. The type and length of the experience of migration;

3. The impact of the experience of migration on the patterns of professional reintegration of the
returnees in their country of origin and on the welfare of their households;

4. The returnees projects before and after return;

5. The skills acquired abroad and in the country of origin;

6. The financial resources of the returnees and their patterns of reintegration at home;

7. The returnees links with their former country(ies) of immigration;

 8. The facilitation from which the interviewees may have benefited when returning to their
country of origin;

9. The types of investments made by the interviewees in their former country(ies) of

immigration and their country of origin;

10. The returnees perception of their institutional environment.

The exploitation of the database will be based on various types of analytical approaches.
These will be:

1. Descriptive. The analyses will be based on a series of cross-tabulations highlighting the

evolution of some variables compared with others, while referring to the abovementioned
three-stage structure of the questionnaire. Various profiles of returnees will be identified
differing from one another in terms of patterns of reintegration;
2. Exploratory, by using factor analyses in order to explain the variability of observed and
unobserved variables (simple correspondence analyses, multiple correspondence analyses)
thanks to a software allowing various sociodemographic and economic variables to be
crossed;

3. Interpretative. Regression models will allow the functional dependence of some elements to
be analysed with reference to a series of explanatory variables or predictors. Various models
will be tested with a view to leading to a model highlighting the most significant independent
variables.

[1] The main country of immigration (MCI) is the last country of immigration where the
respondent lived before returning home.
Texto de estudio:

La dimensin exterior de las polticas de inmigracin en la Unin Europea.

V Seminario de Inmigracin y Europa.

Polticas de inmigracin y polticas de desarrollo

Entender los vnculos entre migracin de retorno y desarrollo.

Ponencia presentada en diciembre de 2007 en Barcelona. Partes del estudio se basan en el

captulo 1 del informe global del proyecto- MIREM.

Tema de retorno en el centro de los debates pblicos.

Consolidacin de una poltica de retorno (Consejo Europeo de Sevilla, 2002).
el retorno de los emigrantes a su pas de origen puede tener un efecto positivo
desde el punto de vista del desarrollo Comisin Europea, sep. 2005.
Los pases norteafricanos se han ido involucrando cada vez ms en las
conversaciones sobre la migracin, pero se han mostrado hasta ahora reticentes a
responder de pleno a las llamadas de los Estados Miembros de la UE en aras de una
mayor cooperacin sobre el retorno.
Como demuestra en el estudio elaborado en el marco del proyecto MIREM, estos
obstculos reflejan la resistencia que ejerce la existencia de visiones opuestas con
respecto a la gestin y al impacto del retorno: muestran la existencia de una relacin
desigual entre los Estados Miembros de la UE y los pases africanos.
Central: sabemos que el retorno puede producir un impacto positivo en el desarrollo
de los pases de origen. Sin embargo, todava necesitamos saber por qu algunos
retornados parecen ser actores de cambio, en unas determinadas circunstancias
sociales e institucionales, y otros no.
La produccin y disponibilidad de los datos es requisito previo para genera debate
constructivo sobre el tema de retorno y para definir unas polticas adecuadas
encaminadas a respaldar la integracin de los emigrantes.
Objetivos en este estudio
Partiendo del os datos que proporciona el proyecto MIREM, el anlisis se propone
llenar un vaco cognoscitivo respecto a condiciones previas y posteriores al retorno
que dan forma a las mltiples pautas de reintegracin en Argelia, Marruecos y Tnez.
Pone de relieve las precondiciones que se deben tomar en consideracin con vistas
a promover la contribucin al desarrollo de los emigrantes retornados, centrndose
para ello en el caso de los retornados-empresarios.
Muestra que es preciso prestar una mayor atencin a nivel poltico a estas
precondiciones, tanto ms ahora que la migraicn circular y la introduccin de planes
migratorios temporales, cualificados o no, est adquiriendo cada vez ms
 importancia en el contexto de los dilogos bilaterales y multilaterales entre Europa y
los pases del Magreb.

Esquema general del texto:

Hablando del retorno: emigrantes retornados a los pases del Magreb
Voluntad del migrante y retorno
Retorno libremente decidido y retorno forzado: diferencias e implicaciones. (Encuesta
MIREM: 992 migrantes retornados entrevistados entre 2005 y 2008. 761
manifestaros haber decidido o elegido regresar, 231 se vieron forzados a hacerlo)/
diferencias relativas al retorno:
1. Grupo de edad.
2. Estado civil.
3. Nivel de educacin antes de emigrar.
4. Duracin media de la experiencia migratoria.
5. Estatus ocupacional.
6. Motivaciones al retorno.
7. Situacin financiera en el pas de origen.
8. Dificultades despus del retorno.
9. Intencin de re-emigrar.
El tema de la preparacin del retorno.
Caso prctico: los retornados empresarios.
Retorno y desarrollo: retos e implicaciones.
Hacia un nuevo enfoque de la relacin entre retorno y desarrollo.

Para la reflexin:
Respecto de los planteamientos del autor:

Cul es la diferencia entre polticas de inmigracin y polticas de desarrollo?

Cules son los vnculos entre migracin de retorno y desarrollo?
Es posible que se generen unas polticas de retorno que sean favorables a los pases de
origen?
Cmo integrar al desarrollo al migrante de retorno forzado?
Realmente el migrante que ha decidido libremente retornar puede ser un factor de
desarrollo en su pas de origen
Los datos que aporta la encuesta son suficientes para tener un mejor conocimiento del
problema y con ello generar nuevos enfoques de comprensin hacia polticas migratorias
que superen la lgica de la seguridad?

Respecto de la encuesta:
El proyecto MIREM inici en diciembre de 2005 y culmin en 2008. El informe global de los
resultados se denomina DReMM (Database on Return Migrants to the Maghreb) y se puede
consultar en lnea. Consisti en el diseo de una encuesta y su metodologa de aplicacin,
su pilotaje, ajustes y aplicacin final. Para ello se constituy un equipo que estuvo en los tres
pases del Magreb (Argelia, Marruecos y Tnez).

Cul es el valor acadmico de una encuesta? de qu depende?

Cules son sus alcances?
Cules son sus limitaciones?
Cmo se procesan e interpretan los datos?
Margarita, Oscar, Montse, Yenni y Guillermo,

Les escribo rpidamente para recordarles sobre el panel de experiencias en el que

me han hecho favor de confirmar su participacin.

La idea es que cada persona tendr alrededor de 10 - 15 minutos para comentar

sobre su experiencia en particular y despus habr algunas preguntas que se harn
para todos. Igual no todos tienen que responder todo.

Habr apoyo de can y laptop por si quieren presentar algo en power point. Aunque
la idea es tener una charla ms relajada y no tan formal.

Algunas de las 20 mil preguntas a partir de las cuales pretendemos motivar la charla
y que a lo mejor les pueden ayudar a ir organizando sus ideas:
- Cmo se involucran en el tema de la migracin?
- Qu tipo de trabajo realizan? Porque desde ese mbito?
- Es interesante reflexionar sobre la idea de que, desde lo que t sabes hacer,
cmo es que te acercas a este tema? Es decir, cmo desde su "trinchera"
abordan la migracin?
- Dentro de todas las problemticas que hay que atender en nuestro pas, por
que consideran que la migracin es importante? Creen que el tema de la migracin
esta de moda o hay algo que lo hace especial que nos atrae a trabajar en l?
- Cmo visualizan que se debe acercar el estudiante o ciudadano al tema de
la migracin?
- Tienes que irte a vivir a una casa del migrante o a Veracruz para trabajar el
tema? Cmo traen su experiencia de regreso y cmo siguen trabajando en ella? o
no siguen?
- Con que preguntas se llega y con que preguntas se va?